1
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Marin A, Morales F, Walbaum B. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: mechanisms and role in endocrine resistance. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1406951. [PMID: 39040443 PMCID: PMC11260626 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1406951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) play a significant role in Estrogen Receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer by contributing to tumorigenesis and endocrine resistance. This review explores the structure, signaling pathways, and implications of FGFRs, particularly FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4, in ER+ breast cancer. FGFR1 is frequently amplified, especially in aggressive Luminal B-like tumors, and its amplification is associated with poor prognosis and treatment resistance. The co-amplification of FGFR1 with oncogenes like EIF4EBP1 and NSD3 complicates its role as a standalone oncogenic driver. FGFR2 amplification, though less common, is critical in hormone receptor regulation, driving proliferation and treatment resistance. FGFR3 and FGFR4 also contribute to endocrine resistance through various mechanisms, including the activation of alternate signaling pathways like PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK. Endocrine resistance remains a major clinical challenge, with around 70% of breast cancers initially hormone receptor positive. Despite the success of CDK 4/6 inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapy (ET), resistance often develops, necessitating new treatment strategies. FGFR inhibitors have shown potential in preclinical studies, but clinical trials have yielded limited success due to off-target toxicities and lack of predictive biomarkers. Current clinical trials, including those evaluating FGFR inhibitors like erdafitinib, lucitanib, and dovitinib, have demonstrated mixed outcomes, underscoring the complexity of FGFR signaling in breast cancer. The interplay between FGFR and other signaling pathways highlights the need for comprehensive molecular profiling and personalized treatment approaches. Future research should focus on identifying robust biomarkers and developing combination therapies to enhance the efficacy of FGFR-targeted treatments. In conclusion, targeting FGFR signaling in ER+ breast cancer presents both challenges and opportunities. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms and resistance pathways is crucial for the successful integration of FGFR inhibitors into clinical practice, aiming to improve outcomes for patients with endocrine-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo Marin
- Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Oncology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Morales
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamín Walbaum
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Trusz GJ. Fibroblast growth factor 21. Differentiation 2024:100793. [PMID: 38991938 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2024.100793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) belongs to the FGF19 subfamily and acts systemically, playing a key role in inter-organ crosstalk. Ranging from metabolism, reproduction, and immunity, FGF21 is a pleiotropic hormone which contributes to various physiological processes. Although most of its production across species stems from hepatic tissues, expression of FGF21 in mice has also been identified in adipose tissue, thymus, heart, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. Elevated FGF21 levels are affiliated with various diseases and conditions, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, preeclampsia, as well as cancer. Murine knockout models are viable and show modest weight gain, while overexpression and gain-of-function models display resistance to weight gain, altered bone volume, and enhanced immunity. In addition, FGF21-based therapies are at the forefront of biopharmaceutical strategies aimed at treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume J Trusz
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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3
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Cheng MF, Abdullah FS, Buechler MB. Essential growth factor receptors for fibroblast homeostasis and activation: Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR), Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR), and Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor (TGFβR). F1000Res 2024; 13:120. [PMID: 38988879 PMCID: PMC11234085 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.143514.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are cells of mesenchymal origin that are found throughout the body. While these cells have several functions, their integral roles include maintaining tissue architecture through the production of key extracellular matrix components, and participation in wound healing after injury. Fibroblasts are also key mediators in disease progression during fibrosis, cancer, and other inflammatory diseases. Under these perturbed states, fibroblasts can activate into inflammatory fibroblasts or contractile myofibroblasts. Fibroblasts require various growth factors and mitogenic molecules for survival, proliferation, and differentiation. While the activity of mitogenic growth factors on fibroblasts in vitro was characterized as early as the 1970s, the proliferation and differentiation effects of growth factors on these cells in vivo are unclear. Recent work exploring the heterogeneity of fibroblasts raises questions as to whether all fibroblast cell states exhibit the same growth factor requirements. Here, we will examine and review existing studies on the influence of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), and transforming growth factor β receptor (TGFβR) on fibroblast cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maye F. Cheng
- Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
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4
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Zhang H, Xu D, Huang H, Jiang H, Hu L, Liu L, Sun G, Gao J, Li Y, Xia C, Chen S, Zhou H, Kong X, Wang M, Luo C. Discovery of a Covalent Inhibitor Selectively Targeting the Autophosphorylation Site of c-Src Kinase. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:999-1010. [PMID: 38513196 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Src plays a crucial role in cell signaling and contributes to tumor progression. However, the development of selective c-Src inhibitors turns out to be challenging. In our previous study, we performed posttranslational modification-inspired drug design (PTMI-DD) to provide a plausible way for designing selective kinase inhibitors. In this study, after identifying a unique pocket comprising a less conserved cysteine and an autophosphorylation site in c-Src as well as a promiscuous covalent inhibitor, chemical optimization was performed to obtain (R)-LW-Srci-8 with nearly 75-fold improved potency (IC50 = 35.83 ± 7.21 nM). Crystallographic studies revealed the critical C-F···C═O interactions that may contribute to tight binding. The kinact and Ki values validated the improved binding affinity and decreased warhead reactivity of (R)-LW-Srci-8 for c-Src. Notably, in vitro tyrosine kinase profiling and cellular activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) cooperatively indicated a specific inhibition of c-Src by (R)-LW-Srci-8. Intriguingly, (R)-LW-Srci-8 preferentially binds to inactive c-Src with unphosphorylated Y419 both in vitro and in cells, subsequently disrupting the autophosphorylation. Collectively, our study demonstrated the feasibility of developing selective kinase inhibitors by cotargeting a nucleophilic residue and a posttranslational modification site and providing a chemical probe for c-Src functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528437, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dounan Xu
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528437, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hongchan Huang
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linghao Hu
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528437, China
| | - Liping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ge Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cuicui Xia
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangqian Kong
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingliang Wang
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528437, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528437, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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5
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Karl K, Del Piccolo N, Light T, Roy T, Dudeja P, Ursachi VC, Fafilek B, Krejci P, Hristova K. Ligand bias underlies differential signaling of multiple FGFs via FGFR1. eLife 2024; 12:RP88144. [PMID: 38568193 PMCID: PMC10990489 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The differential signaling of multiple FGF ligands through a single fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR) plays an important role in embryonic development. Here, we use quantitative biophysical tools to uncover the mechanism behind differences in FGFR1c signaling in response to FGF4, FGF8, and FGF9, a process which is relevant for limb bud outgrowth. We find that FGF8 preferentially induces FRS2 phosphorylation and extracellular matrix loss, while FGF4 and FGF9 preferentially induce FGFR1c phosphorylation and cell growth arrest. Thus, we demonstrate that FGF8 is a biased FGFR1c ligand, as compared to FGF4 and FGF9. Förster resonance energy transfer experiments reveal a correlation between biased signaling and the conformation of the FGFR1c transmembrane domain dimer. Our findings expand the mechanistic understanding of FGF signaling during development and bring the poorly understood concept of receptor tyrosine kinase ligand bias into the spotlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Karl
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Nuala Del Piccolo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Taylor Light
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Tanaya Roy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Pooja Dudeja
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Vlad-Constantin Ursachi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University HospitalBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Bohumil Fafilek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University HospitalBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University HospitalBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
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6
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Mahapatra S, Jonniya NA, Koirala S, Kar P. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal phosphorylation-induced conformational dynamics of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 kinase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:2929-2941. [PMID: 37160693 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2209189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor1 (FGFR1) kinase wields exquisite control on cell fate, proliferation, differentiation, and homeostasis. An imbalance of FGFR1 signaling leads to several pathogeneses of diseases ranging from multiple cancers to allergic and neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we investigated the phosphorylation-induced conformational dynamics of FGFR1 in apo and ATP-bound states via all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. All simulations were performed for 2 × 2 µs. We have also investigated the energetics of the binding of ATP to FGFR1 using the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann scheme. Our study reveals that the FGFR1 kinase can reach a fully active configuration through phosphorylation and ATP binding. A 3-10 helix formation in the activation loop signifies its rearrangement leading to stability upon ATP binding. The interaction of phosphorylated tyrosine (pTyr654) with positively charged residues forms strong salt-bridge interactions, driving the compactness of the structure. The dynamic cross-correlation map reveals phosphorylation enhances correlated motions and reduces anti-correlated motions between different domains. We believe that the mechanistic understanding of large-conformational changes upon the activation of the FGFR1 kinase will aid the development of novel targeted therapeutics.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasmita Mahapatra
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nisha Amarnath Jonniya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Suman Koirala
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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7
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de Traux De Wardin H, Cyrta J, Dermawan JK, Guillemot D, Orbach D, Aerts I, Pierron G, Antonescu CR. FGFR1 fusions as a novel molecular driver in rhabdomyosarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2024; 63:e23232. [PMID: 38607246 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The wide application of RNA sequencing in clinical practice has allowed the discovery of novel fusion genes, which have contributed to a refined molecular classification of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Most fusions in RMS result in aberrant transcription factors, such as PAX3/7::FOXO1 in alveolar RMS (ARMS) and fusions involving VGLL2 or NCOA2 in infantile spindle cell RMS. However, recurrent fusions driving oncogenic kinase activation have not been reported in RMS. Triggered by an index case of an unclassified RMS (overlapping features between ARMS and sclerosing RMS) with a novel FGFR1::ANK1 fusion, we reviewed our molecular files for cases harboring FGFR1-related fusions. One additional case with an FGFR1::TACC1 fusion was identified in a tumor resembling embryonal RMS (ERMS) with anaplasia, but with no pathogenic variants in TP53 or DICER1 on germline testing. Both cases occurred in males, aged 7 and 24, and in the pelvis. The 2nd case also harbored additional alterations, including somatic TP53 and TET2 mutations. Two additional RMS cases (one unclassified, one ERMS) with FGFR1 overexpression but lacking FGFR1 fusions were identified by RNA sequencing. These two cases and the FGFR1::TACC1-positive case clustered together with the ERMS group by RNAseq. This is the first report of RMS harboring recurrent FGFR1 fusions. However, it remains unclear if FGFR1 fusions define a novel subset of RMS or alternatively, whether this alteration can sporadically drive the pathogenesis of known RMS subtypes, such as ERMS. Additional larger series with integrated genomic and epigenetic datasets are needed for better subclassification, as the resulting oncogenic kinase activation underscores the potential for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry de Traux De Wardin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Brussels University Hospital, Academic Children's Hospital Queen Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joanna Cyrta
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Josephine K Dermawan
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Daniel Orbach
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer), PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Aerts
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer), PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Gaelle Pierron
- Unité de Génétique Somatique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Cristina R Antonescu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Chi F, Griffiths JI, Nath A, Bild AH. Paradoxical cancer cell proliferation after FGFR inhibition through decreased p21 signaling in FGFR1-amplified breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26:54. [PMID: 38553760 PMCID: PMC10979625 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-024-01808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) control various cellular functions through fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) activation, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. FGFR amplification in ER + breast cancer patients correlate with poor prognosis, and FGFR inhibitors are currently being tested in clinical trials. By comparing three-dimensional spheroid growth of ER + breast cancer cells with and without FGFR1 amplification, our research discovered that FGF2 treatment can paradoxically decrease proliferation in cells with FGFR1 amplification or overexpression. In contrast, FGF2 treatment in cells without FGFR1 amplification promotes classical FGFR proliferative signaling through the MAPK cascade. The growth inhibitory effect of FGF2 in FGFR1 amplified cells aligned with an increase in p21, a cell cycle inhibitor that hinders the G1 to S phase transition in the cell cycle. Additionally, FGF2 addition in FGFR1 amplified cells activated JAK-STAT signaling and promoted a stem cell-like state. FGF2-induced paradoxical effects were reversed by inhibiting p21 or the JAK-STAT pathway and with pan-FGFR inhibitors. Analysis of patient ER + breast tumor transcriptomes from the TCGA and METABRIC datasets demonstrated a strong positive association between expression of FGF2 and stemness signatures, which was further enhanced in tumors with high FGFR1 expression. Overall, our findings reveal a divergence in FGFR signaling, transitioning from a proliferative to stemness state driven by activation of JAK-STAT signaling and modulation of p21 levels. Activation of these divergent signaling pathways in FGFR amplified cancer cells and paradoxical growth effects highlight a challenge in the use of FGFR inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 1218 S Fifth Ave, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Jason I Griffiths
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 1218 S Fifth Ave, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Aritro Nath
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 1218 S Fifth Ave, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Andrea H Bild
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 1218 S Fifth Ave, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA.
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9
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Wang D, Liu G, Meng Y, Chen H, Ye Z, Jing J. The Configuration of GRB2 in Protein Interaction and Signal Transduction. Biomolecules 2024; 14:259. [PMID: 38540680 PMCID: PMC10968029 DOI: 10.3390/biom14030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth-factor-receptor-binding protein 2 (GRB2) is a non-enzymatic adaptor protein that plays a pivotal role in precisely regulated signaling cascades from cell surface receptors to cellular responses, including signaling transduction and gene expression. GRB2 binds to numerous target molecules, thereby modulating a complex cell signaling network with diverse functions. The structural characteristics of GRB2 are essential for its functionality, as its multiple domains and interaction mechanisms underpin its role in cellular biology. The typical signaling pathway involving GRB2 is initiated by the ligand stimulation to its receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The activation of RTKs leads to the recruitment of GRB2 through its SH2 domain to the phosphorylated tyrosine residues on the receptor. GRB2, in turn, binds to the Son of Sevenless (SOS) protein through its SH3 domain. This binding facilitates the activation of Ras, a small GTPase, which triggers a cascade of downstream signaling events, ultimately leading to cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Further research and exploration into the structure and function of GRB2 hold great potential for providing novel insights and strategies to enhance medical approaches for related diseases. In this review, we provide an outline of the proteins that engage with domains of GRB2, along with the function of different GRB2 domains in governing cellular signaling pathways. This furnishes essential points of current studies for the forthcoming advancement of therapeutic medications aimed at GRB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Guoxia Liu
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 200072, China
| | - Yuxin Meng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Hongjie Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Zu Ye
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Ji Jing
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, Hangzhou 310022, China
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10
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Lin CC, Wieteska L, Poncet-Montange G, Suen KM, Arold ST, Ahmed Z, Ladbury JE. The combined action of the intracellular regions regulates FGFR2 kinase activity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:728. [PMID: 37452126 PMCID: PMC10349056 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are typically activated through a precise sequence of intracellular phosphorylation events starting with a tyrosine residue on the activation loop (A-loop) of the kinase domain (KD). From this point the mono-phosphorylated enzyme is active, but subject to stringent regulatory mechanisms which can vary dramatically across the different RTKs. In the absence of extracellular stimulation, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) exists in the mono-phosphorylated state in which catalytic activity is regulated to allow rapid response upon ligand binding, whilst restricting ligand-independent activation. Failure of this regulation is responsible for pathologic outcomes including cancer. Here we reveal the molecular mechanistic detail of KD control based on combinatorial interactions of the juxtamembrane (JM) and the C-terminal tail (CT) regions of the receptor. JM stabilizes the asymmetric dimeric KD required for substrate phosphorylation, whilst CT binding opposes dimerization, and down-regulates activity. Direct binding between JM and CT delays the recruitment of downstream effector proteins adding a further control step as the receptor proceeds to full activation. Our findings underscore the diversity in mechanisms of RTK oligomerisation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chuan Lin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lukasz Wieteska
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Guillaume Poncet-Montange
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kin Man Suen
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stefan T Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Computational Bioscience Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Zamal Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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11
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Brown LM, Ekert PG, Fleuren EDG. Biological and clinical implications of FGFR aberrations in paediatric and young adult cancers. Oncogene 2023:10.1038/s41388-023-02705-7. [PMID: 37130917 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rare but recurrent mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathways, most commonly in one of the four FGFR receptor tyrosine kinase genes, can potentially be targeted with broad-spectrum multi-kinase or FGFR selective inhibitors. The complete spectrum of these mutations in paediatric cancers is emerging as precision medicine programs perform comprehensive sequencing of individual tumours. Identification of patients most likely to benefit from FGFR inhibition currently rests on identifying activating FGFR mutations, gene fusions, or gene amplification events. However, the expanding use of transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq) has identified that many tumours overexpress FGFRs, in the absence of any genomic aberration. The challenge now presented is to determine when this indicates true FGFR oncogenic activity. Under-appreciated mechanisms of FGFR pathway activation, including alternate FGFR transcript expression and concomitant FGFR and FGF ligand expression, may mark those tumours where FGFR overexpression is indicative of a dependence on FGFR signalling. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and mechanistic overview of FGFR pathway aberrations and their functional consequences in paediatric cancer. We explore how FGFR over expression might be associated with true receptor activation. Further, we discuss the therapeutic implications of these aberrations in the paediatric setting and outline current and emerging therapeutic strategies to treat paediatric patients with FGFR-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Brown
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul G Ekert
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Emmy D G Fleuren
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Mahapatra S, Jonniya NA, Koirala S, Ursal KD, Kar P. The FGF/FGFR signalling mediated anti-cancer drug resistance and therapeutic intervention. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:13509-13533. [PMID: 36995019 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2191721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) ligands and their receptors are crucial factors driving chemoresistance in several malignancies, challenging the efficacy of currently available anti-cancer drugs. The Fibroblast growth factor/receptor (FGF/FGFR) signalling malfunctions in tumor cells, resulting in a range of molecular pathways that may impact its drug effectiveness. Deregulation of cell signalling is critical since it can enhance tumor growth and metastasis. Overexpression and mutation of FGF/FGFR induce regulatory changes in the signalling pathways. Chromosomal translocation facilitating FGFR fusion production aggravates drug resistance. Apoptosis is inhibited by FGFR-activated signalling pathways, reducing multiple anti-cancer medications' destructive impacts. Angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are facilitated by FGFRs-dependent signalling, which correlates with drug resistance and enhances metastasis. Further, lysosome-mediated drug sequestration is another prominent method of resistance. Inhibition of FGF/FGFR by following a plethora of therapeutic approaches such as covalent and multitarget inhibitors, ligand traps, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant FGFs, combination therapy, and targeting lysosomes and micro RNAs would be helpful. As a result, FGF/FGFR suppression treatment options are evolving nowadays. To increase positive impacts, the processes underpinning the FGF/FGFR axis' role in developing drug resistance need to be clarified, emphasizing the need for more studies to develop novel therapeutic options to address this significant problem. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasmita Mahapatra
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nisha Amarnath Jonniya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Suman Koirala
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kapil Dattatray Ursal
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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13
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Basu D, Pal R, Sarkar M, Barma S, Halder S, Roy H, Nandi S, Samadder A. To Investigate Growth Factor Receptor Targets and Generate Cancer Targeting Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2023; 23:2877-2972. [PMID: 38164722 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266261150231110053650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) regulates multiple pathways, including Mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs), PI3/AKT, JAK/STAT pathway, etc. which has a significant role in the progression and metastasis of tumor. As RTK activation regulates numerous essential bodily processes, including cell proliferation and division, RTK dysregulation has been identified in many types of cancers. Targeting RTK is a significant challenge in cancer due to the abnormal upregulation and downregulation of RTK receptors subfamily EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR, and HGFR in the progression of cancer, which is governed by multiple RTK receptor signalling pathways and impacts treatment response and disease progression. In this review, an extensive focus has been carried out on the normal and abnormal signalling pathways of EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR, and HGFR and their association with cancer initiation and progression. These are explored as potential therapeutic cancer targets and therefore, the inhibitors were evaluated alone and merged with additional therapies in clinical trials aimed at combating global cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debroop Basu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Riya Pal
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, IndiaIndia
| | - Maitrayee Sarkar
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Soubhik Barma
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Sumit Halder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Harekrishna Roy
- Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Vijayawada, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur, 244713, India
| | - Asmita Samadder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
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14
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Chan J, Chan J, Shao L, Stawicki SS, Pham VC, Akita RW, Hafner M, Crocker L, Yu K, Koerber JT, Schaefer G, Comps-Agrar L. Systematic pharmacological analysis of agonistic and antagonistic fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 MAbs reveals a similar unique mode of action. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102729. [PMID: 36410439 PMCID: PMC9758440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a major role in developmental processes and metabolism. The dysregulation of FGFR1 through genetic aberrations leads to skeletal and metabolic diseases as well as cancer. For this reason, FGFR1 is a promising therapeutic target, yet a very challenging one due to potential on-target toxicity. More puzzling is that both agonistic and antagonistic FGFR1 antibodies are reported to exhibit similar toxicity profiles in vivo, namely weight loss. In this study, we aimed to assess and compare the mechanism of action of these molecules to better understand this apparent contradiction. By systematically comparing the binding of these antibodies and the activation or the inhibition of the major FGFR1 signaling events, we demonstrated that the molecules displayed similar properties and can behave either as an agonist or antagonist depending on the presence or the absence of the endogenous ligand. We further demonstrated that these findings translated in xenografts mice models. In addition, using time-resolved FRET and mass spectrometry analysis, we showed a functionally distinct FGFR1 active conformation in the presence of an antibody that preferentially activates the FGFR substrate 2 (FRS2)-dependent signaling pathway, demonstrating that modulating the geometry of a FGFR1 dimer can effectively change the signaling outputs and ultimately the activity of the molecule in preclinical studies. Altogether, our results highlighted how bivalent antibodies can exhibit both agonistic and antagonistic activities and have implications for targeting other receptor tyrosine kinases with antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Chan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joyce Chan
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, USA
| | - Lily Shao
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Scott S Stawicki
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Victoria C Pham
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics and NGS, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rob W Akita
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marc Hafner
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lisa Crocker
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kebing Yu
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics and NGS, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James T Koerber
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gabriele Schaefer
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Laetitia Comps-Agrar
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, USA.
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15
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Xu Z, Luo W, Chen L, Zhuang Z, Yang D, Qian J, Khan ZA, Guan X, Wang Y, Li X, Liang G. Ang II (Angiotensin II)-Induced FGFR1 (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1) Activation in Tubular Epithelial Cells Promotes Hypertensive Kidney Fibrosis and Injury. Hypertension 2022; 79:2028-2041. [PMID: 35862110 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.18657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated Ang II (angiotensin II) level leads to a range of conditions, including hypertensive kidney disease. Recent evidences indicate that FGFR1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) signaling may be involved in kidney injuries. In this study, we determined whether Ang II alters FGFR1 signaling to mediate renal dysfunction. METHODS Human archival kidney samples from patients with or without hypertension were examined. Multiple genetic and pharmacological approaches were used to investigate FGFR1-mediated signaling in tubular epithelial NRK-52E cells in response to Ang II stimulation. C57BL/6 mice were infused with Ang II for 28 days to develop hypertensive kidney disease. Mice were treated with either adeno-associated virus expressing FGFR1 shRNA or FGFR1 inhibitor AZD4547. RESULTS Kidney specimens from subjects with hypertension and mice challenged with Ang II have increased FGFR1 activity in renal epithelial cells. Renal epithelial cells in culture initiate extracellular matrix programming in response to Ang II, through the activation of FGFR1, which is independent of both AT1R (angiotensin II receptor type 1) and AT2R (angiotensin II receptor type 2). The RNA sequencing analysis indicated that disrupting FGFR1 suppresses Ang II-induced fibrogenic responses in epithelial cells. Mechanistically, Ang II-activated FGFR1 leads to STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) activation, which is responsible for fibrogenic factor expression in kidneys. In the mouse model of hypertensive kidney disease, genetic knockdown of FGFR1 or pharmacological inhibition of its activity protected kidneys from dysfunction and fibrosis upon Ang II challenge. CONCLUSIONS Our studies uncover a novel mechanism causing renal fibrosis in hypertension and indicate FGFR1 as a potential target to preserve renal function and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Z.X., W.L., J.Q., Y.W., X.L., G.L.).,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China (Z.X., L.C., G.L.).,Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Z.X., W.L.)
| | - Wu Luo
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Z.X., W.L., J.Q., Y.W., X.L., G.L.).,Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Z.X., W.L.)
| | - Lingfeng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China (Z.X., L.C., G.L.)
| | - Zaishou Zhuang
- The Affiliated Cangnan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Z.Z., D.Y., X.G.)
| | - Daona Yang
- The Affiliated Cangnan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Z.Z., D.Y., X.G.)
| | - Jianchang Qian
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Z.X., W.L., J.Q., Y.W., X.L., G.L.)
| | - Zia A Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (Z.A.K.)
| | - Xinfu Guan
- The Affiliated Cangnan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Z.Z., D.Y., X.G.)
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Z.X., W.L., J.Q., Y.W., X.L., G.L.)
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Z.X., W.L., J.Q., Y.W., X.L., G.L.)
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Z.X., W.L., J.Q., Y.W., X.L., G.L.).,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China (Z.X., L.C., G.L.).,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, China (G.L.)
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16
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Ramasamy P, Vandermarliere E, Vranken WF, Martens L. Panoramic Perspective on Human Phosphosites. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1894-1915. [PMID: 35793420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is the most common reversible post-translational modification of proteins and is key in the regulation of many cellular processes. Due to this importance, phosphorylation is extensively studied, resulting in the availability of a large amount of mass spectrometry-based phospho-proteomics data. Here, we leverage the information in these large-scale phospho-proteomics data sets, as contained in Scop3P, to analyze and characterize proteome-wide protein phosphorylation sites (P-sites). First, we set out to differentiate correctly observed P-sites from false-positive sites using five complementary site properties. We then describe the context of these P-sites in terms of the protein structure, solvent accessibility, structural transitions and disorder, and biophysical properties. We also investigate the relative prevalence of disease-linked mutations on and around P-sites. Moreover, we assess the structural dynamics of P-sites in their phosphorylated and unphosphorylated states. As a result, we show how large-scale reprocessing of available proteomics experiments can enable a more reliable view on proteome-wide P-sites. Furthermore, adding the structural context of proteins around P-sites helps uncover possible conformational switches upon phosphorylation. Moreover, by placing sites in different biophysical contexts, we show the differential preference in protein dynamics at phosphorylated sites when compared to the nonphosphorylated counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathmanaban Ramasamy
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, ULB-VUB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Centre for Structural Biology, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Wim F Vranken
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, ULB-VUB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Centre for Structural Biology, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lennart Martens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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18
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Gasser E, Sancar G, Downes M, Evans RM. Metabolic Messengers: fibroblast growth factor 1. Nat Metab 2022; 4:663-671. [PMID: 35681108 PMCID: PMC9624216 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 is expressed in multiple tissues, only adipose-derived and brain FGF1 have been implicated in the regulation of metabolism. Adipose FGF1 production is upregulated in response to dietary stress and is essential for adipose tissue plasticity in these conditions. Similarly, in the brain, FGF1 secretion into the ventricular space and the adjacent parenchyma is increased after a hypercaloric challenge induced by either feeding or glucose infusion. Potent anorexigenic properties have been ascribed to both peripheral and centrally injected FGF1. The ability of recombinant FGF1 and variants with reduced mitogenicity to lower glucose, suppress adipose lipolysis and promote insulin sensitization elevates their potential as candidates in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated comorbidities. Here, we provide an overview of the known metabolic functions of endogenous FGF1 and discuss its therapeutic potential, distinguishing between peripherally or centrally administered FGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Gasser
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gencer Sancar
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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19
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Zheng J, Zhang W, Li L, He Y, Wei Y, Dang Y, Nie S, Guo Z. Signaling Pathway and Small-Molecule Drug Discovery of FGFR: A Comprehensive Review. Front Chem 2022; 10:860985. [PMID: 35494629 PMCID: PMC9046545 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.860985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy is a groundbreaking innovation for cancer treatment. Among the receptor tyrosine kinases, the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) garnered substantial attention as promising therapeutic targets due to their fundamental biological functions and frequently observed abnormality in tumors. In the past 2 decades, several generations of FGFR kinase inhibitors have been developed. This review starts by introducing the biological basis of FGF/FGFR signaling. It then gives a detailed description of different types of small-molecule FGFR inhibitors according to modes of action, followed by a systematic overview of small-molecule-based therapies of different modalities. It ends with our perspectives for the development of novel FGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shenyou Nie
- Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zufeng Guo
- Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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20
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Expanding horizons of achondroplasia treatment: current options and future developments. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:535-544. [PMID: 34864168 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations in the FGFR3 receptor tyrosine kinase lead to most prevalent form of genetic dwarfism in humans, the achondroplasia. Many features of the complex function of FGFR3 in growing skeleton were characterized, which facilitated identification of therapy targets, and drove progress toward treatment. In August 2021, the vosoritide was approved for treatment of achondroplasia, which is based on a stable variant of the C-natriuretic peptide. Other drugs may soon follow, as several conceptually different inhibitors of FGFR3 signaling progress through clinical trials. Here, we review the current achondroplasia therapeutics, describe their mechanisms, and illuminate motivations leading to their development. We also discuss perspectives of curing achondroplasia, and options for repurposing achondroplasia drugs for dwarfing conditions unrelated to FGFR3.
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21
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Abstract
The blood level of phosphate is tightly regulated in a narrow range. Hyperphosphatemia and hypophosphatemia both lead to the development of diseases, such as hyperphosphatemic tumoral calcinosis and rickets/osteomalacia, respectively. Although several humoral factors have been known to affect blood phosphate levels, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is the principal hormone involved in the regulation of blood phosphate. This hormone is produced by bone, particularly by osteocytes and osteoblasts, and has the effect of lowering the blood level of phosphate in the renal proximal tubules. Therefore, some phosphate-sensing mechanism should exist, at least in the bone. However, the mechanisms through which bone senses changes in the blood level of phosphate, and through which the bone regulates FGF23 production remain to be fully elucidated. Our recent findings demonstrate that high extracellular phosphate phosphorylates FGF receptor 1c (FGFR1c). Its downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)/ERK signaling pathway regulates the expression of several transcription factors and the GALNT3 gene, which encodes GalNAc-T3, which plays a role in the regulation of posttranslational modification of FGF23 protein, which in turn enhances FGF23 production. The FGFR1c-GALNT3 gene axis is considered to be the most important mechanism for regulating the production of FGF23 in bone in the response to a high phosphate diet. Thus-in the regulation of FGF23 production and blood phosphate levels-FGFR1c may be considered to function as a phosphate-sensing molecule. A feedback mechanism, in which FGFR1c and FGF23 are involved, is present in blood phosphate regulation. In addition, other reports indicate that PiT1 and PiT2 (type III sodium-phosphate cotransporters), and calcium-sensing receptor are also involved in the phosphate-sensing mechanism. In the present chapter, we summarize new insights on phosphate-sensing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Takashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiji Fukumoto
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
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22
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Francavilla C, O'Brien CS. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling dysregulation and targeting in breast cancer. Open Biol 2022; 12:210373. [PMID: 35193394 PMCID: PMC8864352 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) signalling plays a critical role in breast embryonal development, tissue homeostasis, tumorigenesis and metastasis. FGFR, its numerous FGF ligands and signalling partners are often dysregulated in breast cancer progression and are one of the causes of resistance to treatment in breast cancer. Furthermore, FGFR signalling on epithelial cells is affected by signals from the breast microenvironment, therefore increasing the possibility of breast developmental abnormalities or cancer progression. Increasing our understanding of the multi-layered roles of the complex family of FGFRs, their ligands FGFs and their regulatory partners may offer novel treatment strategies for breast cancer patients, as a single agent or rational co-target, which will be explored in depth in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- The Manchester Breast Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Ciara S. O'Brien
- The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 2BX, UK
- The Manchester Breast Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
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23
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The canonical FGF-FGFR signaling system at the molecular level. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2021-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Extracellular signaling molecules, among them the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), enable cells to communicate with neighboring cells. Such signaling molecules that receive and transmit a signal require specific tyrosine kinase receptors located at the cell surface (fibroblast growth factor receptors, FGFRs). The binding of a signaling molecule to its specific receptor results in receptor dimerization and conformational changes in the cytoplasmic part of the receptor. The conformational changes lead to trans-autophosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase domains of the receptors and subsequently to induction of several downstream signaling pathways and expression of appropriate genes. The signaling pathways activated by FGFs control and coordinate cell behaviors such as cell division, migration, differentiation, and cell death. FGFs and their transmembrane receptors are widely distributed in different tissues and participate in fundamental processes during embryonic, fetal, and adult human life. The human FGF/FGFR family comprises 22 ligands and 4 high affinity receptors. In addition, FGFs bind to low affinity receptors, heparan sulfate proteoglycans at the cell surface. The availability of appropriate ligand/receptor pair, combined with the co-receptor, initiates signaling. Inappropriate FGF/FGFR signaling can cause skeletal disorders, primarily dwarfism, craniofacial malformation syndromes, mood disorders, metabolic disorders, and Kallman syndrome. In addition, aberrations in FGF/FGFR signaling have already been reported in several types of malignant diseases. Knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of FGF/FGFR activation and signaling is necessary to understand the basis of these diseases.
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Parveen N, Lin YL, Chou RH, Sun CM, Yu C. Synthesis of Novel Suramin Analogs With Anti-Proliferative Activity via FGF1 and FGFRD2 Blockade. Front Chem 2022; 9:764200. [PMID: 35047478 PMCID: PMC8763243 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.764200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising approach in cancer therapy is the inhibition of cell proliferation using small molecules. In this study, we report the synthesis of suramin derivatives and their applications. We used NMR spectroscopy and docking simulations to confirm binding sites and three-dimensional models of the ligand-protein complex. The WST-1 assay was used to assess cell viability and cell proliferation in vitro to evaluate the inhibition of protein-protein interactions and to investigate the anti-proliferative activities in a breast cancer cell line. All the suramin derivatives showed anti-proliferative activity by blocking FGF1 binding to its receptor FGFRD2. The dissociation constant was measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. The suramin compound derivatives synthesized herein show potential as novel therapeutic agents for their anti-proliferative activity via the inhibition of protein-protein interactions. The cytotoxicity of these suramin derivatives was lower than that of the parent suramin compound, which may be considered a significant advancement in this field. Thus, these novel suramin derivatives may be considered superior anti-metastasis molecules than those of suramin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhat Parveen
- Chemistry Department, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Liang Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hwang Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program of Biotechnology and Biomedical Industry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ming Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin Yu
- Chemistry Department, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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25
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Turner LD, Trinh CH, Hubball RA, Orritt KM, Lin CC, Burns JE, Knowles MA, Fishwick CWG. From Fragment to Lead: De Novo Design and Development toward a Selective FGFR2 Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2021; 65:1481-1504. [PMID: 34780700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are implicated in a range of cancers with several pan-kinase and selective-FGFR inhibitors currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Pan-FGFR inhibitors often cause toxic side effects and few examples of subtype-selective inhibitors exist. Herein, we describe a structure-guided approach toward the development of a selective FGFR2 inhibitor. De novo design was carried out on an existing fragment series to yield compounds predicted to improve potency against the FGFRs. Subsequent iterative rounds of synthesis and biological evaluation led to an inhibitor with nanomolar potency that exhibited moderate selectivity for FGFR2 over FGFR1/3. Subtle changes to the lead inhibitor resulted in a complete loss of selectivity for FGFR2. X-ray crystallographic studies revealed inhibitor-specific morphological differences in the P-loop which were posited to be fundamental to the selectivity of these compounds. Additional docking studies have predicted an FGFR2-selective H-bond which could be utilized to design more selective FGFR2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis D Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Chi H Trinh
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Ryan A Hubball
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Kyle M Orritt
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Chi-Chuan Lin
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Julie E Burns
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, U.K
| | - Margaret A Knowles
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, U.K
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26
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Chioni AM, Grose RP. Biological Significance and Targeting of the FGFR Axis in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5681. [PMID: 34830836 PMCID: PMC8616401 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic effects of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), the widespread expression of all seven signalling FGF receptors (FGFRs) throughout the body, and the dramatic phenotypes shown by many FGF/R knockout mice, highlight the diversity, complexity and functional importance of FGFR signalling. The FGF/R axis is critical during normal tissue development, homeostasis and repair. Therefore, it is not surprising that substantial evidence also pinpoints the involvement of aberrant FGFR signalling in disease, including tumourigenesis. FGFR aberrations in cancer include mutations, gene fusions, and amplifications as well as corrupted autocrine/paracrine loops. Indeed, many clinical trials on cancer are focusing on targeting the FGF/FGFR axis, using selective FGFR inhibitors, nonselective FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, ligand traps, and monoclonal antibodies and some have already been approved for the treatment of cancer patients. The heterogeneous tumour microenvironment and complexity of FGFR signalling may be some of the factors responsible for the resistance or poor response to therapy with FGFR axis-directed therapeutic agents. In the present review we will focus on the structure and function of FGF(R)s, their common irregularities in cancer and the therapeutic value of targeting their function in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina-Myrto Chioni
- School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Richard P. Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
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Chen L, Zhang Y, Yin L, Cai B, Huang P, Li X, Liang G. Fibroblast growth factor receptor fusions in cancer: opportunities and challenges. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:345. [PMID: 34732230 PMCID: PMC8564965 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) play critical roles in many biological processes and developmental functions. Chromosomal translocation of FGFRs result in the formation of chimeric FGFR fusion proteins, which often cause aberrant signaling leading to the development and progression of human cancer. Due to the high recurrence rate and carcinogenicity, oncogenic FGFR gene fusions have been identified as promising therapeutic targets. Erdafitinib and pemigatinib, two FGFR selective inhibitors targeting FGFR fusions, have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat patients with urothelial cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, respectively. Futibatinib, a third-generation FGFR inhibitor, is under phase III clinical trials in patients with FGFR gene rearrangements. Herein, we review the current understanding of the FGF/FGFRs system and the oncogenic effect of FGFR fusions, summarize promising inhibitors under clinical development for patients with FGFR fusions, and highlight the challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Chen
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binhao Cai
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China. .,Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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28
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Liu Y, Deng J, Liu Y, Li W, Nie X. FGF, Mechanism of Action, Role in Parkinson's Disease, and Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:675725. [PMID: 34234672 PMCID: PMC8255968 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.675725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with severe disability and adverse effects on life quality. In PD, motor dysfunction can occur, such as quiescence, muscle stiffness, and postural instability. PD is also associated with autonomic nervous dysfunction, sleep disorders, psychiatric symptoms, and other non-motor symptoms. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compact (SNPC), Lewy body, and neuroinflammation are the main pathological features of PD. The death or dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons in the dense part of the substantia nigra leads to dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia and motor dysfunction. The formation of the Lewy body is associated with the misfolding of α-synuclein, which becomes insoluble and abnormally aggregated. Astrocytes and microglia mainly cause neuroinflammation, and the activation of a variety of pro-inflammatory transcription factors and regulatory proteins leads to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. At present, PD is mainly treated with drugs that increase dopamine concentration or directly stimulate dopamine receptors. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a family of cellular signaling proteins strongly associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. FGF and its receptor (FGFR) play an essential role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system as well as in neuroinflammation and have been shown to improve the survival rate of dopaminergic neurons. This paper summarized the mechanism of FGF and its receptors in the pathological process of PD and related signaling pathways, involving the development and protection of dopaminergic neurons in SNPC, α-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. It provides a reference for developing drugs to slow down or prevent the potential of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Junyu Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ye Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xuqiang Nie
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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29
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Eguchi A, Ueki A, Hoshiyama J, Kuwata K, Chikaoka Y, Kawamura T, Nagatoishi S, Tsumoto K, Ueki R, Sando S. A DNA Aptamer That Inhibits the Aberrant Signaling of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor in Cancer Cells. JACS AU 2021; 1:578-585. [PMID: 34467321 PMCID: PMC8395645 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.0c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Growth factor receptors are activated through dimerization by the binding of their ligands and play pivotal roles in normal cell function. However, the aberrant activity of the receptors has been associated with cancer malignancy. One of the main causes of the aberrant receptor activation is the overexpression of receptors and the resultant formation of unliganded receptor dimers, which can be activated in the absence of external ligand molecules. Thus, the unliganded receptor dimer is a promising target to inhibit aberrant signaling in cancer. Here, we report an aptamer that specifically binds to fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b and inhibits the aberrant receptor activation and signaling. Our investigation suggests that this aptamer inhibits the formation of the receptor dimer occurring in the absence of external ligand molecules. This work presents a new inhibitory function of aptamers and the possibility of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Eguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology andDepartment of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ueki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology andDepartment of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Junya Hoshiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology andDepartment of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoko Chikaoka
- Proteomics
Laboratory, Isotope Science Center, The
University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawamura
- Proteomics
Laboratory, Isotope Science Center, The
University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The
Institute of Medical Science, The University
of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology andDepartment of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- The
Institute of Medical Science, The University
of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ueki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology andDepartment of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sando
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology andDepartment of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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30
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Liu G, Chen T, Ding Z, Wang Y, Wei Y, Wei X. Inhibition of FGF-FGFR and VEGF-VEGFR signalling in cancer treatment. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13009. [PMID: 33655556 PMCID: PMC8016646 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The sites of targeted therapy are limited and need to be expanded. The FGF‐FGFR signalling plays pivotal roles in the oncogenic process, and FGF/FGFR inhibitors are a promising method to treat FGFR‐altered tumours. The VEGF‐VEGFR signalling is the most crucial pathway to induce angiogenesis, and inhibiting this cascade has already got success in treating tumours. While both their efficacy and antitumour spectrum are limited, combining FGF/FGFR inhibitors with VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors are an excellent way to optimize the curative effect and expand the antitumour range because their combination can target both tumour cells and the tumour microenvironment. In addition, biomarkers need to be developed to predict the efficacy, and combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors is a promising direction in the future. The article will discuss the FGF‐FGFR signalling pathway, the VEGF‐VEGFR signalling pathway, the rationale of combining these two signalling pathways and recent small‐molecule FGFR/VEGFR inhibitors based on clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Liu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Cardiology Department, Chengdu NO.7 People's Hospital, Chengdu Tumor Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenyu Ding
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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31
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Zhang J, Liu Z, Li Y, You Q, Yang J, Jin Y, Zou G, Tang J, Ge Z, Liu Y. FGF2: a key regulator augmenting tendon-to-bone healing and cartilage repair. Regen Med 2020; 15:2129-2142. [PMID: 33201773 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2019-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligament/tendon and cartilage injuries are clinically common diseases that perplex most clinicians. Because of the lack of blood vessels and nerves, their self-repairing abilities are rather poor. Therefore, surgeries are necessary and also widely used to treat ligament/tendon or cartilage injuries. However, after surgery, there are still many problems that affect healing. In recent years, it has been found that exogenous FGF2 plays an important role in the repair of ligament/tendon and cartilage injuries and exerts a synergistic effect with endogenous FGF2. Therefore, FGF2 can be used as a new type of biomolecule to accelerate tendon-to-bone healing and cartilage repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Ziming Liu
- Peking University Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qi You
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Jibin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Gang Zou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Jingfeng Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Zhen Ge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
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Serna J, Bergwitz C. Importance of Dietary Phosphorus for Bone Metabolism and Healthy Aging. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3001. [PMID: 33007883 PMCID: PMC7599912 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) plays a critical function in many tissues of the body: for example, as part of the hydroxyapatite in the skeleton and as a substrate for ATP synthesis. Pi is the main source of dietary phosphorus. Reduced bioavailability of Pi or excessive losses in the urine causes rickets and osteomalacia. While critical for health in normal amounts, dietary phosphorus is plentiful in the Western diet and is often added to foods as a preservative. This abundance of phosphorus may reduce longevity due to metabolic changes and tissue calcifications. In this review, we examine how dietary phosphorus is absorbed in the gut, current knowledge about Pi sensing, and endocrine regulation of Pi levels. Moreover, we also examine the roles of Pi in different tissues, the consequences of low and high dietary phosphorus in these tissues, and the implications for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Serna
- Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| | - Clemens Bergwitz
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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Takashi Y, Fukumoto S. Phosphate-sensing and regulatory mechanism of FGF23 production. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:877-883. [PMID: 32140858 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an essential mineral for human. Hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia cause rickets/osteomalacia and ectopic calcification, respectively, indicating that serum Pi level needs to be regulated. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 is a principal hormone to regulate serum Pi level. FGF23 is produced by the bone, especially by the osteoblasts and osteocytes, and works by binding to FGF receptor (FGFR) 1c and α-Klotho complex in the kidney. FGF23 reduces serum Pi level by inhibiting both renal phosphate reabsorption and intestinal phosphate absorption via reduction of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level. It has been unclear how the bone senses changes of serum Pi level and how the bone regulates the production of FGF23. RECENT FINDINGS Our recent results indicate that the post-translational modification of FGF23 protein through a gene product of GALNT3 is the main regulatory mechanism of enhanced FGF23 production by high dietary Pi. Furthermore, high extracellular Pi directly activates FGFR1 and its downstream intracellular signaling pathway regulates the expression level of GALNT3. CONCLUSIONS We propose that FGFR1 works as a Pi-sensing receptor in the regulation of FGF23 production and serum Pi level. There is a negative feedback system, which is a basic mechanism of endocrine regulation, in the regulation of serum Pi involving FGFR1, and FGF23. These findings may lead to the development of new therapeutic methods to treat diseases caused by abnormal Pi level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Fukumoto
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
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34
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Takashi Y, Fukumoto S. Fibroblast growth factor receptor as a potential candidate for phosphate sensing. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2020; 29:446-452. [PMID: 32427693 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Phosphate plays essential roles in many biological processes. Serum phosphate level needs to be regulated because hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia cause rickets/osteomalacia and ectopic calcification, respectively. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 is the principal hormone to regulate serum phosphate level. FGF23 is produced by the bone and works to reduce serum phosphate level by binding to FGF receptor (FGFR) 1c and α-Klotho complex in the kidney. It has been unclear how the bone senses the changes of serum phosphate level and how the bone regulates the production of FGF23. RECENT FINDINGS Our recent results indicate that high extracellular phosphate activates FGFR1c. Its downstream intracellular signalling pathway regulates the expression of GALNT3 encoding a protein involved in the regulation of the posttranslational modification of FGF23 protein. This FGFR1c-GALNT3 axis is considered to be the main regulatory mechanism of enhanced FGF23 production in response to high phosphate. SUMMARY We propose that FGFR1c works as a phosphate-sensing molecule in the regulation of FGF23 production and serum phosphate level. Feedback system is present in the regulation of serum phosphate involving FGFR1c and FGF23. These findings uncover so far unrecognized function of FGFR and molecular basis of phosphate sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Takashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka
| | - Seiji Fukumoto
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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35
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Abstract
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is frequently expressed at elevated levels in different forms of cancer and expression often correlates positively with cancer progression and poor prognosis. Different mutant forms of this protein also contribute to cancer heterogeneity. A constitutively active form of EGFR, EGFRvIII is one of the most important variants. EGFR is responsible for the maintenance and functions of cancer stem cells (CSCs), including stemness, metabolism, immunomodulatory-activity, dormancy and therapy-resistance. EGFR regulates these pathways through several signaling cascades, and often cooperates with other RTKs to exert further control. Inhibitors of EGFR have been extensively studied and display some anticancer efficacy. However, CSCs can also acquire resistance to EGFR inhibitors making effective therapy even more difficult. To ameliorate this limitation of EGFR inhibitors when used as single agents, it may be of value to simultaneously combine multiple EGFR inhibitors or use EGFR inhibitors with regulators of other important cancer phenotype regulating molecules, such as STAT3, or involved in important processes such as DNA repair. These combinatorial approaches require further experimental confirmation, but if successful would expand and improve therapeutic outcomes employing EGFR inhibitors as one arm of the therapy.
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36
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Chen L, Marsiglia WM, Chen H, Katigbak J, Erdjument-Bromage H, Kemble DJ, Fu L, Ma J, Sun G, Zhang Y, Liang G, Neubert TA, Li X, Traaseth NJ, Mohammadi M. Molecular basis for receptor tyrosine kinase A-loop tyrosine transphosphorylation. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:267-277. [PMID: 31959966 PMCID: PMC7040854 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing mystery shrouds the mechanism by which catalytically repressed receptor tyrosine kinase domains accomplish transphosphorylation of activation loop (A-loop) tyrosines. Here we show that this reaction proceeds via an asymmetric complex that is thermodynamically disadvantaged because of an electrostatic repulsion between enzyme and substrate kinases. Under physiological conditions, the energetic gain resulting from ligand-induced dimerization of extracellular domains overcomes this opposing clash, stabilizing the A-loop-transphosphorylating dimer. A unique pathogenic fibroblast growth factor receptor gain-of-function mutation promotes formation of the complex responsible for phosphorylation of A-loop tyrosines by eliminating this repulsive force. We show that asymmetric complex formation induces a more phosphorylatable A-loop conformation in the substrate kinase, which in turn promotes the active state of the enzyme kinase. This explains how quantitative differences in the stability of ligand-induced extracellular dimerization promotes formation of the intracellular A-loop-transphosphorylating asymmetric complex to varying extents, thereby modulating intracellular kinase activity and signaling intensity.
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MESH Headings
- AAA Domain/genetics
- AAA Domain/physiology
- Catalytic Domain
- Dimerization
- Enzyme Activation
- Humans
- Ligands
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tyrosine/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Huaibin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Katigbak
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Department of Cell Biology and Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Kemble
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lili Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinghong Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gongqin Sun
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Yingkai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guang Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Cell Biology and Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Roskoski R. The role of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of cancers including those of the urinary bladder. Pharmacol Res 2020; 151:104567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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38
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Chen EA, Lin YS. Using synthetic peptides and recombinant collagen to understand DDR–collagen interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Amin Marashi F, Torabi A, Beaudry F. Granulosa cells exposed to fibroblast growth factor 8 and 18 reveal early onset of cell growth and survival. Int J Reprod Biomed 2019; 17:435-442. [PMID: 31508568 PMCID: PMC6719512 DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v17i6.4815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are growth factors that have diverse biological activities including broad mitogenic and cell survival activities. They function through the activation of a specific tyrosine kinase receptor that transduces the signal by activating several intracellular signaling pathways. Objective To identify the different signaling pathways involved in the mechanism of action of FGF8 and FGF18 on ovine granulosa cells using mass spectrometry. Materials and Methods Ovine ovarian granulosa cells were harvested from adult sheep independently at the stage of the estrous cycle and were cultured at a density of 500,000 viable cells in 1 ml DMEM/F12 medium for five days. The cells were then treated on day 5 of culture with 10 ng/mL FGF8 and FGF18 for 30 minutes, and total cell protein was collected for mass spectrometry. Results Mass spectrometry showed that both FGF8 and FGF18 significantly induce simultaneous upregulation of several proteins, including ATF1, STAT3, MAPK1, MAPK3, MAPK14, PLCG1, PLCG2, PKCA, PIK3CA, RAF1, GAB1, and BAG2 (> 1.5-fold; p < 0.01).
Conclusion ATF1 and STAT3 are important transcription factors involved in cell growth, proliferation and survival, and consequently can hamper or rescue the normal ovine reproductive system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Amin Marashi
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6
| | - Ali Torabi
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6.,Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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40
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Liu J, Zhu L, Zhang X, Wu B, Zhu P, Zhao H, Wang J. Peptide-based NTA(Ni)-nanodiscs for studying membrane enhanced FGFR1 kinase activities. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7234. [PMID: 31372315 PMCID: PMC6659669 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine autophosphorylation plays a crucial regulatory role in the kinase activities of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), and in the recruitment and activation of downstream intracellular signaling pathways. Biophysical and biochemical investigations of FGFR kinase domains in membrane environments offer key insights into phosphorylation mechanisms. Hence, we constructed nickel chelating nanodiscs based on a 22-residue peptide. The spontaneous anchoring of N-terminal His6-tagged FGFR1c kinase domain (FGFR1K) onto peptide nanodiscs grants FGFR1K orientations occurring on native plasma membranes. Following membrane incorporation, the autophosphorylation of FGFR1K, as exemplified by Y653 and Y654 in the A-loop and the total tyrosine phosphorylation, increase significantly. This in vitro reconstitution system may be applicable to studies of other membrane associated phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Liu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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41
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Olender J, Wang BD, Ching T, Garmire LX, Garofano K, Ji Y, Knox T, Latham P, Nguyen K, Rhim J, Lee NH. A Novel FGFR3 Splice Variant Preferentially Expressed in African American Prostate Cancer Drives Aggressive Phenotypes and Docetaxel Resistance. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:2115-2125. [PMID: 31266816 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) has been shown to participate in prostate cancer development and progression; however, a link between AS and prostate cancer health disparities has been largely unexplored. Here we report on the cloning of a novel splice variant of FGFR3 that is preferentially expressed in African American (AA) prostate cancer. This novel variant (FGFR3-S) omits exon 14, comprising 123 nucleotides that encode the activation loop in the intracellular split kinase domain. Ectopic overexpression of FGFR3-S in European American (EA) prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and LNCaP) led to enhanced receptor autophosphorylation and increased activation of the downstream signaling effectors AKT, STAT3, and ribosomal S6 compared with FGFR3-L (retains exon 14). The increased oncogenic signaling imparted by FGFR3-S was associated with a substantial gain in proliferative and antiapoptotic activities, as well as a modest but significant gain in cell motility. Moreover, the FGFR3-S-conferred proliferative and motility gains were highly resistant to the pan-FGFR small-molecule inhibitor dovitinib and the antiapoptotic gain was insensitive to the cytotoxic drug docetaxel, which stands in marked contrast with dovitinib- and docetaxel-sensitive FGFR3-L. In an in vivo xenograft model, mice injected with PC-3 cells overexpressing FGFR3-S exhibited significantly increased tumor growth and resistance to dovitinib treatment compared with cells overexpressing FGFR3-L. In agreement with our in vitro and in vivo findings, a high FGFR3-S/FGFR3-L expression ratio in prostate cancer specimens was associated with poor patient prognosis. IMPLICATIONS: This work identifies a novel FGFR3 splice variant and supports the hypothesis that differential AS participates in prostate cancer health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Olender
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, GW Cancer Center, Washington, D. C
| | - Bi-Dar Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland
| | - Travers Ching
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Lana X Garmire
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kaitlin Garofano
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, GW Cancer Center, Washington, D. C
| | - Youngmi Ji
- Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tessa Knox
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, GW Cancer Center, Washington, D. C
| | - Patricia Latham
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kenneth Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, GW Cancer Center, Washington, D. C
| | - Johng Rhim
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Norman H Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, GW Cancer Center, Washington, D. C.
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Dai S, Zhou Z, Chen Z, Xu G, Chen Y. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs): Structures and Small Molecule Inhibitors. Cells 2019; 8:E614. [PMID: 31216761 PMCID: PMC6627960 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases expressed on the cell membrane that play crucial roles in both developmental and adult cells. Dysregulation of FGFRs has been implicated in a wide variety of cancers, such as urothelial carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian cancer and lung adenocarcinoma. Due to their functional importance, FGFRs have been considered as promising drug targets for the therapy of various cancers. Multiple small molecule inhibitors targeting this family of kinases have been developed, and some of them are in clinical trials. Furthermore, the pan-FGFR inhibitor erdafitinib (JNJ-42756493) has recently been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of metastatic or unresectable urothelial carcinoma (mUC). This review summarizes the structure of FGFR, especially its kinase domain, and the development of small molecule FGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Dai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics & Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhan Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics & Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhuchu Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics & Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Guangyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Yongheng Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics & Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
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Activation of unliganded FGF receptor by extracellular phosphate potentiates proteolytic protection of FGF23 by its O-glycosylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11418-11427. [PMID: 31097591 PMCID: PMC6561303 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815166116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) is essential for life; thus, serum Pi level is kept constant under tight regulation by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23. Conversely, serum FGF23 levels are also controlled by sensing Pi alterations in serum, but this Pi-sensing mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we found that unliganded FGFR is activated by high Pi, leading to an increase in serum FGF23 level by skeletal induction of an FGF23 O-glycosylation enzyme that results in FGF23 proteolytic protection. Thus, the present study elucidates a Pi-sensing mechanism in the control of serum FGF23 levels and provides a molecular basis for a better understanding of hypo- or hyperphosphatemic diseases. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 produced by bone is a hormone that decreases serum phosphate (Pi). Reflecting its central role in Pi control, serum FGF23 is tightly regulated by serum Pi alterations. FGF23 levels are regulated by the transcriptional event and posttranslational cleavage into inactive fragments before its secretion. For the latter, O-glycosylation of FGF23 by GALNT3 gene product prevents the cleavage, leading to an increase in serum FGF23. However, the molecular basis of Pi sensing in the regulation of serum FGF23 remains elusive. In this study, we showed that high Pi diet enhanced the skeletal expression of Galnt3, but not Fgf23, with expected increases in serum FGF23 and Pi in mice. Galnt3 induction by high Pi was further observed in osteoblastic UMR 106 cells, and this was mediated by activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Through proteomic searches for the upstream sensor for high Pi, we identified one subtype of the FGF receptor (FGFR1c), which was phosphorylated by high Pi in the absence of FGFs. The mode of unliganded FGFR activation by high Pi appeared different from that of FGFR bound to a canonical FGFR ligand (FGF2) when phosphorylation of the FGFR substrate 2α and ERK was monitored. Finally, we showed that an FGFR inhibitor and conditional deletion of Fgfr1 in osteoblasts/osteocytes abrogated high Pi diet-induced increases in serum FGF23 and femoral Galnt3 expression in mice. Thus, these findings uncover an unrecognized facet of unliganded FGFR function and illustrate a Pi-sensing pathway involved in regulation of FGF23 production.
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Cross-Talk between Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors and Other Cell Surface Proteins. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050455. [PMID: 31091809 PMCID: PMC6562592 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) constitute signaling circuits that transmit signals across the plasma membrane, regulating pivotal cellular processes like differentiation, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. The malfunction of FGFs/FGFRs signaling axis is observed in numerous developmental and metabolic disorders, and in various tumors. The large diversity of FGFs/FGFRs functions is attributed to a great complexity in the regulation of FGFs/FGFRs-dependent signaling cascades. The function of FGFRs is modulated at several levels, including gene expression, alternative splicing, posttranslational modifications, and protein trafficking. One of the emerging ways to adjust FGFRs activity is through formation of complexes with other integral proteins of the cell membrane. These proteins may act as coreceptors, modulating binding of FGFs to FGFRs and defining specificity of elicited cellular response. FGFRs may interact with other cell surface receptors, like G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The cross-talk between various receptors modulates the strength and specificity of intracellular signaling and cell fate. At the cell surface FGFRs can assemble into large complexes involving various cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). The interplay between FGFRs and CAMs affects cell–cell interaction and motility and is especially important for development of the central nervous system. This review summarizes current stage of knowledge about the regulation of FGFRs by the plasma membrane-embedded partner proteins and highlights the importance of FGFRs-containing membrane complexes in pathological conditions, including cancer.
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45
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Exploitation of phage display for the development of anti-cancer agents targeting fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways: New strategies to tackle an old challenge. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 46:54-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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46
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Danopoulos S, Shiosaki J, Al Alam D. FGF Signaling in Lung Development and Disease: Human Versus Mouse. Front Genet 2019; 10:170. [PMID: 30930931 PMCID: PMC6423913 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) plays an important role in mouse lung development, injury, and repair. It is considered the main morphogen driving lung branching morphogenesis in rodents. While many studies have found FGF10 SNPs associated with COPD and branch variants in COPD smokers, there is no evidence of a causative role for FGF10 or these SNPs in human lung development and pediatric lung diseases. We and others have shown divergent roles for FGF10 in mouse lung development and early human lung development. Herein, we only review the existing literature on FGF signaling in human lung development and pediatric human lung diseases, comparing what is known in mouse lung to that in human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soula Danopoulos
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Shiosaki
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Förster S, Koziol U, Schäfer T, Duvoisin R, Cailliau K, Vanderstraete M, Dissous C, Brehm K. The role of fibroblast growth factor signalling in Echinococcus multilocularis development and host-parasite interaction. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006959. [PMID: 30849083 PMCID: PMC6426264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a lethal zoonosis caused by the metacestode larva of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. The infection is characterized by tumour-like growth of the metacestode within the host liver, leading to extensive fibrosis and organ-failure. The molecular mechanisms of parasite organ tropism towards the liver and influences of liver cytokines and hormones on parasite development are little studied to date. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show that the E. multilocularis larval stage expresses three members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor family with homology to human FGF receptors. Using the Xenopus expression system we demonstrate that all three Echinococcus FGF receptors are activated in response to human acidic and basic FGF, which are present in the liver. In all three cases, activation could be prevented by addition of the tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor BIBF 1120, which is used to treat human cancer. At physiological concentrations, acidic and basic FGF significantly stimulated the formation of metacestode vesicles from parasite stem cells in vitro and supported metacestode growth. Furthermore, the parasite's mitogen activated protein kinase signalling system was stimulated upon addition of human FGF. The survival of metacestode vesicles and parasite stem cells were drastically affected in vitro in the presence of BIBF 1120. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data indicate that mammalian FGF, which is present in the liver and upregulated during fibrosis, supports the establishment of the Echinococcus metacestode during AE by acting on an evolutionarily conserved parasite FGF signalling system. These data are valuable for understanding molecular mechanisms of organ tropism and host-parasite interaction in AE. Furthermore, our data indicate that the parasite's FGF signalling systems are promising targets for the development of novel drugs against AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Förster
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Uriel Koziol
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección Biología Celular, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tina Schäfer
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Raphael Duvoisin
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katia Cailliau
- CNRS UMR 8576, University of Lille, Villeneuve d’Asq, France
| | - Mathieu Vanderstraete
- Center for Infection and Immunology of Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS-UMR 8204, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Colette Dissous
- Center for Infection and Immunology of Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS-UMR 8204, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Klaus Brehm
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
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Hwang SY, Park S, Kwon Y. Recent therapeutic trends and promising targets in triple negative breast cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 199:30-57. [PMID: 30825473 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer accounts for 25% of all types of cancer in women, and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) comprises around 15~20% of breast cancers. Conventional chemotherapy and radiation are the primary systemic therapeutic strategies; no other FDA-approved targeted therapies are yet available as for TNBC. TNBC is generally characterized by a poor prognosis and high rates of proliferation and metastases. Due to these aggressive features and lack of targeted therapies, numerous attempts have been made to discover viable molecular targets for TNBC. Massive cohort studies, clinical trials, and in-depth analyses have revealed diverse molecular alterations in TNBC; however, controversy exists as to whether many of these changes are beneficial or detrimental in caner progression. Here we review the complicated tumorigenic processes and discuss critical findings and therapeutic trends in TNBC with a focus on promising therapeutic approaches, the clinical trials currently underway, and potent experimental compounds under preclinical and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seojeong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Zamai M, Trullo A, Giordano M, Corti V, Arza Cuesta E, Francavilla C, Cavallaro U, Caiolfa VR. Number and brightness analysis reveals that NCAM and FGF2 elicit different assembly and dynamics of FGFR1 in live cells. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.220624. [PMID: 30478195 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.220624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Both fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) trigger FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) signaling; however, they induce remarkably distinct receptor trafficking and cellular responses. The molecular basis of such a dichotomy and the role of distinct types of ligand-receptor interaction remain elusive. Number of molecules and brightness (N&B) analysis revealed that FGF2 and NCAM promote different FGFR1 assembly and dynamics at the plasma membrane. NCAM stimulation elicits long-lasting cycles of short-lived FGFR1 monomers and multimers, a behavior that might reflect a rapid FGFR1 internalization and recycling. FGF2, instead, induces stable dimerization at the dose that stimulates cell proliferation. Reducing the occupancy of FGFR1 in response to low FGF2 doses causes a switch towards cyclically exposed and unstable receptor dimers, consistently with previously reported biphasic response to FGF2 and with the divergent signaling elicited by different ligand concentrations. Similar instability was observed upon altering the endocytic pathway. Thus, FGF2 and NCAM induce differential FGFR1 clustering at the cell surface, which might account for the distinct intracellular fate of the receptor and, hence, for the different signaling cascades and cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreno Zamai
- Centro di Imaging Sperimentale (CIS), Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Milan 20132, Italy.,Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Antonio Trullo
- Centro di Imaging Sperimentale (CIS), Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Marco Giordano
- Unit of Gynecological Oncology Research, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Valeria Corti
- Centro di Imaging Sperimentale (CIS), Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Elvira Arza Cuesta
- Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Functions, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ugo Cavallaro
- Unit of Gynecological Oncology Research, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Valeria R Caiolfa
- Centro di Imaging Sperimentale (CIS), Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Milan 20132, Italy .,Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are expressed throughout all stages of skeletal development. In the limb bud and in cranial mesenchyme, FGF signaling is important for formation of mesenchymal condensations that give rise to bone. Once skeletal elements are initiated and patterned, FGFs regulate both endochondral and intramembranous ossification programs. In this chapter, we review functions of the FGF signaling pathway during these critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explore skeletal malformations in humans that are caused by mutations in FGF signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132 Inserm (Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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