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Zhang Q, Jiao L, Chen Q, Bulstra CA, Geldsetzer P, de Oliveira T, Yang J, Wang C, Bärnighausen T, Chen S. COVID-19 antibody responses in individuals with natural immunity and with vaccination-induced immunity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2024; 13:189. [PMID: 39030630 PMCID: PMC11264703 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-024-02597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a large mortality and morbidity burden globally. For individuals, a strong immune response is the most effective means to block SARS-CoV-2 infection. To inform clinical case management of COVID-19, development of improved vaccines, and public health policy, a better understanding of antibody response dynamics and duration following SARS-CoV-2 infection and after vaccination is imperatively needed. METHODS We systematically analyzed antibody response rates in naturally infected COVID-19 patients and vaccinated individuals. Specifically, we searched all published and pre-published literature between 1 December 2019 and 31 July 2023 using MeSH terms and "all field" terms comprising "COVID-19" or "SARS-CoV-2," and "antibody response" or "immunity response" or "humoral immune." We included experimental and observational studies that provided antibody positivity rates following natural COVID-19 infection or vaccination. A total of 44 studies reporting antibody positivity rate changes over time were included. RESULTS The meta-analysis showed that within the first week after COVID-19 symptom onset/diagnosis or vaccination, antibody response rates in vaccinated individuals were lower than those in infected patients (p < 0.01), but no significant difference was observed from the second week to the sixth month. IgG, IgA, and IgM positivity rates increased during the first 3 weeks; thereafter, IgG positivity rates were maintained at a relatively high level, while the IgM seroconversion rate dropped. CONCLUSIONS Antibody production following vaccination might not occur as quickly or strongly as after natural infection, and the IgM antibody response was less persistent than the IgG response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lirui Jiao
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Qiushi Chen
- The Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Caroline A Bulstra
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130/3, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Health Systems Innovation Lab, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Pascal Geldsetzer
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Center for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Juntao Yang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130/3, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Simiao Chen
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130/3, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
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Dong TQ, Brown ER. A joint Bayesian hierarchical model for estimating SARS-CoV-2 genomic and subgenomic RNA viral dynamics and seroconversion. Biostatistics 2024; 25:336-353. [PMID: 37490631 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the viral dynamics of and natural immunity to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is crucial for devising better therapeutic and prevention strategies for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we present a Bayesian hierarchical model that jointly estimates the genomic RNA viral load, the subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) viral load (correlated to active viral replication), and the rate and timing of seroconversion (correlated to presence of antibodies). Our proposed method accounts for the dynamical relationship and correlation structure between the two types of viral load, allows for borrowing of information between viral load and antibody data, and identifies potential correlates of viral load characteristics and propensity for seroconversion. We demonstrate the features of the joint model through application to the COVID-19 post-exposure prophylaxis study and conduct a cross-validation exercise to illustrate the model's ability to impute the sgRNA viral trajectories for people who only had genomic RNA viral load data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Q Dong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Brown
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, 3980 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Lintala A, Vapalahti O, Nousiainen A, Kantele A, Hepojoki J. Whole Blood as a Sample Matrix in Homogeneous Time-Resolved Assay-Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Antibody Detection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:720. [PMID: 38611633 PMCID: PMC11011549 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The protein-L-utilizing Förster resonance energy transfer (LFRET) assay enables mix-and-read antibody detection, as demonstrated for sera from patients with, e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Zika virus, and orthohantavirus infections. In this study, we compared paired serum and whole blood (WB) samples of COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine recipients. We found that LFRET also detects specific antibodies in WB samples. In 44 serum-WB pairs from patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, LFRET showed a strong correlation between the sample materials. By analyzing 89 additional WB samples, totaling 133 WB samples, we found that LFRET results were moderately correlated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results for samples collected 2 to 14 months after receiving COVID-19 diagnosis. However, the correlation decreased for samples >14 months after receiving a diagnosis. When comparing the WB LFRET results to neutralizing antibody titers, a strong correlation emerged for samples collected 1 to 14 months after receiving a diagnosis. This study also highlights the versatility of LFRET in detecting antibodies directly from WB samples and suggests that it could be employed for rapidly assessing antibody responses to infectious agents or vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lintala
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital Diagnostic Center, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arttu Nousiainen
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research Center, MeiVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research Center, MeiVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Xu M, O’Brien MP, Hooper AT, Forleo-Neto E, Isa F, Hou P, Chan KC, Cohen MS, Marovich MA, Hamilton JD, Hirshberg B, Herman GA, Musser BJ. Nasopharyngeal Viral Load Is the Major Driver of Incident Antibody Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad598. [PMID: 38111750 PMCID: PMC10727195 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Virologic determinants of seroconversion to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were defined in a post hoc analysis of prospectively studied vaccine- and infection-naïve individuals at high risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods This phase 3 COVID-19 prevention trial (NCT04452318) with casirivimab and imdevimab was conducted in July 2020-February 2021, before widespread vaccine availability. Placebo-treated participants who were uninfected (SARS-CoV-2 quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT-qPCR] negative) and seronegative were assessed weekly for 28 days (efficacy assessment period [EAP]) for COVID-19 symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-qPCR of nasopharyngeal swab samples and for serostatus by antinucleocapsid immunoglobulin (Ig) G. Regression-based modeling, including causal mediation analysis, estimated the effects of viral load on seroconversion. Results Of 157/1069 (14.7%) uninfected and seronegative (for antispike IgG, antispike IgA, and antinucleocapsid IgG) participants who became infected during the EAP, 105 (65%) seroconverted. The mean (SD) maximum viral load of seroconverters was 7.23 (1.68) log10 copies/mL vs 4.8 (2.2) log10 copies/mL in those who remained seronegative; viral loads of ∼6.0 log10 copies/mL better predicted seroconversion. The mean of the maximum viral load was 7.11 log10 copies/mL in symptomatic participants vs 5.58 log10 copies/mL in asymptomatic participants. The mean duration of detectable viral load was longer in seroconverted vs seronegative participants: 3.24 vs 1.63 weeks. Conclusions Maximum SARS-CoV-2 viral load is a major driver of seroconversion and symptomatic COVID-19, with high viral loads (∼6.0 log10 copies/mL) better predicting seroconversion. Serology underestimates infection rates, incidence, and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NewYork, USA
| | | | | | | | - Flonza Isa
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NewYork, USA
| | - Peijie Hou
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NewYork, USA
| | - Kuo-Chen Chan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NewYork, USA
| | - Myron S Cohen
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary A Marovich
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Boaz Hirshberg
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NewYork, USA
| | - Gary A Herman
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NewYork, USA
| | - Bret J Musser
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NewYork, USA
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Hou CW, Williams S, Taylor K, Boyle V, Bobbett B, Kouvetakis J, Nguyen K, McDonald A, Harris V, Nussle B, Scharf P, Jehn ML, Lant T, Magee M, Chung Y, LaBaer J, Murugan V. Serological survey to estimate SARS-CoV-2 infection and antibody seroprevalence at a large public university: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072627. [PMID: 37536960 PMCID: PMC10401225 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among adults over 18 years. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTINGS A large public university. PARTICIPANTS This study took volunteers over 5 days and recruited 1064 adult participants. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies due to previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and/or vaccination. RESULTS The seroprevalence of the antireceptor binding domain (RBD) antibody was 90% by a lateral flow assay and 88% by a semiquantitative chemiluminescent immunoassay. The seroprevalence for antinucleocapsid was 20%. In addition, individuals with previous natural COVID-19 infection plus vaccination had higher anti-RBD antibody levels compared with those who had vaccination only or infection only. Individuals who had a breakthrough infection had the highest anti-RBD antibody levels. CONCLUSION Accurate estimates of the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection can inform the development of university risk mitigation protocols such as encouraging booster shots, extending mask mandates or reverting to online classes. It could help us to have clear guidance to act at the first sign of the next surge as well, especially since there is a surge of COVID-19 subvariant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Hou
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Stacy Williams
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Kylee Taylor
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Veronica Boyle
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Bradley Bobbett
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Joseph Kouvetakis
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Keana Nguyen
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Aaron McDonald
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Valerie Harris
- Office of VP Research Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Benjamin Nussle
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Phillip Scharf
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Megan L Jehn
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Timothy Lant
- Office of VP Research Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mitchell Magee
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Yunro Chung
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Vel Murugan
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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6
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SARS-CoV-2 transmission in teenagers and young adults in Fútbol Club Barcelona's Multidisciplinary Sports Training Academy. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:2421-2432. [PMID: 36914778 PMCID: PMC10010953 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-04880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Most studies, aimed at determining the incidence and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in children and teenagers, have been developed in school settings. Our study conducted surveillance and inferred attack rates focusing on the practice of sports. Prospective and observational study of those attending the sports facilities of Fútbol Club Barcelona (FCB), in Barcelona, Spain, throughout the 2020-2021 season. Participants were young players (from five different sports) and adult workers, who belonged to stable teams (shared routines and were involved in same quarantine rules). Biweekly health questionnaires and SARS-CoV-2 screening were conducted. From the 234 participants included, 70 (30%) both lived and trained in the FCB facilities (Recruitment Pathway 1;RP1) and 164 (70%) lived at their own household and just came to the facilities to train (RP2). During the study, 38 positive cases were identified; none had severe symptoms or needed hospitalization. The overall weekly incidence in the cohorts did not differ compared to the one expected in the community, except for 2 weeks when an outbreak occurred. The attack rate (AR) was three times higher for the participants from RP1, in comparison to those from RP2 (p < 0.01). A Basketball team showed a significant higher AR. Conclusion: Physical activities in stable teams are not related to an increased risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, since there were the same observed cases than expected in the community. The risk is higher in indoor sports (Basketball vs. Football), and in closed cohort living settings (RP1 vs. RP2). The fulfilment of preventive measures is essential. What is Known: • Despite the low numerical impact caused in paediatric hospitalizations during COVID-19 pandemic, the social impact has been maximum. • The transmission potential in children and teenagers is limited, and it had been widely demonstrated in school settings. What is New: • Group physical activities in children and teenagers are not also related to an increased risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, when preventive measures, such as washing hands, and screening protocols are applied. • Routine and semi-professional sports activities seem safe environments to promote during this pandemic.
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Comparative Performance of Serological (IgM/IgG) and Molecular Testing (RT-PCR) of COVID-19 in Three Private Universities in Cameroon during the Pandemic. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020407. [PMID: 36851621 PMCID: PMC9966400 DOI: 10.3390/v15020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 remains a rapidly evolving and deadly pandemic worldwide. This necessitates the continuous assessment of existing diagnostic tools for a robust, up-to-date, and cost-effective pandemic response strategy. We sought to determine the infection rate (PCR-positivity) and degree of spread (IgM/IgG) of SARS-CoV-2 in three university settings in Cameroon Method: Study volunteers were recruited from November 2020 to July 2021 among COVID-19 non-vaccinated students in three Universities from two regions of Cameroon (West and Centre). Molecular testing was performed by RT-qPCR on nasopharyngeal swabs, and IgM/IgG antibodies in plasma were detected using the Abbott Panbio IgM/IgG rapid diagnostic test (RDT) at the Virology Laboratory of CREMER/IMPM/MINRESI. The molecular and serological profiles were compared, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Amongst the 291 participants enrolled (mean age 22.59 ± 10.43 years), 19.59% (57/291) were symptomatic and 80.41% (234/291) were asymptomatic. The overall COVID-19 PCR-positivity rate was 21.31% (62/291), distributed as follows: 25.25% from UdM-Bangangte, 27.27% from ISSBA-Yaounde, and 5% from IUEs/INSAM-Yaounde. Women were more affected than men (28.76% [44/153] vs. 13.04% [18/138], p < 0.0007), and had higher seropositivity rates to IgM+/IgG+ (15.69% [24/153] vs. 7.25% [10/138], p < 0.01). Participants from Bangangté, the nomadic, and the "non-contact cases" primarily presented an active infection compared to those from Yaoundé (p= 0.05, p = 0.05, and p = 0.01, respectively). Overall IgG seropositivity (IgM-/IgG+ and IgM+/IgG+) was 24.4% (71/291). A proportion of 26.92% (7/26) presenting COVID-19 IgM+/IgG- had negative PCR vs. 73.08% (19/26) with positive PCR, p < 0.0001. Furthermore, 17.65% (6/34) with COVID-19 IgM+/IgG+ had a negative PCR as compared to 82.35% with a positive PCR (28/34), p < 0.0001. Lastly, 7.22% (14/194) with IgM-/IgG- had a positive PCR. CONCLUSION This study calls for a rapid preparedness and response strategy in higher institutes in the case of any future pathogen with pandemic or epidemic potential. The observed disparity between IgG/IgM and the viral profile supports prioritizing assays targeting the virus (nucleic acid or antigen) for diagnosis and antibody screening for sero-surveys.
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Lawton K, Keller SM, Barnum S, Arredondo-Lopez C, Spann K, Pusterla N. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in 1186 Equids Presented to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital in California from 2020 to 2022. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112497. [PMID: 36423106 PMCID: PMC9696554 DOI: 10.3390/v14112497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While some companion animals have been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, their role in the COVID-19 pandemic has remained poorly investigated. Equids are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 based on the similarity of the human ACE-2 receptor and reports of infection. Clinical disease and prevalence factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in equids have not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and selected prevalence factors in 1186 equids presented for various conditions to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital over a two-year period. Blood samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using an ELISA targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Further, selected prevalence factors (season, age, breed, sex, presenting complaint) were retrieved from the medical records. No information was available on whether the horses had come into contact with COVID-19-positive individuals. Among the study animals, 42/1186 (3.5%) horses had detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Amongst the prevalence factors investigated, only seasonality (spring) was associated with a greater frequency of seropositivity to SARS-CoV-2. Horses with medical and surgical complaints were more likely to test seropositive to SARS-CoV-2 compared to horses presented for routine health care procedures, suggesting more frequent and/or longer interactions with individuals with COVID-19. While horses can become infected with SARS-CoV-2 via the occasional spillover from COVID-19 individuals, clinical disease expression remains subclinical, making horses an unlikely contributor to the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaila Lawton
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stefan M. Keller
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Samantha Barnum
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christina Arredondo-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kennedy Spann
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence:
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Choudhary H, Sinha LN, Belodu R, Solanki S, Kumar HRS, Bishnoi R. Patterns of RT-PCR Test Conversion and Implications on Time of Discharge in a District Hospital and a COVID-19 Care Centre in Pali, Rajasthan, India. Cureus 2022; 14:e27325. [PMID: 36043024 PMCID: PMC9411711 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first appeared in 2019, the symptoms are similar to common viral illnesses, and if undiagnosed or there is a delay in treatment, it may prove fatal because of the virus's propensity to attack the respiratory and cardiovascular system. The antigenic conversion status of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was an important criterion for discharge among the COVID-19 patients of the two hospitals in the study. Aim The aim of the study was to assess the time taken to antigenic conversion from positive to negative in RT-PCR test for COVID-19 done on patients admitted to the two hospitals where the study took place. Materials and methods A prospective cross-sectional study with repeated sampling for antigenic conversion by RT-PCR was done on 117 patients of different age groups admitted to Bangur Hospital and Agarsen Bhavan in Pali, Rajasthan, India, from April 27 to June 30, 2020. Pharyngeal and nasal swabs were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR for COVID-19 infection. The patients' first positive sample was taken as “zero sample”. If the repeat sample taken on the fifth day was positive, sampling was repeated after 48 hours on consecutive days 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 of admission till the RT-PCR test returned negative. Results Among the 117 patients, 92 (78.63%) were treated as mild, 10 (8.54%) were moderately severe, and 15 (12.82%) were very severe requiring ICU care. The median rate of conversion of RT-PCR test (positive to negative) from the day of admission was quite variable as five patients converted to negative by RT-PCR test on day seven of admission, one on day eight of admission, 26 on day nine, 30 on day 10, five on day 11, 13 on day 12, 10 on day 13, 11 on day 14, five on day 15, six on day 16, three on day 17, and one on day 18 of admission. Conclusion The study proved that follow-up of patients, prompt and comprehensive treatment, and repeated sampling ensures fast recovery with implications on time to discharge of such patients in a pandemic. The study justified and heralds the message that the inherent immunity of an individual corresponds to the time taken to conversion from positive to negative in the RT-PCR test.
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10
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Hospitalization requiring intensive care unit due to SARS-CoV2 infection correlated with IgM depression and IgG elevation. Future Sci OA 2022; 8:FSO783. [PMID: 35251697 PMCID: PMC8830355 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2021-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated the humoral response against SARS-CoV-2 in patients needing intensive care unit (ICU) care compared with those on general medicine wards. Materials & methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed 113 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. They assessed antibody response against five SARS-CoV-2 epitopes at 6–14 days post symptom onset in these patients. Results: Patients with ICU admissions had decreased anti-nucleocapsid immunoglobulin (Ig)M and increased anti-spike IgG compared with patients not requiring the ICU. IgG levels were positively correlated with length of stay. Conclusion: Higher levels of IgG against the spike protein correlate with COVID-19 disease severity and length of stay in hospitalized patients. This adds to the knowledge of biochemical response to clinical disease and may help predict ICU needs.
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11
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Signorini L, Dolci M, Castelnuovo N, Crespi L, Incorvaia B, Bagnoli P, Parapini S, Basilico N, Galli C, Ambrogi F, Pariani E, Binda S, Ticozzi R, Ferrante P, Delbue S. Longitudinal, virological, and serological assessment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:113-122. [PMID: 34997473 PMCID: PMC8740865 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-01029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Here we described the virological and serological assessment of 23 COVID-19 patients hospitalized and followed up in Milan, Italy, during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Nasopharyngeal (NPS), anal swabs, and blood samples were collected from 23 COVID-19 patients, at hospital admission, and periodically up to discharge, for a median time of 20 days (3-83 days). RNA was isolated and tested for SARS-CoV-2 by qRT-PCR; anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibody titers were evaluated in serum samples by ELISA. SARS-CoV-2 genome was detected in the NPS swabs of the 23 patients, at the admission, and 8/19 (42.1%) were still positive at the discharge. Anal swabs were positive to SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in 20/23 (86.9%) patients; 6/19 (31.6%) were still positive at discharge. The mean time of RNA negative conversion was 17 days (4-36 days) and 33 days (4-77 days), for NPS and anal swabs, respectively. SARS-CoV-2-RNA was detected in the blood of 6/23 (26.1%) patients. Thirteen/23 (56.5%) and 17/23 (73.9%) patients were seropositive for IgM and IgG, respectively, at the admission, and the median IgM and IgG levels significantly (p < 0.05) increased after 13 days. Although the limited cohort size, our report provides evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is shed through multiple routes, with important implications in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Signorini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Dolci
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Castelnuovo
- Istituto Clinico Città Studi (ICCS), Via Jommelli 17, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigia Crespi
- Istituto Clinico Città Studi (ICCS), Via Jommelli 17, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Incorvaia
- Istituto Clinico Città Studi (ICCS), Via Jommelli 17, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Bagnoli
- Istituto Clinico Città Studi (ICCS), Via Jommelli 17, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Galli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Ambrogi
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Scientific Directorate, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Pariani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Binda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosalia Ticozzi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,Istituto Clinico Città Studi (ICCS), Via Jommelli 17, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
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