1
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Thatikonda V, Lyu H, Jurado S, Kostyrko K, Bristow CA, Albrecht C, Alpar D, Arnhof H, Bergner O, Bosch K, Feng N, Gao S, Gerlach D, Gmachl M, Hinkel M, Lieb S, Jeschko A, Machado AA, Madensky T, Marszalek ED, Mahendra M, Melo-Zainzinger G, Molkentine JM, Jaeger PA, Peng DH, Schenk RL, Sorokin A, Strauss S, Trapani F, Kopetz S, Vellano CP, Petronczki M, Kraut N, Heffernan TP, Marszalek JR, Pearson M, Waizenegger IC, Hofmann MH. Co-targeting SOS1 enhances the antitumor effects of KRAS G12C inhibitors by addressing intrinsic and acquired resistance. NATURE CANCER 2024:10.1038/s43018-024-00800-6. [PMID: 39103541 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-024-00800-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Combination approaches are needed to strengthen and extend the clinical response to KRASG12C inhibitors (KRASG12Ci). Here, we assessed the antitumor responses of KRASG12C mutant lung and colorectal cancer models to combination treatment with a SOS1 inhibitor (SOS1i), BI-3406, plus the KRASG12C inhibitor, adagrasib. We found that responses to BI-3406 plus adagrasib were stronger than to adagrasib alone, comparable to adagrasib with SHP2 (SHP2i) or EGFR inhibitors and correlated with stronger suppression of RAS-MAPK signaling. BI-3406 plus adagrasib treatment also delayed the emergence of acquired resistance and elicited antitumor responses from adagrasib-resistant models. Resistance to KRASG12Ci seemed to be driven by upregulation of MRAS activity, which both SOS1i and SHP2i were found to potently inhibit. Knockdown of SHOC2, a MRAS complex partner, partially restored response to KRASG12Ci treatment. These results suggest KRASG12C plus SOS1i to be a promising strategy for treating both KRASG12Ci naive and relapsed KRASG12C-mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu Thatikonda
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, Vienna, Austria.
- Exscientia, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hengyu Lyu
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Christopher A Bristow
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ningping Feng
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sisi Gao
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Annette A Machado
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Ethan D Marszalek
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mikhila Mahendra
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jessica M Molkentine
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - David H Peng
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Alexey Sorokin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher P Vellano
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Timothy P Heffernan
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph R Marszalek
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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2
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Wilson PG, Abdelmoti L, Gao T, Galperin E. The expression of congenital Shoc2 variants induces AKT-dependent crosstalk activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2024:ddae100. [PMID: 38881369 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The Shoc2 scaffold protein is crucial in transmitting signals within the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-mediated Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. While the significance of Shoc2 in this pathway is well-established, the precise mechanisms through which Shoc2 governs signal transmission remain to be fully elucidated. Hereditary variants in Shoc2 are responsible for Noonan Syndrome with Loose anagen Hair (NSLH). However, due to the absence of known enzymatic activity in Shoc2, directly assessing how these variants affect its function is challenging. ERK1/2 phosphorylation is used as a primary parameter of Shoc2 function, but the impact of Shoc2 mutants on the pathway activation is unclear. This study investigates how the NSLH-associated Shoc2 variants influence EGFR signals in the context of the ERK1/2 and AKT downstream signaling pathways. We show that when the ERK1/2 pathway is a primary signaling pathway activated downstream of EGFR, Shoc2 variants cannot upregulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation to the level of the WT Shoc2. Yet, when the AKT and ERK1/2 pathways were activated, in cells expressing Shoc2 variants, ERK1/2 phosphorylation was higher than in cells expressing WT Shoc2. In cells expressing the Shoc2 NSLH mutants, we found that the AKT signaling pathway triggers the PAK activation, followed by phosphorylation of Raf-1/MEK1/2 and activation of the ERK1/2 signaling axis. Hence, our studies reveal a previously unrecognized feedback regulation downstream of the EGFR and provide additional evidence for the role of Shoc2 as a "gatekeeper" in controlling the selection of downstream effectors within the EGFR signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Lina Abdelmoti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Tianyan Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
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3
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Bonsor DA, Simanshu DK. RAS and SHOC2 Roles in RAF Activation and Therapeutic Considerations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2024; 8:97-113. [PMID: 38882927 PMCID: PMC11178279 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-062822-030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in RAS proteins play a pivotal role in the development of human cancers, driving persistent RAF activation and deregulating the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. While progress has been made in targeting specific oncogenic RAS proteins, effective drug-based therapies for the majority of RAS mutations remain limited. Recent investigations on RAS-RAF complexes and the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C holoenzyme complex have provided crucial insights into the structural and functional aspects of RAF activation within the MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, these studies have also unveiled new blueprints for developing inhibitors allowing us to think beyond the current RAS and MEK inhibitors. In this review, we explore the roles of RAS and SHOC2 in activating RAF and discuss potential therapeutic strategies to target these proteins. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular interactions involved in RAF activation and their therapeutic implications holds the potential to drive innovative approaches in combating RAS/RAF-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bonsor
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dhirendra K. Simanshu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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4
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Liu NF, Enomoto M, Marshall CB, Ikura M. Reconstitution and characterization of BRAF in complex with 14-3-3 and KRAS4B on nanodiscs. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5016. [PMID: 38747381 PMCID: PMC11094772 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
RAF kinases are key components of the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, which drives cell growth and is frequently overactivated in cancer. Upstream signaling activates the small GTPase RAS, which recruits RAF to the cell membrane, driving a transition of the latter from an auto-inhibited monomeric conformation to an active dimer. Despite recent progress, mechanistic details underlying RAF activation remain unclear, particularly the role of RAS and the membrane in mediating this conformational rearrangement of RAF together with 14-3-3 to permit RAF kinase domain dimerization. Here, we reconstituted an active complex of dimeric BRAF, a 14-3-3 dimer and two KRAS4B on a nanodisc bilayer and verified that its assembly is GTP-dependent. Biolayer interferometry (BLI) was used to compare the binding affinities of monomeric versus dimeric full-length BRAF:14-3-3 complexes for KRAS4B-conjugated nanodiscs (RAS-ND) and to investigate the effects of membrane lipid composition and spatial density of KRAS4B on binding. 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (DOPS) and higher KRAS4B density enhanced the interaction of BRAF:14-3-3 with RAS-ND to different degrees depending on BRAF oligomeric state. We utilized our reconstituted system to dissect the effects of KRAS4B and the membrane on the kinase activity of monomeric and dimeric BRAF:14-3-3 complexes, finding that KRAS4B or nanodiscs alone were insufficient to stimulate activity, whereas RAS-ND increased activity of both states of BRAF. The reconstituted assembly of full-length BRAF with 14-3-3 and KRAS on a cell-free, defined lipid bilayer offers a more holistic biophysical perspective to probe regulation of this multimeric signaling complex at the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningdi F. Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Masahiro Enomoto
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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5
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Shah PW, Reinberger T, Hashmi S, Aherrahrou Z, Erdmann J. MRAS in coronary artery disease-Unchartered territory. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:300-312. [PMID: 38251784 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified coronary artery disease (CAD) susceptibility locus on chromosome 3q22.3. This locus contains a cluster of several genes that includes muscle rat sarcoma virus (MRAS). Common MRAS variants are also associated with CAD causing risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and type II diabetes. The MRAS gene is an oncogene that encodes a membrane-bound small GTPase. It is involved in a variety of signaling pathways, regulating cell differentiation and cell survival (mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK]/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) as well as acute phase response signaling (tumor necrosis factor [TNF] and interleukin 6 [IL6] signaling). In this review, we will summarize the role of genetic MRAS variants in the etiology of CAD and its comorbidities with the focus on tissue distribution of MRAS isoforms, cell type/tissue specificity, and mode of action of single nucleotide variants in MRAS associated complex traits. Finally, we postulate that CAD risk variants in the MRAS locus are specific to smooth muscle cells and lead to higher levels of MRAS, particularly in arterial and cardiac tissue, resulting in MAPK-dependent tissue hypertrophy or hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pashmina Wiqar Shah
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Lübeck, Germany
- University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Reinberger
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Lübeck, Germany
- University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Satwat Hashmi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Lübeck, Germany
- University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Lübeck, Germany
- University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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6
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Embry A, Baggett NS, Heisler DB, White A, de Jong MF, Kocsis BL, Tomchick DR, Alto NM, Gammon DB. Exploiting bacterial effector proteins to uncover evolutionarily conserved antiviral host machinery. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012010. [PMID: 38753575 PMCID: PMC11098378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are a diverse group of insect-transmitted pathogens that pose global public health challenges. Identifying evolutionarily conserved host factors that combat arbovirus replication in disparate eukaryotic hosts is important as they may tip the balance between productive and abortive viral replication, and thus determine virus host range. Here, we exploit naturally abortive arbovirus infections that we identified in lepidopteran cells and use bacterial effector proteins to uncover host factors restricting arbovirus replication. Bacterial effectors are proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria into eukaryotic hosts cells that can inhibit antimicrobial defenses. Since bacteria and viruses can encounter common host defenses, we hypothesized that some bacterial effectors may inhibit host factors that restrict arbovirus replication in lepidopteran cells. Thus, we used bacterial effectors as molecular tools to identify host factors that restrict four distinct arboviruses in lepidopteran cells. By screening 210 effectors encoded by seven different bacterial pathogens, we identify several effectors that individually rescue the replication of all four arboviruses. We show that these effectors encode diverse enzymatic activities that are required to break arbovirus restriction. We further characterize Shigella flexneri-encoded IpaH4 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that directly ubiquitinates two evolutionarily conserved proteins, SHOC2 and PSMC1, promoting their degradation in insect and human cells. We show that depletion of either SHOC2 or PSMC1 in insect or human cells promotes arbovirus replication, indicating that these are ancient virus restriction factors conserved across invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Collectively, our study reveals a novel pathogen-guided approach to identify conserved antimicrobial machinery, new effector functions, and conserved roles for SHOC2 and PSMC1 in virus restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Embry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - Nina S. Baggett
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - David B. Heisler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - Addison White
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - Maarten F. de Jong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - Benjamin L. Kocsis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - Diana R. Tomchick
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - Neal M. Alto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - Don B. Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
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7
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Dedden D, Nitsche J, Schneider EV, Thomsen M, Schwarz D, Leuthner B, Grädler U. Cryo-EM Structures of CRAF 2/14-3-3 2 and CRAF 2/14-3-3 2/MEK1 2 Complexes. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168483. [PMID: 38331211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
RAF protein kinases are essential effectors in the MAPK pathway and are important cancer drug targets. Structural understanding of RAF activation is so far based on cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and X-ray structures of BRAF in different conformational states as inactive or active complexes with KRAS, 14-3-3 and MEK1. In this study, we have solved the first cryo-EM structures of CRAF2/14-3-32 at 3.4 Å resolution and CRAF2/14-3-32/MEK12 at 4.2 Å resolution using CRAF kinase domain expressed as constitutively active Y340D/Y341D mutant in insect cells. The overall architecture of our CRAF2/14-3-32 and CRAF2/14-3-32/MEK12 cryo-EM structures is highly similar to corresponding BRAF structures in complex with 14-3-3 or 14-3-3/MEK1 and represent the activated dimeric RAF conformation. Our CRAF cryo-EM structures provide additional insights into structural understanding of the activated CRAF2/14-3-32/MEK12 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Dedden
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstraße 7a, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Julius Nitsche
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstraße 7a, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Maren Thomsen
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstraße 7a, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel Schwarz
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Birgitta Leuthner
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Grädler
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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8
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Riaud M, Maxwell J, Soria-Bretones I, Dankner M, Li M, Rose AAN. The role of CRAF in cancer progression: from molecular mechanisms to precision therapies. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:105-122. [PMID: 38195917 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The RAF family of kinases includes key activators of the pro-tumourigenic mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Hyperactivation of RAF proteins, particularly BRAF and CRAF, drives tumour progression and drug resistance in many types of cancer. Although BRAF is the most studied RAF protein, partially owing to its high mutation incidence in melanoma, the role of CRAF in tumourigenesis and drug resistance is becoming increasingly clinically relevant. Here, we summarize the main known regulatory mechanisms and gene alterations that contribute to CRAF activity, highlighting the different oncogenic roles of CRAF, and categorize RAF1 (CRAF) mutations according to the effect on kinase activity. Additionally, we emphasize the effect that CRAF alterations may have on drug resistance and how precision therapies could effectively target CRAF-dependent tumours. Here, we discuss preclinical and clinical findings that may lead to improved treatments for all types of oncogenic RAF1 alterations in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Riaud
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Maxwell
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabel Soria-Bretones
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Dankner
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Meredith Li
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - April A N Rose
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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9
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Embry A, Baggett NS, Heisler DB, White A, de Jong MF, Kocsis BL, Tomchick DR, Alto NM, Gammon DB. Exploiting Bacterial Effector Proteins to Uncover Evolutionarily Conserved Antiviral Host Machinery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.29.577891. [PMID: 38352400 PMCID: PMC10862796 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.29.577891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Arboviruses are a diverse group of insect-transmitted pathogens that pose global public health challenges. Identifying evolutionarily conserved host factors that combat arbovirus replication in disparate eukaryotic hosts is important as they may tip the balance between productive and abortive viral replication, and thus determine virus host range. Here, we exploit naturally abortive arbovirus infections that we identified in lepidopteran cells and use bacterial effector proteins to uncover host factors restricting arbovirus replication. Bacterial effectors are proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria into eukaryotic hosts cells that can inhibit antimicrobial defenses. Since bacteria and viruses can encounter common host defenses, we hypothesized that some bacterial effectors may inhibit host factors that restrict arbovirus replication in lepidopteran cells. Thus, we used bacterial effectors as molecular tools to identify host factors that restrict four distinct arboviruses in lepidopteran cells. By screening 210 effectors encoded by seven different bacterial pathogens, we identify six effectors that individually rescue the replication of all four arboviruses. We show that these effectors encode diverse enzymatic activities that are required to break arbovirus restriction. We further characterize Shigella flexneri-encoded IpaH4 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that directly ubiquitinates two evolutionarily conserved proteins, SHOC2 and PSMC1, promoting their degradation in insect and human cells. We show that depletion of either SHOC2 or PSMC1 in insect or human cells promotes arbovirus replication, indicating that these are ancient virus restriction factors conserved across invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Collectively, our study reveals a novel pathogen-guided approach to identify conserved antimicrobial machinery, new effector functions, and conserved roles for SHOC2 and PSMC1 in virus restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Embry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nina S. Baggett
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - David B. Heisler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Addison White
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Maarten F. de Jong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Kocsis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Diana R. Tomchick
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Neal M. Alto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Don B. Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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10
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Wilson P, Abdelmoti L, Gao T, Galperin E. The expression of congenital Shoc2 variants induces AKT-dependent feedback activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.23.573219. [PMID: 38187642 PMCID: PMC10769455 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.23.573219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The Shoc2 scaffold protein is crucial in transmitting signals within the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-mediated Extracellular signal-regulated Kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. While the significance of Shoc2 in this pathway is well-established, the precise mechanisms through which Shoc2 governs signal transmission remain to be fully elucidated. Hereditary mutations in Shoc2 are responsible for Noonan Syndrome with Loose anagen Hair (NSLH). However, due to the absence of known enzymatic activity in Shoc2, directly assessing how these mutations affect its function is challenging. ERK1/2 phosphorylation is used as a primary parameter of Shoc2 function, but the impact of Shoc2 mutants on the pathway activation is unclear. This study investigates how the NSLH-associated Shoc2 variants influence EGFR signals in the context of the ERK1/2 and AKT downstream signaling pathways. We show that when the ERK1/2 pathway is a primary signaling pathway activated downstream of EGFR, Shoc2 variants cannot upregulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation to the level of the WT Shoc2. Yet, when the AKT and ERK1/2 pathways were activated, in cells expressing Shoc2 variants, ERK1/2 phosphorylation was higher than in cells expressing WT Shoc2. We found that, in cells expressing the Shoc2 NSLH mutants, the AKT signaling pathway triggers the PAK activation, followed by phosphorylation and Raf-1/MEK1/2 /ERK1/2 signaling axis activation. Hence, our studies reveal a previously unrecognized feedback regulation downstream of the EGFR and provide evidence for the Shoc2 role as a "gatekeeper" in controlling the selection of downstream effectors within the EGFR signaling network.
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11
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Wang P, Laster K, Jia X, Dong Z, Liu K. Targeting CRAF kinase in anti-cancer therapy: progress and opportunities. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:208. [PMID: 38111008 PMCID: PMC10726672 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is commonly dysregulated in human malignancies by processes driven by RAS or RAF oncogenes. Among the members of the RAF kinase family, CRAF plays an important role in the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, as well as in the progression of cancer. Recent research has provided evidence implicating the role of CRAF in the physiological regulation and the resistance to BRAF inhibitors through MAPK-dependent and MAPK-independent mechanisms. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of solely targeting CRAF kinase activity remains controversial. Moreover, the kinase-independent function of CRAF may be essential for lung cancers with KRAS mutations. It is imperative to develop strategies to enhance efficacy and minimize toxicity in tumors driven by RAS or RAF oncogenes. The review investigates CRAF alterations observed in cancers and unravels the distinct roles of CRAF in cancers propelled by diverse oncogenes. This review also seeks to summarize CRAF-interacting proteins and delineate CRAF's regulation across various cancer hallmarks. Additionally, we discuss recent advances in pan-RAF inhibitors and their combination with other therapeutic approaches to improve treatment outcomes and minimize adverse effects in patients with RAF/RAS-mutant tumors. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted role of CRAF in cancers and highlighting the latest developments in RAF inhibitor therapies, we endeavor to identify synergistic targets and elucidate resistance pathways, setting the stage for more robust and safer combination strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Kyle Laster
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xuechao Jia
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, AMS, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, AMS, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
- Basic Medicine Sciences Research Center, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
- Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
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Montenegro MF, Martí-Díaz R, Navarro A, Tolivia J, Sánchez-Del-Campo L, Cabezas-Herrera J, Rodríguez-López JN. Targeting protein methylation in pancreatic cancer cells results in KRAS signaling imbalance and inhibition of autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:761. [PMID: 37996408 PMCID: PMC10667277 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer cells with mutant KRAS require strong basal autophagy for viability and growth. Here, we observed that some processes that allow the maintenance of basal autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells are controlled by protein methylation. Thus, by maintaining the methylation status of proteins such as PP2A and MRAS, these cells can sustain their autophagic activity. Protein methylation disruption by a hypomethylating treatment (HMT), which depletes cellular S-adenosylmethionine levels while inducing S-adenosylhomocysteine accumulation, resulted in autophagy inhibition and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. We observed that by reducing the membrane localization of MRAS, hypomethylation conditions produced an imbalance in KRAS signaling, resulting in the partial inactivation of ERK and hyperactivation of the PI3K/AKT-mTORC1 pathway. Interestingly, HMT impeded CRAF activation by disrupting the ternary SHOC2 complex (SHOC2/MRAS/PP1), which functions as a CRAF-S259 holophosphatase. The demethylation events that resulted in PP2A inactivation also favored autophagy inhibition by preventing ULK1 activation while restoring the cytoplasmic retention of the MiT/TFE transcription factors. Since autophagy provides pancreatic cancer cells with metabolic plasticity to cope with various metabolic stress conditions, while at the same time promoting their pathogenesis and resistance to KRAS pathway inhibitors, this hypomethylating treatment could represent a therapeutic opportunity for pancreatic adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Montenegro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
| | - Román Martí-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Navarro
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, Grupo GECYEN del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jorge Tolivia
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, Grupo GECYEN del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Luis Sánchez-Del-Campo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Cabezas-Herrera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Neptuno Rodríguez-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
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Bonsor DA, Simanshu DK. Structural insights into the role of SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C complex in RAF activation. FEBS J 2023; 290:4852-4863. [PMID: 37074066 PMCID: PMC10584989 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
RAF activation is a key step for signalling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The SHOC2 protein, along with MRAS and PP1C, forms a high affinity, heterotrimeric holoenzyme that activates RAF kinases by dephosphorylating a specific phosphoserine. Recently, our research, along with that of three other teams, has uncovered valuable structural and functional insights into the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C (SMP) holoenzyme complex. In this structural snapshot, we review SMP complex assembly, the dependency on the bound-nucleotide state of MRAS, the substitution of MRAS by the canonical RAS proteins and the roles of SHOC2 and MRAS on PP1C activity and specificity. Furthermore, we discuss the effect of several RASopathy mutations identified within the SMP complex and explore potential therapeutic approaches for targeting the SMP complex in RAS/RAF-driven cancers and RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bonsor
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dhirendra K. Simanshu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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14
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Park E, Rawson S, Schmoker A, Kim BW, Oh S, Song K, Jeon H, Eck MJ. Cryo-EM structure of a RAS/RAF recruitment complex. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4580. [PMID: 37516774 PMCID: PMC10387098 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
RAF-family kinases are activated by recruitment to the plasma membrane by GTP-bound RAS, whereupon they initiate signaling through the MAP kinase cascade. Prior structural studies of KRAS with RAF have focused on the isolated RAS-binding and cysteine-rich domains of RAF (RBD and CRD, respectively), which interact directly with RAS. Here we describe cryo-EM structures of a KRAS bound to intact BRAF in an autoinhibited state with MEK1 and a 14-3-3 dimer. Analysis of this KRAS/BRAF/MEK1/14-3-3 complex reveals KRAS bound to the RAS-binding domain of BRAF, captured in two orientations. Core autoinhibitory interactions in the complex are unperturbed by binding of KRAS and in vitro activation studies confirm that KRAS binding is insufficient to activate BRAF, absent membrane recruitment. These structures illustrate the separability of binding and activation of BRAF by RAS and suggest stabilization of this pre-activation intermediate as an alternative therapeutic strategy to blocking binding of KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Park
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Pfizer R&D Center, 3200 Walnut St, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Shaun Rawson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anna Schmoker
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Byeong-Won Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Oh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kangkang Song
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation St, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Hyesung Jeon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Michael J Eck
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Priolo M, Mancini C, Radio FC, Chiriatti L, Ciolfi A, Cappelletti C, Cordeddu V, Pintomalli L, Brusco A, Mammi C, Tartaglia M. Natural history of MRAS-related Noonan syndrome: Evidence of mild adult-onset left ventricular hypertrophy and neuropsychiatric features. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2023. [PMID: 36734411 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.32034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gain of function pathogenic variants in MRAS have been found in a small subset of pediatric subjects presenting with Noonan syndrome (NS) associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and moderate to severe intellectual disability. These variants are considered to confer a high-risk for the development of severe HCM with poor prognosis and fatal outcome. We report on the natural history of the first adult subject with NS carrying the recurrent pathogenic p.Thr68Ile amino acid substitution. Different from what had previously been observed, he presented with a mild, late-onset left ventricular hypertrophy, and a constellation of additional symptoms rarely seen in NS. The present case provides evidence that HCM does not represent an obligatory, early-onset and severe complication in subjects with MRAS variants. It also adds new data about late-onset features suggesting that other unexpected complications might be observed in adult subjects providing anticipatory guidance for individuals of all age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Priolo
- USD Genetica Medica, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mancini
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Chiriatti
- USD Genetica Medica, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciolfi
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Cappelletti
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Cordeddu
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Letizia Pintomalli
- USD Genetica Medica, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Corrado Mammi
- USD Genetica Medica, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Thatikonda V, Lu H, Jurado S, Kostyrko K, Bristow CA, Bosch K, Feng N, Gao S, Gerlach D, Gmachl M, Lieb S, Jeschko A, Machado AA, Marszalek ED, Mahendra M, Jaeger PA, Sorokin A, Strauss S, Trapani F, Kopetz S, Vellano CP, Petronczki M, Kraut N, Heffernan TP, Marszalek JR, Pearson M, Waizenegger I, Hofmann MH. Combined KRAS G12C and SOS1 inhibition enhances and extends the anti-tumor response in KRAS G12C-driven cancers by addressing intrinsic and acquired resistance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.23.525210. [PMID: 36747713 PMCID: PMC9900819 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to improve the anti-tumor response to KRASG12C targeted therapy have benefited from leveraging combination approaches. Here, we compare the anti-tumor response induced by the SOS1-KRAS interaction inhibitor, BI-3406, combined with a KRASG12C inhibitor (KRASG12Ci) to those induced by KRASG12Ci alone or combined with SHP2 or EGFR inhibitors. In lung cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC) models, BI-3406 plus KRASG12Ci induces an anti-tumor response stronger than that observed with KRASG12Ci alone and comparable to those by the other combinations. This enhanced anti-tumor response is associated with a stronger and extended suppression of RAS-MAPK signaling. Importantly, BI-3406 plus KRASG12Ci treatment delays the emergence of acquired adagrasib resistance in both CRC and lung cancer models and is associated with re-establishment of anti-proliferative activity in KRASG12Ci-resistant CRC models. Our findings position KRASG12C plus SOS1 inhibition therapy as a promising strategy for treating both KRASG12C-mutated tumors as well as for addressing acquired resistance to KRASG12Ci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hengyu Lu
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sabine Jurado
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kaja Kostyrko
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher A. Bristow
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karin Bosch
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ningping Feng
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sisi Gao
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Simone Lieb
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Annette A. Machado
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ethan D. Marszalek
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mikhila Mahendra
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Alexey Sorokin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher P. Vellano
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Norbert Kraut
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Timothy P. Heffernan
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph R. Marszalek
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION) Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Pearson
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
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Tan M, Chang Y, Liu X, Li H, Tang Z, Nyati MK, Sun Y. The Sag-Shoc2 axis regulates conversion of mPanINs to cystic lesions in Kras pancreatic tumor model. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111837. [PMID: 36543126 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SAG/RBX2 is an E3 ligase, whereas SHOC2 is a RAS-RAF positive regulator. In this study, we address how Sag-Shoc2 crosstalk regulates pancreatic tumorigenesis induced by KrasG12D. Sag deletion increases the size of pancreas and causes the conversion of murine pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (mPanINs) to neoplastic cystic lesions with a mechanism involving Shoc2 accumulation, suggesting that Sag determines the pathological process via targeting Shoc2. Shoc2 deletion significantly inhibits pancreas growth, mPanIN formation, and acinar cell transdifferentiation, indicating that Shoc2 is essential for KrasG12D-induced pancreatic tumorigenesis. Likewise, in a primary acinar 3D culture, Sag deletion inhibits acinar-to-ductal transdifferentiation, while Shoc2 deletion significantly reduces the duct-like structures. Mechanistically, SAG is an E3 ligase that targets SHOC2 for degradation to affect both Mapk and mTorc1 pathways. Shoc2 deletion completely rescues the phenotype of neoplastic cystic lesions induced by Sag deletion, indicating physiological relevance of the Sag-Shoc2 crosstalk. Thus, the Sag-Shoc2 axis specifies the pancreatic tumor types induced by KrasG12D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjia Tan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NCRC, Building 520, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yu Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NCRC, Building 520, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NCRC, Building 520, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NCRC, Building 520, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Zaiming Tang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Mukesh K Nyati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NCRC, Building 520, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yi Sun
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China; Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310029, China; Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
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18
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Wang Q, Cheng S, Fu Y, Yuan H. Case report: A de novo RASopathy-causing SHOC2 variant in a Chinese girl with noonan syndrome-like with loose anagen hair. Front Genet 2022; 13:1040124. [PMID: 36579329 PMCID: PMC9792188 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the RASopathy-causing SHOC2 gene have been suggested to cause Noonan syndrome-like with loose anagen hair (NS/LAH). This condition is characterized by facial features resembling Noonan syndrome (NS), short stature, growth hormone deficiency (GHD), cognitive deficits, cardiac defects, and ectodermal abnormalities, including easily pluckable, sparse, thin, slow-growing hair, hyperpigmented skin and hypernasal voice. The mutation spectrum of SHOC2 is narrow, and only 8 pathogenic variants have been identified. Here, we report a 5-year-3-month-old Chinese female who displays characteristics typical of NS and has normal neurodevelopment. Trio-based whole-exome sequencing (WES) revealed a de novo variant (c.1231A>G, p.Thr411Ala) in SHOC2. This variant has been recently reported in one subject in the literature who displayed facial features typical of NS and also presented with significant speech delays, moderate intellectual disabilities, epilepsy, bilateral sensorineural deafness and renal dysplasia. The differential phenotypes between these subjects deserve to be further investigated. Next, we reviewed the clinical pictures of NS/LAH and noticed that a recurrent SHOC2 Ser2Gly variant was more likely to result in delayed neurodevelopment and short stature, compared to other SHOC2 variants. And growth hormone (GH) therapy could improve height prognosis. It was noticed that the slight sleep problems and friendly and relatively mature personality observed in our patient may be a novel phenotype of NS/LAH. Our study reconfirms the pathogenic nature of the SHOC2 Thr411Ala variant. It also provides insights into the genotype-phenotype relationship in NS/LAH and a foundation for its genetic counseling, diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Wang
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Dongguan, China,Dongguan Institute of Reproductive and Genetic Research, Dongguan, China
| | - Shuangxi Cheng
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Youqing Fu
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Haiming Yuan
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Dongguan, China,Dongguan Institute of Reproductive and Genetic Research, Dongguan, China,*Correspondence: Haiming Yuan,
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19
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Shi C, Ren S, Zhao X, Li Q. lncRNA MALAT1 regulates the resistance of breast cancer cells to paclitaxel via the miR-497-5p/ SHOC2 axis. Pharmacogenomics 2022; 23:973-985. [PMID: 36420706 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2022-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore the roles of lncRNA MALAT1 and SHOC2 in breast cancer, and the potential connections to chemotherapy resistance in breast cancer. Materials & methods: Paclitaxel-resistant breast cancer cells were induced by gradually increasing intermittent doses. Bioinformatic analyses were performed to predict the regulated miRNAs of MALAT1. Results: High expressions of MALAT1 and SHOC2 contribute to paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer cells. MALAT1 sponges miR-497-5p enhance SHOC2 expression in paclitaxel-resistant breast cancer cells and contribute to paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer cells. Conclusion: Patients with high expression of MALAT1 and SHOC2 have a poorer response to paclitaxel. Upregulation of miR-497-5p could improve the treatment response to paclitaxel in patients with breast cancer by inhibiting MALAT1 and SHOC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Shi
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| | - Shuangjie Ren
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Surgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| | - Qinghuai Li
- The Sixth Department of General Surgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, 050000, China
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Tartaglia M, Aoki Y, Gelb BD. The molecular genetics of RASopathies: An update on novel disease genes and new disorders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2022; 190:425-439. [PMID: 36394128 PMCID: PMC10100036 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.32012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced signaling through RAS and the mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade underlies the RASopathies, a family of clinically related disorders affecting development and growth. In RASopathies, increased RAS-MAPK signaling can result from the upregulated activity of various RAS GTPases, enhanced function of proteins positively controlling RAS function or favoring the efficient transmission of RAS signaling to downstream transducers, functional upregulation of RAS effectors belonging to the MAPK cascade, or inefficient signaling switch-off operated by feedback mechanisms acting at different levels. The massive effort in RASopathy gene discovery performed in the last 20 years has identified more than 20 genes implicated in these disorders. It has also facilitated the characterization of several molecular activating mechanisms that had remained unappreciated due to their minor impact in oncogenesis. Here, we provide an overview on the discoveries collected during the last 5 years that have delivered unexpected insights (e.g., Noonan syndrome as a recessive disease) and allowed to profile new RASopathies, novel disease genes and new molecular circuits contributing to the control of RAS-MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Bruce D Gelb
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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21
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Bonsor DA, Alexander P, Snead K, Hartig N, Drew M, Messing S, Finci LI, Nissley DV, McCormick F, Esposito D, Rodriguez-Viciana P, Stephen AG, Simanshu DK. Structure of the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C complex provides insights into RAF activation and Noonan syndrome. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:966-977. [PMID: 36175670 PMCID: PMC10365013 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SHOC2 acts as a strong synthetic lethal interactor with MEK inhibitors in multiple KRAS cancer cell lines. SHOC2 forms a heterotrimeric complex with MRAS and PP1C that is essential for regulating RAF and MAPK-pathway activation by dephosphorylating a specific phosphoserine on RAF kinases. Here we present the high-resolution crystal structure of the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C (SMP) complex and apo-SHOC2. Our structures reveal that SHOC2, MRAS, and PP1C form a stable ternary complex in which all three proteins synergistically interact with each other. Our results show that dephosphorylation of RAF substrates by PP1C is enhanced upon interacting with SHOC2 and MRAS. The SMP complex forms only when MRAS is in an active state and is dependent on SHOC2 functioning as a scaffolding protein in the complex by bringing PP1C and MRAS together. Our results provide structural insights into the role of the SMP complex in RAF activation and how mutations found in Noonan syndrome enhance complex formation, and reveal new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bonsor
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Alexander
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Snead
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Hartig
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Drew
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Simon Messing
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lorenzo I Finci
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dwight V Nissley
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Andrew G Stephen
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dhirendra K Simanshu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
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22
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Kwon JJ, Hajian B, Bian Y, Young LC, Amor AJ, Fuller JR, Fraley CV, Sykes AM, So J, Pan J, Baker L, Lee SJ, Wheeler DB, Mayhew DL, Persky NS, Yang X, Root DE, Barsotti AM, Stamford AW, Perry CK, Burgin A, McCormick F, Lemke CT, Hahn WC, Aguirre AJ. Structure-function analysis of the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C holophosphatase complex. Nature 2022; 609:408-415. [PMID: 35831509 PMCID: PMC9694338 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-RAS signalling through the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade regulates cell proliferation and survival. The SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C holophosphatase complex functions as a key regulator of RTK-RAS signalling by removing an inhibitory phosphorylation event on the RAF family of proteins to potentiate MAPK signalling1. SHOC2 forms a ternary complex with MRAS and PP1C, and human germline gain-of-function mutations in this complex result in congenital RASopathy syndromes2-5. However, the structure and assembly of this complex are poorly understood. Here we use cryo-electron microscopy to resolve the structure of the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C complex. We define the biophysical principles of holoenzyme interactions, elucidate the assembly order of the complex, and systematically interrogate the functional consequence of nearly all of the possible missense variants of SHOC2 through deep mutational scanning. We show that SHOC2 binds PP1C and MRAS through the concave surface of the leucine-rich repeat region and further engages PP1C through the N-terminal disordered region that contains a cryptic RVXF motif. Complex formation is initially mediated by interactions between SHOC2 and PP1C and is stabilized by the binding of GTP-loaded MRAS. These observations explain how mutant versions of SHOC2 in RASopathies and cancer stabilize the interactions of complex members to enhance holophosphatase activity. Together, this integrative structure-function model comprehensively defines key binding interactions within the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C holophosphatase complex and will inform therapeutic development .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Kwon
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Behnoush Hajian
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuemin Bian
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lucy C Young
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alvaro J Amor
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Cara V Fraley
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Abbey M Sykes
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan So
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua Pan
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura Baker
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sun Joo Lee
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas B Wheeler
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L Mayhew
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicole S Persky
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David E Root
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony M Barsotti
- Deerfield Discovery and Development, Deerfield Management, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew W Stamford
- Deerfield Discovery and Development, Deerfield Management, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles K Perry
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex Burgin
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Lemke
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - William C Hahn
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Liau NPD, Johnson MC, Izadi S, Gerosa L, Hammel M, Bruning JM, Wendorff TJ, Phung W, Hymowitz SG, Sudhamsu J. Structural basis for SHOC2 modulation of RAS signalling. Nature 2022; 609:400-407. [PMID: 35768504 PMCID: PMC9452301 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The RAS-RAF pathway is one of the most commonly dysregulated in human cancers1-3. Despite decades of study, understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying dimerization and activation4 of the kinase RAF remains limited. Recent structures of inactive RAF monomer5 and active RAF dimer5-8 bound to 14-3-39,10 have revealed the mechanisms by which 14-3-3 stabilizes both RAF conformations via specific phosphoserine residues. Prior to RAF dimerization, the protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit (PP1C) must dephosphorylate the N-terminal phosphoserine (NTpS) of RAF11 to relieve inhibition by 14-3-3, although PP1C in isolation lacks intrinsic substrate selectivity. SHOC2 is as an essential scaffolding protein that engages both PP1C and RAS to dephosphorylate RAF NTpS11-13, but the structure of SHOC2 and the architecture of the presumptive SHOC2-PP1C-RAS complex remain unknown. Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the SHOC2-PP1C-MRAS complex to an overall resolution of 3 Å, revealing a tripartite molecular architecture in which a crescent-shaped SHOC2 acts as a cradle and brings together PP1C and MRAS. Our work demonstrates the GTP dependence of multiple RAS isoforms for complex formation, delineates the RAS-isoform preference for complex assembly, and uncovers how the SHOC2 scaffold and RAS collectively drive specificity of PP1C for RAF NTpS. Our data indicate that disease-relevant mutations affect complex assembly, reveal the simultaneous requirement of two RAS molecules for RAF activation, and establish rational avenues for discovery of new classes of inhibitors to target this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P D Liau
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew C Johnson
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Saeed Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Luca Gerosa
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michal Hammel
- Physical Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John M Bruning
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy J Wendorff
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Phung
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah G Hymowitz
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
- The Column Group, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jawahar Sudhamsu
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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24
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Hauseman ZJ, Fodor M, Dhembi A, Viscomi J, Egli D, Bleu M, Katz S, Park E, Jang DM, Porter KA, Meili F, Guo H, Kerr G, Mollé S, Velez-Vega C, Beyer KS, Galli GG, Maira SM, Stams T, Clark K, Eck MJ, Tordella L, Thoma CR, King DA. Structure of the MRAS-SHOC2-PP1C phosphatase complex. Nature 2022; 609:416-423. [PMID: 35830882 PMCID: PMC9452295 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
RAS-MAPK signalling is fundamental for cell proliferation and is altered in most human cancers1-3. However, our mechanistic understanding of how RAS signals through RAF is still incomplete. Although studies revealed snapshots for autoinhibited and active RAF-MEK1-14-3-3 complexes4, the intermediate steps that lead to RAF activation remain unclear. The MRAS-SHOC2-PP1C holophosphatase dephosphorylates RAF at serine 259, resulting in the partial displacement of 14-3-3 and RAF-RAS association3,5,6. MRAS, SHOC2 and PP1C are mutated in rasopathies-developmental syndromes caused by aberrant MAPK pathway activation6-14-and SHOC2 itself has emerged as potential target in receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-RAS-driven tumours15-18. Despite its importance, structural understanding of the SHOC2 holophosphatase is lacking. Here we determine, using X-ray crystallography, the structure of the MRAS-SHOC2-PP1C complex. SHOC2 bridges PP1C and MRAS through its concave surface and enables reciprocal interactions between all three subunits. Biophysical characterization indicates a cooperative assembly driven by the MRAS GTP-bound active state, an observation that is extendible to other RAS isoforms. Our findings support the concept of a RAS-driven and multi-molecular model for RAF activation in which individual RAS-GTP molecules recruit RAF-14-3-3 and SHOC2-PP1C to produce downstream pathway activation. Importantly, we find that rasopathy and cancer mutations reside at protein-protein interfaces within the holophosphatase, resulting in enhanced affinities and function. Collectively, our findings shed light on a fundamental mechanism of RAS biology and on mechanisms of clinically observed enhanced RAS-MAPK signalling, therefore providing the structural basis for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Fodor
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anxhela Dhembi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Viscomi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Egli
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melusine Bleu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Katz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eunyoung Park
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dong Man Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Fabian Meili
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hongqiu Guo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Grainne Kerr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Mollé
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Kim S Beyer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio G Galli
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Travis Stams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kirk Clark
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Eck
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luca Tordella
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Claudio R Thoma
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel A King
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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25
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26
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Wang H, Chi L, Yu F, Dai H, Si X, Gao C, Wang Z, Liu L, Zheng J, Ke Y, Liu H, Zhang Q. The overview of Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)-based dual inhibitor in the treatment of cancers. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 70:116922. [PMID: 35849914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (MEK1/2) are the critical components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (MAPK/ERK1/2) signaling pathway which is one of the well-characterized kinase cascades regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, growth, metabolism, survival and mobility both in normal and cancer cells. The aberrant activation of MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway is a hallmark of numerous human cancers, therefore targeting the components of this pathway to inhibit its dysregulation is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Enormous efforts have been done in the development of MEK1/2 inhibitors and encouraging advancements have been made, including four inhibitors approved for clinical use. However, due to the multifactorial property of cancer and rapidly arising drug resistance, the clinical efficacy of these MEK1/2 inhibitors as monotherapy are far from ideal. Several alternative strategies have been developed to improve the limited clinical efficacy, including the dual inhibitor which is a single drug molecule able to simultaneously inhibit two targets. In this review, we first introduced the activation and function of the MAPK/ERK1/2 components and discussed the advantages of MEK1/2-based dual inhibitors compared with the single inhibitors and combination therapy in the treatment of cancers. Then, we overviewed the MEK1/2-based dual inhibitors for the treatment of cancers and highlighted the theoretical basis of concurrent inhibition of MEK1/2 and other targets for development of these dual inhibitors. Besides, the status and results of these dual inhibitors in both preclinical and clinical studies were also the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lingling Chi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Fuqiang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongling Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaojie Si
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chao Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhengjie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Limin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yu Ke
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Hongmin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Qiurong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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27
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Snead K, Wall V, Ambrose H, Esposito D, Drew M. Polycistronic baculovirus expression of SUGT1 enables high-yield production of recombinant leucine-rich repeat proteins and protein complexes. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 193:106061. [PMID: 35131438 PMCID: PMC8881745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The SHOC2-MRAS-PPP1CA (SMP) complex is a holoenzyme that plays a vital role in the MAP kinase signaling pathway. Previous attempts to produce this challenging three-protein complex have relied on co-infection with multiple viruses and the use of affinity tags to attempt to isolate functional recombinant protein complexes. Leucine-rich repeat containing proteins have been historically challenging to express, and we hypothesized that co-expression of appropriate chaperones may be necessary for optimal production. We describe here how the SUGT1 chaperone can, in conjunction with polycistronic protein expression in baculovirus-infected insect cells, dramatically enhance production yield and quality of recombinant SHOC2, the SMP complex, and other leucine-rich repeat proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Snead
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vanessa Wall
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hannah Ambrose
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Drew
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
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28
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Red Blood Cell BCL-x L Is Required for Plasmodium falciparum Survival: Insights into Host-Directed Malaria Therapies. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040824. [PMID: 35456874 PMCID: PMC9027239 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of antimalarial drug resistance is an ongoing problem threatening progress towards the elimination of malaria, and antimalarial treatments are urgently needed for drug-resistant malaria infections. Host-directed therapies (HDT) represent an attractive strategy for the development of new antimalarials with untapped targets and low propensity for resistance. In addition, drug repurposing in the context of HDT can lead to a substantial decrease in the time and resources required to develop novel antimalarials. Host BCL-xL is a target in anti-cancer therapy and is essential for the development of numerous intracellular pathogens. We hypothesised that red blood cell (RBC) BCL-xL is essential for Plasmodium development and tested this hypothesis using six BCL-xL inhibitors, including one FDA-approved compound. All BCL-xL inhibitors tested impaired proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 parasites in vitro at low micromolar or sub-micromolar concentrations. Western blot analysis of infected cell fractions and immunofluorescence microscopy assays revealed that host BCL-xL is relocated from the RBC cytoplasm to the vicinity of the parasite upon infection. Further, immunoprecipitation of BCL-xL coupled with mass spectrometry analysis identified that BCL-xL forms unique molecular complexes with human μ-calpain in uninfected RBCs, and with human SHOC2 in infected RBCs. These results provide interesting perspectives for the development of host-directed antimalarial therapies and drug repurposing efforts.
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29
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Motta M, Solman M, Bonnard AA, Kuechler A, Pantaleoni F, Priolo M, Chandramouli B, Coppola S, Pizzi S, Zara E, Ferilli M, Kayserili H, Onesimo R, Leoni C, Brinkmann J, Vial Y, Kamphausen SB, Thomas-Teinturier C, Guimier A, Cordeddu V, Mazzanti L, Zampino G, Chillemi G, Zenker M, Cavé H, Hertog J, Tartaglia M. Expanding the molecular spectrum of pathogenic SHOC2 variants underlying Mazzanti syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2766-2778. [PMID: 35348676 PMCID: PMC9402240 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We previously molecularly and clinically characterized Mazzanti syndrome, a RASopathy related to Noonan syndrome that is mostly caused by a single recurrent missense variant (c.4A > G, p.Ser2Gly) in SHOC2, which encodes a leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing protein facilitating signal flow through the RAS-mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. We also documented that the pathogenic p.Ser2Gly substitution causes upregulation of MAPK signaling and constitutive targeting of SHOC2 to the plasma membrane due to the introduction of an N-myristoylation recognition motif. The almost invariant occurrence of the pathogenic c.4A > G missense change in SHOC2 is mirrored by a relatively homogeneous clinical phenotype of Mazzanti syndrome. Here we provide new data on the clinical spectrum and molecular diversity of this disorder, and functionally characterize new pathogenic variants. The clinical phenotype of six unrelated individuals carrying novel disease-causing SHOC2 variants is delineated, and public and newly collected clinical data are utilized to profile the disorder. In silico, in vitro and in vivo characterization of the newly identified variants provides evidence that the consequences of these missense changes on SHOC2 functional behavior differ from what had been observed for the canonical p.Ser2Gly change but converge towards an enhanced activation of the RAS-MAPK pathway. Our findings expand the molecular spectrum of pathogenic SHOC2 variants, provide a more accurate picture of the phenotypic expression associated with variants in this gene, and definitively establish a GoF behavior as the mechanism of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Motta
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Maja Solman
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adeline A Bonnard
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Alma Kuechler
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Francesca Pantaleoni
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Priolo
- UOSD Genetica Medica, Grandeospedale Metropolitano “Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli”, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italia
| | | | - Simona Coppola
- National Centre Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Pizzi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Zara
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ferilli
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Genetic Diseases Evaluation Center, Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, 34010 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Roberta Onesimo
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Julia Brinkmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yoann Vial
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Susanne B Kamphausen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Cécile Thomas-Teinturier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR 1018, Cancer and Radiation team, CESP, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Guimier
- Service de Médecine Genomique des Maladies Rares, CRMR Anomalies du développement, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Viviana Cordeddu
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Mazzanti
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jeroen Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Lead contact
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Abstract
In this review, I provide a brief history of the discovery of RAS and the GAPs and GEFs that regulate its activity from a personal perspective. Much of this history has been driven by technological breakthroughs that occurred concurrently, such as molecular cloning, cDNA expression to analyze RAS proteins and their structures, and application of PCR to detect mutations. I discuss the RAS superfamily and RAS proteins as therapeutic targets, including recent advances in developing RAS inhibitors. I also describe the role of the RAS Initiative at Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in advancing development of RAS inhibitors and providing new insights into signaling complexes and interaction of RAS proteins with the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States.
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31
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Classical RAS proteins are not essential for paradoxical ERK activation induced by RAF inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2113491119. [PMID: 35091470 PMCID: PMC8812530 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113491119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RAF inhibitors unexpectedly induce ERK activation in normal and oncogenic RAS tumor cells, making them unsuitable for treating RAS-driven cancers. The precise mechanism of this paradox is not fully understood but is believed to be RAS dependent. In this study, we discovered that classical RAS proteins are not essential for RAF inhibitor-induced ERK activation in H/N/KRAS-less mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We further showed that the MRAS/SHOC2 complex is required for the classical RAS-independent paradoxical ERK activation. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of paradoxical ERK activation by RAF inhibitors, and they have important therapeutic implications for developing effective RAF inhibitors. RAF inhibitors unexpectedly induce ERK signaling in normal and tumor cells with elevated RAS activity. Paradoxical activation is believed to be RAS dependent. In this study, we showed that LY3009120, a pan-RAF inhibitor, can unexpectedly cause paradoxical ERK activation in KRASG12C-dependent lung cancer cell lines, when KRAS is inhibited by ARS1620, a KRASG12C inhibitor. Using H/N/KRAS-less mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we discovered that classical RAS proteins are not essential for RAF inhibitor-induced paradoxical ERK signaling. In their absence, RAF inhibitors can induce ERK phosphorylation, ERK target gene transcription, and cell proliferation. We further showed that the MRAS/SHOC2 complex is required for this process. This study highlights the complexity of the allosteric RAF regulation by RAF inhibitors, and the importance of other RAS-related proteins in this process.
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32
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Zhao BR, Wang XX, Wang XW. Shoc2 recognizes bacterial flagellin and mediates antibacterial Erk/Stat signaling in an invertebrate. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010253. [PMID: 35073369 PMCID: PMC8812994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagellin is a key bacterial virulence factor that can stimulate molecular immune signaling in both animals and plants. The detailed mechanisms of recognizing flagellin and mounting an efficient immune response have been uncovered in vertebrates; however, whether invertebrates can discriminate flagellin remains largely unknown. In the present study, the homolog of human SHOC2 leucine rich repeat scaffold protein in kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus), designated MjShoc2, was found to interact with Vibrio anguillarum flagellin A (FlaA) using yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays. MjShoc2 plays a role in antibacterial response by mediating the FlaA-induced expression of certain antibacterial effectors, including lectin and antimicrobial peptide. FlaA challenge, via MjShoc2, led to phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (Erk), and the subsequent activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat), ultimately inducing the expression of effectors. Therefore, by establishing the FlaA/MjShoc2/Erk/Stat signaling axis, this study revealed a new antibacterial strategy in shrimp, and provides insights into the flagellin sensing mechanism in invertebrates. Flagellin sensing has been proven as a general antibacterial strategy. Recognition of bacterial flagellin by the transmembrane receptor toll like receptor 5 (TLR5) leads to the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and induction of proinflammatory cytokines, while recognition by the intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich (NLR) receptor leads to caspase-activation and cytokines-expression. Although flagellin is an effective immune stimulator that induces antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila and in crustaceans, how an invertebrate host senses flagellin and mounts an immune response is poorly understood. Here, we used the flagellin (FlaA) from Vibrio anguillarum, a pathogen of shrimp, as a bait protein to screen a yeast two-hybrid library derived from kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). We found a scaffold protein, MjShoc2, able to interact with FlaA. We also found that FlaA could effectively induce the expression of certain recognized antibacterial effectors in shrimp depending on MjShoc2. We revealed that extracellular regulated kinase (Erk) phosphorylation occurred downstream of FlaA/MjShoc2, and led to signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) activation, resulting in transcription of certain effectors. Therefore our study provides new insights into the FlaA-induced molecular immunity in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Rui Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin-Xin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xian-Wei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
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33
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Synthesis, functional proteomics and biological evaluation of new 5-pyrazolyl ureas as potential anti-angiogenic compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113872. [PMID: 34600191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on biological results of previous synthesized pyrazolyl ureas able to interfere with angiogenesis process, we planned and synthesized the new benzyl-urea derivatives 2-4; some of them showed an interesting anti-proliferative profile and particularly 4e potently inhibited HUVEC proliferation. To shed light on the mechanism of action of 4e, its interactome has been deeply inspected to identify the most prominent protein partners, mainly taking into account kinome and phosphatome, through drug affinity responsive target stability experiments, followed by targeted limited proteolysis analysis. From these studies, PP1γ emerged as the most reliable 4e potential target in HUVEC. Molecular docking simulations on PP1γ were carried out to predict 4e binding mode. To assess its potential anti-angiogenic effect, 4e was tested in vitro to verify interference on kinase and phosphate activities. Overall, our results evidenced for 4e an interesting anti-angiogenic action, probably due to its action at intracellular level on PP1γ signalling pathways.
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34
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Wilson P, Abdelmoti L, Norcross R, Jang ER, Palayam M, Galperin E. The role of USP7 in the Shoc2-ERK1/2 signaling axis and Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272259. [PMID: 34553755 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ERK1/2 (also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively) signaling pathway is critical in organismal development and tissue morphogenesis. Deregulation of this pathway leads to congenital abnormalities with severe developmental dysmorphisms. The core ERK1/2 cascade relies on scaffold proteins, such as Shoc2 to guide and fine-tune its signals. Mutations in SHOC2 lead to the development of the pathology termed Noonan-like Syndrome with Loose Anagen Hair (NSLAH). However, the mechanisms underlying the functions of Shoc2 and its contributions to disease progression remain unclear. Here, we show that ERK1/2 pathway activation triggers the interaction of Shoc2 with the ubiquitin-specific protease USP7. We reveal that, in the Shoc2 module, USP7 functions as a molecular 'switch' that controls the E3 ligase HUWE1 and the HUWE1-induced regulatory feedback loop. We also demonstrate that disruption of Shoc2-USP7 binding leads to aberrant activation of the Shoc2-ERK1/2 axis. Importantly, our studies reveal a possible role for USP7 in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying NSLAH, thereby extending our understanding of how ubiquitin-specific proteases regulate intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lina Abdelmoti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Rebecca Norcross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Eun Ryoung Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Malathy Palayam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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35
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Mysore VP, Zhou ZW, Ambrogio C, Li L, Kapp JN, Lu C, Wang Q, Tucker MR, Okoro JJ, Nagy-Davidescu G, Bai X, Plückthun A, Jänne PA, Westover KD, Shan Y, Shaw DE. A structural model of a Ras-Raf signalosome. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:847-857. [PMID: 34625747 PMCID: PMC8643099 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-021-00667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The protein K-Ras functions as a molecular switch in signaling pathways regulating cell growth. In the human mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which is implicated in many cancers, multiple K-Ras proteins are thought to assemble at the cell membrane with Ras effector proteins from the Raf family. Here we propose an atomistic structural model for such an assembly. Our starting point was an asymmetric guanosine triphosphate-mediated K-Ras dimer model, which we generated using unbiased molecular dynamics simulations and verified with mutagenesis experiments. Adding further K-Ras monomers in a head-to-tail fashion led to a compact helical assembly, a model we validated using electron microscopy and cell-based experiments. This assembly stabilizes K-Ras in its active state and presents composite interfaces to facilitate Raf binding. Guided by existing experimental data, we then positioned C-Raf, the downstream kinase MEK1 and accessory proteins (Galectin-3 and 14-3-3σ) on and around the helical assembly. The resulting Ras-Raf signalosome model offers an explanation for a large body of data on MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chiara Ambrogio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lianbo Li
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jonas N Kapp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chunya Lu
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey J Okoro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Xiaochen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pasi A Jänne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth D Westover
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - David E Shaw
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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36
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Rao S, Hoskins I, Tonn T, Garcia PD, Ozadam H, Sarinay Cenik E, Cenik C. Genes with 5' terminal oligopyrimidine tracts preferentially escape global suppression of translation by the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 protein. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 27:1025-1045. [PMID: 34127534 PMCID: PMC8370740 DOI: 10.1261/rna.078661.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Viruses rely on the host translation machinery to synthesize their own proteins. Consequently, they have evolved varied mechanisms to co-opt host translation for their survival. SARS-CoV-2 relies on a nonstructural protein, Nsp1, for shutting down host translation. However, it is currently unknown how viral proteins and host factors critical for viral replication can escape a global shutdown of host translation. Here, using a novel FACS-based assay called MeTAFlow, we report a dose-dependent reduction in both nascent protein synthesis and mRNA abundance in cells expressing Nsp1. We perform RNA-seq and matched ribosome profiling experiments to identify gene-specific changes both at the mRNA expression and translation levels. We discover that a functionally coherent subset of human genes is preferentially translated in the context of Nsp1 expression. These genes include the translation machinery components, RNA binding proteins, and others important for viral pathogenicity. Importantly, we uncovered a remarkable enrichment of 5' terminal oligo-pyrimidine (TOP) tracts among preferentially translated genes. Using reporter assays, we validated that 5' UTRs from TOP transcripts can drive preferential expression in the presence of Nsp1. Finally, we found that LARP1, a key effector protein in the mTOR pathway, may contribute to preferential translation of TOP transcripts in response to Nsp1 expression. Collectively, our study suggests fine-tuning of host gene expression and translation by Nsp1 despite its global repressive effect on host protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Rao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Ian Hoskins
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Tori Tonn
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - P Daniela Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Hakan Ozadam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Elif Sarinay Cenik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Can Cenik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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37
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Motta M, Sagi-Dain L, Krumbach OHF, Hahn A, Peleg A, German A, Lissewski C, Coppola S, Pantaleoni F, Kocherscheid L, Altmüller F, Schanze D, Logeswaran T, Chahrokh-Zadeh S, Munzig A, Nakhaei-Rad S, Cavé H, Ahmadian MR, Tartaglia M, Zenker M. Activating MRAS mutations cause Noonan syndrome associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1772-1783. [PMID: 31108500 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The RASopathies are a group of genetic syndromes caused by upregulated RAS signaling. Noonan syndrome (NS), the most common entity among the RASopathies, is characterized mainly by short stature, cardiac anomalies and distinctive facial features. Mutations in multiple RAS-MAPK pathway-related genes have been associated with NS and related phenotypes. We describe two unrelated patients presenting with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dysmorphic features suggestive of NS. One of them died in the neonatal period because of cardiac failure. Targeted sequencing revealed de novo MRAS variants, c.203C > T (p.Thr68Ile) and c.67G > C (p.Gly23Arg) as causative events. MRAS has only recently been related to NS based on the observation of two unrelated affected individuals with de novo variants involving the same codons here found mutated. Gly23 and Thr68 are highly conserved residues, and the corresponding codons are known hotspots for RASopathy-associated mutations in other RAS proteins. Functional analyses documented high level of activation of MRAS mutants due to impaired GTPase activity, which was associated with constitutive plasma membrane targeting, prolonged localization in non-raft microdomains, enhanced binding to PPP1CB and SHOC2 protein, and variably increased MAPK and PI3K-AKT activation. This report provides additional evidence that a narrow spectrum of activating mutations in MRAS represents another rare cause of NS, and that MRAS has to be counted among the RASopathy genes predisposing to HCM. Moreover, our findings further emphasize the relevance of the MRAS-SHOC2-PPP1CB axis in the control of MAPK signaling, and the contribution of both MAPK and PI3K-AKT pathways in MRAS functional upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Motta
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lena Sagi-Dain
- The Human Genetic institute, Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Oliver H F Krumbach
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Department of Child Neurology, University Hospital, Gießen, Germany
| | - Amir Peleg
- The Human Genetic institute, Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alina German
- Pediatric Department, Bnai-Zion Medical Center and Clalit Health Maintenance Organization, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Simona Coppola
- National Centre for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pantaleoni
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Anna Munzig
- Center of Human Genetics and Laboratory Diagnostics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Mohammad R Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
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38
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Matos B, Howl J, Jerónimo C, Fardilha M. Modulation of serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) complexes: A promising approach in cancer treatment. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2680-2698. [PMID: 34390863 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the availability of numerous therapeutic options, tumor heterogeneity and chemoresistance have limited the success of these treatments, and the development of effective anticancer therapies remains a major focus in oncology research. The serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and its complexes have been recognized as potential drug targets. Research on the modulation of PP1 complexes is currently at an early stage, but has immense potential. Chemically diverse compounds have been developed to disrupt or stabilize different PP1 complexes in various cancer types, with the objective of inhibiting disease progression. Beneficial results obtained in vitro now require further pre-clinical and clinical validation. In conclusion, the modulation of PP1 complexes seems to be a promising, albeit challenging, therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Matos
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - John Howl
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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39
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Pudewell S, Wittich C, Kazemein Jasemi NS, Bazgir F, Ahmadian MR. Accessory proteins of the RAS-MAPK pathway: moving from the side line to the front line. Commun Biol 2021; 4:696. [PMID: 34103645 PMCID: PMC8187363 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Health and disease are directly related to the RTK-RAS-MAPK signalling cascade. After more than three decades of intensive research, understanding its spatiotemporal features is afflicted with major conceptual shortcomings. Here we consider how the compilation of a vast array of accessory proteins may resolve some parts of the puzzles in this field, as they safeguard the strength, efficiency and specificity of signal transduction. Targeting such modulators, rather than the constituent components of the RTK-RAS-MAPK signalling cascade may attenuate rather than inhibit disease-relevant signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Pudewell
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittich
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Neda S. Kazemein Jasemi
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Farhad Bazgir
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohammad R. Ahmadian
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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40
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Zhang H, Cao X, Wang J, Li Q, Zhao Y, Jin X. LZTR1: A promising adaptor of the CUL3 family. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:564. [PMID: 34113392 PMCID: PMC8185703 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of the disorders of ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation may unravel the molecular basis of human diseases, such as cancer (prostate cancer, lung cancer and liver cancer, etc.) and nervous system disease (Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease, etc.) and help in the design of new therapeutic methods. Leucine zipper-like transcription regulator 1 (LZTR1) is an important substrate recognition subunit of cullin-RING E3 ligase that plays an important role in the regulation of cellular functions. Mutations in LZTR1 and dysregulation of associated downstream signaling pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of Noonan syndrome (NS), glioblastoma and chronic myeloid leukemia. Understanding the molecular mechanism of the normal function of LZTR1 is thus critical for its eventual therapeutic targeting. In the present review, the structure and function of LZTR1 are described. Moreover, recent advances in the current knowledge of the functions of LZTR1 in NS, glioblastoma (GBM), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and schwannomatosis and the influence of LZTR1 mutations are also discussed, providing insight into how LZTR1 may be targeted for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Yiting Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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41
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Rao S, Hoskins I, Tonn T, Garcia PD, Ozadam H, Cenik ES, Cenik C. Genes with 5' terminal oligopyrimidine tracts preferentially escape global suppression of translation by the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2020.09.13.295493. [PMID: 32995776 PMCID: PMC7523102 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.13.295493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viruses rely on the host translation machinery to synthesize their own proteins. Consequently, they have evolved varied mechanisms to co-opt host translation for their survival. SARS-CoV-2 relies on a non-structural protein, Nsp1, for shutting down host translation. However, it is currently unknown how viral proteins and host factors critical for viral replication can escape a global shutdown of host translation. Here, using a novel FACS-based assay called MeTAFlow, we report a dose-dependent reduction in both nascent protein synthesis and mRNA abundance in cells expressing Nsp1. We perform RNA-Seq and matched ribosome profiling experiments to identify gene-specific changes both at the mRNA expression and translation level. We discover a functionally-coherent subset of human genes are preferentially translated in the context of Nsp1 expression. These genes include the translation machinery components, RNA binding proteins, and others important for viral pathogenicity. Importantly, we uncovered a remarkable enrichment of 5' terminal oligo-pyrimidine (TOP) tracts among preferentially translated genes. Using reporter assays, we validated that 5' UTRs from TOP transcripts can drive preferential expression in the presence of NSP1. Finally, we found that LARP1, a key effector protein in the mTOR pathway may contribute to preferential translation of TOP transcripts in response to Nsp1 expression. Collectively, our study suggests fine tuning of host gene expression and translation by Nsp1 despite its global repressive effect on host protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Rao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ian Hoskins
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Tori Tonn
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - P. Daniela Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hakan Ozadam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Elif Sarinay Cenik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Can Cenik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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42
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A Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Provides a SHOC2 the RAS Circuit: a Structure-Function Perspective. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:MCB.00627-20. [PMID: 33526449 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00627-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SHOC2 is a prototypical leucine-rich repeat protein that promotes downstream receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/RAS signaling and plays important roles in several cellular and developmental processes. Gain-of-function germ line mutations of SHOC2 drive the RASopathy Noonan-like syndrome, and SHOC2 mediates adaptive resistance to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors. Similar to many scaffolding proteins, SHOC2 facilitates signal transduction by enabling proximal protein interactions and regulating the subcellular localization of its binding partners. Here, we review the structural features of SHOC2 that mediate its known functions, discuss these elements in the context of various binding partners and signaling pathways, and highlight areas of SHOC2 biology where a consensus view has not yet emerged.
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43
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Jang H, Stevens P, Gao T, Galperin E. The leucine-rich repeat signaling scaffolds Shoc2 and Erbin: cellular mechanism and role in disease. FEBS J 2021; 288:721-739. [PMID: 32558243 PMCID: PMC7958993 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (LRR proteins) are involved in supporting a large number of cellular functions. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in understanding functions of the LRR proteins as signaling scaffolds. In particular, we explore what we have learned about the mechanisms of action of the LRR scaffolds Shoc2 and Erbin and their roles in normal development and disease. We discuss Shoc2 and Erbin in the context of their multiple known interacting partners in various cellular processes and summarize often unexpected functions of these proteins through analysis of their roles in human pathologies. We also review these LRR scaffold proteins as promising therapeutic targets and biomarkers with potential application across various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeIn Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Payton Stevens
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Tianyan Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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44
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Huckstadt V, Chinton J, Gomez A, Obregon MG, Gravina LP. Noonan syndrome with loose anagen hair with variants in the PPP1CB gene: First familial case reported. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1256-1260. [PMID: 33491856 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rasopathies are a group of phenotypically overlapping conditions that include Noonan, Noonan with multiple lentigines, Noonan with loose anagen hair, Costello, Cardio-facio-cutaneous, and Neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndromes. Noonan syndrome with loose anagen hair (NS-LAH) is clinically characterized by prominent forehead, macrocephaly, growth hormone deficiency, sparse, loose and slow-growing anagen hair, hyperpigmented skin with eczema or ichthyosis, mild psychomotor delays, hypernasal voices, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Variants in SHOC2 are responsible for the majority of the cases. Gripp et al. identified four unrelated individuals with similar phenotype to NS-LAH with pathogenic variants in PPP1CB. In this study, we present one family and one patient with NS-LAH and variants in PPP1CB. The first patient belongs to a family with a likely pathogenic variant, c.545T>A (p.Met182Lys), the first family published so far with a variant in this gene. The second patient harbors a de novo pathogenic variant, c.146C>G (p.Pro49Arg). This study presents two additional patients with this rare syndrome in order to increase the clinical characterization of the syndrome and provide more evidence of the pathogenicity of the c.545T>A (p.Met182Lys) variant in PPP1CB, a gene recently associated with NS-LAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Huckstadt
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Josefina Chinton
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Servicio de Genética, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Abel Gomez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Servicio de Genética, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Luis Pablo Gravina
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Servicio de Genética, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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45
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Endo T. M-Ras is Muscle-Ras, Moderate-Ras, Mineral-Ras, Migration-Ras, and Many More-Ras. Exp Cell Res 2020; 397:112342. [PMID: 33130177 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ras family of small GTPases comprises about 36 members in humans. M-Ras is related to classical Ras with regard to its regulators and effectors, but solely constitutes a subfamily among the Ras family members. Although classical Ras strongly binds Raf and highly activates the ERK pathway, M-Ras less strongly binds Raf and moderately but sustainedly activates the ERK pathway to induce neuronal differentiation. M-Ras also possesses specific effectors, including RapGEFs and the PP1 complex Shoc2-PP1c, which dephosphorylates Raf to activate the ERK pathway. M-Ras is highly expressed in the brain and plays essential roles in dendrite formation during neurogenesis, in contrast to the axon formation by R-Ras. M-Ras is also highly expressed in the bone and induces osteoblastic differentiation and transdifferentiation accompanied by calcification. Moreover, M-Ras elicits epithelial-mesenchymal transition-mediated collective and single cell migration through the PP1 complex-mediated ERK pathway activation. Activating missense mutations in the MRAS gene have been detected in Noonan syndrome, one of the RASopathies, and MRAS gene amplification occurs in several cancers. Furthermore, several SNPs in the MRAS gene are associated with coronary artery disease, obesity, and dyslipidemia. Therefore, M-Ras carries out a variety of cellular, physiological, and pathological functions. Further investigations may reveal more functions of M-Ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Endo
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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46
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Sulahian R, Kwon JJ, Walsh KH, Pailler E, Bosse TL, Thaker M, Almanza D, Dempster JM, Pan J, Piccioni F, Dumont N, Gonzalez A, Rennhack J, Nabet B, Bachman JA, Goodale A, Lee Y, Bagul M, Liao R, Navarro A, Yuan TL, Ng RWS, Raghavan S, Gray NS, Tsherniak A, Vazquez F, Root DE, Firestone AJ, Settleman J, Hahn WC, Aguirre AJ. Synthetic Lethal Interaction of SHOC2 Depletion with MEK Inhibition in RAS-Driven Cancers. Cell Rep 2020; 29:118-134.e8. [PMID: 31577942 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a critical effector of oncogenic RAS signaling, and MAPK pathway inhibition may be an effective combination treatment strategy. We performed genome-scale loss-of-function CRISPR-Cas9 screens in the presence of a MEK1/2 inhibitor (MEKi) in KRAS-mutant pancreatic and lung cancer cell lines and identified genes that cooperate with MEK inhibition. While we observed heterogeneity in genetic modifiers of MEKi sensitivity across cell lines, several recurrent classes of synthetic lethal vulnerabilities emerged at the pathway level. Multiple members of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-RAS-MAPK pathways scored as sensitizers to MEKi. In particular, we demonstrate that knockout, suppression, or degradation of SHOC2, a positive regulator of MAPK signaling, specifically cooperated with MEK inhibition to impair proliferation in RAS-driven cancer cells. The depletion of SHOC2 disrupted survival pathways triggered by feedback RTK signaling in response to MEK inhibition. Thus, these findings nominate SHOC2 as a potential target for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sulahian
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jason J Kwon
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Emma Pailler
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Timothy L Bosse
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Maneesha Thaker
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Diego Almanza
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Joshua Pan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Nancy Dumont
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Rennhack
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Behnam Nabet
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John A Bachman
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amy Goodale
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yenarae Lee
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mukta Bagul
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rosy Liao
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adrija Navarro
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tina L Yuan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Raymond W S Ng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Srivatsan Raghavan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aviad Tsherniak
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - David E Root
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Jeff Settleman
- Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - William C Hahn
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, MA.
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, MA.
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47
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Silveira VS, Borges KS, Santos VS, Ruckert MT, Vieira GM, Vasconcelos EJR, Nagano LFP, Tone LG, Scrideli CA. SHOC2 scaffold protein modulates daunorubicin-induced cell death through p53 modulation in lymphoid leukemia cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15193. [PMID: 32938995 PMCID: PMC7495473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SHOC2 scaffold protein has been mainly related to oncogenic ERK signaling through the RAS-SHOC2-PP1 phosphatase complex. In leukemic cells however, SHOC2 upregulation has been previously related to an increased 5-year event-free survival of pediatric pre-B acute lymphoid leukemia, suggesting that SHOC2 could be a potential prognostic marker. To address such paradoxical function, our study investigated how SHOC2 impact leukemic cells drug response. Our transcriptome analysis has shown that SHOC2 can modulate the DNA-damage mediated by p53. Notably, upon genetic inhibition of SHOC2 we observed a significant impairment of p53 expression, which in turn, leads to the blockage of key apoptotic molecules. To confirm the specificity of DNA-damage related modulation, several anti-leukemic drugs has been tested and we did confirm that the proposed mechanism impairs cell death upon daunorubicin-induced DNA damage of human lymphoid cells. In conclusion, our study uncovers new insights into SHOC2 function and reveals that this scaffold protein may be essential to activate a novel mechanism of p53-induced cell death in pre-B lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva Silveira
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Kleiton Silva Borges
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verena Silva Santos
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Tannús Ruckert
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Maciel Vieira
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Fernando Peinado Nagano
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga Tone
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Scrideli
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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48
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Patterson VL, Burdine RD. Swimming toward solutions: Using fish and frogs as models for understanding RASopathies. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:749-765. [PMID: 32506834 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The RAS signaling pathway regulates cell growth, survival, and differentiation, and its inappropriate activation is associated with disease in humans. The RASopathies, a set of developmental syndromes, arise when the pathway is overactive during development. Patients share a core set of symptoms, including congenital heart disease, craniofacial anomalies, and neurocognitive delay. Due to the conserved nature of the pathway, animal models are highly informative for understanding disease etiology, and zebrafish and Xenopus are emerging as advantageous model systems. Here we discuss these aquatic models of RASopathies, which recapitulate many of the core symptoms observed in patients. Craniofacial structures become dysmorphic upon expression of disease-associated mutations, resulting in wider heads. Heart defects manifest as delays in cardiac development and changes in heart size, and behavioral deficits are beginning to be explored. Furthermore, early convergence and extension defects cause elongation of developing embryos: this phenotype can be quantitatively assayed as a readout of mutation strength, raising interesting questions regarding the relationship between pathway activation and disease. Additionally, the observation that RAS signaling may be simultaneously hyperactive and attenuated suggests that downregulation of signaling may also contribute to etiology. We propose that models should be characterized using a standardized approach to allow easier comparison between models, and a better understanding of the interplay between mutation and disease presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Patterson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rebecca D Burdine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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49
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Xie CM, Tan M, Lin XT, Wu D, Jiang Y, Tan Y, Li H, Ma Y, Xiong X, Sun Y. The FBXW7-SHOC2-Raptor Axis Controls the Cross-Talks between the RAS-ERK and mTORC1 Signaling Pathways. Cell Rep 2020; 26:3037-3050.e4. [PMID: 30865892 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
FBXW7 is a tumor suppressive E3 ligase, whereas RAS-ERK and mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTORC1) are two major oncogenic pathways. Whether and how FBXW7 regulates these two oncogenic pathways are unknown. Here, we showed that SHOC2, a RAS activator, is a FBXW7 substrate. Growth stimuli trigger SHOC2 phosphorylation on Thr507 by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal, which facilitates FBXW7 binding for ubiquitylation and degradation. FBXW7-mediated SHOC2 degradation terminates the RAS-MAPK signals and inhibits proliferation. Furthermore, SHOC2 selectively binds to Raptor to competitively inhibit the Raptor-mTOR binding to inactivate mTORC1 and induce autophagy, whereas Raptor binding of SHOC2 inhibits the SHOC2-RAS binding to block the MAPK pathway and proliferation. Finally, SHOC2 is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer, which correlated with poor patient survival. SHOC2 mutations were found in lung cancer tissues with gain-of-function activity. Collectively, the SHOC2-Raptor interaction triggers negative cross-talk between RAS-ERK and mTORC1 pathways, whereas FBXW7 regulates both pathways by targeting SHOC2 for ubiquitylation and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ming Xie
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Mingjia Tan
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiao-Tong Lin
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yihan Jiang
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Tan
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Haomin Li
- The Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiufang Xiong
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Institute of Translational Medicine and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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50
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Gross AM, Frone M, Gripp KW, Gelb BD, Schoyer L, Schill L, Stronach B, Biesecker LG, Esposito D, Hernandez ER, Legius E, Loh ML, Martin S, Morrison DK, Rauen KA, Wolters PL, Zand D, McCormick F, Savage SA, Stewart DR, Widemann BC, Yohe ME. Advancing RAS/RASopathy therapies: An NCI-sponsored intramural and extramural collaboration for the study of RASopathies. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:866-876. [PMID: 31913576 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RASopathies caused by germline pathogenic variants in genes that encode RAS pathway proteins. These disorders include neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Noonan syndrome (NS), cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC), and Costello syndrome (CS), and others. RASopathies are characterized by heterogenous manifestations, including congenital heart disease, failure to thrive, and increased risk of cancers. Previous work led by the NCI Pediatric Oncology Branch has altered the natural course of one of the key manifestations of the RASopathy NF1. Through the conduct of a longitudinal cohort study and early phase clinical trials, the MEK inhibitor selumetinib was identified as the first active therapy for the NF1-related peripheral nerve sheath tumors called plexiform neurofibromas (PNs). As a result, selumetinib was granted breakthrough therapy designation by the FDA for the treatment of PN. Other RASopathy manifestations may also benefit from RAS targeted therapies. The overall goal of Advancing RAS/RASopathy Therapies (ART), a new NCI initiative, is to develop effective therapies and prevention strategies for the clinical manifestations of the non-NF1 RASopathies and for tumors characterized by somatic RAS mutations. This report reflects discussions from a February 2019 initiation meeting for this project, which had broad international collaboration from basic and clinical researchers and patient advocates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Gross
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Megan Frone
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Karen W Gripp
- Department of Genetics, Division of Pediatrics, Al duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Bruce D Gelb
- Department of Pediatrics, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Leslie G Biesecker
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dominic Esposito
- NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Edjay Ralph Hernandez
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eric Legius
- Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Staci Martin
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deborah K Morrison
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Pamela L Wolters
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dina Zand
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Frank McCormick
- NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Douglas R Stewart
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Brigitte C Widemann
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marielle E Yohe
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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