1
|
Hanada T, Empitu MA, Mines GI, Ma Q, Omorodion IL, Link A, Schwake CJ, Krueger RM, DaRosa NS, Levin AE, Vannier E, Chishti AH. Identification of Babesia microti immunoreactive antigens by phage display cDNA screen. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0021524. [PMID: 38884473 PMCID: PMC11238553 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00215-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Human babesiosis is a malaria-like illness caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. Babesia microti is responsible for most cases of human babesiosis in the United States, particularly in the Northeast and the Upper Midwest. Babesia microti is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected deer ticks but also through the transfusion of blood components, particularly red blood cells. There is a high risk of severe and even fatal disease in immunocompromised patients. To date, serology testing relies on an indirect immunofluorescence assay that uses the whole Babesia microti antigen. Here, we report the construction of phage display cDNA libraries from Babesia microti-infected erythrocytes as well as human reticulocytes obtained from donors with hereditary hemochromatosis. Plasma samples were obtained from patients who were or had been infected with Babesia microti. The non-specific antibody reactivity of these plasma samples was minimized by pre-exposure to the human reticulocyte library. Using this novel experimental strategy, immunoreactive segments were identified in three Babesia microti antigens termed BmSA1 (also called BMN1-9; BmGPI12), BMN1-20 (BMN1-17; Bm32), and BM4.12 (N1-15). Moreover, our findings indicate that the major immunoreactive segment of BmSA1 does not overlap with the segment that mediates BmSA1 binding to mature erythrocytes. When used in combination, the three immunoreactive segments form the basis of a sensitive and comprehensive diagnostic immunoassay for human babesiosis, with implications for vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Hanada
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maulana A. Empitu
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory I. Mines
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qianni Ma
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Iziegbe L. Omorodion
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ansel Link
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher J. Schwake
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel M. Krueger
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas S. DaRosa
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Edouard Vannier
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Athar H. Chishti
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alves-Rosa MF, Tayler NM, Dorta D, Coronado LM, Spadafora C. P. falciparum Invasion and Erythrocyte Aging. Cells 2024; 13:334. [PMID: 38391947 PMCID: PMC10887143 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites need to find red blood cells (RBCs) that, on the one hand, expose receptors for the pathogen ligands and, on the other hand, maintain the right geometry to facilitate merozoite attachment and entry into the red blood cell. Both characteristics change with the maturation of erythrocytes. Some Plasmodia prefer younger vs. older erythrocytes. How does the life evolution of the RBC affect the invasion of the parasite? What happens when the RBC ages? In this review, we present what is known up until now.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicio de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (M.F.A.-R.); (N.M.T.); (D.D.); (L.M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Molina-Franky J, Patarroyo ME, Kalkum M, Patarroyo MA. The Cellular and Molecular Interaction Between Erythrocytes and Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:816574. [PMID: 35433504 PMCID: PMC9008539 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.816574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the most lethal human malaria parasite, partly due to its genetic variability and ability to use multiple invasion routes via its binding to host cell surface receptors. The parasite extensively modifies infected red blood cell architecture to promote its survival which leads to increased cell membrane rigidity, adhesiveness and permeability. Merozoites are initially released from infected hepatocytes and efficiently enter red blood cells in a well-orchestrated process that involves specific interactions between parasite ligands and erythrocyte receptors; symptoms of the disease occur during the life-cycle’s blood stage due to capillary blockage and massive erythrocyte lysis. Several studies have focused on elucidating molecular merozoite/erythrocyte interactions and host cell modifications; however, further in-depth analysis is required for understanding the parasite’s biology and thus provide the fundamental tools for developing prophylactic or therapeutic alternatives to mitigate or eliminate Plasmodium falciparum-related malaria. This review focuses on the cellular and molecular events during Plasmodium falciparum merozoite invasion of red blood cells and the alterations that occur in an erythrocyte once it has become infected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Molina-Franky
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
- PhD Programme in Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Health Sciences Division, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Markus Kalkum, ; Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo,
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Health Sciences Division, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Markus Kalkum, ; Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Goerdeler F, Seeberger PH, Moscovitz O. Unveiling the Sugary Secrets of Plasmodium Parasites. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:712538. [PMID: 34335547 PMCID: PMC8322443 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.712538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites cause malaria disease, one of the leading global health burdens for humanity, infecting hundreds of millions of people each year. Different glycans on the parasite and the host cell surface play significant roles in both malaria pathogenesis and host defense mechanisms. So far, only small, truncated N- and O-glycans have been identified in Plasmodium species. In contrast, complex glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) glycolipids are highly abundant on the parasite’s cell membrane and are essential for its survival. Moreover, the parasites express lectins that bind and exploit the host cell surface glycans for different aspects of the parasite life cycle, such as adherence, invasion, and evasion of the host immune system. In parallel, the host cell glycocalyx and lectin expression serve as the first line of defense against Plasmodium parasites and directly dictate susceptibility to Plasmodium infection. This review provides an overview of the glycobiology involved in Plasmodium-host interactions and its contribution to malaria pathogenesis. Recent findings are presented and evaluated in the context of potential therapeutic exploitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Goerdeler
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oren Moscovitz
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kumar V, Rumaisha, Behl A, Munjal A, Abid M, Singh S. Prefoldin subunit 6 of Plasmodium falciparum binds merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1). FEBS Open Bio 2020; 12:1050-1060. [PMID: 33145997 PMCID: PMC9063436 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a human disease caused by eukaryotic protozoan parasites of the Plasmodium genus. Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) causes the most lethal form of human malaria and is responsible for widespread mortality worldwide. Prefoldin is a heterohexameric molecular complex that binds and delivers unfolded proteins to chaperonin for correct folding. The prefoldin PFD6 is predicted to interact with merozoite surface protein‐1 (MSP‐1), a protein well known to play a pivotal role in erythrocyte binding and invasion by Plasmodium merozoites. We previously found that the P. falciparum (Pf) genome contains six prefoldin genes and a prefoldin‐like gene whose molecular functions are unidentified. Here, we analyzed the expression of PfPFD‐6 during the asexual blood stages of the parasite and investigated its interacting partners. PfPFD‐6 was found to be significantly expressed at the trophozoite and schizont stages. Pull‐down assays suggest PfPFD‐6 interacts with MSP‐1. In silico analysis suggested critical residues involved in the PfPFD‐6‐MSP‐1 interaction. Our data suggest PfPFD‐6 may play a role in stabilizing or trafficking MSP‐1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rumaisha
- Medicinal Chemistry laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Behl
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Akshay Munjal
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reyes C, Molina-Franky J, Aza-Conde J, Suárez CF, Pabón L, Moreno-Vranich A, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Malaria: Paving the way to developing peptide-based vaccines against invasion in infectious diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:1021-1026. [PMID: 32439169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a large-scale public health problem, killing more than 400,000 people and infecting up to 230 million worldwide, every year. Unfortunately, despite numerous efforts and research concerning vaccine development, results to date have been low and/or strain-specific. This work describes a strategy involving Plasmodium falciparum Duffy binding-like (DBL) and reticulocyte-binding protein homologue (RH) family-derived minimum functional peptides, netMHCIIpan3.2 parental and modified peptides' in silico binding prediction and modeling some Aotus major histocompatibility class II (MHCII) molecules based on known human molecules' structure to understand their differences. These are used to explain peptides' immunological behaviour when used as vaccine components in the Aotus model. Despite the great similarity between human and Aotus immune system molecules, around 50% of Aotus allele molecules lack a counterpart in the human immune system which could lead to an Aotus-specific vaccine. It was also confirmed that functional Plasmodium falciparum' conserved proteins are immunologically silent (in both the animal model and in-silico prediction); they must therefore be modified to elicit an appropriate immune response. Some peptides studied here had the desired behaviour and can thus be considered components of a fully-protective antimalarial vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César Reyes
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jessica Molina-Franky
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Jorge Aza-Conde
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos F Suárez
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laura Pabón
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Armando Moreno-Vranich
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel E Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dans MG, Weiss GE, Wilson DW, Sleebs BE, Crabb BS, de Koning-Ward TF, Gilson PR. Screening the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box for invasion and egress inhibitors of the blood stage of Plasmodium falciparum reveals several inhibitory compounds. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:235-252. [PMID: 32135179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With emerging resistance to frontline treatments, it is vital that new drugs are identified to target Plasmodium falciparum. One of the most critical processes during parasites asexual lifecycle is the invasion and subsequent egress of red blood cells (RBCs). Many unique parasite ligands, receptors and enzymes are employed during egress and invasion that are essential for parasite proliferation and survival, therefore making these processes druggable targets. To identify potential inhibitors of egress and invasion, we screened the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box, a 400 compound library against neglected tropical diseases, including 125 with antimalarial activity. For this screen, we utilised transgenic parasites expressing a bioluminescent reporter, nanoluciferase (Nluc), to measure inhibition of parasite egress and invasion in the presence of the Pathogen Box compounds. At a concentration of 2 µM, we found 15 compounds that inhibited parasite egress by >40% and 24 invasion-specific compounds that inhibited invasion by >90%. We further characterised 11 of these inhibitors through cell-based assays and live cell microscopy, and found two compounds that inhibited merozoite maturation in schizonts, one compound that inhibited merozoite egress, one compound that directly inhibited parasite invasion and one compound that slowed down invasion and arrested ring formation. The remaining compounds were general growth inhibitors that acted during the egress and invasion phase of the cell cycle. We found the sulfonylpiperazine, MMV020291, to be the most invasion-specific inhibitor, blocking successful merozoite internalisation within human RBCs and having no substantial effect on other stages of the cell cycle. This has significant implications for the possible development of an invasion-specific inhibitor as an antimalarial in a combination based therapy, in addition to being a useful tool for studying the biology of the invading parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G Dans
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Greta E Weiss
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Danny W Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brendan S Crabb
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Paul R Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jaskiewicz E, Jodłowska M, Kaczmarek R, Zerka A. Erythrocyte glycophorins as receptors for Plasmodium merozoites. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:317. [PMID: 31234897 PMCID: PMC6591965 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycophorins are heavily glycosylated sialoglycoproteins of human and animal erythrocytes. In humans, there are four glycophorins: A, B, C and D. Glycophorins play an important role in the invasion of red blood cells (RBCs) by malaria parasites, which involves several ligands binding to RBC receptors. Four Plasmodium falciparum merozoite EBL ligands have been identified: erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 (EBA-175), erythrocyte-binding antigen-181 (EBA-181), erythrocyte-binding ligand-1 (EBL-1) and erythrocyte-binding antigen-140 (EBA-140). It is generally accepted that glycophorin A (GPA) is the receptor for P. falciparum EBA-175 ligand. It has been shown that α(2,3) sialic acid residues of GPA O-glycans form conformation-dependent clusters on GPA polypeptide chain which facilitate binding. P. falciparum can also invade erythrocytes using glycophorin B (GPB), which is structurally similar to GPA. It has been shown that P. falciparum EBL-1 ligand binds to GPB. Interestingly, a hybrid GPB-GPA molecule called Dantu is associated with a reduced risk of severe malaria and ameliorates malaria-related morbidity. Glycophorin C (GPC) is a receptor for P. falciparum EBA-140 ligand. Likewise, successful binding of EBA-140 depends on sialic acid residues of N- and O-linked oligosaccharides of GPC, which form a cluster or a conformational structure depending on the presence of peptide fragment encompassing amino acids (aa) 36–63. Evaluation of the homologous P. reichenowi EBA-140 unexpectedly revealed that the chimpanzee homolog of human glycophorin D (GPD) is probably the receptor for this ligand. In this review, we concentrate on the role of glycophorins as erythrocyte receptors for Plasmodium parasites. The presented data support the long-lasting idea of high evolutionary pressure exerted by Plasmodium on the human glycophorins, which emerge as important receptors for these parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jaskiewicz
- Laboratory of Glikobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland. .,Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 1, 65-516, Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Marlena Jodłowska
- Laboratory of Glikobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Radosław Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Glikobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Zerka
- Laboratory of Glikobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ararat-Sarria M, Patarroyo MA, Curtidor H. Parasite-Related Genetic and Epigenetic Aspects and Host Factors Influencing Plasmodium falciparum Invasion of Erythrocytes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 8:454. [PMID: 30693273 PMCID: PMC6339890 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria, a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, is widespread throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions worldwide; it mostly affects children and pregnant woman. Eradication has stalled despite effective prevention measures and medication being available for this disease; this has mainly been due to the parasite's resistance to medical treatment and the mosquito vector's resistance to insecticides. Tackling such resistance involves using renewed approaches and techniques for accruing a deep understanding of the parasite's biology, and developing new drugs and vaccines. Studying the parasite's invasion of erythrocytes should shed light on its ability to switch between invasion phenotypes related to the expression of gene sets encoding proteins acting as ligands during target cell invasion, thereby conferring mechanisms for evading a particular host's immune response and adapting to changes in target cell surface receptors. This review considers some factors influencing the expression of such phenotypes, such as Plasmodium's genetic, transcriptional and epigenetic characteristics, and explores some host-related aspects which could affect parasite phenotypes, aiming at integrating knowledge regarding this topic and the possible relationship between the parasite's biology and host factors playing a role in erythrocyte invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ararat-Sarria
- Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Immunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernando Curtidor
- Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Human erythrocyte band 3 is a host receptor for Plasmodium falciparum glutamic acid-rich protein. Blood 2018; 133:470-480. [PMID: 30545833 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-07-865451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major global threat to human health and economic development. Microvascular lesions caused by Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocytes/red blood cells are hallmarks of severe pathogenesis contributing to high mortality, particularly in children from sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we used a phage display complementary DNA library screening strategy to identify P falciparum glutamic acid-rich protein (PfGARP) as a secreted ligand that recognizes an ectodomain of human erythrocyte anion-exchanger, band 3/AE1, as a host receptor. Domain mapping of PfGARP revealed distinct nonoverlapping repeats encoding the immune response epitopes and core erythrocyte-binding activity. Synthetic peptides derived from the erythrocyte-binding repeats of PfGARP induced erythrocyte aggregation reminiscent of the rosetting phenomenon. Using peptides derived from the immunogenic repeats, a quantitative immunoassay was developed to detect a selective immune response against PfGARP in human plasma samples obtained from patients in rural Mali, suggesting the feasibility of PfGARP as a potential biomarker of disease progression. Collectively, our results suggest that PfGARP may play a functional role in enhancing the adhesive properties of human erythrocytes by engaging band 3 as a host receptor. We propose that immunological and pharmacological inhibition of PfGARP may unveil new therapeutic options for mitigating lesions in cerebral and pregnancy-associated malaria.
Collapse
|
11
|
Genetic Evidence for Erythrocyte Receptor Glycophorin B Expression Levels Defining a Dominant Plasmodium falciparum Invasion Pathway into Human Erythrocytes. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00074-17. [PMID: 28760933 PMCID: PMC5607420 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00074-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes the deadliest form of malaria, has evolved multiple proteins known as invasion ligands that bind to specific erythrocyte receptors to facilitate invasion of human erythrocytes. The EBA-175/glycophorin A (GPA) and Rh5/basigin ligand-receptor interactions, referred to as invasion pathways, have been the subject of intense study. In this study, we focused on the less-characterized sialic acid-containing receptors glycophorin B (GPB) and glycophorin C (GPC). Through bioinformatic analysis, we identified extensive variation in glycophorin B (GYPB) transcript levels in individuals from Benin, suggesting selection from malaria pressure. To elucidate the importance of the GPB and GPC receptors relative to the well-described EBA-175/GPA invasion pathway, we used an ex vivo erythrocyte culture system to decrease expression of GPA, GPB, or GPC via lentiviral short hairpin RNA transduction of erythroid progenitor cells, with global surface proteomic profiling. We assessed the efficiency of parasite invasion into knockdown cells using a panel of wild-type P. falciparum laboratory strains and invasion ligand knockout lines, as well as P. falciparum Senegalese clinical isolates and a short-term-culture-adapted strain. For this, we optimized an invasion assay suitable for use with small numbers of erythrocytes. We found that all laboratory strains and the majority of field strains tested were dependent on GPB expression level for invasion. The collective data suggest that the GPA and GPB receptors are of greater importance than the GPC receptor, supporting a hierarchy of erythrocyte receptor usage in P. falciparum.
Collapse
|
12
|
Acharya P, Garg M, Kumar P, Munjal A, Raja KD. Host-Parasite Interactions in Human Malaria: Clinical Implications of Basic Research. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:889. [PMID: 28572796 PMCID: PMC5435807 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite, Plasmodium, is one of the oldest parasites documented to infect humans and has proven particularly hard to eradicate. One of the major hurdles in designing an effective subunit vaccine against the malaria parasite is the insufficient understanding of host–parasite interactions within the human host during infections. The success of the parasite lies in its ability to evade the human immune system and recruit host responses as physiological cues to regulate its life cycle, leading to rapid acclimatization of the parasite to its immediate host environment. Hence understanding the environmental niche of the parasite is crucial in developing strategies to combat this deadly infectious disease. It has been increasingly recognized that interactions between parasite proteins and host factors are essential to establishing infection and virulence at every stage of the parasite life cycle. This review reassesses all of these interactions and discusses their clinical importance in designing therapeutic approaches such as design of novel vaccines. The interactions have been followed from the initial stages of introduction of the parasite under the human dermis until asexual and sexual blood stages which are essential for transmission of malaria. We further classify the interactions as “direct” or “indirect” depending upon their demonstrated ability to mediate direct physical interactions of the parasite with host factors or their indirect manipulation of the host immune system since both forms of interactions are known to have a crucial role during infections. We also discuss the many ways in which this understanding has been taken to the field and the success of these strategies in controlling human malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| | - Manika Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard UniversityNew Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| | - Akshay Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| | - K D Raja
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Patarroyo ME, Alba MP, Rojas-Luna R, Bermudez A, Aza-Conde J. Functionally relevant proteins in Plasmodium falciparum host cell invasion. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:131-155. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A totally effective, antimalarial vaccine must involve sporozoite and merozoite proteins (or their fragments) to ensure complete parasite blocking during critical invasion stages. This Special Report examines proteins involved in critical biological functions for parasite survival and highlights the conserved amino acid sequences of the most important proteins involved in sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes and merozoite invasion of red blood cells. Conserved high activity binding peptides are located in such proteins’ functionally strategic sites, whose functions are related to receptor binding, nutrient and protein transport, enzyme activity and molecule–molecule interactions. They are thus excellent targets for vaccine development as they block proteins binding function involved in invasion and also their biological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel E Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26–20 Bogotá, Colombia
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Martha P Alba
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26–20 Bogotá, Colombia
- Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (UDCA), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rocío Rojas-Luna
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26–20 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Bermudez
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26–20 Bogotá, Colombia
- Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Jorge Aza-Conde
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26–20 Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Red cell receptors provide unique entry points for Plasmodium parasites to initiate blood-stage malaria infection. Parasites encode distinct ligands that bind specifically to both highly abundant and low-copy receptors. Recent advances in the understanding of molecular and structural mechanisms of these interactions provide fundamental insights into receptor-ligand biology and molecular targets for intervention. RECENT FINDINGS The review focuses on the requirements for known interactions, insight derived from complex structures, and mechanisms of receptor/ligand engagement. Further, novel roles for established red cell membrane proteins, parasite ligands and associated interacting partners have recently been established in red cell invasion. SUMMARY The new knowledge underlines the intricacies involved in invasion by a eukaryotic parasite into a eukaryotic host cell demonstrated by expanded parasite ligand families, redundancy in red cell receptor engagement, multitiered temporal binding, and the breadth of receptors engaged.
Collapse
|
15
|
Satchwell TJ. Erythrocyte invasion receptors for Plasmodium falciparum: new and old. Transfus Med 2016; 26:77-88. [PMID: 26862042 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the complex process by which the invasive form of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, the merozoite, attaches to and invades erythrocytes as part of its blood stage life cycle represents a key area of research in the battle to combat malaria. Central to this are efforts to determine the identity of receptors on the host cell surface, their corresponding merozoite-binding proteins and the functional relevance of these binding events as part of the invasion process. This review will provide an updated summary of studies identifying receptor interactions essential for or implicated in P. falciparum merozoite invasion of human erythrocytes, highlighting the recent identification of new receptors using groundbreaking high throughput approaches and with particular focus on the properties and putative involvement of the erythrocyte proteins targeted by these invasion pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Satchwell
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
There have been significant decreases in malaria mortality and morbidity in the last 10-15 years, and the most advanced pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine, RTS,S, received a positive opinion from European regulators in July 2015. However, no blood-stage vaccine has reached a phase III trial. The first part of this review summarizes the pros and cons of various assays and models that have been and will be used to predict the efficacy of blood-stage vaccines. In the second part, blood-stage vaccine candidates that showed some efficacy in human clinical trials or controlled human malaria infection models are discussed. Then, candidates under clinical investigation are described in the third part, and other novel candidates and strategies are reviewed in the last part.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoyo Miura
- a Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Rockville , MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lelliott PM, McMorran BJ, Foote SJ, Burgio G. The influence of host genetics on erythrocytes and malaria infection: is there therapeutic potential? Malar J 2015. [PMID: 26215182 PMCID: PMC4517643 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0809-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As parasites, Plasmodium species depend upon their host for survival. During the blood stage of their life-cycle parasites invade and reside within erythrocytes, commandeering host proteins and resources towards their own ends, and dramatically transforming the host cell. Parasites aptly avoid immune detection by minimizing the exposure of parasite proteins and removing themselves from circulation through cytoadherence. Erythrocytic disorders brought on by host genetic mutations can interfere with one or more of these processes, thereby providing a measure of protection against malaria to the host. This review summarizes recent findings regarding the mechanistic aspects of this protection, as mediated through the parasites interaction with abnormal erythrocytes. These novel findings include the reliance of the parasite on the host enzyme ferrochelatase, and the discovery of basigin and CD55 as obligate erythrocyte receptors for parasite invasion. The elucidation of these naturally occurring malaria resistance mechanisms is increasing the understanding of the host-parasite interaction, and as discussed below, is providing new insights into the development of therapies to prevent this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Lelliott
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Brendan J McMorran
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Simon J Foote
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Gaetan Burgio
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Merozoite surface protein 1 recognition of host glycophorin A mediates malaria parasite invasion of red blood cells. Blood 2015; 125:2704-11. [PMID: 25778531 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-611707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum invasion of human red blood cells (RBCs) is an intricate process requiring a number of distinct ligand-receptor interactions at the merozoite-erythrocyte interface. Merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), a highly abundant ligand coating the merozoite surface in all species of malaria parasites, is essential for RBC invasion and considered a leading candidate for inclusion in a multiple-subunit vaccine against malaria. Our previous studies identified an interaction between the carboxyl-terminus of MSP1 and RBC band 3. Here, by employing phage display technology, we report a novel interaction between the amino-terminus of MSP1 and RBC glycophorin A (GPA). Mapping of the binding domains established a direct interaction between malaria MSP1 and human GPA within a region of MSP1 known to potently inhibit P falciparum invasion of human RBCs. Furthermore, a genetically modified mouse model lacking the GPA- band 3 complex in RBCs is completely resistant to malaria infection in vivo. These findings suggest an essential role of the MSP1-GPA-band 3 complex during the initial adhesion phase of malaria parasite invasion of RBCs.
Collapse
|
19
|
Critical glycosylated residues in exon three of erythrocyte glycophorin A engage Plasmodium falciparum EBA-175 and define receptor specificity. mBio 2014; 5:e01606-14. [PMID: 25205096 PMCID: PMC4173783 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01606-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythrocyte invasion is an essential step in the pathogenesis of malaria. The erythrocyte binding-like (EBL) family of Plasmodium falciparum proteins recognizes glycophorins (Gp) on erythrocytes and plays a critical role in attachment during invasion. However, the molecular basis for specific receptor recognition by each parasite ligand has remained elusive, as is the case with the ligand/receptor pair P. falciparum EBA-175 (PfEBA-175)/GpA. This is due largely to difficulties in producing properly glycosylated and functional receptors. Here, we developed an expression system to produce recombinant glycosylated and functional GpA, as well as mutations and truncations. We identified the essential binding region and determinants for PfEBA-175 engagement, demonstrated that these determinants are required for the inhibition of parasite growth, and identified the glycans important in mediating the PfEBA-175–GpA interaction. The results suggest that PfEBA-175 engages multiple glycans of GpA encoded by exon 3 and that the presentation of glycans is likely required for high-avidity binding. The absence of exon 3 in GpB and GpE due to a splice site mutation confers specific recognition of GpA by PfEBA-175. We speculate that GpB and GpE may have arisen due to selective pressure to lose the PfEBA-175 binding site in GpA. The expression system described here has wider application for examining other EBL members important in parasite invasion, as well as additional pathogens that recognize glycophorins. The ability to define critical binding determinants in receptor-ligand interactions, as well as a system to genetically manipulate glycosylated receptors, opens new avenues for the design of interventions that disrupt parasite invasion. Plasmodium falciparum uses distinct ligands that bind host cell receptors for invasion of red blood cells (RBCs) during malaria infection. A key entry pathway involves P. falciparum EBA-175 (PfEBA-175) recognizing glycophorin A (GpA) on RBCs. Despite knowledge of this protein-protein interaction, the complete mechanism for specific receptor engagement is not known. PfEBA-175 recognizes GpA but is unable to engage the related RBC receptor GpB or GpE. Understanding the necessary elements that enable PfEBA-175 to specifically recognize GpA is critical in developing specific and potent inhibitors of PfEBA-175 that disrupt host cell invasion and aid in malaria control. Here, we describe a novel system to produce and manipulate the host receptor GpA. Using this system, we probed the elements in GpA necessary for engagement and thus for host cell invasion. These studies have important implications for understanding how ligands and receptors interact and for the future development of malaria interventions.
Collapse
|
20
|
Baldwin M, Yamodo I, Ranjan R, Li X, Mines G, Marinkovic M, Hanada T, Oh SS, Chishti AH. Human erythrocyte band 3 functions as a receptor for the sialic acid-independent invasion of Plasmodium falciparum. Role of the RhopH3-MSP1 complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2855-70. [PMID: 25157665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum takes advantage of two broadly defined alternate invasion pathways when infecting human erythrocytes: one that depends on and the other that is independent of host sialic acid residues on the erythrocyte surface. Within the sialic acid-dependent (SAD) and sialic acid-independent (SAID) invasion pathways, several alternate host receptors are used by P. falciparum based on its particular invasion phenotype. Earlier, we reported that two putative extracellular regions of human erythrocyte band 3 termed 5C and 6A function as host invasion receptor segments binding parasite proteins MSP1 and MSP9 via a SAID mechanism. In this study, we developed two mono-specific anti-peptide chicken IgY antibodies to demonstrate that the 5C and 6A regions of band 3 are exposed on the surface of human erythrocytes. These antibodies inhibited erythrocyte invasion by the P. falciparum 3D7 and 7G8 strains (SAID invasion phenotype), and the blocking effect was enhanced in sialic acid-depleted erythrocytes. In contrast, the IgY antibodies had only a marginal inhibitory effect on FCR3 and Dd2 strains (SAD invasion phenotype). A direct biochemical interaction between erythrocyte band 3 epitopes and parasite RhopH3, identified by the yeast two-hybrid screen, was established. RhopH3 formed a complex with MSP119 and the 5ABC region of band 3, and a recombinant segment of RhopH3 inhibited parasite invasion in human erythrocytes. Together, these findings provide evidence that erythrocyte band 3 functions as a major host invasion receptor in the SAID invasion pathway by assembling a multi-protein complex composed of parasite ligands RhopH3 and MSP1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Baldwin
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Innocent Yamodo
- St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xuerong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Gregory Mines
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Marina Marinkovic
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Toshihiko Hanada
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Steven S Oh
- St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
| | - Athar H Chishti
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang Y, Jiang N, Lu H, Hou N, Piao X, Cai P, Yin J, Wahlgren M, Chen Q. Proteomic analysis of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts reveals heparin-binding merozoite proteins. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2185-93. [PMID: 23566259 DOI: 10.1021/pr400038j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum utilizes host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) as receptors for erythrocyte invasion and intravascular sequestration. Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are GAGs which can block erythrocyte invasion of the P. falciparum merozoite, albeit the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Characterization of these heparin-binding merozoite proteins and key ligands in the host-parasite interplay will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites. Here, schizont-derived proteins that bind heparin were enriched by affinity chromatography, and 6062 peptides from 811 P. falciparum-derived proteins were identified by two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/LC-MS/MS). The proteins were categorized into 14 functional groups ranging from pathogenesis, protein catabolic process to signal transduction. Proteins with predominant peptide counts were found to mainly originate from the rhoptry organelle of merozoites and the parasitized erythrocyte membrane. The profile of the heparin/HS-binding proteome of P. falciparum suggests they have important functions in the biology of the parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Xian Da Lu 5333, Changchun 130062, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ambroggio X, Jiang L, Aebig J, Obiakor H, Lukszo J, Narum DL. The epitope of monoclonal antibodies blocking erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum map to the dimerization and receptor glycan binding sites of EBA-175. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56326. [PMID: 23457550 PMCID: PMC3574135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and related parasites use a variety of proteins with Duffy-Binding Like (DBL) domains to bind glycoproteins on the surface of host cells. Among these proteins, the 175 kDa erythrocyte binding antigen, EBA-175, specifically binds to glycophorin A on the surface of human erythrocytes during the process of merozoite invasion. The domain responsible for glycophorin A binding was identified as region II (RII) which contains two DBL domains, F1 and F2. The crystal structure of this region revealed a dimer that is presumed to represent the glycophorin A binding conformation as sialic acid binding sites and large cavities are observed at the dimer interface. The dimer interface is largely composed of two loops from within each monomer, identified as the F1 and F2 β-fingers that contact depressions in the opposing monomers in a similar manner. Previous studies have identified a panel of five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) termed R215 to R218 and R256 that bind to RII and inhibit invasion of erythrocytes to varying extents. In this study, we predict the F2 β-finger region as the conformational epitope for mAbs, R215, R217, and R256, and confirm binding for the most effective blocking mAb R217 and R215 to a synthetic peptide mimic of the F2 β-finger. Localization of the epitope to the dimerization and glycan binding sites of EBA-175 RII and site-directed mutagenesis within the predicted epitope are consistent with R215 and R217 blocking erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum by preventing formation of the EBA-175– glycophorin A complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Ambroggio
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lubin Jiang
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Joan Aebig
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harold Obiakor
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan Lukszo
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David L. Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tonelli RR, Colli W, Alves MJM. Selection of binding targets in parasites using phage-display and aptamer libraries in vivo and in vitro. Front Immunol 2013; 3:419. [PMID: 23316203 PMCID: PMC3540409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite infections are largely dependent on interactions between pathogen and different host cell populations to guarantee a successful infectious process. This is particularly true for obligatory intracellular parasites as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Leishmania, to name a few. Adhesion to and entry into the cell are essential steps requiring specific parasite and host cell molecules. The large amount of possible involved molecules poses additional difficulties for their identification by the classical biochemical approaches. In this respect, the search for alternative techniques should be pursued. Among them two powerful methodologies can be employed, both relying upon the construction of highly diverse combinatorial libraries of peptides or oligonucleotides that randomly bind with high affinity to targets on the cell surface and are selectively displaced by putative ligands. These are, respectively, the peptide-based phage display and the oligonucleotide-based aptamer techniques. The phage display technique has been extensively employed for the identification of novel ligands in vitro and in vivo in different areas such as cancer, vaccine development, and epitope mapping. Particularly, phage display has been employed in the investigation of pathogen–host interactions. Although this methodology has been used for some parasites with encouraging results, in trypanosomatids its use is, as yet, scanty. RNA and DNA aptamers, developed by the SELEX process (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment), were described over two decades ago and since then contributed to a large number of structured nucleic acids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes or for the understanding of the cell biology. Similarly to the phage display technique scarce use of the SELEX process has been used in the probing of parasite–host interaction. In this review, an overall survey on the use of both phage display and aptamer technologies in different pathogenic organisms will be discussed. Using these techniques, recent results on the interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with the host will be highlighted focusing on members of the 85 kDa protein family, a subset of the gp85/TS superfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Tonelli
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lopez-Perez M, Villasis E, Machado RLD, Póvoa MM, Vinetz JM, Blair S, Gamboa D, Lustigman S. Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from South America use an atypical red blood cell invasion pathway associated with invasion ligand polymorphisms. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47913. [PMID: 23118907 PMCID: PMC3485327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of Plasmodium falciparum invasion pathways in field isolates have been limited. Red blood cell (RBC) invasion is a complex process involving two invasion protein families; Erythrocyte Binding-Like (EBL) and the Reticulocyte Binding-Like (PfRh) proteins, which are polymorphic and not fully characterized in field isolates. To determine the various P. falciparum invasion pathways used by parasite isolates from South America, we studied the invasion phenotypes in three regions: Colombia, Peru and Brazil. Additionally, polymorphisms in three members of the EBL (EBA-181, EBA-175 and EBL-1) and five members of the PfRh (PfRh1, PfRh2a, PfRh2b, PfRh4, PfRh5) families were determined. We found that most P. falciparum field isolates from Colombia and Peru invade RBCs through an atypical invasion pathway phenotypically characterized as resistant to all enzyme treatments (NrTrCr). Moreover, the invasion pathways and the ligand polymorphisms differed substantially among the Colombian and Brazilian isolates while the Peruvian isolates represent an amalgam of those present in the Colombian and Brazilian field isolates. The NrTrCr invasion profile was associated with the presence of the PfRh2a pepC variant, the PfRh5 variant 1 and EBA-181 RVNKN variant. The ebl and Pfrh expression levels in a field isolate displaying the NrTrCr profile also pointed to PfRh2a, PfRh5 and EBA-181 as being possibly the major players in this invasion pathway. Notably, our studies demonstrate the uniqueness of the Peruvian P. falciparum field isolates in terms of their invasion profiles and ligand polymorphisms, and present a unique opportunity for studying the ability of P. falciparum parasites to expand their invasion repertoire after being reintroduced to human populations. The present study is directly relevant to asexual blood stage vaccine design focused on invasion pathway proteins, suggesting that regional invasion variants and global geographical variation are likely to preclude a simple one size fits all type of vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lopez-Perez
- Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Villasis
- Malaria Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt” Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ricardo L. D. Machado
- Center for Microorganism Investigations, Department of Dermatology, Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Marinete M. Póvoa
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Malaria Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt” Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Silvia Blair
- Malaria Group, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Malaria Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt” Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Sara Lustigman
- Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York City, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|