Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of isoniazid using luminol and silver nanoparticles

Enhanced Reaction Kinetics in Stationary Two-Phase Flow through Porous Media

Understanding the interaction between multiphase flow and reactive transport in porous media is critical for many environmental and industrial applications. When a nonwetting immiscible phase is present within the pore space, it can remain immobile, which we call unsaturated flow, or move, resulting in multiphase flow. Previous studies under unsaturated flow conditions have shown that, for a given flow rate, the product of a mixing-driven reaction increases as wetting phase saturation decreases. Conversely, the opposite effect is observed for a given Péclet number (i.e., the flow rate is adapted depending on the wetting phase saturation). However, the impact of multiphase flow dynamics on mixing-driven reactions is poorly understood due to experimental and numerical challenges. To assess the impact of multiphase flow conditions on product formation, we use an optimized chemiluminescence reaction and an experimental setup that allows the separate injection of reactants along with a stationary two-phase flow. In our experiments, the mass of the reaction product under stationary two-phase flow conditions increases faster than Fickian beyond the diffusive time. The global kinetics initially increase before experiencing a monotonic decrease with significant fluctuations caused by the displacement of the nonwetting phase. For a given flow rate of the wetting phase, product formation depends on the flow rate of the nonwetting immiscible phase.

Green synthesis of CQDs for determination of iron and isoniazid in pharmaceutical formulations

Camphor leaves were used as the precursor for the hydrothermal synthesis of carbon quantum dots. The preparation method is simple and rapid, and the raw material is environmentally friendly and easy to obtain. Without additional modification, the carbon quantum dots were used as fluorescent probes for the sensitive and selective detection of Fe³⁺ and isoniazid at different excitation wavelengths. For Fe³⁺, at the excitation wavelength of 320 nm, the ratio of fluorescence intensity of CQD solution after adding Fe³⁺ to CQD solution without Fe³⁺ addition, F/F₀, and Fe³⁺ concentration showed a good linear relationship in the range of 2.72 × 10^-5 to 1.00 × 10^-4 mol L^-1 (R² = 0.9912), and the limit of detection was 8.16 μmol L^-1. For isoniazid, at the excitation wavelength of 270 nm, the ratio of fluorescence intensity of CQDs solution with isoniazid to CQDs solution without isoniazid, F/F₀, and isoniazid concentration showed good linear relationships in the range of 3.81 × 10^-6 to 1.00 × 10^-5 mol L^-1 (R² = 0.9941) and 1.00 × 10^-5 to 2.10 × 10^-4 mol L^-1 (R² = 0.9910) respectively, and the limit of detection was 1.14 μmol L^-1. A fluorescence method for the determination of Fe and isoniazid content was proposed. The method has been used to detect iron in iron supplement tablets and isoniazid in isoniazid tablets with satisfactory results.

Glutathione-ascorbic acid-functionalized molybdenum oxide quantum dots-based fluorescent sensor for the detection of isoniazid drug in pharmaceutical samples

Herein, glutathione-ascorbic acid-functionalized molybdenum oxide quantum dots (GSH-AA-MoO_x QDs) are synthesized by the conventional method and used as a fluorescent probe for the rapid detection of isoniazid drug in pharmaceutical samples. Ascorbic acid and glutathione are used as surface ligands for the modification of MoO_x QDs. The as-synthesized GSH-AA-MoO_x QDs display λ_Em at 416 nm when applied λ_Ex at 330 nm. The introduction of isoniazid drug into GSH-AA-MoO_x QDs solution results the assembly of GSH-AA-MoO_x QDs-isoniazid nanoarchitectures, leading to quench λ_Em at 416 nm. Thus, GSH-AA-MoO_x QDs can work as a fluorescent sensor for the rapid identification of isoniazid in real samples. The as-prepared GSH-AA-MoO_x QDs not only allows superior analytical features (rapidity, and selectivity) toward isoniazid with the detection limit of 94 nM, but also displays fluorescence "turn-off" response for assaying of isoniazid in real samples (pharmaceutical and biofluids). Finally, GSH-AA-MoO_x QDs are highly promising fluorescent probe for the rapid detection of isoniazid in real samples.

Cascade amplification strategy combined with analyte-triggered fluorescence switching of dual-quenching system for highly sensitive detection of isoniazide

A sensitive fluorescence sensing platform consisting of manganese dioxide nanosheets (MnO₂) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as dual nanoquenchers has been constructed to detect isoniazid combined with analyte-triggered cascade reactions. The fluorescence of 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP) is quenched simultaneously by MnO₂ and AuNPs via inner filter effect. MnO₂ is decomposed by isoniazid to generate Mn²⁺, which makes AuNPs aggregated. The quenching abilities of both the decomposed MnO₂ and aggregated AuNPs are inhibited, causing remarkable fluorescence recovery. The usage of dual nanoquenchers enhances the quenching efficiency and reduces the fluorescence background. Moreover, the isoniazid-triggered cascade reaction further amplifies the readout signal. Thus, this strategy exhibits higher sensitivity towards the detection of isoniazid. Compared with MnO₂-based fluorescence assay, this strategy possesses lower limit of detection. This strategy has been successfully used to detect isoniazid in pharmaceutical preparations, which is of great significance for drug analysis.

A new NiS nanoparticles-enhanced chemiluminescence method for determination of cephalexin in the pharmaceuticals and spiked human serum

It is reported that NiS nanoparticles (NPs) can enhance the light emission from chemiluminescence (CL) reaction of luminol-O₂ (λ_max = 425 nm), remarkably. Additionally, it was shown that cephalexin (CEF) could further increase the intensity of light emitted from NiS NPs-luminol-O₂ CL reaction. Inspired in these findings, we intended to develop a new and straightforward CL method for the determination of CEF. A calibration graph over the range of 1.00 × 10^-6 - 4.00 × 10^-5 mol L^-1 was established. The limit of detection (LOD) of the CL method was 8.00 × 10^-7 mol L^-1 . The coefficient of variation (CV) of the CL methods was 2.20% (n = 6) for the measurement of 6.00 × 10^-6 mol L^-1 CEF. NiS NPs were produced by exploiting the precipitation method and identified by employing several spectroscopic approaches. The proposed CL method was successfully used to measure CEF in some pharmaceutical and spiked human serum. The chemical mechanism governing the CL reaction was briefly explained.

Nickel oxide hollow microsphere for the chemiluminescence determination of tuberculostatic drug isoniazid

In this paper, NiO hollow microspheres (HMSs) were fabricated and used to catalyze chemiluminescence (CL) reaction. The studied CL reaction is the luminol-O₂ reaction that was used as a sensitive analytical tool for measuring tuberculostatic drug isoniazid (IND) in pharmaceutical formulations and water samples. The CL method was established based on the suppression impact of IND on the CL reaction. The NiO HMSs were produced by a simple hydrothermal method and characterized by several spectroscopic techniques. The result of essential parameters on the analytical performance of the CL method, including concentrations of NaOH, luminol, and NiO HMSs were investigated. At the optimum conditions, the calibration curve for isoniazid was linear in the range of 8.00 × 10^-7 - 1.00 × 10^-4 mol L^-1 (R² =0.99). A detection limit (3S) of 2.00 × 10^-7 mol L^-1 was obtained for this method. The acceptable relative standard deviation (RSD) was obtained for the proposed CL method (2.63%, n=10) for a 5.00 ×10^-6 mol L^-1 IND solution. The mechanism of the CL reaction was also discussed.

Voltammetric Determination of Isoniazid in the Presence of Acetaminophen Utilizing MoS2-Nanosheet-Modified Screen-Printed Electrode

We used MoS₂ nanosheets (MoS₂ NSs) for surface modification of screen-printed electrode (MoS₂NSs-SPE) aimed at detecting isoniazid (INZ) in the presence of acetaminophen (AC). According to analysis, an impressive catalytic performance was found for INZ and AC electro-oxidation, resulting in an appreciable peak resolution (~320 mV) for both analytes. Chronoamperometry, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), linear sweep voltammogram (LSV), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were employed to characterize the electrochemical behaviors of the modified electrode for the INZ detection. Under the optimal circumstances, there was a linear relationship between the peak current of oxidation and the various levels of INZ (0.035–390.0 µM), with a narrow limit of detection (10.0 nM). The applicability of the as-developed sensor was confirmed by determining the INZ and AC in tablets and urine specimens, with acceptable recoveries.

Nano optical and electrochemical sensors and biosensors for detection of narrow therapeutic index drugs

For the first time, a comprehensive review is presented on the quantitative determination of narrow therapeutic index drugs (NTIDs) by nano optical and electrochemical sensors and biosensors. NTIDs have a narrow index between their effective doses and those at which they produce adverse toxic effects. Therefore, accurate determination of these drugs is very important for clinicians to provide a clear judgment about drug therapy for patients. Routine analytical techniques have limitations such as being expensive, laborious, and time-consuming, and need a skilled user and therefore  the nano/(bio)sensing technology leads to high interest.

A turn off-on fluorometric and paper based colorimetric dual-mode sensor for isoniazid detection

In the present study, Cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) nanosheets were applied for establishing a dual fluorometric and smartphone-paper-based colorimetric method to detect isoniazid. CoOOH nanosheets quenched the fluorescence emission of sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots (S,N-CDs) due to inner filter effect (IFE). The quenched fluorescence intensity of S,N-CDs restored in the presence of isoniazid due to destroying CoOOH nanosheets by this drug. Moreover, with adding isoniazid the solution color of CoOOH nanosheets altered from brownish yellow to pale yellow. We exploited these facts to design a turn off-on fluorometric and paper based colorimetric sensor for isoniazid measurement at the range of 0.5-10 and 5-100 μM with detection limits of 0.28 μM and 4.0 μM, respectively. The introduced dual sensor was used for pharmaceutical, environmental and biological analysis of isoniazid with satisfactory results. The paper based colorimetric sensor can be applied for isoniazid portable monitoring by smartphone as a detector and even nocked eyes.

A Novel Luminescent "Nanochip" as a Tandem Catalytic System for Chemiluminescent Detection of Sweat Glucose

Accurate sweat glucose detection is a promising alternative to invasive finger-prick blood tests, allowing for self-monitoring of blood glucose with good patient compliance. In this study, we have developed a tandem catalytic system, termed as a luminescent "nanochip" (LAON), which was composed of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and N-(aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol) (ABEI)-engineered oxygen-doped carbon nitride (O-g-C₃N₄), for chemiluminescent detection of sweat glucose. The LAON exhibits dual catalytic activity of glucose oxidase and peroxidase and can not only oxidize glucose to generate H₂O₂ but catalyze H₂O₂-mediated luminol chemiluminescence, resulting in sensitive detection of glucose. We identify that the LAON can precisely detect glucose with a detection limit of 0.1 μM, enabling us to measure glucose levels in different biological samples. Particularly, the LAON is capable of sensitively and accurately monitoring dynamic changes in sweat glucose during exercise. Therefore, the LAON provides an alternative approach to supersede invasive blood tests and may improve the management of diabetes mellitus.

Optical sensors based on silver nanoparticles for determination of pharmaceuticals: An overview of advances in the last decade

This review focuses on optical nanosensors based on silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and demonstrates their applications in the determination of pharmaceutical compounds in the last decade. Such optical sensors have received high attention in the analytical field owing to their low cost and simplicity since they do not require any complex or expensive instrumentation. This article reviews Ag NP-based optical methods for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds from 2010 to 2020. The reported optical methods are classified into four types: spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, scattering and chemiluminescence. Ag NPs play different roles in the different sensing platforms used by these methods, the details of which are carefully explained in this review. Moreover, the relevant analytical parameters of the developed methods are categorized by role and tabulated. It is hoped that this review will stimulate further research in this field with similar nanostructures.

Ultrasound-Enhanced Chemiluminescence for Bioimaging

Tissue imaging has emerged as an important aspect of theragnosis. It is essential not only to evaluate the degree of the disease and thus provide appropriate treatments, but also to monitor the delivery of administered drugs and the subsequent recovery of target tissues. Several techniques including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computational tomography (CT), acoustic tomography (AT), biofluorescence (BF) and chemiluminescence (CL), have been developed to reconstruct three-dimensional images of tissues. While imaging has been achieved with adequate spatial resolution for shallow depths, challenges still remain for imaging deep tissues. Energy loss is usually observed when using a magnetic field or traditional ultrasound (US), which leads to a need for more powerful energy input. This may subsequently result in tissue damage. CT requires exposure to radiation and a high dose of contrast agent to be administered for imaging. The BF technique, meanwhile, is affected by strong scattering of light and autofluorescence of tissues. The CL is a more selective and sensitive method as stable luminophores are produced from physiochemical reactions, e.g. with reactive oxygen species. Development of near infrared-emitting luminophores also bring potential for application of CL in deep tissues and whole animal studies. However, traditional CL imaging requires an enhancer to increase the intensity of low-level light emissions, while reducing the scattering of emitted light through turbid tissue environment. There has been interest in the use of focused ultrasound (FUS), which can allow acoustic waves to propagate within tissues and modulate chemiluminescence signals. While light scattering is decreased, the spatial resolution is increased with the assistance of US. In this review, chemiluminescence detection in deep tissues with assistance of FUS will be highlighted to discuss its potential in deep tissue imaging.

Expanding the scope of chemiluminescence in bioanalysis with functional nanomaterials

Nanomaterial-enabled chemiluminescence (CL) detection has become a growing area of interest in recent years. We review the development of nanomaterial-based CL detection strategies and their applications in bioanalysis. Much progress has been achieved in the past decade, but most attempts still remain in the proof-of-concept stage. This review highlights recent advances in nanomaterials in CL detection and organizes them into three groups based on their role in detection: as a sensing platform, as a signal probe, and applications in homogeneous systems. Furthermore, we have discussed the critical challenges we are facing and future prospects of this field.

Enhanced SIA-chemiluminescence probes for angiotensin II receptor antagonist detection using silver and gold nanoparticles: applications in pharmaceutical formulations

The present work describes three different sequential injection chemiluminescence systems for the detection of some angiotensin II receptor antagonists, such as candesartan cilexetil, valsartan and telmisartan.

Flow analysis with chemiluminescence detection: Recent advances and applications

This article highlights the most important developments in flow analysis with chemiluminescence (CL) detection, describing different flow systems that are compatible with CL detection, detector designs, commonly applied CL reactions and approaches to sample treatment. Recent applications of flow analysis with CL detection (focusing on outputs published since 2010) are also presented. Applications are classified by sample matrix, covering foods and beverages, environmental matrices, pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. Comprehensive tables are provided for each area, listing the specific sample matrix, CL reaction used, linear range, limit of detection and sample treatment for each analyte. Finally, recent and emerging trends in the field are also discussed.

An Enzyme-Induced Novel Biosensor for the Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of Isoniazid

In this present work, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified primarily with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a composite of MWCNTs and titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs). The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized to enhance the sensing ability of GCE. The proposed biosensor was used for the sensitive determination of isoniazid (INZ) in various pharmaceutical samples. The electrochemical behaviour of the developed MWCNT-TiO₂NPs-HRP-GCE biosensor was studied by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TGA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques were used to characterize the developed sensor. Phosphate buffer solution (PBS) with pH 7 was used as supporting electrolyte in the present investigation. The cyclic voltammetric results revealed that the increment of anodic peak currents for the enzyme-induced sensor was almost 8-fold greater than that of a bare GCE. The DPV technique exhibited good limit of detection and limit of quantification values, viz., 0.0335 μM and 0.1118 μM, respectively. Moreover, the developed sensor showed long-lasting stability and repeatability without any interferents. This strongly indicates that the fabricated sensor shows outstanding electrochemical performance towards INZ, with excellent selectivity and sensitivity. The developed sensor was successfully applied to pharmaceutical samples and gave good percentages of recoveries.

Fabrication and characterization of Cu(OH)2/CuO nanowires as a novel sensitivity enhancer of the luminol–H2O2chemiluminescence system: determination of cysteine in human plasma

Cu(OH)₂/CuO nanowires as a sensitivity enhancer in luminol–H₂O₂chemiluminescence system and its application for the determination of cysteine.

A chemiluminescence sensor for determination of lysozyme using magnetic graphene oxide multi-walled carbon nanotube surface molecularly imprinted polymers

In this paper, a new chemiluminescence sensor possessing high selectivity and sensitivity was established for determination of lysozyme using magnetic graphene oxide–multi-walled carbon nanotube surface molecularly imprinted polymer.

Chemiluminescence determination of ascorbic acid using graphene oxide@copper-based metal–organic frameworks as a catalyst

In this work, composites with different amounts of graphene oxide (GO) and the copper-based metal–organic frameworks (HKUST-1) were synthesized.

Non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of glucose and hydrogen peroxide using a bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(iv) complex modified gold electrode

A bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(iv) complex modified gold electrode shows excellent sensing ability towards glucose and hydrogen peroxide in a neutral pH medium.

Flow-injection chemiluminescence determination of cloxacillin in water samples and pharmaceutical preparation by using CuO nanosheets-enhanced luminol-hydrogen peroxide system

In this paper, a rapid and sensitive flow-injection chemiluminescence (flow-CL) system was developed for the determination of cloxacillin sodium in environmental water samples and pharmaceutical preparations. The method was based on the enhancement effect of cloxacillin sodium on the CL reaction of luminal-H₂O₂-CuO nanosheets (NSs) in alkaline medium. The CuO nanosheets were synthesized using a green sonochemical method. The physical properties of the synthesized CuO nanosheets were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The influences of various experimental factors such as H₂O₂, NaOH, luminol and CuO nanosheets concentrations were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the enhanced CL intensity was linearly related to the concentration of cloxacillin sodium in the range of the 0.05-30.00 mg L(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.995. The corresponding detection limit (3σ) was calculated to be 0.026 mg L(-1). The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the developed method was 2.21% with 11 repeated measurements of 4.00 mg L(-1) cloxacillin sodium. Also, a total analysis time per sample was 30 s which confirmed the rapidity of the proposed method. The analytical applicability of the proposed CL system was assessed by determining cloxacillin sodium in spiked environmental water samples and pharmaceutical preparation. Furthermore, the possible mechanism of CL reaction was discussed.

A novel solid-state electrochemiluminescence sensor based on a Ru(bpy)32+/nano Sm2O3 modified carbon paste electrode for the determination of l-proline

A novel solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was successfully developed for the determination of l-proline.

Effect of aggregated silver nanoparticles on luminol chemiluminescence system and its analytical application

We found that after silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) aggregated, its catalytic activity on luminol CL reaction obviously changed, and the change characteristic was closely related to the sizes of AgNPs. UV-visible spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectra, zeta potential and transmission electron microscopy studies were carried out to investigate the CL effect mechanism. The different CL responses of aggregated AgNPs with different size were suggested to be due to the two effects of quantum size and electron density in nanoparticle's conduction bands, and which one played a major role. The poisonous organic contaminants such as anilines, could induce the aggregation of AgNPs, were observed to affect effectively the luminol-H2O2-7 nm and 15 nm AgNPs CL systems and were detectable by use of a flow injection method with the enhanced or inhibited CL detection.

Flow injection determination of diclofenac sodium based on its sensitizing effect on the chemiluminescent reaction of acidic potassium permanganate-formaldehyde

A sensitive and simple chemiluminescent (CL) method for the determination of diclofenac sodium has been developed by combining the flow injection technique and its sensitizing effect on the weak CL reaction between formaldehyde and acidic potassium permanganate. A calibration curve is constructed for diclofenac sodium under optimized experimental parameters over the range 0.040-5.0 µg/mL and the limit of detection is 0.020 µg/mL (3σ). The inter-assay relative standard deviation for 0.040 µg/mL diclofenac sodium (n = 11) is 2.0%. This method is rapid, sensitive, simple, and shows good selectivity and reproducibility. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of the studied diclofenac sodium in pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory results. Furthermore, the possible mechanism for the CL reaction has been discussed in detail on the basis of UV and CL spectra.

Potassium permanganate-acridine yellow chemiluminescence system for the determination of fluvoxamine, isoniazid and ceftriaxone

Based on the oxidation of acridine yellow by permanganate in basic medium, a new chemiluminescence system was developed for the sensitive determination of some important drugs. The remarkable inhibiting effect of fluvoxamine, ceftriaxone and isoniazid on this reaction was applied to their detection. A possible mechanism was proposed for this system based on chemiluminescence emission wavelengths and experimental observations. Under optimum conditions, calibration graphs were obtained for 1 × 10(-9) to 1 × 10(-6) mol/L of fluvoxamine; 2 × 10(-8) to 8 × 10(-6) mol/L of ceftriaxone and 5 × 10(-8) to 4 × 10(-5) mol/L of isoniazid. This proposed method was satisfactorily used in the determination of these drugs in pharmaceutical samples and human urine and serum.