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Barrett JN, Barrett EF, Rajguru SM. Mitochondrial responses to intracellular Ca 2+ release following infrared stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:700-716. [PMID: 36752512 PMCID: PMC10026987 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00293.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies of Ca2+ effects on mitochondrial respiration in intact cells have used electrical and/or chemical stimulation to elevate intracellular [Ca2+], and have reported increases in [NADH] and increased ADP/ATP ratios as dominant controllers of respiration. This study tested a different form of stimulation: brief temperature increases produced by pulses of infrared light (IR, 1,863 nm, 8-10°C for ∼5 s). Fluorescence imaging techniques applied to single PC-12 cells in low µM extracellular [Ca2+] revealed IR stimulation-induced increases in both cytosolic (fluo5F) and mitochondrial (rhod2) [Ca2+]. IR stimulation increased O2 consumption (porphyrin fluorescence), and produced an alkaline shift in mitochondrial matrix pH (Snarf1), indicating activation of the electron transport chain (ETC). The increase in O2 consumption persisted in oligomycin, and began during a decrease in NADH, suggesting that the initial increase in ETC activity was not driven by increased ATP synthase activity or an increased fuel supply to ETC complex I. Imaging with two potentiometric dyes [tetramethyl rhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) and R123] indicated a depolarizing shift in ΔΨm that persisted in high [K+] medium. High-resolution fluorescence imaging disclosed large, reversible mitochondrial depolarizations that were inhibited by cyclosporin A (CSA), consistent with the opening of transient mitochondrial permeability transition pores. IR stimulation also produced a Ca2+-dependent increase in superoxide production (MitoSox) that was not inhibited by CSA, indicating that the increase in superoxide did not require transition pore opening. Thus, the intracellular Ca2+ release that follows pulses of infrared light offers new insights into Ca2+-dependent processes controlling respiration and reactive oxygen species in intact cells.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Pulses of infrared light (IR) provide a novel method for rapidly transferring Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria in intact cells. In PC12 cells the resulting ETC activation was not driven by increased ATP synthase activity or NADH. IR stimulation produced a Ca2+-dependent, reversible depolarization of ΔΨm that was partially blocked by cyclosporin A, and a Ca2+-dependent increase in superoxide that did not require transition pore opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Barrett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Florida, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Ellen F Barrett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Florida, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Suhrud M Rajguru
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Florida, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Florida, United States
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2
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Caudal A, Tang X, Chavez JD, Keller A, Mohr JP, Bakhtina AA, Villet O, Chen H, Zhou B, Walker MA, Tian R, Bruce JE. Mitochondrial interactome quantitation reveals structural changes in metabolic machinery in the failing murine heart. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:855-866. [PMID: 36405497 PMCID: PMC9667921 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) bridge the gap between purified systems and native tissue environments, allowing the detection of protein structural interactions in their native state. Here we use isobaric quantitative protein interaction reporter technology (iqPIR) to compare the mitochondria protein interactomes in healthy and hypertrophic murine hearts, 4 weeks post-transaortic constriction. The failing heart interactome includes 588 statistically significant cross-linked peptide pairs altered in the disease condition. We observed an increase in the assembly of ketone oxidation oligomers corresponding to an increase in ketone metabolic utilization; remodeling of NDUA4 interaction in Complex IV, likely contributing to impaired mitochondria respiration; and conformational enrichment of ADP/ATP carrier ADT1, which is non-functional for ADP/ATP translocation but likely possesses non-selective conductivity. Our application of quantitative cross-linking technology in cardiac tissue provides molecular-level insights into the complex mitochondria remodeling in heart failure while bringing forth new hypotheses for pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Caudal
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Xiaoting Tang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Juan D. Chavez
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Andrew Keller
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jared P. Mohr
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Anna A. Bakhtina
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Outi Villet
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Hongye Chen
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Bo Zhou
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Matthew A. Walker
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Rong Tian
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington
- These authors jointly supervised this work
| | - James E. Bruce
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- These authors jointly supervised this work
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3
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Ježek P, Holendová B, Jabůrek M, Dlasková A, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. Contribution of Mitochondria to Insulin Secretion by Various Secretagogues. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:920-952. [PMID: 34180254 PMCID: PMC9125579 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria determine glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic β-cells by elevating ATP synthesis. As the metabolic and redox hub, mitochondria provide numerous links to the plasma membrane channels, insulin granule vesicles (IGVs), cell redox, NADH, NADPH, and Ca2+ homeostasis, all affecting insulin secretion. Recent Advances: Mitochondrial redox signaling was implicated in several modes of insulin secretion (branched-chain ketoacid [BCKA]-, fatty acid [FA]-stimulated). Mitochondrial Ca2+ influx was found to enhance GSIS, reflecting cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations induced by action potential spikes (intermittent opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+ and K+ channels) or the superimposed Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) was reported to tune the glucose sensitivity range for GSIS. Mitochondrial protein kinase A was implicated in preventing the IF1-mediated inhibition of the ATP synthase. Critical Issues: It is unknown how the redox signal spreads up to the plasma membrane and what its targets are, what the differences in metabolic, redox, NADH/NADPH, and Ca2+ signaling, and homeostasis are between the first and second GSIS phase, and whether mitochondria can replace ER in the amplification of IGV exocytosis. Future Directions: Metabolomics studies performed to distinguish between the mitochondrial matrix and cytosolic metabolites will elucidate further details. Identifying the targets of cell signaling into mitochondria and of mitochondrial retrograde metabolic and redox signals to the cell will uncover further molecular mechanisms for insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, BCKAs, and FAs, and the amplification of secretion by glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and metabotropic receptors. They will identify the distinction between the hub β-cells and their followers in intact and diabetic states. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 920-952.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ježek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Holendová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Jabůrek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Dlasková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lydie Plecitá-Hlavatá
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Vogt S, Ramzan R, Grossman LI, Singh KK, Ferguson-Miller S, Yoshikawa S, Lee I, Hüttemann M. Mitochondrial respiration is controlled by Allostery, Subunit Composition and Phosphorylation Sites of Cytochrome c Oxidase: A trailblazer's tale - Bernhard Kadenbach. Mitochondrion 2021; 60:228-233. [PMID: 34481964 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In memoriam of Bernhard Kadenbach: Although the main focus of his research was the structure, function, and regulation of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (CytOx), he earlier studied the mitochondrial phosphate carrier and found an essential role of cardiolipin. Later, he discovered tissue-specific and developmental-specific protein isoforms of CytOx. Defective activity of CytOx is found with increasing age in human muscle and neuronal cells resulting in mitochondrial diseases. Kadenbach proposed a theory on the cause of oxidative stress, aging, and associated diseases stating that allosteric feedback inhibition of CytOx at high mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratios is essential for healthy living while stress-induced reversible dephosphorylation of CytOx results in the formation of excessive reactive oxygen species that trigger degenerative diseases. This article summarizes the main discoveries of Kadenbach related to mammalian CytOx and discusses their implications for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Vogt
- Department of Heart Surgery, Campus Marburg, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Rabia Ramzan
- Department of Heart Surgery, Campus Marburg, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lawrence I Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Shinya Yoshikawa
- Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Icksoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, South Korea
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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5
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Ramzan R, Napiwotzki J, Weber P, Kadenbach B, Vogt S. Cholate Disrupts Regulatory Functions of Cytochrome c Oxidase. Cells 2021; 10:1579. [PMID: 34201437 PMCID: PMC8303988 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CytOx), the oxygen-accepting and rate-limiting enzyme of mitochondrial respiration, binds with 10 molecules of ADP, 7 of which are exchanged by ATP at high ATP/ADP-ratios. These bound ATP and ADP can be exchanged by cholate, which is generally used for the purification of CytOx. Many crystal structures of isolated CytOx were performed with the enzyme isolated from mitochondria using sodium cholate as a detergent. Cholate, however, dimerizes the enzyme isolated in non-ionic detergents and induces a structural change as evident from a spectral change. Consequently, it turns off the "allosteric ATP-inhibition of CytOx", which is reversibly switched on under relaxed conditions via cAMP-dependent phosphorylation and keeps the membrane potential and ROS formation in mitochondria at low levels. This cholate effect gives an insight into the structural-functional relationship of the enzyme with respect to ATP inhibition and its role in mitochondrial respiration and energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ramzan
- Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; (R.R.); (P.W.)
- Department of Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, D-35043 Campus Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Petra Weber
- Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; (R.R.); (P.W.)
| | | | - Sebastian Vogt
- Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; (R.R.); (P.W.)
- Department of Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, D-35043 Campus Marburg, Germany
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6
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Borisov VB, Siletsky SA, Nastasi MR, Forte E. ROS Defense Systems and Terminal Oxidases in Bacteria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060839. [PMID: 34073980 PMCID: PMC8225038 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) comprise the superoxide anion (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (•OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2). ROS can damage a variety of macromolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, and compromise cell viability. To prevent or reduce ROS-induced oxidative stress, bacteria utilize different ROS defense mechanisms, of which ROS scavenging enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases, catalases, and peroxidases, are the best characterized. Recently, evidence has been accumulating that some of the terminal oxidases in bacterial respiratory chains may also play a protective role against ROS. The present review covers this role of terminal oxidases in light of recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy B. Borisov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (V.B.B.); (E.F.)
| | - Sergey A. Siletsky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Martina R. Nastasi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elena Forte
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (V.B.B.); (E.F.)
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7
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Lee CQE, Kerouanton B, Chothani S, Zhang S, Chen Y, Mantri CK, Hock DH, Lim R, Nadkarni R, Huynh VT, Lim D, Chew WL, Zhong FL, Stroud DA, Schafer S, Tergaonkar V, St John AL, Rackham OJL, Ho L. Coding and non-coding roles of MOCCI (C15ORF48) coordinate to regulate host inflammation and immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2130. [PMID: 33837217 PMCID: PMC8035321 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mito-SEPs are small open reading frame-encoded peptides that localize to the mitochondria to regulate metabolism. Motivated by an intriguing negative association between mito-SEPs and inflammation, here we screen for mito-SEPs that modify inflammatory outcomes and report a mito-SEP named "Modulator of cytochrome C oxidase during Inflammation" (MOCCI) that is upregulated during inflammation and infection to promote host-protective resolution. MOCCI, a paralog of the NDUFA4 subunit of cytochrome C oxidase (Complex IV), replaces NDUFA4 in Complex IV during inflammation to lower mitochondrial membrane potential and reduce ROS production, leading to cyto-protection and dampened immune response. The MOCCI transcript also generates miR-147b, which targets the NDUFA4 mRNA with similar immune dampening effects as MOCCI, but simultaneously enhances RIG-I/MDA-5-mediated viral immunity. Our work uncovers a dual-component pleiotropic regulation of host inflammation and immunity by MOCCI (C15ORF48) for safeguarding the host during infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Q. E. Lee
- grid.414735.00000 0004 0367 4692Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Baptiste Kerouanton
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sonia Chothani
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shan Zhang
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Chen
- grid.418812.60000 0004 0620 9243Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chinmay Kumar Mantri
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniella Helena Hock
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Radiance Lim
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rhea Nadkarni
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vinh Thang Huynh
- grid.418812.60000 0004 0620 9243Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daryl Lim
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Institute Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Leong Chew
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Institute Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Franklin L. Zhong
- grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361Nanyang Technological University, Skin Diseases and Wound Repair Program, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Arthur Stroud
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Sebastian Schafer
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.419385.20000 0004 0620 9905National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- grid.418812.60000 0004 0620 9243Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ashley L. St John
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Owen J. L. Rackham
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lena Ho
- grid.414735.00000 0004 0367 4692Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.418812.60000 0004 0620 9243Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
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Adenylate kinase derived ATP shapes respiration and calcium storage of isolated mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148409. [PMID: 33713654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ratio of ADP and ATP is a natural indicator of cellular bioenergetic state and thus a prominent analyte in metabolism research. Beyond adenylate interconversion via oxidative phosphorylation and ATPase activities, ADP and ATP act as steric regulators of enzymes, e.g. cytochrome C oxidase, and are major factors in mitochondrial calcium storage potential. Consideration of all routes of adenylate conversion is critical to successfully predict their abundance in an experimental system and to correctly interpret many aspects of mitochondrial function. We showcase here how adenylate kinases elicit considerable impact on the outcome of a variety of mitochondrial assays through their drastic manipulation of the adenylate profile. Parameters affected include cytochrome c oxidase activity, P/O ratio, and mitochondrial calcium dynamics. Study of the latter revealed that the presence of ATP is required for mitochondrial calcium to be shaped into a particularly dense form of mitochondrial amorphous calcium phosphate.
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9
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Ramzan R, Kadenbach B, Vogt S. Multiple Mechanisms Regulate Eukaryotic Cytochrome C Oxidase. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030514. [PMID: 33671025 PMCID: PMC7997345 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the rate-limiting enzyme of mitochondrial respiration, is regulated by various mechanisms. Its regulation by ATP (adenosine triphosphate) appears of particular importance, since it evolved early during evolution and is still found in cyanobacteria, but not in other bacteria. Therefore the "allosteric ATP inhibition of COX" is described here in more detail. Most regulatory properties of COX are related to "supernumerary" subunits, which are largely absent in bacterial COX. The "allosteric ATP inhibition of COX" was also recently described in intact isolated rat heart mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ramzan
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, D-35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Bernhard Kadenbach
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-University, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Sebastian Vogt
- Department of Heart Surgery, Campus Marburg, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany;
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10
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Cytochrome c Oxidase at Full Thrust: Regulation and Biological Consequences to Flying Insects. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020470. [PMID: 33671793 PMCID: PMC7931083 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Flight dispersal represents a key aspect of the evolutionary and ecological success of insects, allowing escape from predators, mating, and colonization of new niches. The huge energy demand posed by flight activity is essentially met by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in flight muscle mitochondria. In insects, mitochondrial ATP supply and oxidant production are regulated by several factors, including the energy demand exerted by changes in adenylate balance. Indeed, adenylate directly regulates OXPHOS by targeting both chemiosmotic ATP production and the activities of specific mitochondrial enzymes. In several organisms, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is regulated at transcriptional, post-translational, and allosteric levels, impacting mitochondrial energy metabolism, and redox balance. This review will present the concepts on how COX function contributes to flying insect biology, focusing on the existing examples in the literature where its structure and activity are regulated not only by physiological and environmental factors but also how changes in its activity impacts insect biology. We also performed in silico sequence analyses and determined the structure models of three COX subunits (IV, VIa, and VIc) from different insect species to compare with mammalian orthologs. We observed that the sequences and structure models of COXIV, COXVIa, and COXVIc were quite similar to their mammalian counterparts. Remarkably, specific substitutions to phosphomimetic amino acids at critical phosphorylation sites emerge as hallmarks on insect COX sequences, suggesting a new regulatory mechanism of COX activity. Therefore, by providing a physiological and bioenergetic framework of COX regulation in such metabolically extreme models, we hope to expand the knowledge of this critical enzyme complex and the potential consequences for insect dispersal.
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11
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The road to the structure of the mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplex. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:621-629. [PMID: 32311046 PMCID: PMC7200630 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The four complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain are critical for ATP production in most eukaryotic cells. Structural characterisation of these complexes has been critical for understanding the mechanisms underpinning their function. The three proton-pumping complexes, Complexes I, III and IV associate to form stable supercomplexes or respirasomes, the most abundant form containing 80 subunits in mammals. Multiple functions have been proposed for the supercomplexes, including enhancing the diffusion of electron carriers, providing stability for the complexes and protection against reactive oxygen species. Although high-resolution structures for Complexes III and IV were determined by X-ray crystallography in the 1990s, the size of Complex I and the supercomplexes necessitated advances in sample preparation and the development of cryo-electron microscopy techniques. We now enjoy structures for these beautiful complexes isolated from multiple organisms and in multiple states and together they provide important insights into respiratory chain function and the role of the supercomplex. While we as non-structural biologists use these structures for interpreting our own functional data, we need to remind ourselves that they stand on the shoulders of a large body of previous structural studies, many of which are still appropriate for use in understanding our results. In this mini-review, we discuss the history of respiratory chain structural biology studies leading to the structures of the mammalian supercomplexes and beyond.
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12
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Li F, Egea PF, Vecchio AJ, Asial I, Gupta M, Paulino J, Bajaj R, Dickinson MS, Ferguson-Miller S, Monk BC, Stroud RM. Highlighting membrane protein structure and function: A celebration of the Protein Data Bank. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100557. [PMID: 33744283 PMCID: PMC8102919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes define the boundaries of cells and compartmentalize the chemical and physical processes required for life. Many biological processes are carried out by proteins embedded in or associated with such membranes. Determination of membrane protein (MP) structures at atomic or near-atomic resolution plays a vital role in elucidating their structural and functional impact in biology. This endeavor has determined 1198 unique MP structures as of early 2021. The value of these structures is expanded greatly by deposition of their three-dimensional (3D) coordinates into the Protein Data Bank (PDB) after the first atomic MP structure was elucidated in 1985. Since then, free access to MP structures facilitates broader and deeper understanding of MPs, which provides crucial new insights into their biological functions. Here we highlight the structural and functional biology of representative MPs and landmarks in the evolution of new technologies, with insights into key developments influenced by the PDB in magnifying their impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pascal F Egea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alex J Vecchio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Meghna Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joana Paulino
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ruchika Bajaj
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miles Sasha Dickinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian C Monk
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute and Department of Oral Sciences, University of Otago, North Dunedin, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robert M Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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13
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Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, cAMP Signalling and Apoptosis: A Crossroads in Lymphocytes of Multiple Sclerosis, a Possible Role of Nutraceutics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010021. [PMID: 33379309 PMCID: PMC7823468 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex inflammatory and neurodegenerative chronic disease that involves the immune and central nervous systems (CNS). The pathogenesis involves the loss of blood–brain barrier integrity, resulting in the invasion of lymphocytes into the CNS with consequent tissue damage. The MS etiology is probably a combination of immunological, genetic, and environmental factors. It has been proposed that T lymphocytes have a main role in the onset and propagation of MS, leading to the inflammation of white matter and myelin sheath destruction. Cyclic AMP (cAMP), mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress exert a role in the alteration of T lymphocytes homeostasis and are involved in the apoptosis resistance of immune cells with the consequent development of autoimmune diseases. The defective apoptosis of autoreactive lymphocytes in patients with MS, allows these cells to perpetuate, within the CNS, a continuous cycle of inflammation. In this review, we discuss the involvement in MS of cAMP pathway, mitochondria, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and their interaction in the alteration of T lymphocytes homeostasis. In addition, we discuss a series of nutraceutical compounds that could influence these aspects.
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Timón-Gómez A, Bartley-Dier EL, Fontanesi F, Barrientos A. HIGD-Driven Regulation of Cytochrome c Oxidase Biogenesis and Function. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122620. [PMID: 33291261 PMCID: PMC7762129 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The biogenesis and function of eukaryotic cytochrome c oxidase or mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV (CIV) undergo several levels of regulation to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Adaptation to hypoxia and oxidative stress involves CIV subunit isoform switch, changes in phosphorylation status, and modulation of CIV assembly and enzymatic activity by interacting factors. The latter include the Hypoxia Inducible Gene Domain (HIGD) family yeast respiratory supercomplex factors 1 and 2 (Rcf1 and Rcf2) and two mammalian homologs of Rcf1, the proteins HIGD1A and HIGD2A. Whereas Rcf1 and Rcf2 are expressed constitutively, expression of HIGD1A and HIGD2A is induced under stress conditions, such as hypoxia and/or low glucose levels. In both systems, the HIGD proteins localize in the mitochondrial inner membrane and play a role in the biogenesis of CIV as a free unit or as part as respiratory supercomplexes. Notably, they remain bound to assembled CIV and, by modulating its activity, regulate cellular respiration. Here, we will describe the current knowledge regarding the specific and overlapping roles of the several HIGD proteins in physiological and stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Timón-Gómez
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Emma L. Bartley-Dier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (E.L.B.-D.); (F.F.)
| | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (E.L.B.-D.); (F.F.)
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (E.L.B.-D.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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The Interplay among Subunit Composition, Cardiolipin Content, and Aggregation State of Bovine Heart Cytochrome c Oxidase. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122588. [PMID: 33287231 PMCID: PMC7761698 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is a multisubunit integral membrane complex consisting of 13 dissimilar subunits, as well as three to four tightly bound molecules of cardiolipin (CL). The monomeric unit of CcO is able to form a dimer and participate in the formation of supercomplexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The structural and functional integrity of the enzyme is crucially dependent on the full subunit complement and the presence of unperturbed bound CL. A direct consequence of subunit loss, CL removal, or its oxidative modification is the destabilization of the quaternary structure, loss of the activity, and the inability to dimerize. Thus, the intimate interplay between individual components of the complex is imperative for regulation of the CcO aggregation state. While it appears that the aggregation state of CcO might affect its conformational stability, the functional role of the aggregation remains unclear as both monomeric and dimeric forms of CcO seem to be fully active. Here, we review the current status of our knowledge with regard to the role of dimerization in the function and stability of CcO and factors, such as subunit composition, amphiphilic environment represented by phospholipids/detergents, and posttranslational modifications that play a role in the regulation of the CcO aggregation state.
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16
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Treberg JR, Martyniuk CJ, Moyes CD. Getting the most out of reductionist approaches in comparative biochemistry and physiology. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 250:110483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Kadenbach B. Complex IV - The regulatory center of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrion 2020; 58:296-302. [PMID: 33069909 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ATP, the universal energy currency in all living cells, is mainly synthesized in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The final and rate limiting step of the respiratory chain is cytochrome c oxidase (COX) which represents the regulatory center of OXPHOS. COX is regulated through binding of various effectors to its "supernumerary" subunits, by reversible phosphorylation, and by expression of subunit isoforms. Of particular interest is its feedback inhibition by ATP, the final product of OXPHOS. This "allosteric ATP-inhibition" of phosphorylated and dimeric COX maintains a low and healthy mitochondrial membrane potential (relaxed state), and prevents the formation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) which are known to cause numerous diseases. Excessive work and stress abolish this feedback inhibition of COX by Ca2+-activated dephosphorylation which leads to monomerization and movement of NDUFA4 from complex I to COX with higher rates of COX activity and ATP synthesis (active state) but increased ROS formation and decreased efficiency.
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18
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Kadenbach B. Regulation of cytochrome c oxidase contributes to health and optimal life. World J Biol Chem 2020; 11:52-61. [PMID: 33024517 PMCID: PMC7520645 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v11.i2.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of cellular energy in the form of ATP occurs mainly in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation. Cytochrome c oxidase (CytOx), the oxygen accepting and rate-limiting step of the respiratory chain, regulates the supply of variable ATP demands in cells by “allosteric ATP-inhibition of CytOx.” This mechanism is based on inhibition of oxygen uptake of CytOx at high ATP/ADP ratios and low ferrocytochrome c concentrations in the mitochondrial matrix via cooperative interaction of the two substrate binding sites in dimeric CytOx. The mechanism keeps mitochondrial membrane potential ΔΨm and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation at low healthy values. Stress signals increase cytosolic calcium leading to Ca2+-dependent dephosphorylation of CytOx subunit I at the cytosolic side accompanied by switching off the allosteric ATP-inhibition and monomerization of CytOx. This is followed by increase of ΔΨm and formation of ROS. A hypothesis is presented suggesting a dynamic change of binding of NDUFA4, originally identified as a subunit of complex I, between monomeric CytOx (active state with high ΔΨm, high ROS and low efficiency) and complex I (resting state with low ΔΨm, low ROS and high efficiency).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kadenbach
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg D-35043, Hessen, Germany
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19
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Ramzan R, Vogt S, Kadenbach B. Stress-mediated generation of deleterious ROS in healthy individuals - role of cytochrome c oxidase. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:651-657. [PMID: 32313986 PMCID: PMC7220878 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress is known to cause an increased incidence of coronary heart disease. In addition, multiple other diseases like cancer and diabetes mellitus have been related to stress and are mainly based on excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria. The molecular interactions between stress and ROS, however, are still unknown. Here we describe the missing molecular link between stress and an increased cellular ROS, based on the regulation of cytochrome c oxidase (COX). In normal healthy cells, the "allosteric ATP inhibition of COX" decreases the oxygen uptake of mitochondria at high ATP/ADP ratios and keeps the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) low. Above ΔΨm values of 140 mV, the production of ROS in mitochondria increases exponentially. Stress signals like hypoxia, stress hormones, and high glutamate or glucose in neurons increase the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration which activates a mitochondrial phosphatase that dephosphorylates COX. This dephosphorylated COX exhibits no allosteric ATP inhibition; consequently, an increase of ΔΨm and ROS formation takes place. The excess production of mitochondrial ROS causes apoptosis or multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ramzan
- Cardiovascular Research Lab, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 2, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Heart Surgery, The University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Baldinger Strasse 1, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Vogt
- Cardiovascular Research Lab, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 2, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Heart Surgery, The University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Baldinger Strasse 1, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kadenbach
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032, Marburg, Germany.
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Liu R, Cheng WJ, Ye F, Zhang YD, Zhong QP, Dong HF, Tang HB, Jiang H. Comparative Transcriptome Analyses of Schistosoma japonicum Derived From SCID Mice and BALB/c Mice: Clues to the Abnormality in Parasite Growth and Development. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:274. [PMID: 32218772 PMCID: PMC7078119 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by the parasitic flatworms called schistosomes, remains one of the most prevailing parasitic diseases in the world. The prodigious oviposition of female worms after maturity is the main driver of pathology due to infection, yet our understanding about the regulation of development and reproduction of schistosomes is limited. Here, we comparatively profiled the transcriptome of Schistosoma japonicum recovered from SCID and BALB/c mice, which were collected 35 days post-infection, when prominent morphological abnormalities could be observed in schistosomes from SCID mice, by performing RNA-seq analysis. Of the 11,183 identified genes, 62 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with 39 upregulated and 23 downregulated messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were found in male worms from SCID mice (S_M) vs. male worms from BALB/c mice (B_M), and 240 DEGs with 152 upregulated and 88 downregulated mRNAs were found in female worms from SCID mice (S_F) vs. female worms from BALB/c mice (B_F). We also tested nine DEGs with a relatively higher expression abundance in the gonads of the worms (ovary, vitellaria, or testis), suggesting their potential biological significance in the development and reproduction of the parasites. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that GO terms such as “microtubule-based process,” “multicellular organismal development,” and “Rho protein signal transduction” were significantly enriched in the DEGs in S_F vs. B_F, whereas GO terms such as “oxidation–reduction process,” “response to stress,” and “response to DNA damage stimulus” were significantly enriched in the DEGs in S_M vs. B_M. These results revealed that the differential expression of some important genes might contribute to the morphological abnormalities of worms in SCID mice. Furthermore, we selected one DEG, the mitochondrial prohibitin complex protein 1 (Phb1), to perform double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) in vivo targeting the worms in BALB/c mice, and we found that it was essential for the growth and reproductive development of both male and female S. japonicum worms. Taken together, these results provided a wealth of information on the differential gene expression profiles of schistosomes from SCID mice when compared with those from BALB/c mice, which were potentially involved in regulating the growth and development of schistosomes. These findings contributed to an understanding of parasite biology and provided a rich resource for the exploitation of antischistosomal intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Jun Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Ye
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao-Dan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin-Ping Zhong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Fen Dong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Bin Tang
- Laboratory Animal Center, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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