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Lin J(C, Hwang S(W, Luo H, Mohamud Y. Double-Edged Sword: Exploring the Mitochondria-Complement Bidirectional Connection in Cellular Response and Disease. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:431. [PMID: 38927311 PMCID: PMC11200454 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria serve an ultimate purpose that seeks to balance the life and death of cells, a role that extends well beyond the tissue and organ systems to impact not only normal physiology but also the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. Theorized to have originated from ancient proto-bacteria, mitochondria share similarities with bacterial cells, including their own circular DNA, double-membrane structures, and fission dynamics. It is no surprise, then, that mitochondria interact with a bacterium-targeting immune pathway known as a complement system. The complement system is an ancient and sophisticated arm of the immune response that serves as the body's first line of defense against microbial invaders. It operates through a complex cascade of protein activations, rapidly identifying and neutralizing pathogens, and even aiding in the clearance of damaged cells and immune complexes. This dynamic system, intertwining innate and adaptive immunity, holds secrets to understanding numerous diseases. In this review, we explore the bidirectional interplay between mitochondrial dysfunction and the complement system through the release of mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns. Additionally, we explore several mitochondria- and complement-related diseases and the potential for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei (Carly) Lin
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sinwoo (Wendy) Hwang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
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2
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Toshchakov VY. Peptide-Based Inhibitors of the Induced Signaling Protein Interactions: Current State and Prospects. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:784-798. [PMID: 38880642 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792405002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Formation of the transient protein complexes in response to activation of cellular receptors is a common mechanism by which cells respond to external stimuli. This article presents the concept of blocking interactions of signaling proteins by the peptide inhibitors, and describes the progress achieved to date in the development of signaling inhibitors that act by blocking the signal-dependent protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Toshchakov
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Krasnodar Region, 354340, Russia.
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3
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Osei D, Baumgart-Vogt E, Ahlemeyer B, Herden C. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptor 1 Mediates Borna Disease Virus 1-Induced Changes in Peroxisomal and Mitochondrial Dynamics in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1849. [PMID: 38339126 PMCID: PMC10855776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV1) causes a persistent infection in the mammalian brain. Peroxisomes and mitochondria play essential roles in the cellular antiviral immune response, but the effect of BoDV1 infection on peroxisomal and mitochondrial dynamics and their respective antioxidant capacities is still not clear. Using different mouse lines-i.e., tumor necrosis factor-α transgenic (TNFTg; to pro-inflammatory status), TNF receptor-1 knockout (TNFR1ko), and TNFR2ko mice in comparison to wild-type (Wt) mice-we analyzed the abundances of both organelles and their main antioxidant enzymes, catalase and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), in neurons of the hippocampal, cerebral, and cerebellar cortices. In TNFTg mice, a strong increase in mitochondrial (6.9-fold) and SOD2 (12.1-fold) abundances was detected; meanwhile, peroxisomal abundance increased slightly (1.5-fold), but that of catalase decreased (2.9-fold). After BoDV1 infection, a strong decrease in mitochondrial (2.1-6.5-fold), SOD2 (2.7-9.1-fold), and catalase (2.7-10.3-fold) abundances, but a slight increase in peroxisomes (1.3-1.6-fold), were detected in Wt and TNFR2ko mice, whereas no changes occurred in TNFR1ko mice. Our data suggest that the TNF system plays a crucial role in the biogenesis of both subcellular organelles. Moreover, TNFR1 signaling mediated the changes in peroxisomal and mitochondrial dynamics after BoDV1 infection, highlighting new mechanisms by which BoDV1 may achieve immune evasion and viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Osei
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (D.O.); (E.B.-V.)
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Eveline Baumgart-Vogt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (D.O.); (E.B.-V.)
| | - Barbara Ahlemeyer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (D.O.); (E.B.-V.)
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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4
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Kareem S, Jacob A, Mathew J, Quigg RJ, Alexander JJ. Complement: Functions, location and implications. Immunology 2023; 170:180-192. [PMID: 37222083 PMCID: PMC10524990 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system, an arm of the innate immune system plays a critical role in both health and disease. The complement system is highly complex with dual possibilities, helping or hurting the host, depending on the location and local microenvironment. The traditionally known functions of complement include surveillance, pathogen recognition, immune complex trafficking, processing and pathogen elimination. The noncanonical functions of the complement system include their roles in development, differentiation, local homeostasis and other cellular functions. Complement proteins are present in both, the plasma and on the membranes. Complement activation occurs both extra- and intracellularly, which leads to considerable pleiotropy in their activity. In order to design more desirable and effective therapies, it is important to understand the different functions of complement, and its location-based and tissue-specific responses. This manuscript will provide a brief overview into the complex nature of the complement cascade, outlining some of their complement-independent functions, their effects at different locale, and their implication in disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Kareem
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Alexander Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - John Mathew
- Department of Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Richard J Quigg
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Jessy J Alexander
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
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5
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Immune Functions of Astrocytes in Viral Neuroinfections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043514. [PMID: 36834929 PMCID: PMC9960577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinfections of the central nervous system (CNS) can be triggered by various pathogens. Viruses are the most widespread and have the potential to induce long-term neurologic symptoms with potentially lethal outcomes. In addition to directly affecting their host cells and inducing immediate changes in a plethora of cellular processes, viral infections of the CNS also trigger an intense immune response. Regulation of the innate immune response in the CNS depends not only on microglia, which are fundamental immune cells of the CNS, but also on astrocytes. These cells align blood vessels and ventricle cavities, and consequently, they are one of the first cell types to become infected after the virus breaches the CNS. Moreover, astrocytes are increasingly recognized as a potential viral reservoir in the CNS; therefore, the immune response initiated by the presence of intracellular virus particles may have a profound effect on cellular and tissue physiology and morphology. These changes should be addressed in terms of persisting infections because they may contribute to recurring neurologic sequelae. To date, infections of astrocytes with different viruses originating from genetically distinct families, including Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae, Retroviridae, Togaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Picomaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Herpesviridae, have been confirmed. Astrocytes express a plethora of receptors that detect viral particles and trigger signaling cascades, leading to an innate immune response. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on virus receptors that initiate the release of inflammatory cytokines from astrocytes and depict the involvement of astrocytes in immune functions of the CNS.
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6
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Zhang XZ, Li FH, Wang XJ. Regulation of Tripartite Motif-Containing Proteins on Immune Response and Viral Evasion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:794882. [PMID: 34925304 PMCID: PMC8671828 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.794882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing proteins (TRIMs), exhibiting ubiquitin E3 ligase activity, are involved in regulation of not only autophagy and apoptosis but also pyrotosis and antiviral immune responses of host cells. TRIMs play important roles in modulating signaling pathways of antiviral immune responses via type I interferon, NF-κB, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), and Nrf2. However, viruses are able to antagonize TRIM activity or evenly utilize TRIMs for viral replication. This communication presents the current understanding of TRIMs exploited by viruses to evade host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Huang Li
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry Service (South Section), Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Alphonse N, Dickenson RE, Odendall C. Interferons: Tug of War Between Bacteria and Their Host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:624094. [PMID: 33777837 PMCID: PMC7988231 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I and III interferons (IFNs) are archetypally antiviral cytokines that are induced in response to recognition of foreign material by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Though their roles in anti-viral immunity are well established, recent evidence suggests that they are also crucial mediators of inflammatory processes during bacterial infections. Type I and III IFNs restrict bacterial infection in vitro and in some in vivo contexts. IFNs mainly function through the induction of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). These include PRRs and regulators of antimicrobial signaling pathways. Other ISGs directly restrict bacterial invasion or multiplication within host cells. As they regulate a diverse range of anti-bacterial host responses, IFNs are an attractive virulence target for bacterial pathogens. This review will discuss the current understanding of the bacterial effectors that manipulate the different stages of the host IFN response: IFN induction, downstream signaling pathways, and target ISGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Alphonse
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E. Dickenson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Odendall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Kunz N, Kemper C. Complement Has Brains-Do Intracellular Complement and Immunometabolism Cooperate in Tissue Homeostasis and Behavior? Front Immunol 2021; 12:629986. [PMID: 33717157 PMCID: PMC7946832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.629986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical liver-derived and serum-effective complement system is well appreciated as a key mediator of host protection via instruction of innate and adaptive immunity. However, recent studies have discovered an intracellularly active complement system, the complosome, which has emerged as a central regulator of the core metabolic pathways fueling human immune cell activity. Induction of expression of components of the complosome, particularly complement component C3, during transmigration from the circulation into peripheral tissues is a defining characteristic of monocytes and T cells in tissues. Intracellular complement activity is required to induce metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, including increased glycolytic flux and OXPHOS, which drive the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ. Consequently, reduced complosome activity translates into defects in normal monocyte activation, faulty Th1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and loss of protective tissue immunity. Intriguingly, neurological research has identified an unexpected connection between the physiological presence of innate and adaptive immune cells and certain cytokines, including IFN-γ, in and around the brain and normal brain function. In this opinion piece, we will first review the current state of research regarding complement driven metabolic reprogramming in the context of immune cell tissue entry and residency. We will then discuss how published work on the role of IFN-γ and T cells in the brain support a hypothesis that an evolutionarily conserved cooperation between the complosome, cell metabolism and IFN-γ regulates organismal behavior, as well as immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kunz
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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9
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Galen JE, Wahid R, Buskirk AD. Strategies for Enhancement of Live-Attenuated Salmonella-Based Carrier Vaccine Immunogenicity. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:162. [PMID: 33671124 PMCID: PMC7923097 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of live-attenuated bacterial vaccines as carriers for the mucosal delivery of foreign antigens to stimulate the mucosal immune system was first proposed over three decades ago. This novel strategy aimed to induce immunity against at least two distinct pathogens using a single bivalent carrier vaccine. It was first tested using a live-attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain in clinical trials in 1984, with excellent humoral immune responses against the carrier strain but only modest responses elicited against the foreign antigen. Since then, clinical trials with additional Salmonella-based carrier vaccines have been conducted. As with the original trial, only modest foreign antigen-specific immunity was achieved in most cases, despite the incorporation of incremental improvements in antigen expression technologies and carrier design over the years. In this review, we will attempt to deconstruct carrier vaccine immunogenicity in humans by examining the basis of bacterial immunity in the human gastrointestinal tract and how the gut detects and responds to pathogens versus benign commensal organisms. Carrier vaccine design will then be explored to determine the feasibility of retaining as many characteristics of a pathogen as possible to elicit robust carrier and foreign antigen-specific immunity, while avoiding over-stimulation of unacceptably reactogenic inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Galen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Rezwanul Wahid
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Amanda D. Buskirk
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Process and Facilities, Division of Microbiology Assessment II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA;
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10
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Rahman J, Singh P, Merle NS, Niyonzima N, Kemper C. Complement's favourite organelle-Mitochondria? Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:2771-2785. [PMID: 32840864 PMCID: PMC8359399 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system, well known for its central role in innate immunity, is currently emerging as an unexpected, cell‐autonomous, orchestrator of normal cell physiology. Specifically, an intracellularly active complement system—the complosome—controls key pathways of normal cell metabolism during immune cell homeostasis and effector function. So far, we know little about the exact structure and localization of intracellular complement components within and among cells. A common scheme, however, is that they operate in crosstalk with other intracellular immune sensors, such as inflammasomes, and that they impact on the activity of key subcellular compartments. Among cell compartments, mitochondria appear to have built a particularly early and strong relationship with the complosome and extracellularly active complement—not surprising in view of the strong impact of the complosome on metabolism. In this review, we will hence summarize the current knowledge about the close complosome–mitochondria relationship and also discuss key questions surrounding this novel research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubayer Rahman
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Parul Singh
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicolas S Merle
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathalie Niyonzima
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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11
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Piantadosi CA. Mitochondrial DNA, oxidants, and innate immunity. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:455-461. [PMID: 31958498 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidant damage, including damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a feature of both severe microbial infections and inflammation arising from sterile (non-infectious) sources such as tissue trauma. Damaged mitochondria release intact or oxidized fragments of mtDNA into the cytoplasm, which represent oxidant injury, and the fragments promote a spontaneous innate immune response, exemplifying a modern frontier of immunological research. MtDNA and mitochondrial-derived oxidants are central factors in activating at least three innate immune pathways involving the TLR9 (Toll-like receptor 9), the NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein-3) inflammasome, and the cGAS (cyclic AMP-GMP synthase) pathway. The events that allow mtDNA to escape from damaged mitochondria and from damaged cells are incompletely known, but the presence of cytoplasmic mtDNA and cell-free mtDNA as immune regulators are important for understanding the cell's capacity for protecting mitochondrial quality control (MQC) and cell viability during inflammatory states.
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12
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Stanifer ML, Mukenhirn M, Muenchau S, Pervolaraki K, Kanaya T, Albrecht D, Odendall C, Hielscher T, Haucke V, Kagan JC, Bartfeld S, Ohno H, Boulant S. Asymmetric distribution of TLR3 leads to a polarized immune response in human intestinal epithelial cells. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:181-191. [PMID: 31686029 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) act as a physical barrier separating the commensal-containing intestinal tract from the sterile interior. These cells have found a complex balance allowing them to be prepared for pathogen attacks while still tolerating the presence of bacterial or viral stimuli present in the lumen of the gut. Using primary human IECs, we probed the mechanisms that allow for such a tolerance. We discovered that viral infections emanating from the basolateral side of IECs elicit a stronger intrinsic immune response in comparison to lumenal apical infections. We determined that this asymmetric immune response is driven by the clathrin-sorting adaptor AP-1B, which mediates the polarized sorting of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) towards the basolateral side of IECs. Mice and human IECs lacking AP-1B showed an exacerbated immune response following apical stimulation. Together, these results suggest a model where the cellular polarity program plays an integral role in the ability of IECs to partially tolerate apical commensals while remaining fully responsive to invasive basolateral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Stanifer
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Mukenhirn
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Muenchau
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kalliopi Pervolaraki
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Takashi Kanaya
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Dorothee Albrecht
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Volker Haucke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection", DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.
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13
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Abstract
For over a century, mice have been used to model human disease, leading to many fundamental discoveries about mammalian biology and the development of new therapies. Mouse genetics research has been further catalysed by a plethora of genomic resources developed in the last 20 years, including the genome sequence of C57BL/6J and more recently the first draft reference genomes for 16 additional laboratory strains. Collectively, the comparison of these genomes highlights the extreme diversity that exists at loci associated with the immune system, pathogen response, and key sensory functions, which form the foundation for dissecting phenotypic traits in vivo. We review the current status of the mouse genome across the diversity of the mouse lineage and discuss the value of mice to understanding human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Lilue
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anu Shivalikanjli
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas M. Keane
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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14
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Foss S, Bottermann M, Jonsson A, Sandlie I, James LC, Andersen JT. TRIM21-From Intracellular Immunity to Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2049. [PMID: 31555278 PMCID: PMC6722209 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif containing-21 (TRIM21) is a cytosolic ubiquitin ligase and antibody receptor that provides a last line of defense against invading viruses. It does so by acting as a sensor that intercepts antibody-coated viruses that have evaded extracellular neutralization and breached the cell membrane. Upon engagement of the Fc of antibodies bound to viruses, TRIM21 triggers a coordinated effector and signaling response that prevents viral replication while at the same time inducing an anti-viral cellular state. This dual effector function is tightly regulated by auto-ubiquitination and phosphorylation. Therapeutically, TRIM21 has been shown to be detrimental in adenovirus based gene therapy, while it may be favorably utilized to prevent tau aggregation in neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, TRIM21 may synergize with the complement system to block viral replication as well as transgene expression. TRIM21 can also be utilized as a research tool to deplete specific proteins in cells and zebrafish embryos. Here, we review our current biological understanding of TRIM21 in light of its versatile functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Foss
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Bottermann
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Jonsson
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leo C James
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Frank
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
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16
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Alternative splicing regulates stochastic NLRP3 activity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3238. [PMID: 31324763 PMCID: PMC6642158 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains are evolutionarily conserved in proteins that function in development and immunity. Here we report strict exonic modularity of LRR domains of several human gene families, which is a precondition for alternative splicing (AS). We provide evidence for AS of LRR domain within several Nod-like receptors, most prominently the inflammasome sensor NLRP3. Human NLRP3, but not mouse NLRP3, is expressed as two major isoforms, the full-length variant and a variant lacking exon 5. Moreover, NLRP3 AS is stochastically regulated, with NLRP3 ∆ exon 5 lacking the interaction surface for NEK7 and hence loss of activity. Our data thus reveals unexpected regulatory roles of AS through differential utilization of LRRs modules in vertebrate innate immunity. Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains are commonly present in immune regulatory proteins. Here the authors show that LRR exonic modularity and alternative splicing of an LRR-containing protein, NLRP3, modulate the ratio of functional/afunctional NLRP3 isoforms to instill a stochastic regulation of NLRP3-mediated inflammation and innate immunity.
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17
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Verma S, Prescott R, Cherayil BJ. The commensal bacterium Bacteroides fragilis down-regulates ferroportin expression and alters iron homeostasis in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1079-1088. [PMID: 31166618 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a1018-408rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has several effects on host physiology. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that the microbiota influences systemic iron homeostasis in mouse colitis models by altering inflammation-induced expression of the iron-regulating hormone hepcidin. In the present study, we examined the impact of the gut commensal bacterium Bacteroides fragilis on the expression of the iron exporter ferroportin, the target of hepcidin action, in macrophages, the cell type that plays a pivotal role in iron recycling. Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages were exposed to B. fragilis and were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. We found that B. fragilis down-regulated ferroportin transcription independently of bacterial viability. Medium conditioned by the bacteria also reduced ferroportin expression, indicating the involvement of soluble factors, possibly Toll-like receptor ligands. Consistent with this idea, several of these ligands were able to down-regulate ferroportin. The B. fragilis-induced decrease in ferroportin was functionally important since it produced a significant increase in intracellular iron concentrations that prevented the effects of the iron chelator deferoxamine on Salmonella-induced IL-6 and IL-1β production. Our results thus reveal that B. fragilis can influence macrophage iron handling and inflammatory responses by modulating ferroportin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Verma
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel Prescott
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bobby J Cherayil
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Tao P, Zhu J, Mahalingam M, Batra H, Rao VB. Bacteriophage T4 nanoparticles for vaccine delivery against infectious diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 145:57-72. [PMID: 29981801 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines containing one or more target antigens from pathogenic organisms represent safer alternatives to whole pathogen vaccines. However, the antigens by themselves are not sufficiently immunogenic and require additives known as adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Assembly of the antigens into virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) is a better approach as it allows presentation of the epitopes in a more native context. The repetitive, symmetrical, and high density display of antigens on the VLPs mimic pathogen-associated molecular patterns seen on bacteria and viruses. The antigens, thus, might be better presented to stimulate host's innate as well as adaptive immune systems thereby eliciting both humoral and cellular immune responses. Bacteriophages such as phage T4 provide excellent platforms to generate the nanoparticle vaccines. The T4 capsid containing two non-essential outer proteins Soc and Hoc allow high density array of antigen epitopes in the form of peptides, domains, full-length proteins, or even multi-subunit complexes. Co-delivery of DNAs, targeting molecules, and/or molecular adjuvants provides additional advantages. Recent studies demonstrate that the phage T4 VLPs are highly immunogenic, do not need an adjuvant, and provide complete protection against bacterial and viral pathogens. Thus, phage T4 could potentially be developed as a "universal" VLP platform to design future multivalent vaccines against complex and emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Tao
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Jingen Zhu
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Marthandan Mahalingam
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Himanshu Batra
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Venigalla B Rao
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
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19
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Chen X, Wang P, Zhao C, Yan L, Lin H, Qiu L. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of IL-12p40 from Chinese sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) under biotic and abiotic stresses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:373-385. [PMID: 30227255 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukins are critical cytokines that are ubiquitously present in both vertebrates and invertebrates and constitute the front line of host innate immunity. Here, we identified and analyzed IL-12p40 from the Chinese sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus (LmIL-12p40). The LmIL-12p40 gene is expressed as a 1386-base pair transcript that encodes a polypeptide of 321 amino acids. Transcriptional expression analysis indicated that LmIL-12p40 mRNA was ubiquitously expressed in all tested tissues and had a comparatively high expression level in immune-associated tissues (head-kidney and intestines). Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) experiments showed that, after Vibro harveyi and Streptococus agalactiae infection, LmIL-12p40 mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in the spleen, liver and head-kidney. To further clarify the immune function of LmIL-12p40 after bacterial challenge, the recombinant LmIL-12p40 protein was acquired using a prokaryotic expression method. Furthermore, the LmIL-12p40 dimer (LmIL-12p80) could be produced via protein-protein interactions by incubating p40 monomer expressed from the pET28a vector (pET28a-LmIL-12p40) with p40 monomer expressed from the pGEX4T-1 vector (pGEX4T-1-LmIL-12p40). The antimicrobial activity of the purified LmIL-12p40 and LmIL-12p80 proteins were further studied in vitro using a bacterial growth inhibition test (for both liquid and solid cultures) and in vivo (using a bacterial growth inhibition test with the head-kidney tissues). Furthermore, BL21 (DE3) E. coli cells transformed with the recombinant pET28a-LmIL-12p40 vector were dramatically protected in response to metal toxicity and H2O2-related oxidative stress. In summary, this study will provide foundational information regarding the role of LmIL-12p40 in defending against various biotic and abiotic stresses in fishes, which should help to further clarify the functional mechanism of interleukins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lulu Yan
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Heizhao Lin
- Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, PR China.
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20
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Lv K, Wang G, Shen C, Zhang X, Yao H. Role and mechanism of the nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome in oral disease. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 97:1-11. [PMID: 30315987 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize evidence and data from experimental studies regarding the role and mechanism of the Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in the pathogenesis of several representative oral diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search of PubMed and EBSCO was performed. The literature was searched using a combination of keywords, e.g., NLRP3 inflammasome, inflammation, microorganisms, oral inflammatory diseases, and oral immunological diseases. RESULTS The initiation and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome are associated with the pathogenesis and progression of several representative oral diseases, including periodontitis, oral lichen planus, dental pulp disease, and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a crucial role in the progression of inflammatory and adaptive immune responses. The possible role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in several oral diseases, including not only periodontitis and pulpitis but also mucosal diseases and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, may involve the aberrant regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. Understanding the cellular and molecular biology of the NLRP3 inflammasome is necessary because the NLRP3 inflammasome may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of oral inflammatory and immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Lv
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Guohua Wang
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Chenlu Shen
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Yinzhou People Hospital, College of Medicine, Ningbo University, China
| | - Hua Yao
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
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21
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Wei Y, Chen S, Wang M, Cheng A. Tripartite motif-containing proteins precisely and positively affect host antiviral immune response. Scand J Immunol 2018; 87:e12669. [PMID: 29706026 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tripartite motif-containing proteins (TRIMs) comprise a large family of proteins with over 70 members in humans. Recent studies have shown that TRIMs play unexpected roles in the antiviral immune responses to infections by HIV, MLV, EMCV, AIV and other viruses. There are two mechanisms used by TRIMs in the inhibition of virus infections: (1) TRIMs target the produced viruses for ubiquitination, which induces proteasome-dependent degradation, or they interact with host proteins to inhibit viral infection in various periods of the viral life cycle. (2) TRIMs activate innate immune signalling pathways, such as RLR and TLR, which induce IFN production. In this study, we will review recent studies regarding the means by which TRIMs function as inhibitors in viral infection through the mechanisms described above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wei
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - A Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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22
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Curson JEB, Luo L, Sweet MJ, Stow JL. pTRAPs: Transmembrane adaptors in innate immune signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1011-1019. [PMID: 29601097 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ri1117-474r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAPs) are protein scaffolds and signaling regulators with established roles in signal-induced activation of lymphocytes. A subset of the TRAP family, the palmitoylated TRAPs (pTRAPs), are increasingly emerging with additional roles in innate immune cells. Targeted to lipid rafts, tetraspannin-enriched microdomains, and protein microclusters in membranes, pTRAP scaffolds exert spatiotemporal regulation by recruiting signaling kinases, particularly Src and Syk family members, as well as Csk, and other effectors. In this way, pTRAPs modulate signaling and influence resulting cell responses, including the selective output of inflammatory cytokines and other mediators. Here, we review studies revealing that different pTRAPs work together, often with overlapping or redundant roles, for positive and negative regulation of key innate immune pathways, including Fc receptor and pattern recognition receptor signaling. Recent findings show that pTRAPs can bind directly to innate immune receptors, in addition to other transmembrane binding partners. Thus, pTRAPs are important, multifunctional scaffolds in pathways that are fundamental to diverse innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E B Curson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lin Luo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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23
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Abstract
Innate immunity is traditionally thought of as the first line of defense against pathogens that enter the body. It is typically characterized as a rather weak defense mechanism, designed to restrict pathogen replication until the adaptive immune response generates a tailored response and eliminates the infectious agent. However, intensive research in recent years has resulted in better understanding of innate immunity as well as the discovery of many effector proteins, revealing its numerous powerful mechanisms to defend the host. Furthermore, this research has demonstrated that it is simplistic to strictly separate adaptive and innate immune functions since these two systems often work synergistically rather than sequentially. Here, we provide a broad overview of innate pattern recognition receptors in antiviral defense, with a focus on the TRIM family, and discuss their signaling pathways and mechanisms of action with special emphasis on the intracellular antibody receptor TRIM21.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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24
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Zamorano Cuervo N, Osseman Q, Grandvaux N. Virus Infection Triggers MAVS Polymers of Distinct Molecular Weight. Viruses 2018; 10:E56. [PMID: 29385716 PMCID: PMC5850363 DOI: 10.3390/v10020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) adaptor protein is a central signaling hub required for cells to mount an antiviral response following virus sensing by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors. MAVS localizes in the membrane of mitochondria and peroxisomes and in mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Structural and functional studies have revealed that MAVS activity relies on the formation of functional high molecular weight prion-like aggregates. The formation of protein aggregates typically relies on a dynamic transition between oligomerization and aggregation states. The existence of intermediate state(s) of MAVS polymers, other than aggregates, has not yet been documented. Here, we used a combination of non-reducing SDS-PAGE and semi-denaturing detergent agarose gel electrophoresis (SDD-AGE) to resolve whole cell extract preparations to distinguish MAVS polymerization states. While SDD-AGE analysis of whole cell extracts revealed the formation of previously described high molecular weight prion-like aggregates upon constitutively active RIG-I ectopic expression and virus infection, non-reducing SDS-PAGE allowed us to demonstrate the induction of lower molecular weight oligomers. Cleavage of MAVS using the NS3/4A protease revealed that anchoring to intracellular membranes is required for the appropriate polymerization into active high molecular weight aggregates. Altogether, our data suggest that RIG-I-dependent MAVS activation involves the coexistence of MAVS polymers with distinct molecular weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Zamorano Cuervo
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Quentin Osseman
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Nathalie Grandvaux
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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25
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Dolasia K, Bisht MK, Pradhan G, Udgata A, Mukhopadhyay S. TLRs/NLRs: Shaping the landscape of host immunity. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 37:3-19. [PMID: 29193992 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1397656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogenic organisms. It has a varied and large collection of molecules known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which can tackle the pathogens promptly and effectively. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are members of the PRR family that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and play pivotal roles to mediate defense against infections from bacteria, fungi, virus and various other pathogens. In this review, we discuss the critical roles of TLRs and NLRs in the regulation of host immune-effector functions such as cytokine production, phagosome-lysosome fusion, inflammasome activation, autophagy, antigen presentation, and B and T cell immune responses that are known to be essential for mounting a protective immune response against the pathogens. This review may be helpful to design TLRs/NLRs based immunotherapeutics to control various infections and pathophysiological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Dolasia
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Manoj K Bisht
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Gourango Pradhan
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Atul Udgata
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
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26
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Reovirus inhibits interferon production by sequestering IRF3 into viral factories. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10873. [PMID: 28883463 PMCID: PMC5589761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon viral infection, an arms-race between the cellular intrinsic innate immune system and viral replication is established. To win this race, viruses have established multiple strategies to inhibit the cellular response. Mammalian reovirus (MRV) constitutes a great model to study pathogenesis and life cycle of dsRNA viruses. It replicates in the cytosol of infected cells by forming viral induced-replication compartments, or viral factories. Little is known about the strategy used by MRV to evade the cellular intrinsic immune system. In this study, we unraveled that MRV induces a replication-dependent global reduction in interferon-mediated antiviral immune response. We determined that although MRV leads to the activation and phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), the nuclear translocation of IRF3 was impaired in infected cells. Additionally, we showed that MRV does not degrade IRF3 but sequesters it in cytoplasmic viral factories. We demonstrate that the viral factory matrix protein μNS is solely responsible for the sequestration of IRF3. This finding highlights novel mechanisms used by MRV to interfere with the intrinsic immune system and places the viral factories as not only a replication compartment but as an active strategy participating in immune evasion.
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27
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The Peroxisome-Mitochondria Connection: How and Why? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061126. [PMID: 28538669 PMCID: PMC5485950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, peroxisomes have emerged as key regulators in overall cellular lipid and reactive oxygen species metabolism. In mammals, these organelles have also been recognized as important hubs in redox-, lipid-, inflammatory-, and innate immune-signaling networks. To exert these activities, peroxisomes must interact both functionally and physically with other cell organelles. This review provides a comprehensive look of what is currently known about the interconnectivity between peroxisomes and mitochondria within mammalian cells. We first outline how peroxisomal and mitochondrial abundance are controlled by common sets of cis- and trans-acting factors. Next, we discuss how peroxisomes and mitochondria may communicate with each other at the molecular level. In addition, we reflect on how these organelles cooperate in various metabolic and signaling pathways. Finally, we address why peroxisomes and mitochondria have to maintain a healthy relationship and why defects in one organelle may cause dysfunction in the other. Gaining a better insight into these issues is pivotal to understanding how these organelles function in their environment, both in health and disease.
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28
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Ireton RC, Wilkins C, Gale M. RNA PAMPs as Molecular Tools for Evaluating RIG-I Function in Innate Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1656:119-129. [PMID: 28808965 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7237-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR)s and their cognate pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) represent the basis of innate immune activation and immune response induction driven by the host-pathogen interaction that occurs during microbial infection in humans and other animals. For RNA virus infection such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and others, specific motifs within viral RNA mark it as nonself and visible to the host as a PAMP through interaction with RIG-I-like receptors including retinoic inducible gene-I (RIG-I). Here, we present methods for producing and using HCV PAMP RNA as a molecular tool to study RIG-I and its signaling pathway, both in vitro and in vivo, in innate immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee C Ireton
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, E383, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Courtney Wilkins
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, E383, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, E383, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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