1
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Tankard RE, Romeggio F, Akazawa SK, Krabbe A, Sloth OF, Secher NM, Colding-Fagerholt S, Helveg S, Palmer R, Damsgaard CD, Kibsgaard J, Chorkendorff I. Stable mass-selected AuTiO x nanoparticles for CO oxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9253-9263. [PMID: 38445363 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00211c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Stability under reactive conditions poses a common challenge for cluster- and nanoparticle-based catalysts. Since the catalytic properties of <5 nm gold nanoparticles were first uncovered, optimizing their stability at elevated temperatures for CO oxidation has been a central theme. Here we report direct observations of improved stability of AuTiOx alloy nanoparticles for CO oxidation compared with pure Au nanoparticles on TiO2. The nanoparticles were synthesized using a magnetron sputtering, gas-phase aggregation cluster source, size-selected using a lateral time-of-flight mass filter and deposited onto TiO2-coated micro-reactors for thermocatalytic activity measurements of CO oxidation. The AuTiOx nanoparticles exhibited improved stability at elevated temperatures, which is attributed to a self-anchoring interaction with the TiO2 substrate. The structure of the AuTiOx nanoparticles was also investigated in detail using ion scattering spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The measurements showed that the alloyed nanoparticles exhibited a core-shell structure with an Au core surrounded by an AuTiOx shell. The structure of these alloy nanoparticles appeared stable even at temperatures up to 320 °C under reactive conditions, for more than 140 hours. The work presented confirms the possibility of tuning catalytic activity and stability via nanoparticle alloying and self-anchoring on TiO2 substrates, and highlights the importance of complementary characterization techniques to investigate and optimize nanoparticle catalyst designs of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Egeberg Tankard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Filippo Romeggio
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Stefan Kei Akazawa
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexander Krabbe
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Olivia Fjord Sloth
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Niklas Mørch Secher
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sofie Colding-Fagerholt
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stig Helveg
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Richard Palmer
- Nanomaterials Lab, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, UK
| | - Christian Danvad Damsgaard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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2
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Sedano Varo E, Egeberg Tankard R, Kryger-Baggesen J, Jinschek J, Helveg S, Chorkendorff I, Damsgaard CD, Kibsgaard J. Gold Nanoparticles for CO 2 Electroreduction: An Optimum Defined by Size and Shape. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2015-2023. [PMID: 38196113 PMCID: PMC10811675 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the size-dependent behavior of nanoparticles is crucial for optimizing catalytic performance. We investigate the differences in selectivity of size-selected gold nanoparticles for CO2 electroreduction with sizes ranging from 1.5 to 6.5 nm. Our findings reveal an optimal size of approximately 3 nm that maximizes selectivity toward CO, exhibiting up to 60% Faradaic efficiency at low potentials. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals different shapes for the particles and suggests that multiply twinned nanoparticles are favorable for CO2 reduction to CO. Our analysis shows that twin boundaries pin 8-fold coordinated surface sites and in turn suggests that a variation of size and shape to optimize the abundance of 8-fold coordinated sites is a viable path for optimizing the CO2 electrocatalytic reduction to CO. This work contributes to the advancement of nanocatalyst design for achieving tunable selectivity for CO2 conversion into valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Sedano Varo
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rikke Egeberg Tankard
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joakim Kryger-Baggesen
- Center
for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joerg Jinschek
- Center
for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- National
Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stig Helveg
- Center
for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Danvad Damsgaard
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Center
for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- National
Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Center
for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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3
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Rørbech Ambjørner H, Bjørnlund AS, Bonczyk TG, Dollekamp E, Kaas LM, Colding-Fagerholt S, Mølhave KS, Damsgaard CD, Helveg S, Vesborg PCK. Thermal dynamics of few-layer-graphene seals. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16896-16903. [PMID: 37850513 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03459c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Being of atomic thickness, graphene is the thinnest imaginable membrane. While graphene's basal plane is highly impermeable at the molecular level, the impermeability is, in practice, compromised by leakage pathways located at the graphene-substrate interface. Here, we provide a kinetic analysis of such interface-mediated leakage by probing gas trapped in graphene-sealed SiO2 cavities versus time and temperature using electron energy loss spectroscopy. The results show that gas leakage exhibits an Arrhenius-type temperature dependency with apparent activation energies between 0.2 and 0.7 eV. Surprisingly, the interface leak rate can be improved by several orders of magnitude by thermal processing, which alters the kinetic parameters of the temperature dependency. The present study thus provides fundamental insight into the leakage mechanism while simultaneously demonstrating thermal processing as a generic approach for tightening graphene-based-seals with applications within chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjalte Rørbech Ambjørner
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anton Simon Bjørnlund
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Tobias Georg Bonczyk
- Surface Physics and Catalysis (SURFCAT), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Edwin Dollekamp
- Surface Physics and Catalysis (SURFCAT), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lau Morten Kaas
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sofie Colding-Fagerholt
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Kristian Speranza Mølhave
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (Nanolab), Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Danvad Damsgaard
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- Surface Physics and Catalysis (SURFCAT), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (Nanolab), Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stig Helveg
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Peter Christian Kjærgaard Vesborg
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- Surface Physics and Catalysis (SURFCAT), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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4
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Welling TA, Schoemaker SE, de Jong KP, de Jongh PE. Carbon Nanofiber Growth Rates on NiCu Catalysts: Quantitative Coupling of Macroscopic and Nanoscale In Situ Studies. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:15766-15774. [PMID: 37609377 PMCID: PMC10440819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c02657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Since recently, gas-cell transmission electron microscopy allows for direct, nanoscale imaging of catalysts during reaction. However, often systems are too perturbed by the imaging conditions to be relevant for real-life catalyzed conversions. We followed carbon nanofiber growth from NiCu-catalyzed methane decomposition under working conditions (550 °C, 1 bar of 5% H2, 45% CH4, and 50% Ar), directly comparing the time-resolved overall carbon growth rates in a reactor (measured gravimetrically) and nanometer-scale carbon growth observations (by electron microscopy). Good quantitative agreement in time-dependent growth rates allowed for validation of the electron microscopy measurements and detailed insight into the contribution of individual catalyst nanoparticles in these inherently heterogeneous catalysts to the overall carbon growth. The smallest particles did not contribute significantly to carbon growth, while larger particles (8-16 nm) exhibited high carbon growth rates but deactivated quickly. Even larger particles grew carbon slowly without significant deactivation. This methodology paves the way to understanding macroscopic rates of catalyzed reactions based on nanoscale in situ observations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krijn P. de Jong
- Materials Chemistry &
Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E. de Jongh
- Materials Chemistry &
Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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5
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Bjørnlund AS, Ambjørner HR, Bonczyk TG, Dollekamp E, Kaas LM, Colding-Fagerholt S, Mølhave KS, Damsgaard CD, Helveg S, Vesborg PCK. Graphene Seals for in situ TEM in Catalysis. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1610. [PMID: 37613786 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton S Bjørnlund
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hjalte R Ambjørner
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tobias G Bonczyk
- Surface Physics and Catalysis (SURFCAT), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Edwin Dollekamp
- Surface Physics and Catalysis (SURFCAT), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lau M Kaas
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sofie Colding-Fagerholt
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian S Mølhave
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (Nanolab), Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian D Damsgaard
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (Nanolab), Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stig Helveg
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter C K Vesborg
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Surface Physics and Catalysis (SURFCAT), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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6
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Qu J, Sui M, Li R. Recent advances in in-situ transmission electron microscopy techniques for heterogeneous catalysis. iScience 2023; 26:107072. [PMID: 37534164 PMCID: PMC10391733 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of heterogeneous catalytic reaction under working conditions has long been considered a "black box", which is mainly because of the difficulties in directly characterizing the structural changes of catalysts at the atomic level during catalytic reactions. The development of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques offers opportunities for introducing a realistic chemical reaction environment in TEM, making it possible to uncover the mystery of catalytic reactions. In this article, we present a comprehensive overview of the application of in situ TEM techniques in heterogeneous catalysis, highlighting its utility for observing gas-solid and liquid-solid reactions during thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis. in situ TEM has a unique advantage in revealing the complex structural changes of catalysts during chemical reactions. Revealing the real-time dynamic structure during reaction processes is crucial for understanding the intricate relationship between catalyst structure and its catalytic performance. Finally, we present a perspective on the future challenges and opportunities of in situ TEM in heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangshan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, The Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM-2011), Dalian 116023, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Manling Sui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Properties of Solids, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Rengui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, The Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM-2011), Dalian 116023, China
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7
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Chao HY, Venkatraman K, Moniri S, Jiang Y, Tang X, Dai S, Gao W, Miao J, Chi M. In Situ and Emerging Transmission Electron Microscopy for Catalysis Research. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37327473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts are the primary facilitator in many dynamic processes. Therefore, a thorough understanding of these processes has vast implications for a myriad of energy systems. The scanning/transmission electron microscope (S/TEM) is a powerful tool not only for atomic-scale characterization but also in situ catalytic experimentation. Techniques such as liquid and gas phase electron microscopy allow the observation of catalysts in an environment conducive to catalytic reactions. Correlated algorithms can greatly improve microscopy data processing and expand multidimensional data handling. Furthermore, new techniques including 4D-STEM, atomic electron tomography, cryogenic electron microscopy, and monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) push the boundaries of our comprehension of catalyst behavior. In this review, we discuss the existing and emergent techniques for observing catalysts using S/TEM. Challenges and opportunities highlighted aim to inspire and accelerate the use of electron microscopy to further investigate the complex interplay of catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yun Chao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
| | - Kartik Venkatraman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
| | - Saman Moniri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenpei Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
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8
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Lindner J, Ross U, Roddatis V, Jooss C. Langmuir analysis of electron beam induced plasma in environmental TEM. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 243:113629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Koo K, Ribet SM, Zhang C, Smeets PJM, Dos Reis R, Hu X, Dravid VP. Effects of the Encapsulation Membrane in Operando Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4137-4144. [PMID: 35523204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale tailoring of catalytic materials and Li-battery alternatives has elevated the importance of in situ gas-phase electron microscopy. Such advanced techniques are often performed using an environmental cell inserted into a conventional S/TEM setup, as this method facilitates concurrent electrochemical and temperature stimulations in a convenient and cost-effective manner. However, these cells are made by encapsulating gas between two insulating membranes, which introduces additional electron scattering. We have evaluated strengths and limitations of the gas-phase E-cell S/TEM technique, both experimentally and through simulations, across a variety of practical parameters. We reveal the degradation of image quality in an E-cell setup from various components and explore opportunities to improve imaging quality through intelligent choice of experimental parameters. Our results underscore the benefits of using an E-cell STEM technique, due to its versatility and excellent ability to suppress the exotic contributions from the membrane device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunmo Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephanie M Ribet
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paul J M Smeets
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Roberto Dos Reis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaobing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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10
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Deng Q, Mao W, Han L. Structural Solution of Porous Materials on the Mesostructural Scale by Electron Microscopy. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Ek M, Arnarson L, Georg Moses P, Rasmussen SB, Skoglundh M, Olsson E, Helveg S. Probing surface-sensitive redox properties of VO x/TiO 2 catalyst nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:7266-7272. [PMID: 33889890 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08943e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Redox processes of oxide materials are fundamental in catalysis. These processes depend on the surface structure and stoichiometry of the oxide and are therefore expected to vary between surface facets. However, there is a lack of direct measurements of redox properties on the nanoscale for analysing the importance of such faceting effects in technical materials. Here, we address the facet-dependent redox properties of vanadium-oxide-covered anatase nanoparticles of relevance to, e.g., selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides. The vanadium oxidation states at individual nanoscale facets are resolved in situ under catalytically relevant conditions by combining transmission electron microscopy imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The measurements reveal that vanadium on {001} facets consistently retain higher oxidation states than on {10l} facets. Insight into such structure-sensitivity of surface redox processes opens prospects of tailoring oxide nanoparticles with enhanced catalytic functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ek
- Haldor Topsoe A/S, Haldor Topsøes Allé 1, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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12
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van der Wal LI, Turner SJ, Zečević J. Developments and advances in in situ transmission electron microscopy for catalysis research. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments and advances in in situ TEM have raised the possibility to study every step during the catalysts' lifecycle. This review discusses the current state, opportunities and challenges of in situ TEM in the realm of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars I. van der Wal
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Savannah J. Turner
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Jovana Zečević
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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13
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Choi JIJ, Kim TS, Kim D, Lee SW, Park JY. Operando Surface Characterization on Catalytic and Energy Materials from Single Crystals to Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16392-16413. [PMID: 33210917 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Modern surface science faces two major challenges, a materials gap and a pressure gap. While studies on single crystal surface in ultrahigh vacuum have uncovered the atomic and electronic structures of the surface, the materials and environmental conditions of commercial catalysis are much more complicated, both in the structure of the materials and in the accessible pressure range of analysis instruments. Model systems and operando surface techniques have been developed to bridge these gaps. In this Review, we highlight the current trends in the development of the surface characterization techniques and methodologies in more realistic environments, with emphasis on recent research efforts at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. We show principles and applications of the microscopic and spectroscopic surface techniques at ambient pressure that were used for the characterization of atomic structure, electronic structure, charge transport, and the mechanical properties of catalytic and energy materials. Ambient pressure scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allow us to observe the surface restructuring that occurs during oxidation, reduction, and catalytic processes. In addition, we introduce the ambient pressure atomic force microscopy that revealed the morphological, mechanical, and charge transport properties that occur during the catalytic and energy conversion processes. Hot electron detection enables the monitoring of catalytic reactions and electronic excitations on the surface. Overall, the information on the nature of catalytic reactions obtained with operando spectroscopic and microscopic techniques may bring breakthroughs in some of the global energy and environmental problems the world is facing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Il Jake Choi
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Taek-Seung Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Daeho Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Si Woo Lee
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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14
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Tang M, Yuan W, Ou Y, Li G, You R, Li S, Yang H, Zhang Z, Wang Y. Recent Progresses on Structural Reconstruction of Nanosized Metal Catalysts via Controlled-Atmosphere Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Review. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Tang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wentao Yuan
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yang Ou
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guanxing Li
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ruiyang You
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Songda Li
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hangsheng Yang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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15
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Wang Y, Niu Y, Gao T, Liu S, Zhang B. Assessing the Effect of the Electron‐Beam Irradiation on Pd/Ga
2
O
3
Catalyst under Ambient Pressure. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhao Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
| | - Yiming Niu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
| | - Tongtong Gao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
| | - Siyang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
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16
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Abstract
For decades, differentially pumped environmental transmission electron microscopy has been a powerful tool to study dynamic structural evolution of catalysts under a gaseous environment. With the advancement of micro-electromechanical system-based technologies, windowed gas cell became increasingly popular due to its ability to achieve high pressure and its compatibility to a wide range of microscopes with minimal modification. This enables a series of imaging and analytical technologies such as atomic resolution imaging, spectroscopy, and operando, revealing details that were unprecedented before. By reviewing some of the recent work, we demonstrate that the windowed gas cell has the unique ability to solve complicated catalysis problems. We also discuss what technical difficulties need to be addressed and provide an outlook for the future of in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technologies and their application to the field of catalysis development.
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17
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He B, Zhang Y, Liu X, Chen L. In‐situ Transmission Electron Microscope Techniques for Heterogeneous Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201902285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen He
- In-situ Center for Physical Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- In-situ Center for Physical Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- In-situ Center for Physical Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co.Ltd Beijing 101407 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion Institute of Coal ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Taiyuan 030001 P.R. China
| | - Liwei Chen
- In-situ Center for Physical Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO)Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
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18
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Chen J, Wu XP, Hope MA, Qian K, Halat DM, Liu T, Li Y, Shen L, Ke X, Wen Y, Du JH, Magusin PCMM, Paul S, Ding W, Gong XQ, Grey CP, Peng L. Polar surface structure of oxide nanocrystals revealed with solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5420. [PMID: 31780658 PMCID: PMC6882792 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to nanomaterials exposing nonpolar facets, polar-faceted nanocrystals often exhibit unexpected and interesting properties. The electrostatic instability arising from the intrinsic dipole moments of polar facets, however, leads to different surface configurations in many cases, making it challenging to extract detailed structural information and develop structure-property relations. The widely used electron microscopy techniques are limited because the volumes sampled may not be representative, and they provide little chemical bonding information with low contrast of light elements. With ceria nanocubes exposing (100) facets as an example, here we show that the polar surface structure of oxide nanocrystals can be investigated by applying 17O and 1H solid-state NMR spectroscopy and dynamic nuclear polarization, combined with DFT calculations. Both CeO4-termination reconstructions and hydroxyls are present for surface polarity compensation and their concentrations can be quantified. These results open up new possibilities for investigating the structure and properties of oxide nanostructures with polar facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xin-Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0431, USA.
| | - Michael A Hope
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - David M Halat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Yuhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Li Shen
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaokang Ke
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yujie Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia-Huan Du
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Pieter C M M Magusin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Subhradip Paul
- DNP MAS NMR Facility, Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Weiping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xue-Qing Gong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Luming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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19
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Woehl T. Refocusing in Situ Electron Microscopy: Moving beyond Visualization of Nanoparticle Self-Assembly To Gain Practical Insights into Advanced Material Fabrication. ACS NANO 2019; 13:12272-12279. [PMID: 31738051 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite incredible progress in preparing extended nanoparticle superlattices by self-assembly, theoretically predicted collective properties of extended nanoparticle superlattices are rarely correlated to observations due to the presence of defects. Enhanced fundamental understanding of the kinetics involved in nanoparticle superlattice self-assembly, specifically defect formation and annealing kinetics and mechanisms, is needed to prepare defect-free nanoparticle superlattices. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enables direct visualization of nanoparticle self-assembly phenomena in real time and at atomic spatial resolution; however, effective translation of in situ TEM data into new predictive models and material synthesis design rules remains a persistent challenge. Recent work by Ondry et al. in this issue of ACS Nano utilized atomic resolution in situ TEM to establish defect removal kinetics in epitaxially attached CdSe nanocrystal pairs, revealing a set of practical guidelines for minimizing defect formation in extended nanoparticle solids. Motivated by this work, in this Perspective, I explore and discuss the most effective and impactful uses of in situ TEM for nanoscience research and the associated technical barriers for performing in situ TEM measurements that are meaningful to bulk-scale self-assembly experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Woehl
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
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20
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Ning Y, Fu Q, Li Y, Zhao S, Wang C, Breitschaft M, Hagen S, Schaff O, Bao X. A near ambient pressure photoemission electron microscope (NAP-PEEM). Ultramicroscopy 2019; 200:105-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Ek M, Beinik I, Bruix A, Wendt S, Lauritsen JV, Helveg S. Step edge structures on the anatase TiO2 (001) surface studied by atomic-resolution TEM and STM. Faraday Discuss 2018; 208:325-338. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atomic arrangements in oxide surfaces can be uncovered by combining side view imaging using transmission electron microscopy and top view imaging using scanning tunnelling microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ek
- Haldor Topsoe A/S
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - I. Beinik
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK-800 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - A. Bruix
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK-800 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - S. Wendt
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK-800 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - J. V. Lauritsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- DK-800 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - S. Helveg
- Haldor Topsoe A/S
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
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22
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Zemła J, Danilkiewicz J, Orzechowska B, Pabijan J, Seweryn S, Lekka M. Atomic force microscopy as a tool for assessing the cellular elasticity and adhesiveness to identify cancer cells and tissues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 73:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Liddle JA, Hoskins BD, Vladár AE, Villarrubia JS. Electron beam-based metrology after CMOS. APL MATERIALS 2018; 6:10.1063/1.5038249. [PMID: 30984475 PMCID: PMC6459207 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The magnitudes of the challenges facing electron-based metrology for post-CMOS technology are reviewed. Directed selfassembly, nanophotonics/plasmonics, and resistive switches and selectors, are examined as exemplars of important post-CMOS technologies. Materials, devices, and architectures emerging from these technologies pose new metrology requirements: defect detection, possibly subsurface, in soft materials, accurate measurement of size, shape, and roughness of structures for nanophotonic devices, contamination-free measurement of surface-sensitive structures, and identification of subtle structural, chemical, or electronic changes of state associated with switching in non-volatile memory elements. Electron-beam techniques are examined in the light of these emerging requirements. The strong electron-matter interaction provides measurable signal from small sample features, rendering electron-beam methods more suitable than most for nanometer-scale metrology, but as is to be expected, solutions to many of the measurement challenges are yet to be demonstrated. The seeds of possible solutions are identified when they are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Liddle
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
| | - B D Hoskins
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
| | - A E Vladár
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
| | - J S Villarrubia
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
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24
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Cassidy C, Yamashita M, Cheung M, Kalale C, Adaniya H, Kuwahara R, Shintake T. Water without windows: Evaluating the performance of open cell transmission electron microscopy under saturated water vapor conditions, and assessing its potential for microscopy of hydrated biological specimens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186899. [PMID: 29099843 PMCID: PMC5669482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have performed open cell transmission electron microscopy experiments through pure water vapor in the saturation pressure regime (>0.6 kPa), in a modern microscope capable of sub-Å resolution. We have systematically studied achievable pressure levels, stability and gas purity, effective thickness of the water vapor column and associated electron scattering processes, and the effect of gas pressure on electron optical resolution and image contrast. For example, for 1.3 kPa pure water vapor and 300kV electrons, we report pressure stability of ± 20 Pa over tens of minutes, effective thickness of 0.57 inelastic mean free paths, lattice resolution of 0.14 nm on a reference Au specimen, and no significant degradation in contrast or stability of a biological specimen (M13 virus, with 6 nm body diameter). We have also done some brief experiments to confirm feasibility of loading specimens into an in situ water vapor ambient without exposure to intermediate desiccating conditions. Finally, we have also checked if water experiments had any discernible impact on the microscope performance, and report pertinent vacuum and electron optical data, for reference purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal Cassidy
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masao Yamashita
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Martin Cheung
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Chola Kalale
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hidehito Adaniya
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kuwahara
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Tsumoru Shintake
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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25
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Visualizing atomic-scale redox dynamics in vanadium oxide-based catalysts. Nat Commun 2017; 8:305. [PMID: 28824163 PMCID: PMC5563508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface redox processes involving oxygen atom exchange are fundamental in catalytic reactions mediated by metal oxides. These processes are often difficult to uncover due to changes in the surface stoichiometry and atomic arrangement. Here we employ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy to study vanadium oxide supported on titanium dioxide, which is of relevance as a catalyst in, e.g., nitrogen oxide emission abatement for environmental protection. The observations reveal a reversible transformation of the vanadium oxide surface between an ordered and disordered state, concomitant with a reversible change in the vanadium oxidation state, when alternating between oxidizing and reducing conditions. The transformation depends on the anatase titanium dioxide surface termination and the vanadium oxide layer thickness, suggesting that the properties of vanadium oxide are sensitive to the supporting oxide. These atomic-resolution observations offer a basis for rationalizing previous reports on shape-sensitive catalytic properties. Redox processes in metal oxide surfaces can exhibit structure sensitivities which are difficult to uncover. Here, the authors use atomic-resolution imaging to demonstrate facet dependent alterations in the surfaces of supported vanadium oxide upon reduction and oxidation.
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26
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Zhu Y, Browning ND. The Role of Gas in Determining Image Quality and Resolution During In Situ Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Experiments. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhu
- Physical & Computational Science Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Nigel D. Browning
- Physical & Computational Science Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
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27
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Koh AL, Sinclair R. Assessing and ameliorating the influence of the electron beam on carbon nanotube oxidation in environmental transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 176:132-138. [PMID: 27979618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we examine how the imaging electron beam can induce damage in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at varying oxygen gas pressures and electron dose rates using environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM). Our studies show that there is a threshold cumulative electron dose which brings about damage in CNTs in oxygen - through removal of their graphitic walls - which is dependent on O2 pressure, with a 4-5 fold decrease in total electron dose per decade increase at a lower pressure range (10-6 to 10-5mbar) and approximately 1.3 -fold decrease per decade increase at a higher pressure range (10-3 to 100mbar). However, at a given pressure, damage in CNTs was found to occur even at the lowest dose rate utilized, suggesting the absence of a lower limit for the latter parameter. This study provides guidelines on the cumulative dose required to damage nanotubes in the 10-7mbar to 100mbar pressure regimes, and discusses the role of electron dose rate and total electron dose on beam-induced CNT degradation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Leen Koh
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Robert Sinclair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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28
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Kisielowski C, Frei H, Specht P, Sharp ID, Haber JA, Helveg S. Detecting structural variances of Co 3O 4 catalysts by controlling beam-induced sample alterations in the vacuum of a transmission electron microscope. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:13. [PMID: 27867836 PMCID: PMC5093192 DOI: 10.1186/s40679-016-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes core aspects of beam-sample interactions in research that aims at exploiting the ability to detect single atoms at atomic resolution by mid-voltage transmission electron microscopy. Investigating the atomic structure of catalytic Co3O4 nanocrystals underscores how indispensable it is to rigorously control electron dose rates and total doses to understand native material properties on this scale. We apply in-line holography with variable dose rates to achieve this goal. Genuine object structures can be maintained if dose rates below ~100 e/Å2s are used and the contrast required for detection of single atoms is generated by capturing large image series. Threshold doses for the detection of single atoms are estimated. An increase of electron dose rates and total doses to common values for high resolution imaging of solids stimulates object excitations that restructure surfaces, interfaces, and defects and cause grain reorientation or growth. We observe a variety of previously unknown atom configurations in surface proximity of the Co3O4 spinel structure. These are hidden behind broadened diffraction patterns in reciprocal space but become visible in real space by solving the phase problem. An exposure of the Co3O4 spinel structure to water vapor or other gases induces drastic structure alterations that can be captured in this manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kisielowski
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - H Frei
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - P Specht
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - I D Sharp
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - J A Haber
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - S Helveg
- Haldor Topsoe A/S, Haldor Topsøes Allé 1, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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29
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Wu J, Shan H, Chen W, Gu X, Tao P, Song C, Shang W, Deng T. In Situ Environmental TEM in Imaging Gas and Liquid Phase Chemical Reactions for Materials Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:9686-9712. [PMID: 27628711 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gas and liquid phase chemical reactions cover a broad range of research areas in materials science and engineering, including the synthesis of nanomaterials and application of nanomaterials, for example, in the areas of sensing, energy storage and conversion, catalysis, and bio-related applications. Environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) provides a unique opportunity for monitoring gas and liquid phase reactions because it enables the observation of those reactions at the ultra-high spatial resolution, which is not achievable through other techniques. Here, the fundamental science and technology developments of gas and liquid phase TEM that facilitate the mechanistic study of the gas and liquid phase chemical reactions are discussed. Combined with other characterization tools integrated in TEM, unprecedented material behaviors and reaction mechanisms are observed through the use of the in situ gas and liquid phase TEM. These observations and also the recent applications in this emerging area are described. The current challenges in the imaging process are also discussed, including the imaging speed, imaging resolution, and data management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
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30
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Taheri ML, Stach EA, Arslan I, Crozier PA, Kabius BC, LaGrange T, Minor AM, Takeda S, Tanase M, Wagner JB, Sharma R. Current status and future directions for in situ transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 170:86-95. [PMID: 27566048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review article discusses the current and future possibilities for the application of in situ transmission electron microscopy to reveal synthesis pathways and functional mechanisms in complex and nanoscale materials. The findings of a group of scientists, representing academia, government labs and private sector entities (predominantly commercial vendors) during a workshop, held at the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology- National Institute of Science and Technology (CNST-NIST), are discussed. We provide a comprehensive review of the scientific needs and future instrument and technique developments required to meet them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra L Taheri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, USA
| | - Eric A Stach
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, National Laboratory, Brookhaven, USA
| | - Ilke Arslan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA, USA
| | - P A Crozier
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Bernd C Kabius
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Thomas LaGrange
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Condensed Matter and Materials Division, 7000 East Avenue, P.O. 808 L-356, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley and National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, MS 72, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Seiji Takeda
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Mihaela Tanase
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6203, USA
| | - Jakob B Wagner
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Renu Sharma
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6203, USA.
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31
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Wu J, Helveg S, Ullmann S, Peng Z, Bell AT. Growth of encapsulating carbon on supported Pt nanoparticles studied by in situ TEM. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Kuld S, Thorhauge M, Falsig H, Elkjaer CF, Helveg S, Chorkendorff I, Sehested J. Quantifying the promotion of Cu catalysts by ZnO for methanol synthesis. Science 2016; 352:969-74. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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33
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Ek M, Jespersen SPF, Damsgaard CD, Helveg S. On the role of the gas environment, electron-dose-rate, and sample on the image resolution in transmission electron microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40679-016-0018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe introduction of gaseous atmospheres in transmission electron microscopy offers the possibility of studying materials in situ under chemically relevant environments. The presence of a gas environment can degrade the resolution. Surprisingly, this phenomenon has been shown to depend on the electron-dose-rate. In this article, we demonstrate that both the total and areal electron-dose-rates work as descriptors for the dose-rate-dependent resolution and are related through the illumination area. Furthermore, the resolution degradation was observed to occur gradually over time after initializing the illumination of the sample and gas by the electron beam. The resolution was also observed to be sensitive to the electrical conductivity of the sample. These observations can be explained by a charge buildup over the electron-illuminated sample area, caused by the beam–gas–sample interaction, and by a subsequent sample motion induced by electrical capacitance in the sample.
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34
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Tao F(F, Crozier PA. Atomic-Scale Observations of Catalyst Structures under Reaction Conditions and during Catalysis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3487-539. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5002657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin (Feng) Tao
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Peter A. Crozier
- School
of Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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35
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van den Berg R, Elkjaer CF, Gommes CJ, Chorkendorff I, Sehested J, de Jongh PE, de Jong KP, Helveg S. Revealing the Formation of Copper Nanoparticles from a Homogeneous Solid Precursor by Electron Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3433-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy van den Berg
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christian F. Elkjaer
- Haldor Topsoe A/S, Haldor Topsøes Allé 1, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 312, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cedric J. Gommes
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Liège, Allée du 6 août 3, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 312, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Sehested
- Haldor Topsoe A/S, Haldor Topsøes Allé 1, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Petra E. de Jongh
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Krijn P. de Jong
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stig Helveg
- Haldor Topsoe A/S, Haldor Topsøes Allé 1, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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36
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Lee SC, Benck JD, Tsai C, Park J, Koh AL, Abild-Pedersen F, Jaramillo TF, Sinclair R. Chemical and Phase Evolution of Amorphous Molybdenum Sulfide Catalysts for Electrochemical Hydrogen Production. ACS NANO 2016; 10:624-632. [PMID: 26624225 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous MoSx is a highly active, earth-abundant catalyst for the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction. Previous studies have revealed that this material initially has a composition of MoS3, but after electrochemical activation, the surface is reduced to form an active phase resembling MoS2 in composition and chemical state. However, structural changes in the MoSx catalyst and the mechanism of the activation process remain poorly understood. In this study, we employ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to image amorphous MoSx catalysts activated under two hydrogen-rich conditions: ex situ in an electrochemical cell and in situ in an environmental TEM. For the first time, we directly observe the formation of crystalline domains in the MoSx catalyst after both activation procedures as well as spatially localized changes in the chemical state detected via electron energy loss spectroscopy. Using density functional theory calculations, we investigate the mechanisms for this phase transformation and find that the presence of hydrogen is critical for enabling the restructuring process. Our results suggest that the surface of the amorphous MoSx catalyst is dynamic: while the initial catalyst activation forms the primary active surface of amorphous MoS2, continued transformation to the crystalline phase during electrochemical operation could contribute to catalyst deactivation. These results have important implications for the application of this highly active electrocatalyst for sustainable H2 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charlie Tsai
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | | | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Thomas F Jaramillo
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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37
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Jinschek JR, Van Cappellen E, Bright A. B12-O-04Controlling experimental conditions in advanced in-situS/TEM experiments. Microscopy (Oxf) 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfv091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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38
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Bordiga S, Lamberti C, Bonino F, Travert A, Thibault-Starzyk F. Probing zeolites by vibrational spectroscopies. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7262-341. [PMID: 26435467 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00396b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the most relevant aspects of vibrational spectroscopies (IR, Raman and INS) applied to zeolites and zeotype materials. Surface Brønsted and Lewis acidity and surface basicity are treated in detail. The role of probe molecules and the relevance of tuning both the proton affinity and the steric hindrance of the probe to fully understand and map the complex site population present inside microporous materials are critically discussed. A detailed description of the methods needed to precisely determine the IR absorption coefficients is given, making IR a quantitative technique. The thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process that can be extracted from a variable-temperature IR study are described. Finally, cutting-edge space- and time-resolved experiments are reviewed. All aspects are discussed by reporting relevant examples. When available, the theoretical literature related to the reviewed experimental results is reported to support the interpretation of the vibrational spectra on an atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry, NIS and INSTM Reference Centers, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15, I-10135 Torino, Italy
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39
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Stevens A, Kovarik L, Abellan P, Yuan X, Carin L, Browning ND. Applying compressive sensing to TEM video: a substantial frame rate increase on any camera. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40679-015-0009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOne of the main limitations of imaging at high spatial and temporal resolution during in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments is the frame rate of the camera being used to image the dynamic process. While the recent development of direct detectors has provided the hardware to achieve frame rates approaching 0.1 ms, the cameras are expensive and must replace existing detectors. In this paper, we examine the use of coded aperture compressive sensing (CS) methods to increase the frame rate of any camera with simple, low-cost hardware modifications. The coded aperture approach allows multiple sub-frames to be coded and integrated into a single camera frame during the acquisition process, and then extracted upon readout using statistical CS inversion. Here we describe the background of CS and statistical methods in depth and simulate the frame rates and efficiencies for in-situ TEM experiments. Depending on the resolution and signal/noise of the image, it should be possible to increase the speed of any camera by more than an order of magnitude using this approach.Mathematics Subject Classification: (2010) 94A08 · 78A15
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40
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Helveg S. An industrial perspective of the impact of Haldor Topsøe on (in situ) electron microscopy in catalysis. J Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Colby R, Alsem D, Liyu A, Kabius B. A method for measuring the local gas pressure within a gas-flow stage in situ in the transmission electron microscope. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 153:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Takeda S, Kuwauchi Y, Yoshida H. Environmental transmission electron microscopy for catalyst materials using a spherical aberration corrector. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 151:178-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Su DS, Zhang B, Schlögl R. Electron microscopy of solid catalysts--transforming from a challenge to a toolbox. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2818-82. [PMID: 25826447 DOI: 10.1021/cr500084c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Sheng Su
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Robert Schlögl
- ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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44
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Instrumental requirements for the detection of electron beam-induced object excitations at the single atom level in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Micron 2015; 68:186-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Helveg S, Kisielowski C, Jinschek J, Specht P, Yuan G, Frei H. Observing gas-catalyst dynamics at atomic resolution and single-atom sensitivity. Micron 2015; 68:176-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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46
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Calderon HA, Kisielowski C, Specht P, Barton B, Godinez-Salomon F, Solorza-Feria O. Maintaining the genuine structure of 2D materials and catalytic nanoparticles at atomic resolution. Micron 2014; 68:164-175. [PMID: 25240633 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of atomic resolution, low dose-rate electron microscopy allows investigating 2D materials as well as catalytic nano particles without compromising their structural integrity. For graphene and a variety of nanoparticle compositions, it is shown that a critical dose rate exists of <100 e(-)/Å(2) s at 80 keV of electron acceleration that allows maintaining the genuine object structures including their surfaces and edges even if particles are only 3 nm large or smaller. Moreover, it is demonstrated that electron beam-induced phonon excitation from outside the field of view contributes to a contrast degradation in recorded images. These degradation effects can be eliminated by delivering electrons onto the imaged area, only, by using a Nilsonian illumination scheme in combination with a suitable aperture at the electron gun/monochromator assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Calderon
- Departamento de Física, ESFM-IPN, Ed. 9, UPALM-Zacatenco, México, D.F., Mexico.
| | - C Kisielowski
- National Center for Electron Microscopy and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - P Specht
- Dept. Mats. Sci. Eng., UCB, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - B Barton
- National Center for Electron Microscopy and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - F Godinez-Salomon
- Depto. Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV-IPN, 07360 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - O Solorza-Feria
- Depto. Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV-IPN, 07360 México, D.F., Mexico
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47
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Vendelbo SB, Elkjær CF, Falsig H, Puspitasari I, Dona P, Mele L, Morana B, Nelissen BJ, van Rijn R, Creemer JF, Kooyman PJ, Helveg S. Visualization of oscillatory behaviour of Pt nanoparticles catalysing CO oxidation. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:884-90. [PMID: 25038730 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many catalytic reactions under fixed conditions exhibit oscillatory behaviour. The oscillations are often attributed to dynamic changes in the catalyst surface. So far, however, such relationships were difficult to determine for catalysts consisting of supported nanoparticles. Here, we employ a nanoreactor to study the oscillatory CO oxidation catalysed by Pt nanoparticles using time-resolved high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, mass spectrometry and calorimetry. The observations reveal that periodic changes in the CO oxidation are synchronous with a periodic refacetting of the Pt nanoparticles. The oscillatory reaction is modelled using density functional theory and mass transport calculations, considering the CO adsorption energy and the oxidation rate as site-dependent. We find that to successfully explain the oscillations, the model must contain the phenomenon of refacetting. The nanoreactor approach can thus provide atomic-scale information that is specific to surface sites. This will improve the understanding of dynamic properties in catalysis and related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Vendelbo
- ChemE, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - C F Elkjær
- Haldor Topsøe A/S, Nymøllevej 55, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - H Falsig
- Haldor Topsøe A/S, Nymøllevej 55, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - I Puspitasari
- ChemE, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - P Dona
- FEI Company, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - L Mele
- FEI Company, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - B Morana
- DIMES-ECTM, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5053, 2600 GB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - B J Nelissen
- Albemarle Catalyst Company BV, PO Box 37650, 1030 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R van Rijn
- Leiden Probe Microscopy BV, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J F Creemer
- DIMES-ECTM, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5053, 2600 GB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - P J Kooyman
- ChemE, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - S Helveg
- Haldor Topsøe A/S, Nymøllevej 55, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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48
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Miller BK, Crozier PA. Analysis of catalytic gas products using electron energy-loss spectroscopy and residual gas analysis for operando transmission electron microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:815-824. [PMID: 24815065 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Operando transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of catalytic reactions requires that the gas composition inside the TEM be known during the in situ reaction. Two techniques for measuring gas composition inside the environmental TEM are described and compared here. First, electron energy-loss spectroscopy, both in the low-loss and core-loss regions of the spectrum was utilized. The data were quantified using a linear combination of reference spectra from individual gasses to fit a mixture spectrum. Mass spectrometry using a residual gas analyzer was also used to quantify the gas inside the environmental cell. Both electron energy-loss spectroscopy and residual gas analysis were applied simultaneously to a known 50/50 mixture of CO and CO2, so the results from the two techniques could be compared and evaluated. An operando TEM experiment was performed using a Ru catalyst supported on silica spheres and loaded into the TEM on a specially developed porous pellet TEM sample. Both techniques were used to monitor the conversion of CO to CO2 over the catalyst, while simultaneous atomic resolution imaging of the catalyst was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Miller
- School for Engineering of Matter,Transport and Energy,Arizona State University,Tempe,AZ 85287-6106,USA
| | - Peter A Crozier
- School for Engineering of Matter,Transport and Energy,Arizona State University,Tempe,AZ 85287-6106,USA
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49
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Sinclair R, Kempen PJ, Chin R, Koh AL. The Stanford Nanocharacterization Laboratory (SNL) and Recent Applications of an Aberration-Corrected Environmental Transmission Electron Microscope. ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2014; 16:476-481. [PMID: 25364299 PMCID: PMC4215512 DOI: 10.1002/adem.201400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the establishment, over a period of ten years or so, of a multi-user, institution-wide facility for the characterization of materials and devices at the nano-scale. Emphasis is placed on the type of equipment that we have found to be most useful for our users, and the business strategy that maintains its operations. A central component of our facility is an aberration-corrected environmental transmission electron microscope and its application is summarized in the studies of plasmon energies of silver nanoparticles, the band gap of PbS quantum dots, atomic site occupancy near grain boundaries in yttria stabilized zirconia, the lithiation of silicon nanoparticles, in situ observations on carbon nanotube oxidation and the electron tomography of varicella zoster virus nucleocapsids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Joseph Kempen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Durand Building 131 496 Lomita Mall Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305-4034, USA
| | - Richard Chin
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities McCullough Rm 225 476 Lomita Mall Stanford, CA 94305-4045, USA
| | - Ai Leen Koh
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities McCullough Rm. 236 476 Lomita Mall Stanford CA, 94305-4045, USA
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50
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Hansen TW, Wagner JB. Catalysts under Controlled Atmospheres in the Transmission Electron Microscope. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs401148d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Hansen
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob B. Wagner
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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