1
|
Nakhjirgan P, Fanaei F, Jonidi Jafari A, Gholami M, Shahsavani A, Kermani M. Extensive investigation of seasonal and spatial fluctuations of BTEX in an industrial city with a health risk assessment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23662. [PMID: 39390096 PMCID: PMC11466961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-74901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
There are many pollutants in the air that can be harmful to human health. Their impact varies based on factors such as the kind of pollutant, duration of exposure, and concentration levels. Volatile organic compounds are particularly significant carcinogens among the various pollutants present in the air. Consequently, people who are exposed to these harmful airborne pollutants suffer permanent consequences. This study examines the properties of BTEX compounds-benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene-as well as their sources and risk assessments throughout a one-year period from March 21, 2019, to March 20, 2020, in Karaj, Iran's largest industrialized city. First, utilizing a geographical information system that covered the entire city, 17 locations within Karaj were chosen for this purpose. Then, samplings were carried out in the spring, summer, autumn, and winter months with the NIOSH 1501 method. During the research period, 68 samples of BTEX compounds were collected. The adsorption of these contaminants on the activated carbon adsorbents was performed using an environmental sampling pump with a flow rate of 0.2 L/min for 1 h. The samples were subsequently prepared using a carbon disulfide solution and injected into a GC-FID for analysis. In this research, the average annual concentration of BTEX compounds in the air of Karaj city was obtained at 33.01 µg/m3. Autumn and spring had the highest and lowest average concentrations of BTEX compounds, respectively. In addition, sites 5 and 8 had the highest average annual concentrations of these pollutants. The sourcing conducted in this study showed that transportation and fuel consumption, as well as industries, were the primary sources of pollution in the city. In addition, the excess lifetime cancer risk was higher than the guideline value in some sites and lower in others. Furthermore, the Hazard Quotients were lower than 1, but in general, the citizens of Karaj were at serious risk from exposure to this group of pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Nakhjirgan
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Fanaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Gholami
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Air Quality and Climate Change Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heidari EA, Sarkhosh M, Alidadi H, Najafpoor AA, Esmaily H, Shamsara E. Assessing VOC emissions from different gas stations: impacts, variations, and modeling fluctuations of air pollutants. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16617. [PMID: 39026008 PMCID: PMC11258221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Gas stations distributed around densely populated areas are responsible for toxic pollutant emissions such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study aims to measure VOCs emission from three different kinds of gas stations to determine the extent of pollution from the gas stations and the most frequent type of VOC compound emitted. The concentrations of ambient VOCs at three refueling stations with a different type of fuels in Mashhad were monitored. The result of this study showed that CNG fuel stations are less polluting than petrol stations. In all the studied sites, the highest concentrations were related to xylene isomers, irrespective of the fuel type. Total VOCs at the supply of both compressed natural gas (CNG) and gasoline stations was 482.36 ± 563.45 µg m-3. At a CNG station and a gasoline station, total VOC concentrations were 1363.4 ± 1975 µg m-3 and 410.29 ± 483.37 µg m-3, respectively. The differences in concentrations of toluene and m,p-xylene between the fuel stations can be related to the quality and type of fuel, vapor recovery technology, fuel reserves, dripless nozzles, traffic density in these stations, meteorological conditions and the location of sampling sites. The combination of a sine function and a quadratic function could model the fluctuation behavior of air pollutants like m,p-xylene. In all the sites, the highest concentrations were related to xylene isomers, irrespective of the type of fuel. The changing rate of m,p-xylene pollutant in each station was also modeled in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Alsadat Heidari
- Master of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Center of Torbat-e Heydarieh, Torbat-e Heydarieh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat-e Heydarieh, Iran
| | - Maryam Sarkhosh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hosein Alidadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Najafpoor
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Habibollah Esmaily
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biostatistics, Research Health Center, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Shamsara
- Management and Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 91778-99191, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao D, Wang Q, Hui Y, Liu Y, Wang F, Chu B. Characteristics, sources, and health risks of volatile organic compounds in different functional regions of Shenyang. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173148. [PMID: 38735334 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The concentration of 56 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the ambient air of Shenyang was continuously monitored at four sites in 2021. The characteristics, sources, secondary pollution potential and health risks of VOCs in different functional regions of Shenyang were discussed. The results indicate that the concentration of VOCs in industrial regions was significantly higher than that in non-industrial regions, with a mean of 41.09 ± 69.82 parts per billion volumes (ppbv) compared to 19.99 ± 17.86 ppbv (commercial & residential region in urban fringe), 27.51 ± 28.81 ppbv (educational & scenic region) and 29.71 ± 23.97 ppbv (commercial & residential region in urban center). The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was utilized to assign the sources of VOCs in Shenyang, and six factors were recognized: gasoline vehicles (34.8 %), diesel vehicles (28.3 %), combustion (11.4 %), biogenic emissions (9.7 %), industrial processes (8.2 %), and fuel evaporation (7.7 %). The results of the reactivity evaluation indicated that the ozone (O3) formation potential (OFP) was primarily influenced by industrial processes (29.2 %), diesel vehicles (25.7 %), biogenic emissions (17.0 %). These three factors were also the top three contributors to secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAP), accounting for 44.2 %, 9.4 % and 30.3 %, respectively. At the all four sites, the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of VOCs ranged from 1.6 × 10-2 to 3.8 × 10-2 and from 2.3 × 10-6 to 3.3 × 10-6, respectively. And the main risks can be attributed to emissions from industrial processes and gasoline vehicles. These findings suggested to strengthen the control of vehicle emissions throughout all regions in Shenyang and industrial processes emissions in industrial regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Shenyang Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Transfusion, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yu Hui
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Shenyang Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Shenyang Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Shenyang Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Farhat M, Afif C, Zhang S, Dusanter S, Delbarre H, Riffault V, Sauvage S, Borbon A. Investigating the industrial origin of terpenoids in a coastal city in northern France: A source apportionment combining anthropogenic, biogenic, and oxygenated VOC. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172098. [PMID: 38582124 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids have long been known to originate from natural sources. However, there is growing evidence for emissions from anthropogenic activities in cities, in particular from the production, manufacturing, and use of household solvents. Here, as part of the DATAbASE (Do Anthropogenic Terpenoids mAtter in AtmoSpheric chEmistry?) project, we investigate for the first time the potential role of industrial activities on the terpenoid burden in the urban atmosphere. This study is based on continuous VOC observations from an intensive field campaign conducted in July 2014 at an industrial-urban background site located in Dunkirk, Northern France. More than 80 VOCs including oxygenated and terpenoid compounds were measured by on-line Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography with a Flame Ionization Detection (TD-GC-FID) and Proton Transfer Reaction-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToFMS). Isoprene, α-pinene, limonene and the sum of monoterpenes were the terpenoids detected at average mixing ratios of 0.02 ± 0.02 ppbv, 0.02 ± 0.02 ppbv, 0.01 ± 0.01 ppbv and 0.03 ± 0.05 ppbv, respectively. Like other anthropogenic VOCs, the mixing ratios of terpenoids significantly increase downwind the industrial plumes by one order of magnitude. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was performed to identify the different emission sources of VOCs and their contribution. Six factors out of the eight factors extracted (r2 = 0.95) are related to industrial emissions such as solvent use, chemical and agrochemical storage, metallurgy, petrochemical, and coal-fired industrial activities. From the correlations between the industrial-type PMF factors, sulfur dioxide, and terpenoids, we determined their emissions ratios and we quantified for the first time their industrial emissions. The highest emission ratio is related to the alkene-dominated factor and is related to petrochemical, metallurgical and coal-fired industrial activities. The industrial emissions of monoterpenes equal 8.1 ± 4.3 tons/year. Those emissions are as significant as the non-industrialized anthropogenic ones estimated for the Paris megacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Farhat
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, OPGC/CNRS UMR 6016, Clermont-Ferrand, France; EMMA Research Group, Center for Analysis and Research, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Charbel Afif
- EMMA Research Group, Center for Analysis and Research, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut, Lebanon; Climate & Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Shouwen Zhang
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, F-59000 Lille, France; Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, ULCO, Dunkerque, France
| | - Sébastien Dusanter
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Hervé Delbarre
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, ULCO, Dunkerque, France
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Sauvage
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Agnès Borbon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, OPGC/CNRS UMR 6016, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hosseini SA, Abtahi M, Dobaradaran S, Hassankhani H, Koolivand A, Saeedi R. Assessment of health risk and burden of disease induced by exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in the outdoor air in Tehran, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27889-z. [PMID: 37233938 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The health risk and burden of disease induced by exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) in the outdoor air in Tehran, 2019 were assessed based on the data of five fixed stations with weekly BTEX measurements. The non-carcinogenic risk, carcinogenic risk, and disease burden from exposure to BTEX compounds were determined by hazard index (HI), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and disability-adjusted life year (DALY), respectively. The average annual concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in the outdoor air in Tehran were 6.59, 21.62, 4.68, and 20.88 μg/m3, respectively. The lowest seasonal BTEX concentrations were observed in spring and the highest ones occurred in summer. The HI values of BTEX in the outdoor air in Tehran by district ranged from 0.34 to 0.58 (less than one). The average ILCR values of benzene and ethylbenzene were 5.37 × 10-5 and 1.23 × 10-5, respectively (in the range of probable increased cancer risk). The DALYs, death, DALY rate (per 100,000 people) and death rate (per 100,000 people) induced by BTEX exposure in the outdoor air in Tehran were determined to be 180.21, 3.51, 2.07, and 0.04, respectively. The five highest attributable DALY rates in Tehran by district were observed in the districts 10 (2.60), 11 (2.43), 17 (2.41), 20 (2.32), and 9 (2.32), respectively. The corrective measures such as controlling road traffic and improving the quality of vehicles and gasoline in Tehran could reduce the burden of disease from BTEX along with the health effects of other outdoor air pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Arman Hosseini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Abtahi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Ali Koolivand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Health and Safety, and Environment (HSE), School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chlebnikovas A, Paliulis D, Bradulienė J, Januševičius T. Short-term field research on air pollution within the boundaries of the large city in the Baltic region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022:1-16. [PMID: 36327081 PMCID: PMC9632572 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Air quality in urban and suburban areas is strongly affected by the level of local urbanization, climatic conditions and industrial activity. Monitoring the main air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and particulate matter may help control the most polluted areas of the site and take measures to reduce pollution. Uncontrolled emissions from other chemical pollutants, including volatile organic compounds and odorous contamination sources like ammonia, may cause both a chronic human disease and damage to flora and fauna. The conducted field research is aimed at determining air pollution within the areas of the large city (residential territory, recreation territory and the areas close to intense transport streets) polluted with the gaseous pollutants of varying nature (CO, NO2, ozone, sulfur dioxide, VOC and NH3) as well as particulate matter in different seasons of the year. Studies on Vilnius district air quality were carried out in 17 urban locations (sites) and based on two-phase measurements. The first phase was initiated in 2016-2017 and the second one took place in 2019-2020. It was observed that in the areas close to intense transport streets, the concentration of pollutants can increase more than 3 times, thus reaching up to 36.0 µg/m3 of PM10 (particulate matter) and up to 48.0 µg/m3 of nitrogen dioxide. During the summer period, ammonia concentrations can increase up to 3 times, reaching up to 11.0 µg/m3 from farming and/or industrial activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandras Chlebnikovas
- Institute of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio Al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Mechanical Science, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, J. Basanavičiaus G. 28, 03224 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dainius Paliulis
- Institute of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio Al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jolita Bradulienė
- Institute of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio Al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Januševičius
- Institute of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio Al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dörter M, Mağat-Türk E, Döğeroğlu T, Özden-Üzmez Ö, Gaga EO, Karakaş D, Yenisoy-Karakaş S. An assessment of spatial distribution and atmospheric concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes: ozone formation potential and health risk estimation in Bolu city of Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:53569-53583. [PMID: 35288854 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollutants including ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) compounds were evaluated concerning their spatial distribution, temporal variation, and health risk factor. Bolu plateau where sampling was performed has a densely populated city center, semi-rural areas, and forested areas. Additionally, the ozone formation potentials of BTEXs were calculated, and toluene was found to be the most important compound in ground level ozone formation. The spatial distribution of BTEXs and nitrogen dioxide pollution maps showed that their concentrations were higher around the major roads and city center, while rural-forested areas were found to be rich in ozone. BTEXs and nitrogen dioxide were found to have higher atmospheric concentrations in winter. That was mostly related to the source strength and low mixing height during that season. The average toluene to benzene ratios demonstrated that there was a significant influence of traffic emissions in the region. Although there was no significant change in sulfur dioxide concentrations in the summer and winter seasons of 2017, the differences in the spatial distribution showed that seasonal sources such as domestic heating and intensive outdoor barbecue cooking were effective in the atmospheric presence of this pollutant. The lifetime cancer risk through inhalation of benzene was found to be comparable with the limit value (1 × 10-6) recommended by USEPA. On the other hand, hazard ratios for BTEXs were found at an acceptable level for different outdoor environments (villages, roadside, and city center) for both seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melike Dörter
- Department of Property Protection and Safety, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14900, Bolu, Türkiye
- Department of Chemistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030, Bolu, Türkiye
| | - Esra Mağat-Türk
- Department of Chemistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030, Bolu, Türkiye
| | - Tuncay Döğeroğlu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Türkiye
| | - Özlem Özden-Üzmez
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Türkiye
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Türkiye
| | - Duran Karakaş
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030, Bolu, Türkiye
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ziabari SEH, Tabatabaie T, Amiri F, Ramavandi B. Spatial distribution of BTEX emission and health risk assessment in the ambient air of pars special economic energy zone (PSEEZ) using passive sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:118. [PMID: 35072808 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) are a challenging group of volatile organic compounds in industrial and energy areas. Since these aromatics may cause serious diseases such as cancer and respiratory illnesses, they must be monitored. Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (PSEEZ) in Iran is the second largest energy zone of the world with numerous gas refineries and petrochemical complexes for producing a wide range of products. This study is focused on determination of BTEX concentration in the whole South Pars area (46 sampling points) which is the active site of PSEEZ using passive sampling. Then, the results of the passive sampling are used for providing spatial distribution of BTEX using GIS. The annual BTEX measurements revealed that benzene and toluene concentration violates the maximum permitted values at numerous points most of which are located in the vicinity of petrochemical complexes. Active sampling in these complexes not only confirms the results of passive sampling, but also suggests a more intensified BTEX pollution in the air quality of the area which reaches as high as 3500 μg.m-3 and 18,000 μg.m-3 for benzene and toluene, respectively, being far beyond the acceptable standards. Health risk analysis also confirms the intensity of BTEX at the selected points. This study suggests a reconsideration of the location of non-operational sites and personnel who are more vulnerable to BTEX contamination. Also, BTEX profile provided by GIS in this research gives a suitable plan for relocating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tayebeh Tabatabaie
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch , Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Fazel Amiri
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch , Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alahabadi A, Fazeli I, Rakhshani MH, Najafi ML, Alidadi H, Miri M. Spatial distribution and health risk of exposure to BTEX in urban area: a comparison study of different land-use types and traffic volumes. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2871-2885. [PMID: 33411121 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many previous studies have investigated BTEX concentrations in urban areas; however, the available evidence on the association of different land-use types and BTEX concentrations is still scarce. In this study, the BTEX concentrations were measured and compared in different land-use types and traffic volumes of Mashhad metropolis, Iran. Sampling was conducted in summer and winter of 2018 based on NIOSH 1501 method in six land-use types, including Residential, Commercial/official, Industrial, Greenspace, Transportation, and Tourism. The spatial autocorrelation model was used to investigate the emission pattern. The Monte Carlo simulation technique and sensitivity analysis were used to assess the health risk of exposure to BTEX compounds. The median [interquartile range (IQR)] of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene m-xylene, o-xylene and total BTEX concentrations based on overall mean were 4 (2.23), 8.37 (4.48), 1.2 (1.46), 0.89 (2.59), 0.8 (1.73) and 17.7 (8.19) µg/m3, respectively. Benzene and toluene had clustered emission patterns (z-score > 1.96). Exposure to benzene in the study area had a carcinogenic risk for inhabitants. The concentration of BTEX compounds was significantly different based on land-use type. The maximum and minimum concentrations of BTEX were observed in Transportation and Greenspace land uses, respectively. The BTEX concentrations in summer were significantly higher than in winter, and traffic had a significant effect on BTEX concentrations. Overall, our results supported a significant relationship between land-use type and BTEX concentrations in the urban area. Moreover, ambient benzene concentration had a carcinogenic risk potential for inhabitants of study area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alahabadi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Iman Fazeli
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Rakhshani
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Moslem Lari Najafi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Alidadi
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 319, Sabzevar, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kermani M, Asadgol Z, Gholami M, Jafari AJ, Shahsavani A, Goodarzi B, Arfaeinia H. Occurrence, spatial distribution, seasonal variations, potential sources, and inhalation-based health risk assessment of organic/inorganic pollutants in ambient air of Tehran. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1983-2006. [PMID: 33216310 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the concentrations, spatial distribution, seasonal variations, potential sources, and risk assessment of organic/inorganic pollutants in ambient air of Tehran city. Totally, 180 air samples were taken from 9 sampling stations from March 2018 to March 2019 and were analyzed to determine the concentrations of organic pollutants (BTEX compounds and PM2.5-bound PAHs) plus inorganic pollutants (PM2.5-bound metals and asbestos fibers). The results revealed that the mean concentrations of ∑ PAHs, BTEX, ∑ heavy metals, and asbestos fibers were 5.34 ng/m3, 60.55 µg/m3, 8585.12 ng/m3, and 4.13 fiber/ml in the cold season, respectively, and 3.88 ng/m3, 33.86 µg/m3, 5682.61 ng/m3, and 3.21 fiber/ml in the warm season, respectively. Source apportionment of emission of the air pollutants showed that PAHs are emitted from diesel vehicles and industrial activities. BTEX and asbestos are also released mainly by vehicles. The results of the inhalation-based risk assessment indicated that the carcinogenic risk of PAHs, BTEX, and asbestos exceeded the recommended limit by The US environmental protection agency (US EPA) and WHO (1 × 10-4). The risk of carcinogenesis of heavy metal of lead and chromium also exceeded the recommended limit. Thus, proper management strategies are required to control the concentration of these pollutants in Tehran's ambient air in order to maintain the health of Tehran's citizens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadgol
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Gholami
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Goodarzi
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Hormozgan, Iran.
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dörter M, Odabasi M, Yenisoy-Karakaş S. Source apportionment of biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs in Bolu plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139201. [PMID: 32402909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Total of 69 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including both biogenic (isoprene, monoterpenes and oxygenated compounds) and anthropogenic ones were investigated in Bolu plateau by passive sampling technique. The main objective of this study was to determine spatial distributions, seasonal variations and possible sources for a wide variety of VOCs. Two-week passive sampling campaigns were performed in the winter and summer of 2017. Anthropogenic VOCs were predominant with a high percentage of contribution, 91% and 69% for winter and summer, respectively. Relatively higher concentrations of biogenic VOCs during the summer campaign were found to be related to higher solar intensity, temperature and amount of broad-leaved tree species. Benzaldehyde, toluene, phenol, benzene, hexane, decanal, benzothiazole, dodecane and acetophenone were anthropogenic VOCs with higher concentrations. Among biogenic VOCs, hexanal, alpha-pinene and limonene were found to be in higher concentrations. Spatial distribution maps were drawn for each VOC. Elevated concentrations of VOCs around the city center and major roads indicate that emissions from domestic heating activities and vehicular emissions can be significant sources of VOCs. The results were also supported by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analyses and G-score distribution maps. Solvent evaporation, wood-coal combustion, biogenic emissions (pine, grain, grass), city atmosphere (styrene emissions from plastic production), biogenic (hornbeam, pine, juniper) and vehicle emissions were the identified as the primary VOC sources in Bolu plateau, contributing 31%, 22%, 8.0%, 8.0%, 13%, and 18%, respectively to the total VOC concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melike Dörter
- Department of Chemistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Performance evaluation of a new three-in one diffusive sampler for monitoring NO 2, SO 2 and O 3. Talanta 2020; 214:120829. [PMID: 32278409 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A tailor-made diffusive sampler has been developed for the determination of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) concentrations with a performance evaluation of the sampler being carried out under field and laboratory conditions. The most important characteristics of the sampler design is that simultaneous sampling of the three pollutants can be performed in one sampler. All the parts of the diffusive sampler are reusable after cleaning. These properties provide important advantages in terms of cost and practicality. Two alternative samplers, having long and short diffusion paths, have been designed. Extensive validation studies, including detection limit, precision, accuracy, recovery, shelf life, storage stability, comparison with commercial diffusive samplers, and the effects of shelter use were conducted in accordance with European Standards (EN). According to the validation results, all of the parameters evaluated for the diffusive sampler (for both long and short diffusion path designs) comply with the related standards and the sampler is expected to play an important role in the widespread monitoring of inorganic pollutants, since it is cheap, easy to use and deliverable within the country.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mohammadi A, Ghassoun Y, Löwner MO, Behmanesh M, Faraji M, Nemati S, Toolabi A, Abdolahnejad A, Panahi H, Heydari H, Miri M. Spatial analysis and risk assessment of urban BTEX compounds in Urmia, Iran. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125769. [PMID: 31918090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Land Use Regression models (LUR) are the most common tools to estimate intra-urban air pollutant exposure in epidemiological studies. However, number of available and published models in developing and middle up income countries is still scarce. Here, we developed seasonal and overall LUR models for the spatial distribution of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) based on 20 monitoring stations and 166 potentially predictive variables (PPVs) in Urmia, Iran. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of exposure to BTEX and its sensitivity analysis were assessed using a probabilistic approach. The mean and standard deviation (in brackets) of overall benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were 12.83 (16.19), 27.03 (32.00), 4.72 (4.15) and 27.35 (29.36) μg/m3, respectively. In all models the R2 value of LUR models of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and total BTEX ranged from 0.66 to 0.85, 0.61, 0.88, 0.72 to 0.94, 0.75 to 0.84 and 0.67 to 0.93. The root mean square error (RMSE) for leave-one-out cross-validations (LOOCV) for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene ranged from 7.48 to 10.31, 23.0 to 30.0, 3.40 to 6.90, 16.27 to 24.49, 36.10-50.0 μg/m3, respectively. The estimated lifetime carcinogenic risk (LTCR) indicated that ambient concentration of benzene is at a risk level for Urmia inhabitants (LTCR >10-6). Sensitivity analysis for LTCR model indicated that concentration of benzene (C) was the most effective variable in increasing the carcinogenic risk (correlation coefficient ranged from 0.97 to 0.98 for all models).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohammadi
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Yahya Ghassoun
- Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Bienroder Weg 81, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc-Oliver Löwner
- Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Bienroder Weg 81, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maryam Behmanesh
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Faraji
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sepideh Nemati
- Health Faculty, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Toolabi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Ali Abdolahnejad
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Hafez Heydari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mehta D, Hazarika N, Srivastava A. Diurnal variation of BTEX at road traffic intersection points in Delhi, India: source, ozone formation potential, and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:11093-11104. [PMID: 31955332 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to observe the variation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) namely benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX) at three different sites of Delhi, during 2016-2017. Four hourly sampling was carried out day and night separately. Results showed that BTEX concentration was highest in post-monsoon and lowest in monsoon season. Again, daily variation shows that benzene (47%) and toluene (35%) were more during night than day when it was 44% and 33% respectively. Mean concentration of BTEX was observed in following order: ethylbenzene ~ o-xylene < m,p-xylene < toluene < benzene, while overall seasonal variation was observed as follows: post-monsoon > summer > winter > monsoon. Possible emission sources of BTEX were also established through corresponding ratios of individual compounds. Xylene isomers together accounted highest ozone formation potential. The risk assessments of BTEX were carried out in terms of non-cancer (the hazard quotient, HQ) and cancer (the incremental lifetime cancer risk, ILCR) regarding the inhalation exposure only. It was observed that benzene and xylene isomers possessed higher HQs than ethylbenzene and toluene at all sites throughout the study. Again, benzene was found with higher mean ILCR (3.58 × 10-5) than ethylbenzene (1.47 × 10-5).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dudun Mehta
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Naba Hazarika
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Arun Srivastava
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Su YC, Chen WH, Fan CL, Tong YH, Weng TH, Chen SP, Kuo CP, Wang JL, Chang JS. Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) supported by Model Simulation and Source Markers - Using Petrochemical Emissions as a Showcase. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112848. [PMID: 31421578 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the use of positive matrix factorization (PMF) in a region with a major Petrochemical Complex, a prominent source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as a showcase of PMF applications. The PMF analysis fully exploited the quality and quantity of the observation data, sufficed by a cluster of 9 monitoring sites within a 20 km radius of the petro-complex. Each site provided continuous data of 54 speciated VOCs and meteorological variables. Wind characteristics were highly seasonal and played a decisive role in the source-receptor relationship, hence the dataset was divided into three sub-sets in accordance with the prevailing wind flows. A full year of real-time data were analyzed by PMF to resolve into various distinct source types including petrochemical, urban, evaporative, long-range air parcels, etc., with some sites receiving more petro-influence than others. To minimize subjectivity in the assignment of the PMF source factors, as commonly seen in some PMF works, this study attempted to solidify PMF results by supporting with two tools of spatially/temporally resolved air-quality model simulations and observation data. By exploiting the two supporting tools, the dynamic process of individual sources to a receptor were rationalized. Percent contributions from these sources to the receptor sites were calculated by summing over the occurrence of different source types. Interestingly, although the Petro-complex is the single largest local VOC source in the 20 km radius study domain, all monitoring sites in the region received far less influence from the Petro-complex than from other emission types within or outside the region, which together add up to more than 70% of the total VOC abundance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sheng-Po Chen
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, SUNY, USA
| | | | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taiwan.
| | - Julius S Chang
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, SUNY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Samadi MT, Shakerkhatibi M, Poorolajal J, Rahmani A, Rafieemehr H, Hesam M. Association of long term exposure to outdoor volatile organic compounds (BTXS) with pro-inflammatory biomarkers and hematologic parameters in urban adults: A cross-sectional study in Tabriz, Iran. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:152-159. [PMID: 31082579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the hematologic variables and pro-inflammatory biomarkers in urban adults living in Tabriz, Iran, facing various levels of outdoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Of all 219 people (212 male and 7 female), 71 were from the low traffic area and 148 were from high traffic and industrial areas. To validate the exposure levels, 93 air samples were taken to determine the target VOCs (benzene, toluene, xylenes, and styrene collectively called BTXS) concentrations in the studied areas. ANOVA and Tukey's tests were used for statistical analysis. Based on the results, significant differences were observed between the mean concentrations of BTXS with the following order of abundance: industrial > high traffic > low traffic. The Considerable decrease was observed in red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin, hematocrit, and eosinophils of 0.324 ( × 106/μL), 0.57 g/dL, 1.87%, and 0.17 ( × 103/μL), respectively in industrial area participants as compared to the low traffic area. However, a significant increase was observed in white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophils number, neutrophils percent, TNF-α and INF-γ of 0.88 ( × 103/μL), 0.80 ( × 103/μL), 3.53%, 34.2 ng/mL, and 40.06 ng/mL, respectively in the same groups. The comparison of low and high traffic areas showed significant differences in RBC (p = 0.034), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (p < 0.001), and interferon gamma (INF-γ) (p < 0.001). On the contrary, no significant difference was observed in TNF-α and INF-γ among the high traffic and industrial areas. In conclusion, the results showed that the samples from high traffic and industrial areas were regularly exposed to higher values of BTXS due to traffic and industrial pollutants as compared to the samples residing in low traffic regions. Based on the results living in both high traffic and industrial regions can increase adverse effects on hematologic parameters and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taghi Samadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Shakerkhatibi
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Jalal Poorolajal
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Alireza Rahmani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Hassan Rafieemehr
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Mousa Hesam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ndong Ba A, Verdin A, Cazier F, Garcon G, Thomas J, Cabral M, Dewaele D, Genevray P, Garat A, Allorge D, Diouf A, Loguidice JM, Courcot D, Fall M, Gualtieri M. Individual exposure level following indoor and outdoor air pollution exposure in Dakar (Senegal). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:397-407. [PMID: 30825765 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of indoor and outdoor air pollution on human health are of great concern nowadays. In this study, we firstly evaluated indoor and outdoor air pollution levels (CO, CO2, NO, NO2, PM10) at an urban site in Dakar city center and at a rural site. Then, the individual exposure levels to selected pollutants and the variations in the levels of biomarkers of exposure were investigated in different groups of persons (bus drivers, traders working along the main roads and housemaids). Benzene exposure levels were higher for housemaids than for bus drivers and traders. High indoor exposure to benzene is probably due to cooking habits (cooking with charcoal), local practices (burning of incense), the use of cleaning products or solvent products which are important emitters of this compound. These results are confirmed by the values of S-PMA, which were higher in housemaids group compared to the others. Urinary 1-HOP levels were significantly higher for urban site housemaids compared to semirural district ones. Moreover, urinary levels of DNA oxidative stress damage (8-OHdG) and inflammatory (interleukin-6 and -8) biomarkers were higher in urban subjects in comparison to rural ones. The air quality measurement campaign showed that the bus interior was more polluted with PM10, CO, CO2 and NO than the market and urban or rural households. However, the interior of households showed higher concentration of VOCs than outdoor sites confirming previous observations of higher indoor individual exposure level to specific classes of pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ndong Ba
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - A Verdin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France.
| | - F Cazier
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - G Garcon
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Centre de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, CHRU de Lille, France; IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine (IMPECS), EA 4483, Univ. Lille, France
| | - J Thomas
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Centre de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, CHRU de Lille, France
| | - M Cabral
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - D Dewaele
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - P Genevray
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - A Garat
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Centre de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, CHRU de Lille, France; IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine (IMPECS), EA 4483, Univ. Lille, France
| | - D Allorge
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Centre de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, CHRU de Lille, France; IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine (IMPECS), EA 4483, Univ. Lille, France
| | - A Diouf
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - J M Loguidice
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Centre de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, CHRU de Lille, France; IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine (IMPECS), EA 4483, Univ. Lille, France
| | - D Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - M Fall
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - M Gualtieri
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hu R, Liu G, Zhang H, Xue H, Wang X. Levels, characteristics and health risk assessment of VOCs in different functional zones of Hefei. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 160:301-307. [PMID: 29857234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the characteristics and health risk of VOCs in the ambient air in the typical developing cities in China, the research was conducted in five functional zones in Hefei from September 2016 to January 2017. The average concentrations of total measured VOCs in traffic zone was the largest (85.94 μg m-3), followed by industrial zone (64.84 μg m-3), development zone (58.92 μg m-3), resident zone (57.31 μg m-3), and background zone (54.94 μg m-3). Cl-VOCs were most abundant species in chlorinated VOCs (85.06%), which showed much higher level in industrial zone. the mean value of BTEX found in presented study was 65.19 μg m-3. Based on the specific VOC ratio method (B/T), the observed sites were greatly affected by the traffic emissions. The ratios of T/B, E/B and X/B were 1.15, 1.35 and 0.47, respectively, possibly due to the aging air mass. Carcinogenic risks for benzene, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, 1, 2-dichloroethane and chloroform were higher than the general acceptable risk level of 1.00 × 10-6. Potential non-carcinogenic risk assessment showed that hazard quotient (HQ) of 10 VOCs not exceeded unity, but the hazard risk index (HI) at site ED, LY, YH and HD were both higher than 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huaqin Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Khan A, Szulejko JE, Kim KH, Brown RJC. Airborne volatile aromatic hydrocarbons at an urban monitoring station in Korea from 2013 to 2015. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 209:525-538. [PMID: 29331863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of C6-C10 volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (AHCs) in air were measured at an urban air quality monitoring station in Jong-Ro, Seoul, Korea, between 2013 and 2015. Their temporal patterns (e.g., diurnal, intraweek, daily) were assessed individually and collectively as groups of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and xylene (BTESX); total aliphatic hydrocarbon (TALHC: C2-C12); total aromatic hydrocarbon (TARHC: C6-C10); and total hydrocarbon (THC: C2-C12). The highest mean AHC concentrations over the 3-year study (in ppb (v/v)) were observed for toluene (6.0 ± 4.3), followed by the xylenes (1.5 ± 1.3), ethylbenzene (0.85 ± 0.93), benzene (0.73 ± 0.77), and styrene (0.16 ± 0.30) nL/L. The mean ppbC ((v/v), nL∙atm∙C/nL∙atm) values for BTESX, TALHC, TARHC, and THC were 65.8, 113, 77.7, and 191 ppbC, respectively. For most AHC species (e.g., toluene, styrene, and BTESX), only weak seasonal trends were observed in contrast to temporally varying species like nitric oxide (NO) (e.g., 26.3 ppb (January-February) vs. 8.5 ppb (July-August) during weekdays in 2013). Furthermore, toluene and NO concentrations were much higher (up to a factor 3) on weekdays than on Sunday for most weeks. This might reflect reduced anthropogenic activities on Sunday.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azmatullah Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Jan E Szulejko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
| | - Richard J C Brown
- Department of Chemical, Medical and Environmental Science, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Development of Carbotrap B-packed needle trap device for determination of volatile organic compounds in air. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1527:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
21
|
Santana FO, Campos VP, Cruz LP, Luz SR. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the atmosphere of Salvador-Ba, Brazil, using passive sampling. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
22
|
Miri M, Rostami Aghdam Shendi M, Ghaffari HR, Ebrahimi Aval H, Ahmadi E, Taban E, Gholizadeh A, Yazdani Aval M, Mohammadi A, Azari A. Investigation of outdoor BTEX: Concentration, variations, sources, spatial distribution, and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:601-609. [PMID: 27589149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) concentrations in the ambient air of Tehran, the capital of Iran, and investigate their seasonal variations, probable sources, spatial mapping, and risk assessment. The concentrations of BTEX were measured using a continuous monitoring device installed in seven stations around the city. Spatial mapping procedure was conducted using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method. Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks imposed by BTEX. The highest and lowest annual mean concentrations of toluene and ethylbenzene were recorded as 16.25 and 3.63 μg m(-3), respectively. The maximum (6.434) and minimum (3.209) toluene/benzene (T/B) ratio was observed in summer and winter, respectively. The spatial distribution of BTEX pollution indicated that the highest concentrations were found along the major roads because of heavy traffic. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients and concentration ratios showed that BTEX were produced by the multiemission sources. The mean of inhalation lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene was 3.93 × 10(-7), which is lower than the limits recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The hazard quotient (HQ), noncarcinogenic risk index, for all BTEX compounds was <1. The obtained results showed no threat of BTEX concentrations to human health. However, as the concentrations of BTEX will increase due to the rapid growth of vehicles and industrial activities, much effort is required to control and manage the levels of these compounds in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Miri
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Maryam Rostami Aghdam Shendi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Ghaffari
- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Ebrahimi Aval
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Taban
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Gholizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohsen Yazdani Aval
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Azari
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Galvão ES, Santos JM, Reis Junior NC, Stuetz RM. Volatile organic compounds speciation and their influence on ozone formation potential in an industrialized urban area in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:2133-2148. [PMID: 26776458 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1142001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Speciation and the influence on the ozone formation potential (OFP) from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been studied between February June 2013 in Vitória, ES, Brazil. Passive samplers were installed at three air-quality monitoring stations and a total of 96 samplings were collected. A total of 78 VOCs were characterized by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The predominant group was organic acids, followed by alcohols and substituted aromatics and 14 precursor species were quantified. An analysis correlating concentrations with wind direction was conducted to identify possible sources. The OFP was calculated applying the scale of maximum incremental reactivity proposed by Carter.[ 23 ] Ozone precursors with the greatest OFP such as undecane, toluene, ethylbenzene and m, p-xylene compounds were the most abundant with means of 0.855, 0.365, 0.259 and 0.289 µg m(-3), respectively. The benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) group was found below the limits considered harmful to the health of the population living in Vitória. The OFP calculated for the precursors group was 22.55 µg m(-3) for the rainy season and 32.11 µg m(-3) for the dry season. The VOC/NOx ratio in Vitória is approximately 1.71, indicating that the region has a VOC-limiting condition for the production of ozone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elson Silva Galvão
- a Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental , Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo , Vitória , ES , Brazil
| | - Jane Meri Santos
- a Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental , Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo , Vitória , ES , Brazil
| | - Neyval Costa Reis Junior
- a Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental , Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo , Vitória , ES , Brazil
| | - Richard Michael Stuetz
- b School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cipolla M, Bruzzone M, Stagnaro E, Ceppi M, Izzotti A, Culotta C, Piccardo MT. Health Issues of Primary School Students Residing in Proximity of an Oil Terminal with Environmental Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4574138. [PMID: 27446951 PMCID: PMC4947509 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4574138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Residential proximity to industrial sites has been associated with adverse effects on human health. Children are more susceptible to airborne environmental exposure because their immune and respiratory systems are still developing. This study aimed to investigate whether living close to an oil terminal in Genoa where there is higher VOCs exposure is associated with an increased rate of school absenteeism because of disease in primary school children. Five schools were chosen for the recruitment of children and students residing in the industrial site (A) were compared to those living in residential sites (B). Sixty-six of the 407 students involved in the project were also selected for VOC monitoring. Source apportionment was carried out by comparing profiles of VOCs; principal component analysis was performed to study the correlation between profiles, and Kriging interpolation model was used to extend profiles to all participants. The concentration means of total VOCs were significantly higher in the industrial areas compared to controls. Adjusting for potential confounders, children who lived in area A had a significantly higher risk of being absent from school due to sore throat, cough, and cold compared to controls. o-Xylene, which is dispersed during the industrial activity, showed clear evidence of a significant association with respiratory symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Cipolla
- Mutagenesis Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Bruzzone
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Stagnaro
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Ceppi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Mutagenesis Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Culotta
- Epidemiology Unit, Azienda Sanitaria 3 Genovese, 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Piccardo
- Mutagenesis Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Öztürk N, Ergenekon P, Seçkin GÖ, Bayır S. Spatial distribution and temporal trends of VOCs in a highly industrialized town in Turkey. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 94:653-660. [PMID: 25739537 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An extensive monitoring study of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted at sites across the highly industrialized town of Dilovasi, northern Turkey to determine temporal and spatial trends in pollutant concentrations and relate to the effects of source locations, meteorology, and topography. Two-week passive samplers (Tenax tubes) were deployed at twelve sites from February to December 2012 and analysed using thermal desorption and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (TD-GC-MS). Sampled total VOC (TVOC) levels were highest in the July through October period and were highest at low-altitude sites near industry facilities and vehicle traffic sources (148.3 µg/m(3) at site 11, 154.1 µg/m(3) at site 10) and lowest at high-altitude sites located furthest upwind from industry and traffic sources (78.4 µg/m(3) at site 5 and 78.5 µg/m(3) at site 6). Analysis of "T/B" ratios suggested that contributions to ambient VOC in Dilovasi are dominated by the town's industrial sources. Meteorological conditions and the town's basin topography were also found to significantly influence the city's air quality, with strong winds from the NE observed to correlate with periods of higher sampled TVOC. Compared with other industrialized urban centers, the study revealed that there is significant toluene pollution in Dilovasi and recommended enhanced continuous monitoring at the city's industrial and residential zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naciye Öztürk
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Colman Lerner JE, Peluso MA, Porta A, Thomas HJ, Sambeth JE. Catalytic removal of a mixture of volatile organic compounds present in indoor air at various work sites over Pt, MnOx and Pt/MnOx supported monoliths. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-014-0827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
|
27
|
Demirel G, Ozden O, Döğeroğlu T, Gaga EO. Personal exposure of primary school children to BTEX, NO₂ and ozone in Eskişehir, Turkey: relationship with indoor/outdoor concentrations and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 473-474:537-548. [PMID: 24388904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposures of 65 primary school children to benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes (BTEX), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) were measured during 24h by using organic vapor monitors and tailor-made passive samplers. Two schools were selected to represent students living in more polluted (urban) and less polluted (sub-urban) areas in the city of Eskişehir, Turkey. The pollutant concentrations were also measured in indoor and outdoor environments during the personal sampling to investigate the contribution of each micro-environment on measured personal concentrations. Socio-demographic and personal time-activity data were collected by means of questionnaires and half-hour-time resolution activity diaries. Personal exposure concentrations were found to be correlated with indoor home concentrations. Personal, indoor and outdoor concentrations of all studied pollutants except for ozone were found to be higher for the students living at the urban traffic site. Ozone, on the other hand, had higher concentrations at the sub-urban site for all three types of measurements (personal, indoor and outdoor). Analysis of the questionnaire data pointed out to environmental tobacco smoke, use of solvent based products, and petrol station nearby as factors that affect personal exposure concentrations. Cancer and non-cancer risks were estimated using the personal exposure concentrations. The mean cancer risk for the urban school children (1.7×10(-5)) was found to be higher than the sub-urban school children (0.88×10(-5)). Children living with smoking parents had higher risk levels (1.7×10(-5)) than children living with non-smoking parents (1.08×10(-5)). Overall, the risk levels were <1×10(-4). All hazard quotient values for BTEX for the non-cancer health effects were <1 based on the calculations EPA's Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS) part F.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gülçin Demirel
- Anadolu University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Ozden
- Anadolu University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Tuncay Döğeroğlu
- Anadolu University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Anadolu University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Binici B, Yenisoy-Karakaş S, Bilsel M, Durmaz-Hilmioğlu N. Sources of polycyclic hydrocarbons and pesticides in soluble fraction of deposition samples in Kocaeli, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:2907-2917. [PMID: 24154853 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A wet-dry deposition sampler was located at The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey-National Metrology Institute (TUBITAK-UME) station, and a bulk deposition sampler was placed at the Kadıllı village to determine the atmospheric deposition flux of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides (organochlorine and organophosphorus) in soluble fraction of samples in Kocaeli, Turkey. The 28 samples for each wet, dry, and total deposition were collected weekly from March 2006 to March 2007. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the samples which were prepared by using solid-phase extraction (SPE) method. The sum of volume weighted mean of deposition fluxes was obtained as 7.43 μg m(-2) day(-1) for wet deposition, 0.28 μg m(-2) day(-1) for dry deposition and 0.54 μg m(-2) day(-1) for bulk deposition samples for PAHs and 9.88 μg m(-2) day(-1) for wet deposition, 4.49 μg m(-2) day(-1) for dry deposition, and 3.29 μg m(-2) day(-1) for bulk deposition samples for pesticides. While benzo(a)anthracene had the highest fluxes among PAH compounds for all types of depositions, guthion and phosphamidon had the highest deposition flux compared with the other pesticides. Benzo(ghi)perylene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, and acenaphthene were not detected in any of the samples. Beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, and endrin aldehyde were the only compounds among 18 organochlorine pesticides to be detected in all deposition samples. The main sources of pesticides were the high number of greenhouses around the sampling stations. However, all of the organophosphorus pesticides were detected in all deposition samples. The pollution sources were identified as coal and natural gas combustion, petrogenic sources, and traffic for TUBITAK-UME station whereas coal and natural gas combustion and traffic were the main sources for Kadıllı station by considering the results of factor analysis, ratios, and wind sector analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Binici
- TUBITAK UME (National Metrology Institute), P.O. Box 54, 41470, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Poddubny VA, Yushketova NA. A physicochemical model of sorption processes in NO2 passive sampling with air humidity effects. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:3819-3829. [PMID: 22933104 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous triethanolamine (TEA) solutions are widely used as sorption medium for passive sampling of ambient NO(2), with NO(2) trapped and accumulated as nitrite ion. The results of test measurements of ambient NO(2) concentrations using passive sampling method showed that the simple approach commonly used to describe passive sampling process might lead to substantial systematic errors. Presented in the article is a new physicochemical model of the process of passive sampling of gaseous NO(2), with aqueous TEA solution used as a trapping medium. The model is based on the available results of experimental studies of interaction of gaseous NO(2) with TEA/water solutions. The key principles underlying the model are: (1) when absorbed by a trapping solution, NO(2) forms nitrite ion only on the condition that TEA is hydrated; (2) coefficient of conversion of NO(2) to NO(2)(-) is equal to one when reacting with hydrated TEA; and (3) the fraction of hydrated TEA molecules depends on air humidity at the moment of measurement. Validation of the model was made using the data of the field measurements carried out in the Middle Urals in 2007-2009. The new model was used to calculate average NO(2) concentrations. Concentrations calculated agreed well with the results obtained by reference methods. The difference between the datasets was statistically insignificant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V A Poddubny
- Institute of Industrial Ecology of the Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences 20, S Kovalevskoj Street, 620019 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tong L, Liao X, Chen J, Xiao H, Xu L, Zhang F, Niu Z, Yu J. Pollution characteristics of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the southeast coastal cities of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:2603-2615. [PMID: 22972618 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid urbanization, the southeast coastal cities of China are facing increasing air pollution in the past decades. Large emissions of VOCs from vehicles and petrochemical factories have contributed greatly to the local air quality deterioration. Investigating the pollution characteristics of VOCs is of great significance to the environmental risk assessment and air quality improvement. Ambient VOC samples were collected simultaneously from nine coastal cities of southeast China using the Tedlar bags, and were subsequently preprocessed and analyzed using a cryogenic preconcentrator and a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system, respectively. VOC compositions, spatial distributions, seasonal variations and ozone formation potentials (OPFs) were discussed. Results showed that methylene chloride, toluene, isopropyl alcohol and n-hexane were most abundant species, and oxygenated compounds, aromatics and halogenated hydrocarbons were most abundant chemical classes (62.5-95.6% of TVOCs). Both industrial and vehicular exhausts might contribute greatly to the VOC emissions. The VOC levels in the southeast coastal cities of China were sufficiently high (e.g., 6.5 μg m(-3) for benzene) to pose a health risk to local people. A more serious pollution state was found in the southern cities of the study region, while higher VOC levels were usually observed in winter. The B/T ratio (0.26 ± 0.09) was lower than the typical ratio (ca. 0.6) for roadside samples, while the B/E (1.6-7.6) and T/E (7.2-26.8) ratios were higher than other cities around the world, which indicated a unique emission profile in the study region. Besides, analysis on ozone formation potentials (OFPs) indicated that toluene was the most important species in ozone production with the accountabilities for total OFPs of 22.6 to 59.6%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tong
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jimei Road 1799, Jimei District, Xiamen 361021, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Astel AM, Giorgini L, Mistaro A, Pellegrini I, Cozzutto S, Barbieri P. Urban BTEX Spatiotemporal Exposure Assessment by Chemometric Expertise. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2013; 224:1503. [PMID: 23576825 PMCID: PMC3618885 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-013-1503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Normative regulations on benzene in fuels and urban management strategies are expected to improve air quality. The present study deals with the application of self-organizing maps (SOMs) in order to explore the spatiotemporal variations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene levels in an urban atmosphere. Temperature, wind speed, and concentration values of these four volatile organic compounds were measured after passive sampling at 21 different sampling sites located in the city of Trieste (Italy) in the framework of a multi-year long-term monitoring program. SOM helps in defining pollution patterns and changes in the urban context, showing clear improvements for what concerns benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene concentrations in air for the 2001-2008 timeframe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Maria Astel
- Biology and Environmental Protection Institute, Pomeranian University, 22a Arciszewskiego Str., 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
| | - Luigi Giorgini
- Department and Laboratory of Trieste, A.R.P.A.-F.V.G., Via La Marmora 13, 34100 Trieste, Italy
- ARCO Solutions srl, Via Giorgieri, 1, Trieste, 34127 Italy
| | - Andrea Mistaro
- Department and Laboratory of Trieste, A.R.P.A.-F.V.G., Via La Marmora 13, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Italo Pellegrini
- Department and Laboratory of Trieste, A.R.P.A.-F.V.G., Via La Marmora 13, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Cozzutto
- D.S.C.F., University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- ARCO Solutions srl, Via Giorgieri, 1, Trieste, 34127 Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Crespo E, Devasena S, Sikkens C, Centeno R, Cristescu SM, Harren FJM. Proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTRMS) in combination with thermal desorption (TD) for sensitive off-line analysis of volatiles. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:990-996. [PMID: 22396037 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE When performing trace gas analysis, it is not always possible to bring the source of volatiles and the gas analyzer together. In these cases, volatile storage containers, such as thermal desorption (TD) tubes, can be used for off-line measurement. TD is routinely combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), but so far not with proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTRMS), which has a faster response. METHODS A PTR-quadrupole-MS instrument and a PTR-ion-trap-MS instrument were separately coupled to a TD unit for off-line analysis of trace volatiles in air. Carbograph 1TD/Carbopack X sorbent tubes were filled with different concentrations of a trace gas mixture containing low molecular weight volatiles (32 g/mol up to 136 g/mol) and measured with the above-mentioned combinations. The carrier gas in the TD unit was changed from helium to nitrogen to be able to combine this instrument with the mass spectrometer. RESULTS Good linearity and reproducibility with the amount of gas stored were obtained. The storage capacity over time (up to 14 days) showed larger variability (<11% for all compounds, except for acetone 27%). Several tubes were filled with breath of different persons, and the breath of a smoker showed increased levels of acetonitrile and benzene. The combination of the PTR ion-trap instrument with the TD unit was also investigated. Due to its higher sampling rate, the ion-trap system showed higher throughput capabilities than the quadrupole system. CONCLUSIONS The combination of TD with PTRMS using both a quadrupole and an ion trap for off-line volatile analysis has been validated. TD tubes can be a robust and compact volatile storage method when the mass spectrometry and the sampling cannot be performed in the same place, for example in large screening studies. In addition, a higher measurement throughput than with GC/MS could be obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Crespo
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xiang Y, Delbarre H, Sauvage S, Léonardis T, Fourmentin M, Augustin P, Locoge N. Development of a methodology examining the behaviours of VOCs source apportionment with micro-meteorology analysis in an urban and industrial area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 162:15-28. [PMID: 22243843 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
During summer 2009, online measurements of 25 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from C6 to C10 as well as micro-meteorological parameters were simultaneously performed in the industrial city of Dunkerque. With the obtained data set, we developed a methodology to examine how the contributions of different source categories depend on atmospheric turbulences, and the results provided identification of emission modes. Eight factors were resolved by using Positive Matrix Factorization model and three of them were associated with mixed sources. The observed behaviours of contributions with turbulences lead to attribute some factors with sources at ground level, and some other factors with sources in the upper part of surface layer. The impact of vertical turbulence on the pollutant dispersion is also affected by the distance between sources and receptor site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiang
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Niu Z, Zhang H, Xu Y, Liao X, Xu L, Chen J. Pollution characteristics of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of Haicang District in Xiamen City, Southeast China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:1145-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em10884d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
35
|
Vilavert L, Nadal M, Figueras MJ, Domingo JL. Volatile organic compounds and bioaerosols in the vicinity of a municipal waste organic fraction treatment plant. Human health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:96-104. [PMID: 21688069 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to analyze air concentrations of chemical and microbiological pollutants in the vicinity of an organic waste treatment plant, Ecoparc-2, located in Montcada i Reixac (Catalonia, Spain), as well as to determine the seasonal trends. The human health risks due to the presence of those agents were also assessed. METHODS Air samples were collected at different distances and wind directions from the Ecoparc-2 in two campaigns (winter and summer of 2010). The levels of 19 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed by GC-MS or HPLC-UV. In turn, the airborne amount of total bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi (including Aspergillus fumigatus) was also determined. RESULTS Mean VOC concentrations were found to be 32.4 and 15.7 μg/m(3) in winter and summer, respectively. Fungi at 25°C presented the highest geometric mean (1,126 and 863 cfu/m(3) in winter and summer, respectively), while the concentrations of fungi at 37°C and total bacteria were also important in the hot season (332 and 250 cfu/m(3), respectively). These results are in agreement with data obtained from the scientific literature. Anyhow, no significant differences were observed between both campaigns including those related to distances and wind directions. The current pollutant levels in the surrounding environment were also various orders of magnitude lower than those recently observed inside the facility. CONCLUSIONS The human exposure to VOCs near the Ecoparc-2 was estimated to be low. Furthermore, the current environmental concentrations of those chemical and microbiological agents were clearly below threshold values recommended by regulatory organizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lolita Vilavert
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gallego E, Roca FJ, Perales JF, Guardino X. Comparative study of the adsorption performance of an active multi-sorbent bed tube (Carbotrap, Carbopack X, Carboxen 569) and a Radiello(®) diffusive sampler for the analysis of VOCs. Talanta 2011; 85:662-72. [PMID: 21645756 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple comparison is made to evaluate the relative performance of active and passive sampling methods for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air. The active sampling is done through a multi-sorbent bed tube (Carbotrap, Carbopack X, Carboxen 569) created in our laboratory and the passive sampling through the Radiello(®) diffusive sampler specified for thermal desorption (filled with Carbograph 4). Daily duplicate samples of multi-sorbent bed tubes were taken during a period of 14 days. During the same period of time, quadruplicate samples of Radiello(®) tubes were taken during 3 days, 4 days, 7 days and 14 days. The sampling was carried out indoors during the months of February and March 2010 and outdoors during the month of July 2010 in La Canonja (Tarragona, Spain). The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detector (MSD). The analytical performance of the two sampling approaches was evaluated by describing several quality assurance parameters. The results show that the analytical performances of the methodologies studied are quite similar. They display low limits of detection, good precision, accuracy and desorption efficiency, and low levels of breakthrough for multi-sorbent bed tubes. However, the two monitoring methods produced varying air-borne concentration data for most of the studied compounds, and the Radiello(®) samplers generally gave higher results. Sampling rates (Q(k)) were determined experimentally, and their values were higher than those supplied by the producer. As the experimental calculation of Q(k) values is generally carried out by the suppliers in exposure chambers with only the target compounds present in the air samples, as well as in concentrations dissimilar to those found in ambient air, the use of constant settled Q(k) can lead to inaccurate results in complex samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Gallego
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647. E 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|