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Liu Y, Wenren M, Cheng W, Zhou X, Xu D, Chi C, Lü Z, Liu H. Identification, functional characterization and immune response profiles of interleukin-10 in Nibea albiflora. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109654. [PMID: 38810711 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an immunosuppressive cytokine, which plays a vital role in regulating inflammation for inhibiting the generation and function of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vivo or in vitro. In the present study, the full length cDNA of IL-10 was characterized from Nibea albiflora (named as NaIL-10) of 1238 base pairs (bp), containing a 5'-UTR (untranslated region) of 350 bp, a 3'-UTR of 333 bp and an open reading frame (ORF) of 555 bp (Fig. 1A) to encode 184 amino acid residues with a signal peptide at the N-terminus. The sequence analysis showed that NaIL-10 possessed the typical IL-10 family symbolic motif and conversed cysteine residues, similar to its teleost orthologues. Real-time PCR indicated that NaIL-10 had wide distribution in different healthy tissues, with a relatively high expression in immune-related tissues (head kidney, spleen, kidney, liver and gill). Significantly, up-regulations of NaIL-10 after infection against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Poly I:C were also observed. Subcellular localization manifested that NaIL-10 mainly distributed in the cytoplasm unevenly and aggregately, and there was also a small amount on the cell membrane, indicating that NaIL-10 was secreted to the extracellular space as the known IL-10 homologous molecules. It could co-locate with IL-10 Rα on the membrane of HEK293T cells for their potential interaction, and GST pull-down and Co-IP studies certified the specific and direct interaction between NaIL-10 and NaIL-10 Rα, confirming that an IL-10 ligand-receptor system existed in N.albiflora. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, were dramatically inhibited in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages pre-incubated with recombinant NaIL-10 protein, demonstrating its anti-inflammatory roles. Taken together, the results demonstrated the existence of IL-10 ligand-receptor system in N.albiflora for the first time, and indicated the suppressive function of NaIL-10 on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in inflammatory response, which would be conducive to better comprehending the role of IL-10 in the immunomodulatory mechanisms of teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Mingming Wenren
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Dongdong Xu
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang province, Zhoushan, 316100, China
| | - Changfeng Chi
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Zhenming Lü
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China.
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Wang Q, Zhao Z, Sun R, Shi Z, Zhang Y, Wang B, Zhang X, Ji W. Bioinformatics characteristics and expression analysis of IL-8 and IL-10 in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) upon Nocardia seriolae infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109465. [PMID: 38408547 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
IL-8 and IL-10 are crucial inflammatory cytokines that participate in defending host cells against infections. To demonstrate the function of the two interleukin genes in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), we initially cloned and identified the cDNA sequences of il-8 and il-10 in largemouth bass, referred to as Msil-8 and Msil-10, respectively. The open reading frame (ORF) of Msil-8 was 324 bp in length, encoding 107 amino acids, while the ORF of Msil-10 consisted of 726 bp and encoded 241 amino acids. Furthermore, the functional domains of the SCY domain in MsIL-8 and the IL-10 family signature motif in MsIL-10 were highly conserved across vertebrates. Additionally, both MsIL-8 and MsIL-10 showed close relationships with M. dolomieu. Constitutive expression of Msil-8 and Msil-10 was observed in various tissues, with the highest level found in the head kidney. Subsequently, largemouth bass were infected with Nocardia seriolae via intraperitoneal injection to gain a further understanding of the function of these two genes. Bacterial loads were initially detected in the foregut, followed by the midgut, hindgut, and liver. The mRNA expression of Msil-8 was significantly down-regulated after infection, especially at 2 days post-infection (DPI), with a similar expression to Msil-10. In contrast, the expression of Msil-8 and Msil-10 was significantly upregulated in the foregut at 14 DPI. Taken together, these results reveal that the function of IL-8 and IL-10 was likely hindered by N. seriolae, which promoted bacterial proliferation and intercellular diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhangchun Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruhan Sun
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zechao Shi
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Yaqian Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bingchao Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Zhu X, Liu Y, Xu N, Ai X, Yang Y. Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of IL-10 and IL-6 in Channel Catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus). Pathogens 2023; 12:886. [PMID: 37513733 PMCID: PMC10384647 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-10 and IL-6 play important roles in protecting against inflammation and clearing pathogens from the body. In this study, homologous compounds of IL-10 and IL-6 were identified in channel catfish, and their immune responses were analyzed. The CDS sequences of IL-10 and IL-6 were 549 bp and 642 bp, respectively, and showed the highest homology with Ameiurus melas. In addition, the expression of the IL-10 and IL-6 genes was ubiquitous in 10 tissues examined. IL-10 is highly expressed in the liver and slightly expressed in the gill. The high expression of the IL-6 gene was observed in the spleen, heart, and gonad, with the lowest levels in the liver. LPS, Poly(I:C), PHA, and PMA showed a highly significant increase in IL-10 and IL-6 expression 48 h after CCK stimulation (p < 0.01). Otherwise, Yersinia ruckeri, Streptococcus iniae, channel catfish virus, and deltamethrin induced IL-10 and IL-6 expression, varying in intensity between different organs. Our results suggest that IL-10 and IL-6 are involved in the immune response of the host against the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Xiaohui Ai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yibin Yang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
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Peixoto D, Machado M, Azeredo R, Costas B. Chronic Inflammation Modulates Opioid Receptor Gene Expression and Triggers Respiratory Burst in a Teleost Model. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050764. [PMID: 35625492 PMCID: PMC9138576 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stress-inducing husbandry and rearing conditions, bacterial infections or parasitic diseases may all lead to chronic inflammation. The immune response will then channel energy away from growth, reproduction and other important physiological processes, to fuel immune-related metabolic responses. The present study aims to unravel the mechanisms and contribute with new information on the molecular, cellular and humoral parameters of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) undergoing chronic inflammation that can be used as health indicators for application in fish health management. European seabass individuals were intra-peritoneally injected with either Freund’s Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA) to induce inflammation or Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) to serve as sham. Fish were sampled at 24 h, 7, 14 and 21 days post-injection and blood, plasma and head-kidney were collected. The results found were clear indicators of an inflamed peritoneal cavity and an ongoing systemic immune response that persisted for at least 21 days. Locally, inflammation was characterized by an intense recruitment of immune cells that was still evident 21 days after injection, thus illustrating the chronic character of the immune response. Cellular response was also noticed peripherally with leukocyte numbers rising in the blood of FIA-injected fish. Furthermore, the cellular-mediated respiratory burst peaked at 21 days post-FIA injection, suggesting that phagocytes were still actively fighting the phlogistic agent. Regarding the head-kidney molecular analysis, cxcr4 and il34 appear to be good markers of a chronic inflammation response due to their importance for pathways with high relevance in chronic inflammation settings. In addition, opioid receptor nopr seems to be a good marker of a chronic inflammation response due to its role in detecting noxious stimuli. The present study can serve as a baseline to assess long-term immune-related responses in future studies. For that, more research is nonetheless required to select more responsive and specific molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Peixoto
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (R.A.)
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (B.C.)
| | - Marina Machado
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Rita Azeredo
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Benjamín Costas
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (R.A.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (B.C.)
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5
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The sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax as a marine model species in immunology: Insights from basic and applied research. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Seibel H, Baßmann B, Rebl A. Blood Will Tell: What Hematological Analyses Can Reveal About Fish Welfare. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:616955. [PMID: 33860003 PMCID: PMC8042153 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.616955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood analyses provide substantial information about the physiological aspects of animal welfare assessment, including the activation status of the neuroendocrine and immune system, acute and long-term impacts due to adverse husbandry conditions, potential diseases, and genetic predispositions. However, fish blood is still not routinely analyzed in research or aquaculture for the assessment of health and/or welfare. Over the years, the investigative techniques have evolved from antibody-based or PCR-based single-parameter analyses to now include transcriptomic, metabolomic, and proteomic approaches and from hematological observations to fluorescence-activated blood cell sorting in high-throughput modes. The range of testing techniques established for blood is now broader than for any other biogenic test material. Evaluation of the particular characteristics of fish blood, such as its cell composition, the nucleation of distinct blood cells, or the multiple isoforms of certain immune factors, requires adapted protocols and careful attention to the experimental designs and interpretation of the data. Analyses of fish blood can provide an integrated picture of the endocrine, immunological, reproductive, and genetic functions under defined environmental conditions and treatments. Therefore, the scarcity of high-throughput approaches using fish blood as a test material for fish physiology studies is surprising. This review summarizes the wide range of techniques that allow monitoring of informative fish blood parameters that are modulated by different stressors, conditions, and/or treatments. We provide a compact overview of several simple plasma tests and of multiparametric analyses of fish blood, and we discuss their potential use in the assessment of fish welfare and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Seibel
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
- Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH (GMA), Büsum, Germany
| | - Björn Baßmann
- Department of Aquaculture and Sea-Ranching, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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Li XP, Jiang S, Sun B, Zhang J. Tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) interleukin 10 plays a negative role in the immune response against bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:93-104. [PMID: 31618681 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine and plays a crucial role in immunity. In the current study, we examined the expression patterns and biological functions of tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis IL-10 (CsIL-10). CsIL-10 is composed of 186 amino acid residues and shares 46.3%-71.7% identities with other teleost IL-10. Csil-10 expression occurred in multiple tissues and was regulated by bacterial infection. Recombinant CsIL-10 (rCsIL-10) in the form of a dimer bound to a wide range of bacterial species but did not affect bacterial growth. rCsIL-10 could interact with peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and significantly reduce the phagocytic activity, ROS production, and apoptosis of PBL. When injected in vivo, rCsIL-10 significantly suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and promoted bacterial dissemination in tongue sole tissues. Consistently, knockdown of Csil-10 significantly inhibited bacterial infection in tongue sole. Taken together, these results indicate that CsIL-10 plays a negative regulatory role in the immune response against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Peng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Shuai Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Huo HJ, Chen SN, Li L, Nie P. Functional characterization of IL-10 and its receptor subunits in a perciform fish, the mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 97:64-75. [PMID: 30935989 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is an immune-regulatory cytokine with multiple functions. In the current study, IL-10 and its two receptors, IL-10R1 and IL-10R2 were identified in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi. The inhibitory effect of mandarin fish IL-10 was investigated on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and the ligand-receptor relationship. This IL-10 possesses conserved cysteine residues, predicted α-helices and a typical IL-10 family signature motif, similar to its mammalian orthologue, and IL-10R1 harbours predicted JAK1 and STAT3 binding sites in the intracellular region. The fish IL-10 and IL-10R1 exhibit high expression levels in several immune-related organs/tissues, such as spleen, trunk kidney and head kidney, and IL-10R2 possesses a constitutive expression pattern. The expression of IL-10 shows significant increase in spleen from infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infected mandarin fish, where the two receptors also exhibit different levels of induced expression. Mandarin fish IL-10 also exhibits significant response to the stimulation of LPS, PHA and PMA, with the two receptors exhibiting an interesting decrease in expression following the treatment of PMA. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, show diminished up-regulation in LPS-stimulated splenocytes pre-incubated with IL-10, indicating the anti-inflammatory roles of mandarin fish IL-10. In EPC cells transfected with different combinations of receptors, IL-10 can enhance the expression of suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) only when IL-10R1 and IL-10R2 are both expressed, suggesting the participation of the two receptors in signal transduction of mandarin fish IL-10. Similar results are observed with the usage of chimeric receptors, IL-10R1/CRFB1 and IL-10R2/CRFB5. Overall, mandarin fish IL-10 shares conserved ligand-receptor system and the prototypical inhibitory activities on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression with mammalian IL-10, implying the evolutionary conservation of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jun Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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Ashfaq H, Soliman H, Saleh M, El-Matbouli M. CD4: a vital player in the teleost fish immune system. Vet Res 2019; 50:1. [PMID: 30616664 PMCID: PMC6323851 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 is a nonpolymorphic transmembrane glycoprotein molecule that is expressed on the surface of T-helper cells and plays an essential role in the immune response. It functions as a coreceptor with the T-cell receptor by binding to major histocompatibility complex class II on the surface of dendritic cells that present antigens. CD4+ T cells hold a key position in coordinating the immune system through production of several cytokines after activation and differentiation. The CD4+ T helper subtypes (T-helper 1, T-helper 2, T-helper 17, T-helper 9, and regulatory-T cells) perform different immune functions subsequent to their differentiation from the naive T cells. Different types of CD4+ T cells require different cytokines such as drivers and effectors, as well as master transcription factors for their activation. Fish cells that express CD4-related genes are activated in the presence of a pathogen and release cytokines against the pathogen. This review highlights the types of CD4+ T cells in fish and describes their direct role in cell-mediated and humoral immunity for protection against the intracellular bacterial as well as viral infections in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ashfaq
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatem Soliman
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Neranjan Tharuka MD, Bathige SDNK, Oh M, Lee S, Kim MJ, Priyathilaka TT, Lee J. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) interleukin-10 and analysis of its potent anti-inflammatory properties in LPS-induced murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Gene 2018; 685:1-11. [PMID: 30401644 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, IL-10 from big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) (HaIL-10) was characterized based on its molecular and functional aspects. The coding sequence of HaIL-10 is 570 bp in length and encodes a 189-amino acid residue protein (calculated molecular weight, 21.89 kDa). The deduced amino acid sequence comprises a typical signal peptide and a mature peptide domain sequence carrying four conserved Cys residues and two additional Cys residues specific to fish. Phylogenetic analysis indicated an evolutionary relationship between HaIL-10 and its counterparts in other vertebrates, with close clustering to the fish-specific homologs. Recombinant HaIL-10 (rHaIL-10) significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO) production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner but had no effect on cell viability, suggestive of its involvement in immune response. The protein expressions of iNOS and COX-2 were significantly reduced by rHaIL-10 in LPS-induced murine macrophages RAW 264.7 cells. HaIL-10 mRNA expression was observed in all analyzed tissues, with the maximum expression being noted in the kidney and ovary. However, transcriptional levels of HaIL-10 were significantly higher in the blood, gill, and intestine upon in vivo induction with LPS, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)], and Streptococcus iniae. To summarize, our findings help in the improved understanding of the biological functions of HaIL-10 and modulation of HaIL-10 mRNA expression in response to immune stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Neranjan Tharuka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC), Nanotechnology and Science Park, Mahenwatta, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | - Minyoung Oh
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongdo Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Rebl A, Goldammer T. Under control: The innate immunity of fish from the inhibitors' perspective. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:328-349. [PMID: 29631025 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response involves a concerted network of induced gene products, preformed immune effectors, biochemical signalling cascades and specialised cells. However, the multifaceted activation of these defensive measures can derail or overshoot and, if left unchecked, overwhelm the host. A plenty of regulatory devices therefore mediate the fragile equilibrium between pathogen defence and pathophysiological manifestations. Over the past decade in particular, an almost complete set of teleostean sequences orthologous to mammalian immunoregulatory factors has been identified in various fish species, which prove the remarkable conservation of innate immune-control concepts among vertebrates. This review will present the current knowledge on more than 50 teleostean regulatory factors (plus additional fish-specific paralogs) that are of paramount importance for controlling the clotting cascade, the complement system, pattern-recognition pathways and cytokine-signalling networks. A special focus lies on those immunoregulatory features that have emerged as potential biomarker genes in transcriptome-wide research studies. Moreover, we report on the latest progress in elucidating control elements that act directly with immune-gene-encoding nucleic acids, such as transcription factors, hormone receptors and micro- and long noncoding RNAs. Investigations into the function of teleostean inhibitory factors are still mainly based on gene-expression profiling or overexpression studies. However, in support of structural and in-vitro analyses, evidence from in-vivo trials is also available and revealed many biochemical details on piscine immune regulation. The presence of multiple gene copies in fish adds a degree of complexity, as it is so far hardly understood if they might play distinct roles during inflammation. The present review addresses this and other open questions that should be tackled by fish immunologists in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rebl
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Dummerstorf, Germany
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Khansari AR, Balasch JC, Vallejos-Vidal E, Parra D, Reyes-López FE, Tort L. Comparative Immune- and Stress-Related Transcript Response Induced by Air Exposure and Vibrio anguillarum Bacterin in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata) Mucosal Surfaces. Front Immunol 2018; 9:856. [PMID: 29770134 PMCID: PMC5940744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish have to face various environmental challenges that may compromise the efficacy of the immune response in mucosal surfaces. Since the effect of acute stress on mucosal barriers in fish has still not been fully elucidated, we aimed to compare the short-term mucosal stress and immune transcriptomic responses in a freshwater (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss) and a marine fish (gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata) to bacterial immersion (Vibrio anguillarum bacterin vaccine) and air exposure stress in skin, gills, and intestine. Air exposure and combined (vaccine + air) stressors exposure were found to be inducers of the cortisol secretion in plasma and skin mucus on both species in a time-dependent manner, while V. anguillarum bacterin exposure induced cortisol release in trout skin mucus only. This was coincident with a marked differential increase in transcriptomic patterns of stress- and immune-related gene expression profiles. Particularly in seabream skin, the expression of cytokines was markedly enhanced, whereas in gills the response was mainly suppressed. In rainbow trout gut, both air exposure and vaccine stimulated the transcriptomic response, whereas in seabream, stress and immune responses were mainly induced by air exposure. Therefore, our comparative survey on the transcriptomic mucosal responses demonstrates that skin and gut were generally more reactive in both species. However, the upregulation of immune transcripts was more pronounced in gills and gut of vaccinated trout, whereas seabream appeared to be more stress-prone and less responsive to V. anguillarum bacterin in gills and gut. When fish were subjected to both treatments no definite pattern was observed. Overall, the results indicate that (1) the immune response was not homogeneous among mucosae (2), it was greatly influenced by the specific traits of each stressor in each surface and (3) was highly species-specific, probably as a result of the adaptive life story of each species to the microbial load and environmental characteristics of their respective natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Khansari
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Balasch
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Parra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluís Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Khansari AR, Parra D, Reyes-López FE, Tort L. Modulatory in vitro effect of stress hormones on the cytokine response of rainbow trout and gilthead sea bream head kidney stimulated with Vibrio anguillarum bacterin. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:736-749. [PMID: 28882798 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In fish, the stress response and their consequences in the immune system have been widely described. Recently, a differential cytokine regulation between rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) was reported after treatment with stress hormones together with their receptor antagonists. Nevertheless, there is no evidence of whether antagonists for stress hormone receptors may influence the interaction between hormones and cytokines after bacterial administration. Thus, the aim of our study was to evaluate the cytokine expression in the presence of stress hormones (cortisol, ACTH, adrenaline), hormone receptor antagonists and inactivated Vibrio anguillarum bacterin in rainbow trout and gilthead sea bream head kidney primary cell culture (HKPCC). Mifepristone, spironolactone, propranolol and phentolamine were used to block GR, MR, MC2R, and β-/α-adrenoreceptors. Our results showed an expected increase of the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory response after inactivated V. anguillarum bacterin treatment in both species. Cortisol, ACTH and adrenaline did not modulate the expression of immune-related genes in rainbow trout, while in sea bream cortisol was able to reduce the stimulated gene expression of all cytokines. This effect was only restored to basal expression level in IL-1β and TNF-α by mifepristone. ACTH reduced both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, excluding IL-1β, only in sea bream. Adrenaline enhanced the expression of IL-1β and TGF-β1 stimulated by inactivated V. anguillarum in sea bream, and the effect was diminished by propranolol. In sum, our results confirm that the immunoendocrine differences reported at gene expression profile between two teleost species are also observed after exposure to inactivated V. anguillarum bacterin, suggesting that stress hormones would differentially modulate the immune response against pathogens in teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Khansari
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Parra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Lluís Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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14
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Aas IB, Austbø L, Falk K, Hordvik I, Koppang EO. The interbranchial lymphoid tissue likely contributes to immune tolerance and defense in the gills of Atlantic salmon. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 76:247-254. [PMID: 28655579 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Central and peripheral immune tolerance is together with defense mechanisms a hallmark of all lymphoid tissues. In fish, such tolerance is especially important in the gills, where the intimate contact between gill tissue and the aqueous environment would otherwise lead to continual immune stimulation by innocuous antigens. In this paper, we focus on the expression of genes associated with immune regulation by the interbranchial lymphoid tissue (ILT) in an attempt to understand its role in maintaining immune homeostasis. Both healthy and virus-challenged fish were investigated, and transcript levels were examined from laser-dissected ILT, gills, head kidney and intestine. Lack of Aire expression in the ILT excluded its involvement in central tolerance and any possibility of its being an analogue to the thymus. On the other hand, the ILT appears to participate in peripheral immune tolerance due to its relatively high expression of forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) and other genes associated with regulatory T cells (Tregs) and immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Bergva Aas
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Austbø
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Falk
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar Hordvik
- Department of Biology, High Technology Centre, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
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15
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Piazzon MC, Wentzel AS, Wiegertjes GF, Forlenza M. Carp Il10a and Il10b exert identical biological activities in vitro, but are differentially regulated in vivo. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:350-360. [PMID: 27586813 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported on the functional characterization of carp Il10. We showed that carp Il10 is able to downregulate proinflammatory activities by carp phagocytes and promote B cell proliferation, differentiation and antibody production as well as proliferation of memory T cells. Taking advantage of the recent annotation of the carp genome, we completed the sequence of a second il10 paralogue, named il10b, the presence of which was expected owing to the recent (8 million years ago) fourth round of whole genome duplication that occurred in common carp. In the present study we closely compared the two Il10 paralogues and show that Il10a and Il10b have almost identical gene structure, synteny, protein sequence as well as bioactivity on phagocytes. Although the two il10 paralogues show a large overlap in tissue expression, il10b has a low constitutive expression and is highly upregulated upon infection, whereas il10a is higher expressed under basal conditions but its gene expression remains constant during viral and parasitic infections. This differential regulation is most likely due to the observed differences in their promoter regions. Altogether our results demonstrate that gene duplication in carp, although recent, led to sub-functionalization and expression divergence rather than functional redundancy of the Il10 paralogues, yet with very similar protein sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carla Piazzon
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelieke S Wentzel
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Structural and Functional Characterization of Recombinant Interleukin-10 from Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3962596. [PMID: 27689097 PMCID: PMC5023823 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3962596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10, an important regulator of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, is a multifunctional major cytokine. Though it is one of the major cytokines, IL-10 from the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, has not yet been characterized. In the present study, we report large scale production and purification of biologically active recombinant IL-10 of L. rohita (rLrIL-10) using a heterologous expression system and its biophysical and functional characterization. High yield (~70 mg/L) of soluble rLrIL-10 was obtained at shake flask level. The rLrIL-10 was found to exist as a dimer. Far-UV CD spectroscopy showed presence of predominantly alpha helices. The tertiary structure of the purified rLrIL-10 was verified by fluorescence spectroscopy. Two-dimensional gel analysis revealed the presence of six isoforms of the rLrIL-10. The rLrIL-10 was biologically active and its administration significantly reduced serum proinflammatory cytokines, namely, interleukin 1β, TNFα, and IL-8, and augmented the NKEF transcript levels in spleen of L. rohita. Anti-inflammatory role of the rLrIL-10 was further established by inhibition of phagocytosis using NBT reduction assay in vitro. The data indicate that the dimeric alpha helical structure and function of IL-10 of L. rohita as a key regulator of anti-inflammatory response have remained conserved during evolution.
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Zou J, Secombes CJ. The Function of Fish Cytokines. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5020023. [PMID: 27231948 PMCID: PMC4929537 DOI: 10.3390/biology5020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the induced effects of cytokine recombinant proteins, or have used loss- and gain-of-function experiments in zebrafish. Such studies begin to tell us about the role of these molecules in the regulation of fish immune responses and whether they are similar or divergent to the well-characterised functions of mammalian cytokines. This knowledge will aid our ability to determine and modulate the pathways leading to protective immunity, to improve fish health in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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18
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Piazzon MC, Savelkoul HSJ, Pietretti D, Wiegertjes GF, Forlenza M. Carp Il10 Has Anti-Inflammatory Activities on Phagocytes, Promotes Proliferation of Memory T Cells, and Regulates B Cell Differentiation and Antibody Secretion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 194:187-99. [PMID: 25416810 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we investigated the effects of carp Il10 on phagocytes and lymphocytes. Carp Il10 shares several prototypical inhibitory activities on phagocytes with mammalian IL-10, including deactivation of neutrophils and macrophages, as shown by inhibition of oxygen and nitrogen radical production, as well as reduced expression of proinflammatory genes and mhc genes involved in Ag presentation. Similar to mammalian IL-10, carp Il10 acts through a signaling pathway involving phosphorylation of Stat3, ultimately leading to the early upregulation of socs3 expression. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the effects of Il10 on lymphocytes in fish. Although Il10 did not affect survival and proliferation of T cells from naive animals, it greatly promoted survival and proliferation of T cells in cultures from immunized animals, but only when used in combination with the immunizing Ag. Preliminary gene expression analysis suggests that, under these circumstances, carp Il10 stimulates a subset of CD8+ memory T cells while downregulating CD4+ memory Th1 and Th2 responses. In addition to the regulatory effect on T cells, carp Il10 stimulates proliferation, differentiation, and Ab secretion by IgM+ B cells. Overall, carp Il10 shares several prototypical activities with mammalian IL-10, including downregulation of the inflammatory response of phagocytes, stimulation of proliferation of subsets of memory T lymphocytes, and proliferation, differentiation, and Ab secretion by IgM+ B lymphocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive analysis of biological activities of fish Il10 on both phagocytes and lymphocytes showing functional conservation of several properties of Il10.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carla Piazzon
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Huub S J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Danilo Pietretti
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
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19
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El Aamri F, Real F, Acosta F, Bravo J, Román L, Déniz S, Padilla D. Differential innate immune response of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) against Streptococcus iniae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:436-441. [PMID: 26099220 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a Gram-positive bacteria that causes invasive infections with severe septicemia and meningitis, producing high economic losses in marine and continental aquaculture. Head kidney leukocytes of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were used to measure the differential innate immune response upon infection with S. iniae. The complete inhibition in the production of intracellular superoxide radicals and total peroxidase content was observed in infected cells. This study also elucidates changes in the relative expression of some immune-related genes. Interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 reached a peak of expression at 4-8 h post-infection, subsequently decreasing significantly up to 48 h post-infection. However, interleukin-10 and Mx protein increased over time, reaching the pick of expression at 48 h post-infection, whereas caspase-3 showed down regulation until 48 h post-infection. The in vivo study of immune related genes show the same kinetics of mRNAs expression as in vitro experience. The proinflammatory cytokines mRNA transcription levels peaked at an earlier time in vivo than in vitro system. Our findings indicate that there is a direct relationship between the dissemination of bacteria and the resulting infection-associated inhibition of respiratory burst, apoptosis, and the pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- F El Aamri
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - F Real
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - F Acosta
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain.
| | - J Bravo
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - L Román
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - S Déniz
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - D Padilla
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
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20
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Premraj A, Nautiyal B, Aleyas AG, Rasool TJ. Identification of interleukin-26 in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius): Evidence of alternative splicing and isolation of novel splice variants. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:357-68. [PMID: 26190308 PMCID: PMC7112506 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-26 (IL-26) is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines. Though conserved across vertebrates, the IL-26 gene is functionally inactivated in a few mammals like rat, mouse and horse. We report here the identification, isolation and cloning of the cDNA of IL-26 from the dromedary camel. The camel cDNA contains a 516 bp open reading frame encoding a 171 amino acid precursor protein, including a 21 amino acid signal peptide. Sequence analysis revealed high similarity with other mammalian IL-26 homologs and the conservation of IL-10 cytokine family domain structure including key amino acid residues. We also report the identification and cloning of four novel transcript variants produced by alternative splicing at the Exon 3-Exon 4 regions of the gene. Three of the alternative splice variants had premature termination codons and are predicted to code for truncated proteins. The transcript variant 4 (Tv4) having an insertion of an extra 120 bp nucleotides in the ORF was predicted to encode a full length protein product with 40 extra amino acid residues. The mRNA transcripts of all the variants were identified in lymph node, where as fewer variants were observed in other tissues like blood, liver and kidney. The expression of Tv2 and Tv3 were found to be up regulated in mitogen induced camel peripheral blood mononuclear cells. IL-26-Tv2 expression was also induced in camel fibroblast cells infected with Camel pox virus in-vitro. The identification of the transcript variants of IL-26 from the dromedary camel is the first report of alternative splicing for IL-26 in a species in which the gene has not been inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Premraj
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Management of Scientific Centers and the Presidential Camels, Department of the President's Affairs, P O Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Binita Nautiyal
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Management of Scientific Centers and the Presidential Camels, Department of the President's Affairs, P O Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abi G Aleyas
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Management of Scientific Centers and the Presidential Camels, Department of the President's Affairs, P O Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thaha Jamal Rasool
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Management of Scientific Centers and the Presidential Camels, Department of the President's Affairs, P O Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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21
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Yu H, Shen Y, Sun J, Xu X, Wang R, Xuan Y, Lu L, Li J. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the NFIL3/E4BP4 transcription factor of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 47:215-222. [PMID: 25083807 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
NFIL3 (nuclear factor interleukin 3-regulated) is an important bZIP transcription factor in the immune response and immune cells' development. Here, we identified the NFIL3 gene from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella; gcNFIL3). The deduced amino acid sequence of gcNFIL3 is 468 residues with a typical bZIP domain. Phylogenetics demonstrated that gcNFIL3 clustered closely with NFIL3 of zebrafish. Real-time PCR revealed gcNFIL3 is constitutively expressed in all tissues examined. Its expression was significantly upregulated in head kidney and trunk kidney after stimulation by bacteria. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that gcNFIL3 is mainly expressed in the nucleus. Overexpression of gcNFIL3 reduces Aeromonas hydrophila invasion and proliferation. In CIK cells, gcNFIL3 could induce the activation of NF-kappa B and upregulates the expression of IL10 and IFN. These results indicated that gcNFIL3 has immunoregulatory properties and might play a role in the immune response of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | - Yubang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | - Junlong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | - Rongquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Conventional Freshwater Fish Breeding and Health Culture Technology Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Suzhou Wujiang Area Aquaculture Limited Company, 215221 Suzhou, China
| | - Yunfeng Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Conventional Freshwater Fish Breeding and Health Culture Technology Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Suzhou Wujiang Area Aquaculture Limited Company, 215221 Suzhou, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, 201306 Shanghai, China; E-Institute of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, 201306 Shanghai, China.
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22
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Chakrabarti R, Srivastava PK, Verma N, Sharma J. Effect of seeds of Achyranthes aspera on the immune responses and expression of some immune-related genes in carp Catla catla. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:64-69. [PMID: 24657259 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of functional mechanism of immunostimulant in fish is essential for realizing their therapeutic potential. The impact of dietary supplementation of seeds of Achyranthes aspera on the immune system of Catla catla was studied. Catla (37.73 ± 6.7 g) were fed with test diets containing 0.5 (D1) and 1.0% (D2) seeds of A. aspera and control diet (D3) for 50 days. Then fish were immunized with heat-killed Aeromonas hydrophila. Blood and tissue samples were collected after 7 days of immunization. Three fish were sacrificed for each parameter. Respiratory burst activity, bactericidal activity and antibody response were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in test diets fed catla compared to the control one. Nitric oxide synthase and serum lysozyme were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in fish fed with diet D2 compared to the other treatments. There were up-regulations of TNFα, lysozyme c and g gene expressions in kidney and IL-10, lysozyme c and g expressions in hepatopancreas of test diets fed fish compared to the control one. The expression of IL-10 was down-regulated in the kidney of D2 diet fed fish compared to others. In the gill, significantly (P < 0.05) higher expressions of TNFα was found in D1 diet feed fish and lysozyme c and in D2 diet fed fish compared to the other groups. This study showed tissue-specific gene expression pattern in catla. An inverse relationship was found between the expression of TNFα and IL-10 in kidney of catla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Chakrabarti
- Aqua Research Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | | | - Nandini Verma
- Aqua Research Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - JaiGopal Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India
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Costas B, Couto A, Azeredo R, Machado M, Krogdahl A, Oliva-Teles A. Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) immune responses are modulated after feeding with purified antinutrients. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:70-79. [PMID: 24924098 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of two purified antinutrients, soy saponins and phytosterols, in an important species for Mediterranean aquaculture. For this purpose, gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) were fed six experimental diets containing two levels of those antinutrients, alone or in combination, and a control diet, to apparent visual satiation under controlled conditions. Blood and head-kidney were collected at 7, 15 and 48 days following first feeding in order to assess immune parameters and the expression of immune-related genes. Plasma bactericidal and alternative complement pathway activities increased in fish fed antinutrients compared to fish fed the control diet during the course of the experiment, with more important changes at 7 and 48 days for bactericidal activity and at 7 and 15 days for complement values. In contrast, plasma total immunoglobulins (Ig) increased in fish fed antinutrients only at 48 days. Caspase 1 (casp1), interleukin 18 (il18), colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (csfr) and hepcidin (hep) presented similar patterns of expression with more important changes at 7 and 48 days, while interleukin 10 (il10) and β-defensin (def) were mainly up-regulated in fish fed antinutrients at 48 days. The level of expression of IgM increased already at 7 days in fish fed the low concentration of both saponins and phytosterols while a general up-regulation was observed at 48 days compared to fish fed the control diet. Results suggest that feeding seabream a diet with purified saponins and phytosterols, alone or in combination, induces a number of changes that are related to the development of inflammation, with most important changes in fish fed the lower phytosterols concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Couto
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Azeredo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Machado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ashild Krogdahl
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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24
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Richard S, Prévot-D'Alvise N, Bunet R, Simide R, Couvray S, Coupé S, Grillasca JP. Effect of a glyphosate-based herbicide on gene expressions of the cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-10 and of heme oxygenase-1 in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 92:294-9. [PMID: 24408037 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides are the most frequently used herbicides in the world. We evaluated the effect of Roundup 360 SL on the expression of interleukin-1β (il-1β), interleukin-10 (il-10) and heme-oxygenase-1 (ho-1) in the gills, intestines and spleen of young European sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax L.), aged 8 mo. A group of fish was exposed to 647 mg/L of Roundup for 96 h. This treatment did not alter gene expression levels of il-1β and il-10 cytokine in the intestines, but significantly lowered both levels in the gills (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04 respectively). Expression levels of ho-1 were increased significantly in the three organs of fish from the treated group (the gills p = 0.04, the intestines p = 0.004 and the spleen p < 0.001). These changes may in turn negatively impact the immune system of European sea bass exposed to Roundup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Richard
- EB2M-PROTEE, EA 3819, Université de Toulon, 83957, La Garde, France,
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25
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Wang T, Secombes CJ. The cytokine networks of adaptive immunity in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1703-1718. [PMID: 24036335 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines, produced at the site of entry of a pathogen, drive inflammatory signals that regulate the capacity of resident and newly arrived phagocytes to destroy the invading pathogen. They also regulate antigen presenting cells (APCs), and their migration to lymph nodes to initiate the adaptive immune response. When naive CD4+ T cells recognize a foreign antigen-derived peptide presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex class II on APCs, they undergo massive proliferation and differentiation into at least four different T-helper (Th) cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, and induced T-regulatory (iTreg) cells in mammals. Each cell subset expresses a unique set of signature cytokines. The profile and magnitude of cytokines produced in response to invasion of a foreign organism or to other danger signals by activated CD4+ T cells themselves, and/or other cell types during the course of differentiation, define to a large extent whether subsequent immune responses will have beneficial or detrimental effects to the host. The major players of the cytokine network of adaptive immunity in fish are described in this review with a focus on the salmonid cytokine network. We highlight the molecular, and increasing cellular, evidence for the existence of T-helper cells in fish. Whether these cells will match exactly to the mammalian paradigm remains to be seen, but the early evidence suggests that there will be many similarities to known subsets. Alternative or additional Th populations may also exist in fish, perhaps influenced by the types of pathogen encountered by a particular species and/or fish group. These Th cells are crucial for eliciting disease resistance post-vaccination, and hopefully will help resolve some of the difficulties in producing efficacious vaccines to certain fish diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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26
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Ouyang P, Rakus K, van Beurden SJ, Westphal AH, Davison AJ, Gatherer D, Vanderplasschen AF. IL-10 encoded by viruses: a remarkable example of independent acquisition of a cellular gene by viruses and its subsequent evolution in the viral genome. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:245-262. [PMID: 24225498 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.058966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses have evolved strategies to deregulate the host immune system. These strategies include mechanisms to subvert or recruit the host cytokine network. IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine that has both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, its key features relate mainly to its capacity to exert potent immunosuppressive effects. Several viruses have been shown to upregulate the expression of cellular IL-10 (cIL-10) with, in some cases, enhancement of infection by suppression of immune functions. Other viruses encode functional orthologues of cIL-10, called viral IL-10s (vIL-10s). The present review is devoted to these virokines. To date, vIL-10 orthologues have been reported for 12 members of the family Herpesviridae, two members of the family Alloherpesviridae and seven members of the family Poxviridae. Study of vIL-10s demonstrated several interesting aspects on the origin and the evolution of these viral genes, e.g. the existence of multiple (potentially up to nine) independent gene acquisition events at different times during evolution, viral gene acquisition resulting from recombination with cellular genomic DNA or cDNA derived from cellular mRNA and the evolution of cellular sequence in the viral genome to restrict the biological activities of the viral orthologues to those beneficial for the virus life cycle. Here, various aspects of the vIL-10s described to date are reviewed, including their genetic organization, protein structure, origin, evolution, biological properties and potential in applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ouyang
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Steven J van Beurden
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Adrie H Westphal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen UR, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 8 Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Derek Gatherer
- Division of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.,MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 8 Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Alain F Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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27
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Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Van der Aa LM, Chadzinska M. Neuroendocrine-immune interaction: regulation of inflammation via G-protein coupled receptors. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013. [PMID: 23201149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine- and immune systems interact in a bi-directional fashion to communicate the status of pathogen recognition to the brain and the immune response is influenced by physiological changes. The network of ligands and their receptors involved includes cytokines and chemokines, corticosteroids, classical pituitary hormones, catecholamines and neuropeptides (e.g. opioids), as well as neural pathways. We studied the role of opioid, adrenergic and melatonin G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) on carp (Cyprinus carpio) leucocytes. Ligand interaction by morphine and adrenaline both in vitro and in vivo resulted in considerable decrease of chemotaxis and expression of CXC chemokines and chemokine CXC receptors. These effects may have substantial influence on the process of inflammation, the efficacy of which is crucial for an effective immune response. Both opioid receptors and chemokine receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), and were classically assumed to function as monomers. This paradigm is now challenged by the emerging concept of homo- and hetero dimerization which may represent the native form of many receptors. G-protein coupling, downstream signaling and regulatory processes such as receptor internalization are largely influenced by the dimeric nature. The true functional importance of GPCR interactions remains enigmatic, but it certainly has implications with respect to the specificity of currently used medications. This review focuses on the important function of chemokine GPCRs during inflammation and the potential neuroendocrine modulation of this process through "neuroendocrine" GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M L Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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28
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Seemann F, Knigge T, Rocher B, Minier C, Monsinjon T. 17β-Estradiol induces changes in cytokine levels in head kidney and blood of juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L., 1758). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 87-88:44-51. [PMID: 23602341 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine network is involved in the immune system communication. As estrogens influence the cytokine expression in mammals, this study investigated the impact of exogenous estrogenic pollutants on selected cytokines in Dicentrarchus labrax. The gene expression of Interleukin 6, Tumour Necrosis Factor α, Transforming Growth Factor β1 and Interleukin 1β was assessed and accomplished with protein measurements in the blood for the last two. Impacts through 17β-estradiol mainly occurred at the beginning of organ regionalisation, thus falling together with a developmentally induced increase of Interleukin 1β and Tumour Necrosis Factor α gene expression in 102 dph fish. 17β-estradiol depressed this modification after 35 days of exposure and the cytokine gene expression tended to be generally down-regulated independently of the 17β-estradiol concentrations after 56 days of exposure. This impact was confirmed at the protein level, showing that 17β-estradiol affects the fine control of the cytokine network in sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seemann
- Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie - Milieux Aquatiques (LEMA), SFR SCALE 4116, Université du Havre, 25 Rue Philippe Lebon, 76058 Le Havre Cedex, France.
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29
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Pellizzari C, Krasnov A, Afanasyev S, Vitulo N, Franch R, Pegolo S, Patarnello T, Bargelloni L. High mortality of juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) from photobacteriosis is associated with alternative macrophage activation and anti-inflammatory response: results of gene expression profiling of early responses in the head kidney. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1269-1278. [PMID: 23485716 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The halophilic bacterium Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp) represents a substantial health problem for several fish species in aquaculture. Bacteria that reside free and inside phagocytes cause acute and chronic forms of photobacteriosis. Infections of juveniles rapidly kill up to 90-100% fish. Factors underlying failure of the immune protection against bacteria remain largely unknown. The reported study used a transcriptomic approach to address this issue. Juvenile sea breams (0.5 g) were challenged by immersion in salt water containing 2.89 × 10(8) CFU of a virulent Phdp and the head kidney was sampled after 24- and 48-h. Analyses were performed using the second version of a 44 k oligonucleotide DNA microarray that represents 19,734 sea bream unique transcripts and covers diverse immune pathways. Expression changes of selected immune genes were validated with qPCR. Results suggested rapid recognition of the pathogen, as testified by up-regulation of lectins and antibacterial proteins (bactericidal permeability-increasing protein lectins, lysozyme, intracellular and extracellular proteases), chemokines and chemokine receptors. Increased expression of proteins involved in iron and heme metabolism also could be a response against bacteria that are dependent on iron. However, negative regulators of immune/inflammatory response were preponderant among the up-regulated genes. A remarkable finding was the increased expression of IL-10 in concert with up-regulation of arginase I and II and proteins of the polyamine biosynthesis pathway that diverts the arginine flux from the production of reactive nitrogen species. Such expression changes are characteristic for alternatively activated macrophages that do not develop acute inflammatory responses. Immune suppression can be induced by the host to reduce tissue damages or by the pathogen to evade host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Pellizzari
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
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30
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Functional expression and characterization of grass carp IL-10: An essential mediator of TGF-β1 immune regulation in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mol Immunol 2013; 53:313-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Furne M, Holen E, Araujo P, Lie KK, Moren M. Cytokine gene expression and prostaglandin production in head kidney leukocytes isolated from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) added different levels of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:770-777. [PMID: 23291252 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Primary head kidney leukocytes from Atlantic cod were isolated to evaluate the use of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid by cyclooxygenases and the production of prostaglandins E₂ and E₃. The expression of cyclooxygenase genes and selected interleukin genes like Interleukin 1β, Interleukin 6, interleukin 8 and interleukin 10 were monitored. Increasing concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in equal amounts increased cyclooxygenase2 transcription as well as cell secretion of prostaglandin E₂. Even though the ratio of the two fatty acids was 1:1, the ratio between prostaglandin E₂ and E₃ was 50:1. The addition of arachidonic acid alone increased prostaglandin E₂ secretion but did not induce cyclooxygenase2 transcription. However, when the concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid was increased, maintaining arachidonic acid constant, both prostaglandin E₃ and prostaglandin E₂ production was induced and the prostaglandin E₂ production was higher than in cell cultures only added arachidonic acid. An up-regulation of cyclooxygenase2 transcription was also observed. The addition of the two fatty acids also affected the immune response by alteration of leukocytic cytokines gene expression. According to our results the Cyclooxygenase in cod seem to prefer arachidonic acid as substrate. Therefore, we suggest that the shift from marine oils (rich in n-3 fatty acids) to plant oils (higher in n-6 fatty acids) in the diet of commercially reared Atlantic cod could have negative effects on the whole organism through the increase in the production of prostaglandins belonging to those derived from n-6 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Furne
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research-NIFES, P.B. 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
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32
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Yao Q, Fischer KP, Tyrrell DL, Gutfreund KS. Genomic structure, molecular characterization and functional analysis of Pekin duck interleukin-10. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:30-43. [PMID: 22469657 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the cloning and expression of Pekin duck IL-10 (duIL-10) and a six exon-5 intron structure of an IL-10 gene. Two transcripts encoding duIL-10 with an alternatively spliced 3'UTR, and a transcript lacking exon 5 with a novel coding sequence for its C-terminus (duIL-10ΔE5) were isolated from splenocytes. The duIL-10 protein has an amino acid identity of 79% and 47% with chicken and human IL-10, respectively. The duck IL-10 gene shares a similar structure of the respective exons 1-5 with the IL-10 genes of other vertebrates but has an alternative exon. The duIL-10 3D structure by homology modeling was similar to that of the human IL-10 monomer, whereas the predicted duIL-10ΔE5 protein lacks helix F. DuIL-10 and duIL-10ΔE5 transcripts were most abundant in primary and secondary immune organs and lung. Recombinant duIL-10 suppressed duck IL-2 transcripts in mitogen-activated PBMCs. Our observation suggests evolutionary conservation of structure and function of the duIL-10 protein but the roles of the novel IL-10 splice variants in the regulation of duck immune responses and evolution of vertebrate immunity remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Yao
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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33
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Mikalsen AB, Haugland O, Rode M, Solbakk IT, Evensen O. Atlantic salmon reovirus infection causes a CD8 T cell myocarditis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). PLoS One 2012; 7:e37269. [PMID: 22693625 PMCID: PMC3367920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart and skeletal inflammation (HSMI) of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is a disease characterized by a chronic myocarditis involving the epicardium and the compact and spongious part of the heart ventricle. Chronic myositis of the red skeletal muscle is also a typical finding of HSMI. Piscine reovirus (PRV) has been detected by real-time PCR from farmed and wild salmon with and without typical changes of HSMI and thus the causal relationship between presence of virus and the disease has not been fully determined. In this study we show that the Atlantic salmon reovirus (ASRV), identical to PRV, can be passaged in GF-1 cells and experimental challenge of naïve Atlantic salmon with cell culture passaged reovirus results in cardiac and skeletal muscle pathology typical of HSMI with onset of pathology from 6 weeks, peaking by 9 weeks post challenge. ASRV replicates in heart tissue and the peak level of virus replication coincides with peak of heart lesions. We further demonstrate mRNA transcript assessment and in situ characterization that challenged fish develop a CD8+ T cell myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aase B. Mikalsen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oyvind Haugland
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Oystein Evensen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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34
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Reyes-Cerpa S, Reyes-López FE, Toro-Ascuy D, Ibañez J, Maisey K, Sandino AM, Imarai M. IPNV modulation of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in Atlantic salmon might help the establishment of infection and persistence. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:291-300. [PMID: 22142704 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
IPNV is the agent of a well-characterized acute disease that produces a systemic infection and high mortality in farmed fish species and persistent infection in surviving fish after outbreaks. Because modulation of the host expression of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines can help establish persistence, in this study, we examined the expression of IL-1β, IL-8, IFNα1 and IL-10 during acute and persistent IPNV infection of Atlantic salmon. Results showed that IPNV infection induces an increase of the IFNα1 and IL-10 mRNA levels in the spleen and head kidney (HK) of fish after acute experimental infection. Levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 did not rise in the spleen although an increase of IL-1β, but not of IL-8, was observed in head kidney. In carrier asymptomatic salmon, cytokine gene expression of IFNα1 in the spleen and IL-10 in head kidney were also significantly higher than expression in non-carrier fish. Interestingly, a decrease of IL-8 expression was also observed. IPNV infection of SHK-1, which is a macrophage-like cell line of salmon, also induced an increase of expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 with no effects on the expression of IL-1β and IL-8. The effects are induced by an unknown mechanism during viral infection because poly I:C and the viral genomic dsRNA showed the opposite effects on cytokine expression in SHK-1 cells. In summary, IPNV always induces up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in Atlantic salmon. As this is accompanied by a lack of induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8, the anti-inflammatory milieu may explain the high frequency, prevalence and persistence of IPNV in salmon. Effects might be part of the viral mechanisms of immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
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35
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Grayfer L, Belosevic M. Identification and molecular characterization of the interleukin-10 receptor 1 of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:408-417. [PMID: 21906622 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report of the identification and molecular characterization of an interleukin-10 receptor 1 in bony fish. By gene synteny analysis, we identified the zebrafish interleukin-10 receptor 1 (IL10R1) and using this IL10R1 sequence, we cloned the goldfish IL10R1 cDNA transcript. The identified fish IL10R1 protein sequences had a putative JAK1 binding site, only one of the two STAT3 binding sites, that are present in all other vertebrates IL10R1 proteins as well as C-terminal serine rich areas, believed to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties of IL10R1. Phylogenetically, the fish IL10R1 proteins grouped independently of the amphibian, avian and mammalian IL10R1s. Quantitative gene expression analysis of the IL10R1 of zebrafish and goldfish revealed highest mRNA levels in the spleen tissues. High mRNA levels were also observed in the zebrafish muscle in contrast to low mRNA levels in the muscle of the goldfish. Moderate IL10R1 mRNA levels were seen in most other tissues examined and lowest gene expression was in the liver of both fish species. Goldfish monocytes stimulated with a recombinant goldfish interleukin-10 (rgIL-10) or with heat killed fish pathogens, Aeromonas salmonicida or Trypanosoma carassii, exhibited significantly reduced mRNA levels of the IL10R1. Furthermore, we produced a recombinant form of the goldfish IL10R1 (rgIL10R1) and using in vitro binding studies, demonstrated that the dimerized rgIL-10 specifically interacted with rgIL10R1. Our results suggest that interleukin-10 system has been highly conserved throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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36
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Secombes CJ, Wang T, Bird S. The interleukins of fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1336-1345. [PMID: 21605591 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukins are a subgroup of cytokines, molecules involved in the intercellular regulation of the immune system. The term interleukin was first coined in 1979 to refer to molecules that signal between different leucocyte types, although not exclusively restricted to leucocyte communication. Whilst it is now known that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of cell types, nevertheless many are synthesised by CD4(+) T helper cells, macrophages/monocytes and endothelial cells. The nomenclature is relatively straightforward, with interleukin 1 the first discovered and interleukin 2 the second, etc. However, whilst 35 interleukins are currently described in mammals, several are in fact terms referring to subfamilies of more molecules, as with the IL-1 family where 11 members (IL-1F1-IL-1F11) are present, and the IL-17 family where 6 members (IL-17A-IL-17F) are present. So the total is much higher and splice variants and allelic variation increase this diversity further. This review will focus on what is known about interleukins in fish, and will refer to the major subfamilies rather than try to work through 35 descriptions in a row. It is clear that many direct homologues of molecules known in mammals are present in fish, but that not all are present and some novel interleukins exist that may have arisen from fish specific gene duplication events.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK.
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37
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van Beurden SJ, Forlenza M, Westphal AH, Wiegertjes GF, Haenen OLM, Engelsma MY. The alloherpesviral counterparts of interleukin 10 in European eel and common carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:1211-1217. [PMID: 21907290 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Viral interleukin 10 (IL-10) like open reading frames have been identified in several pox- and herpesviruses, including the fish herpesviruses Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) and Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). European eel (Anguilla anguilla) IL-10 was sequenced, in order to compare European eel and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) IL-10 with their alloherpesviral counterparts. Homology between the virus and host IL-10 amino acid sequences is low, which is confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. However, the three dimensional structures of the fish and alloherpesviral IL-10 proteins as predicted by modeling are highly similar to human IL-10. Closely related AngHV-1 and CyHV-3 are expected to have obtained their viral IL-10 genes independently in the course of coexistence with their respective hosts. The presence and structural conservation of these alloherpesviral IL-10 genes suggest that they might play an important role in the evolution of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J van Beurden
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Forlenza M, Fink IR, Raes G, Wiegertjes GF. Heterogeneity of macrophage activation in fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1246-1255. [PMID: 21414343 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on four different activation states of fish macrophages. In vitro, stimulation with microbial ligands induces the development of innate activated macrophages whereas classically activated macrophages can be induced by stimulation with LPS in combination with (recombinant) IFNγ. Both types of macrophages show elevated phagocytic activity, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and radical production. Alternatively activated macrophages require the cytokines IL-4/IL-13 for induction of, among others, arginase activity. Until in vitro studies identify the effects of putative IL-4 and IL-13 homologues on fish macrophages, arginase enzyme activity remains the most reliable marker for the presence of alternatively activated macrophages in fish. The best evidence for the existence of regulatory macrophages, associated with the presence of IL-10, comes from in vivo studies, for example during parasitic infections of carp. Altogether, differentially activated macrophages in fish largely resemble the phenotypes of mammalian macrophages. However, the presence of fish-specific ligand recognition by TLRs and of duplicated genes coding for proteins with particular activities, poses additional challenges for the characterization of phenotype-specific gene signatures and cell surface markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Forlenza
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Laing KJ, Hansen JD. Fish T cells: recent advances through genomics. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1282-1295. [PMID: 21414347 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This brief review is intended to provide a concise overview of the current literature concerning T cells, advances in identifying distinct T cell functional subsets, and in distinguishing effector cells from memory cells. We compare and contrast a wealth of recent progress made in T cell immunology of teleost, elasmobranch, and agnathan fish, to knowledge derived from mammalian T cell studies. From genome studies, fish clearly have most components associated with T cell function and we can speculate on the presence of putative T cell subsets, and the ability to detect their differentiation to form memory cells. Some recombinant proteins for T cell associated cytokines and antibodies for T cell surface receptors have been generated that will facilitate studying the functional roles of teleost T cells during immune responses. Although there is still a long way to go, major advances have occurred in recent years for investigating T cell responses, thus phenotypic and functional characterization is on the near horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer, Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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3D modeling and molecular dynamics simulation of an immune-regulatory cytokine, interleukin-10, from the Indian major carp, Catla catla. J Mol Model 2011; 18:1713-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Harun NO, Costa MM, Secombes CJ, Wang T. Sequencing of a second interleukin-10 gene in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and comparative investigation of the expression and modulation of the paralogues in vitro and in vivo. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:107-117. [PMID: 21536138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a multifaceted cytokine that is produced by and effects a variety of cell populations, including macrophages, T, B and NK cells. The gene encoding for IL-10 has been isolated in mammals, birds, amphibians and recently in fish, with only single copy identified in each species. We report here a second IL-10 gene (tIL-10b) in rainbow trout that showed 92% identity in the coding region but only 50% identity in the 5'- and 3'-UTR to the known trout IL-10 paralogue, which we have now called tIL-10a. There is a short upstream open reading frame (uORF) within the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of tIL-10a that may inhibit its translation, whilst in tIL-10b multiple mRNA instability motifs exist in the 3'-UTR, suggesting that the two IL-10 paralogues may have different mechanisms to regulate their expression post-transcriptionally. The expression of tIL-10a is generally higher than that of tIL-10b in most of the fourteen tissues examined and in the RTS-11, RTL and RTGill cell lines. However, the expression level of tIL-10b can exceed that of tIL-10a, as seen in vivo in the ovary of healthy fish and in the gills of Yersinia ruckeri challenged fish, and in vitro in head kidney (HK) leucocytes cultured for ≥ 8 h. The expression of the trout IL-10 paralogues can be up-regulated by LPS and polyIC in RTS-11 cells and by LPS, polyIC, PHA, PMA, calcium ionophore (CI) and IL-21 in head kidney leucocytes, as well as by Y. ruckeri infection, and can be modulated positively or negatively by IFN-γ. Synergistic effects on up-regulation of IL-10 expression were also seen between PHA and IL-21, as well as between PMA and CI. The expression kinetics of the IL-10 paralogues was also found to be different, suggesting that rainbow trout has evolved different pathways to regulate the expression of the two IL-10 paralogues at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Omaima Harun
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB242TZ, UK
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Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Ribeiro CMS, Chadzinska M. Neuroendocrine-immune interaction in fish: differential regulation of phagocyte activity by neuroendocrine factors. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:31-8. [PMID: 21262228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Coping with physical, chemical and biological disturbances depends on an extensive repertoire of physiological, endocrinological and immunological responses. Fish provide intriguing models to study bi-directional interaction between the neuroendocrine and the immune systems. Macrophages and granulocytes are the main actors in the first and rapid innate immune response. They are resident in different organs and are moreover rapidly recruited and activated upon infection. They act in response to recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via a repertoire of surface and intracellular receptors by inducing a plethora of defense reactions aiming to eradicate the pathogen. Subsequent production of inflammatory mediators stimulates other leukocytes required to develop an adaptive and specific antibody response. The type of phagocyte reaction will therefore depend on their differentiation state, specific receptor repertoire and their specific location. Apart from these pathogen induced responses, immune reactivity may be modulated by neuroendocrine factors. Over the last years we extensively studied changes in carp stress axis activity and the effect of its end-products on the immune system in an acute stress paradigm. We focus on specific neuroendocrine receptors on leukocytes and their effect on crucial phagocyte activities. We performed identification and functional analyses of different glucocorticoid, opioid and adrenergic receptors on carp phagocytes. Results show that their ligands of neuroendocrine origin may have substantial impact on specific phagocyte functions in a differential way. Inflammatory and microbicidal responses fight pathogens but may be detrimental to the host tissue. Neuroendocrine modulation may regulate inflammation to reach an optimum defense while preventing excessive host cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M L Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology & Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Characterization and functional analysis of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) interleukin-10. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:563-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Wang T, Díaz-Rosales P, Martin SAM, Secombes CJ. Cloning of a novel interleukin (IL)-20-like gene in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss gives an insight into the evolution of the IL-10 family. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:158-167. [PMID: 19755128 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel IL-20-like (IL-20L) gene has been analyzed in rainbow trout. It has a six exon/five intron gene organisation and is translated into 181 amino acids (aa) with a signal peptide of 25aa and a mature peptide of 156aa. The trout IL-20L translation shares highest identities to other IL-20L molecules from fish and to IL-20 in mammals. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the fish IL-20L molecules form an independent clade but cluster with the group containing the IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24 molecules from higher vertebrates with a high bootstrap value (89%). The fish IL-20L genes are syntenically in the same location as mammalian IL-19/IL-20/IL-24. Gene organisation and multiple alignment also showed a close relationship of fish IL-20L genes to the mammalian IL-19/IL-20/IL-24 subfamily. These data suggest that the fish IL-20L molecules may have arisen from an ancestral gene that gave rise to IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24 in higher vertebrates. A high level of IL-20L expression in immune related tissues and in the brain, suggests an important role of the fish IL-20L molecule in both the fish immune system and nervous system. Although the exact cell types expressing IL-20L have yet to be defined, macrophages express IL-20L. Moreover, the IL-20L expression in the macrophage cell line RTS-11 was modulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, signalling pathway activators, microbial mimics and the immuno-suppressor dexamethasone. These data suggest that trout IL-20L is an important player in the cytokine network. The increased expression of IL-20L was only detected at late stages (4-24h) of LPS stimulation in RTS-11 cells and in spleen 24-72h after infection with Yersinia ruckeri, and suggests that the increased expression of IL-20L by LPS and infection may be via the rapid increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1beta) and other factors that is known to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Randelli E, Buonocore F, Casani D, Fausto AM, Scapigliati G. An “immunome” gene panel for transcriptomic analysis of immune defence activities in the teleost sea bass (Dicentrarchus labraxL.): a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11250000802572531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang Z, Swain T, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA, Kumari J. Bath immunostimulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry induces enhancement of inflammatory cytokine transcripts, while repeated bath induce no changes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 26:677-684. [PMID: 19250971 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The application of immunostimulants may be a cost-effective practice in production of delicate and fragile fish fry since it may confer disease resistance. Bath administration to fish fry is considered an ideal delivery route for mass manipulation since there is no need for individual handling. In the current study, rainbow trout fry were bathed with three different immunostimulants: Plasmid DNA, lactoferrin and beta-glucan at two different doses (0.1 microM and 1.0 microM) for 45 min, four times with an interval of 1 week. Ten fish per treatment group were sampled, and RNA of pooled tissues consisting of eye, tongue, skin, gill, thymus, spleen, head kidney, liver, small and large intestine were isolated from the fish obtained at first, second and fourth bathing (24 and 72 h post-bathing). Before cDNA transcription, two parallel samples were pooled giving a total of 5 parallels in each treatment group. Results showed that plasmid DNA and lactoferrin as well as beta-glucan treated fish possessed higher gene expression with regard to the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta after the first bathing, especially 24 h post-bathing in the high-dose groups. This indicates that bath delivery of immunostimulants can induce pro-inflammatory responses. No significant changes of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17A transcripts, compared to the respective controls, were observed. Gene expression levels in the immunostimulated fish after the fourth bathing did not show significant differences compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuobing Zhang
- Laboratory of Ecology of Aquatic Animals, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
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Ingerslev HC, Rønneseth A, Pettersen EF, Wergeland HI. Differential Expression of Immune Genes in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salarL.) Challenged Intraperitoneally or by Cohabitation with IPNV. Scand J Immunol 2009; 69:90-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Verburg‐Van Kemenade BL, Stolte EH, Metz JR, Chadzinska M. Chapter 7 Neuroendocrine–Immune Interactions in Teleost Fish. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(09)28007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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49
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Dios S, Novoa B, Buonocore F, Scapigliati G, Figueras A. Genomic Resources for Immunology and Disease of Salmonid and Non-Salmonid Fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10641260802325484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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50
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Seppola M, Larsen AN, Steiro K, Robertsen B, Jensen I. Characterisation and expression analysis of the interleukin genes, IL-1beta, IL-8 and IL-10, in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Mol Immunol 2007; 45:887-97. [PMID: 17875325 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian interleukins IL-1beta and IL-8 are important pro-inflammatory cytokines often used as markers of an activated inflammatory response, while IL-10 is regarded as an anti-inflammatory cytokine and plays a crucial role in the regulation of inflammation. Few cytokines from gadoid fish have been described, and herein the sequence and expression of these interleukin genes are studied in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). IL-1beta, IL-8 and IL-10 from cod show similarities in gene organisation and predicted protein sequences, compared to counterpart genes in other teleosts. Gene expression was studied using quantitative real time PCR in response to several treatments both in vitro and in vivo. In adherent head kidney cells, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly stimulated gene expression of IL-1beta. The expression of IL-1beta was not increased after treatment with a viral imitator (poly I:C), and neither IL-8 nor IL-10 responded to any of these agents in vitro. However, in vivo administrated poly I:C and formalin-killed Vibrio anguillarum (In-V.ang) induced interleukin expression, varying in intensity between different organs. IL-1beta and IL-10 gene expression profiles showed an opposite induction pattern in the in vivo experiments. Injection of In-V.ang highly induced IL-1beta expression, while a low induction was evident for IL-10, whereas the opposite was observed after injection of poly I:C. This pattern was particularly marked in spleen, where also IL-8 followed the expression pattern of IL-1beta. The opposite expression profiles indicate a suppressive role for IL-10 on the transcription of IL-1beta, and to a lesser extent on IL-8 transcription. Along with the identification of important promoter regulatory motives, these results provide tools for studying inflammatory responses in cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Seppola
- Fiskeriforskning, Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, N-9291 Tromsø, Norway.
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