1
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Saadh MJ, Pallathadka H, Abed HS, Menon SV, Sivaprasad GV, Hjazi A, Rizaev J, Suri S, Jawad MA, Husseen B. Detailed role of SR-A1 and SR-E3 in tumor biology, progression, and therapy. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:1735-1750. [PMID: 38884861 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The first host defense systems are the innate immune response and the inflammatory response. Among innate immune cells, macrophages, are crucial because they preserve tissue homeostasis and eradicate infections by phagocytosis, or the ingestion of particles. Macrophages exhibit phenotypic variability contingent on their stimulation state and tissue environment and may be detected in several tissues. Meanwhile, critical inflammatory functions are played by macrophage scavenger receptors, in particular, SR-A1 (CD204) and SR-E3 (CD206), in a variety of pathophysiologic events. Such receptors, which are mainly found on the surface of multiple types of macrophages, have different effects on processes, including atherosclerosis, innate and adaptive immunity, liver and lung diseases, and, more recently, cancer. Although macrophage scavenger receptors have been demonstrated to be active across the disease spectrum, conflicting experimental findings and insufficient signaling pathways have hindered our comprehension of the molecular processes underlying its array of roles. Herein, as SR-A1 and SR-E3 functions are often binary, either protecting the host or impairing the pathophysiology of cancers has been reviewed. We will look into their function in malignancies, with an emphasis on their recently discovered function in macrophages and the possible therapeutic benefits of SR-A1 and SR-E3 targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan
| | | | - Hussein Salim Abed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq.
| | - Soumya V Menon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - G V Sivaprasad
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities, Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jasur Rizaev
- Department of Public health and Healthcare management, Rector, Samarkand State Medical University, 18, Amir Temur Street, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Sahil Suri
- Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140417, Punjab, India
| | | | - Beneen Husseen
- Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
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2
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Su J, Liu L, Ren Y, Gan Y, Lin Y, Xie C. Class A1 scavenger receptor antibody improves murine colitis by influencing macrophage and gut microbiota. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18618. [PMID: 39127850 PMCID: PMC11316757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether class A1 scavenger receptor (SR-A1) regulated macrophage polarization and gut microbial alteration during intestinal inflammation of colitis. A murine colitis model was established by feeding with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), and treatment groups were injected intravenously with SR-A1 antibody. Results showed a preventive effect on colitis symptoms and fewer inflammatory cell infiltrates in treatment groups. Down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine related to macrophages were seen in murine PBMC and LPMC after injected with SR-A1 antibody. The percentage of M2 macrophages was also elevated in treatment groups. In addition, SR-A1 antibody treatment resulted in the decreased apoptosis and increased proliferation of colonic epithelial cells. Other findings indicated that SR-A1 antibody injection could mediate its anti-inflammatory effect via inhibiting TLR4-MyD88-NF-kB signaling pathway and alterating the gut microbiota composition. Our research identified SR-A1 as a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingling Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, No.201-209, Hubinnan Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361004, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lupeng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, No.201-209, Hubinnan Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361004, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yandan Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, No.201-209, Hubinnan Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361004, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yutong Gan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, No.201-209, Hubinnan Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361004, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yumei Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, No.201-209, Hubinnan Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361004, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chenxi Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, No.201-209, Hubinnan Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361004, Fujian Province, China.
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3
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Atre T, Farrokhi A, Jo S, Salitra S, Duque-Afonso J, Cleary ML, Rolf N, Reid GSD. Age and ligand specificity influence the outcome of pathogen engagement on preleukemic and leukemic B-cell precursor populations. Blood Adv 2023; 7:7087-7099. [PMID: 37824841 PMCID: PMC10694525 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Common infections have long been proposed to play a role in the development of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). However, epidemiologic studies report contradictory effects of infection exposure on subsequent B-ALL risk, and no specific pathogen has been definitively linked to the disease. A unifying mechanism to explain the divergent outcomes could inform disease prevention strategies. We previously reported that the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) ligand Poly(I:C) exerted effects on B-ALL cells that were distinct from those observed with other nucleic acid-based PRR ligands. Here, using multiple double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) moieties, we show that the overall outcome of exposure to Poly(I:C) reflects the balance of opposing responses induced by its ligation to endosomal and cytoplasmic receptors. This PRR response biology is shared between mouse and human B-ALL and can increase leukemia-initiating cell burden in vivo during the preleukemia phase of B-ALL, primarily through tumor necrosis factor α signaling. The age of the responding immune system further influences the impact of dsRNA exposure on B-ALL cells in both mouse and human settings. Overall, our study demonstrates that potentially proleukemic and antileukemic effects can each be generated by the stimulation of pathogen recognition pathways and indicates a mechanistic explanation for the contrasting epidemiologic associations reported for infection exposure and B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmaya Atre
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ali Farrokhi
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sumin Jo
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Samuel Salitra
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jesus Duque-Afonso
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael L. Cleary
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Nina Rolf
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gregor S. D. Reid
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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4
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Gudgeon J, Marín-Rubio JL, Trost M. The role of macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) in inflammatory disorders and cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012002. [PMID: 36325338 PMCID: PMC9618966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1), also named CD204, holds key inflammatory roles in multiple pathophysiologic processes. Present primarily on the surface of various types of macrophage, this receptor variably affects processes such as atherosclerosis, innate and adaptive immunity, lung and liver disease, and more recently, cancer. As highlighted throughout this review, the role of MSR1 is often dichotomous, being either host protective or detrimental to the pathogenesis of disease. We will discuss the role of MSR1 in health and disease with a focus on the molecular mechanisms influencing MSR1 expression, how altered expression affects disease process and macrophage function, the limited cell signalling pathways discovered thus far, the emerging role of MSR1 in tumour associated macrophages as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting MSR1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Luis Marín-Rubio
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Trost
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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5
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Fierro NA, Rivera-Toledo E, Ávila-Horta F, Anaya-Covarrubias JY, Mendlovic F. Scavenger Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Viral Infections. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:175-191. [PMID: 35319302 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SR) are not only pattern recognition receptors involved in the immune response against pathogens but are also important receptors exploited by different virus to enter host cells, and thus represent targets for antiviral therapy. The high mutation rates of viruses, as well as their small genomes are partly responsible for the high rates of virus resistance and effective treatments remain a challenge. Most currently approved formulations target viral-encoded factors. Nevertheless, host proteins may function as additional targets. Thus, there is a need to explore and develop new strategies aiming at cellular factors involved in virus replication and host cell entry. SR-virus interactions have implications in the pathogenesis of several viral diseases and in adenovirus-based vaccination and gene transfer technologies, and may function as markers of severe progression. Inhibition of SR could reduce adenoviral uptake and improve gene therapy and vaccination, as well as reduce pathogenesis. In this review, we will examine the crucial role of SR play in cell entry of different types of human virus, which will allow us to further understand their role in protection and pathogenesis and its potential as antiviral molecules. The recent discovery of SR-B1 as co-factor of SARS-Cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) entry is also discussed. Further fundamental research is essential to understand molecular interactions in the dynamic virus-host cell interplay through SR for rational design of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Fierro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Evelyn Rivera-Toledo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Ávila-Horta
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Fela Mendlovic
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico
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6
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Linares-Alcántara E, Mendlovic F. Scavenger Receptor A1 Signaling Pathways Affecting Macrophage Functions in Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Immunol Invest 2022; 51:1725-1755. [PMID: 34986758 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.2020812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
First discovered on macrophages by Goldstein and Brown in 1979, Scavenger Receptors have since been shown to participate in a diverse number of cell functions; equally diverse are their structures and the ligands they bind. Macrophage activation is crucial in the outcome of an immune response. SR-A1 is highly abundant on macrophages and recognizes both host- and microorganism-derived molecules that impact processes that are initiated, perpetuated, or modified. This review summarizes the involvement of SR-A1 in both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, the multiple-ligand internalization mechanisms and the diversity of signaling pathways that impact macrophage function and activation. Engagement of SR-A1 results in the stimulation of differential signaling pathways and patterns of cytokine expression, kinetics, magnitude of response and activation status. SR-A1 plays essential roles in phagocytosis and efferocytosis, interacting with other receptors and promoting tolerance in response to apoptotic cell uptake. In cell adhesion, tissue remodeling, and cell migration, SR-A1 signals through different pathways engaging different cytoplasmic motifs. We describe the role of SR-A1 during innate and adaptive immune responses, such as participation in macrophage polarization and interaction with other innate receptors, as well as in antigen uptake, processing, and presentation, regulating T and B cell activation. The dichotomous contribution of SR-A1 on macrophage functions is discussed. A better understanding of the role SR-A1 plays through molecular mechanisms and crosstalk with other receptors may provide insights into developing novel therapeutic strategies to modulate immune responses and immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Linares-Alcántara
- Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco-Universidad, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco-Universidad, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Fela Mendlovic
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco-Universidad, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac Mexico Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
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7
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Sánchez-Luquez K, Schadock IC, Gonçalves CV, Tornatore M, Finger-Jardim F, Avila EC, Soares MA, de Martínez AMB, Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB, da Hora VP. Impact of TLR7 and TLR9 polymorphisms on susceptibility to placental infections and pregnancy complications. J Reprod Immunol 2021; 146:103342. [PMID: 34102513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2021.103342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of the TLR7 Gln11Leu (rs179008) and TLR9 -1237 T/C (rs5743836) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on susceptibility to placental infections and pregnancy complications in 455 Brazilian women. Demographic, socioeconomic, gynecological, and clinical characteristics of the women were collected. Placental tissues were sampled from pregnant women and human and viral DNA was extracted. Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (Herpes simplex virus type 1, HSV-1), Human alphaherpesvirus 2 (Herpes simplex virus type 2, HSV-2) and Human betaherpesvirus 5 (Human cytomegalovirus, HCMV) were detected by nested PCR. TLR9 and TLR7 SNPs were genotyped by PCR amplification of bi-directional specific alleles (Bi-PASA) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), respectively. Infections at the time of birth were detected in 45.71 % of women. The presence of the TT genotype (recessive model) of the TLR7 SNP was associated with increased susceptibility to HSV-1 infection (O.R. = 2.23, p = 0.05). The presence of the C allele of the TLR9 SNP, in heterozygosis or homozygosis (dominant model), decreased the infection risk by HCMV (O.R. = 0.31, p-mod<0.05). The TT genotype (recessive model) of the TLR7 SNP was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with increased occurrence of pre-treated hypertension. The codominant model of the TLR9 SNP was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with reduced risk of hospitalization during pregnancy. In combination, the AA/CT (TLR7-TLR9) genotypes significantly decreased the risk of placental infection by HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 (O.R. = 0.47, p = 0.02), the susceptibility to all infectious agents considered in combination (O.R. = 0.4, p = 0.00), and the need of hospitalization (O.R. = 0.48, p = 0.02). In conclusion, TLR7 and TLR9 SNPs are potential modulating factors for the risk of placental infections and pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sánchez-Luquez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Ines Claudia Schadock
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carla Vitola Gonçalves
- Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Michele Tornatore
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Finger-Jardim
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Emiliana Claro Avila
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves Soares
- Oncovirology Program, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Barral de Martínez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vanusa Pousada da Hora
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Yang L, Geng T, Yang G, Ma J, Wang L, Ketkar H, Yang D, Lin T, Hwang J, Zhu S, Wang Y, Dai J, You F, Cheng G, Vella AT, Flavell RA, Fikrig E, Wang P. Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 controls Chikungunya virus infection through autophagy in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:556. [PMID: 33033362 PMCID: PMC7545163 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) mediates the endocytosis of modified low-density lipoproteins and plays an important antiviral role. However, the molecular mechanism underlying MSR1 antiviral actions remains elusive. We report that MSR1 activates autophagy to restrict infection of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arthritogenic alphavirus that causes acute and chronic crippling arthralgia. Msr1 expression was rapidly upregulated after CHIKV infection in mice. Msr1 knockout mice had elevated viral loads and increased susceptibility to CHIKV arthritis along with a normal type I IFN response. Induction of LC3 lipidation by CHIKV, a marker of autophagy, was reduced in Msr1-/- cells. Mechanistically, MSR1 interacted with ATG12 through its cytoplasmic tail and this interaction was enhanced by CHIKV nsP1 protein. MSR1 repressed CHIKV replication through ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L1 and this was dependent on the FIP200-and-WIPI2-binding domain, but not the WD40 domain of ATG16L1. Our results elucidate an antiviral role for MSR1 involving the autophagic function of ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Tingting Geng
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Guang Yang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA ,grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Leilei Wang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Harshada Ketkar
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Duomeng Yang
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Tao Lin
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Jesse Hwang
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Shu Zhu
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Present Address: Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuping You
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Anthony T. Vella
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Richard. A. Flavell
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ,grid.413575.10000 0001 2167 1581Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ,grid.413575.10000 0001 2167 1581Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD USA
| | - Penghua Wang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA ,grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
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9
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Xie C, Fan Y, Huang Y, Wu S, Xu H, Liu L, Hu Y, Huang Q, Shi H, Wang L, Xu H, Su J, Ren J. Class A1 scavenger receptors mediated macrophages in impaired intestinal barrier of inflammatory bowel disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:106. [PMID: 32175399 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background This study was to investigate the cytokines and phenotype of macrophages pre-treated with class A1 scavenger receptor (SR-A1) antibody in vitro and the influence on apoptotic pathway of colonic epithelial cells, and to explore the role of SR-A1 mediated macrophages in impaired intestinal barrier of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Methods Mouse macrophage RAW264.7 was pre-treated with SR-A1 antibody in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Transwell system was employed for co-culture of RAW264.7 and Caco-2 in the presence of LPS and IFN-γ, with or without SR-A1 antibody pre-treatment. The percentage of F4/80+CD11c+ macrophages, apoptosis rate of Caco-2 cells, and expression of apoptosis and tight junction proteins in Caco-2 cells was determined. Results Pre-treatment with SR-A1 antibody up-regulated IL-10 expression in RAW264.7, whereas down-regulated the expression of TNF and iNOS. Immunofluorescence staining indicated the upregulation of NF-κB p-p56 after LPS stimulation was significantly inhibited in the presence of SR-A1 antibody. The increase in p-JNK expression was inhibited by SR-A1 antibody. Transwell assay showed the percentage of F4/80+CD11c+ macrophages and apoptotic Caco-2 cells increased after treatment with LPS and IFN-γ, which could be reversed in the presence of SR-A1 antibody. The induction of cleaved caspase-3 and claudin-1 in Caco-2 cells was also suppressed when SR-A1 antibody pre-treatment. Conclusions Pre-treatment with SR-A1 antibody can inhibit inflammatory response in LPS-induced macrophages in a NF-κB dependent manner. Pre-treatment with SR-A1 antibody also inhibits M1 phenotype expression of macrophages, and attenuates the pro-apoptotic effect on colonic epithelial cells and disruption of intestinal barrier integrity induced by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Yanyun Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Yinshi Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shuangting Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Haimei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Lupeng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Yiqun Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Qingwen Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Huaxiu Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Hongzhi Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Jingling Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Jianlin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
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10
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Min CK, Shakya AK, Lee BJ, Streblow DN, Caposio P, Yurochko AD. The Differentiation of Human Cytomegalovirus Infected-Monocytes Is Required for Viral Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:368. [PMID: 32850474 PMCID: PMC7411144 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral dissemination is a key mechanism responsible for persistence and disease following human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Monocytes play a pivotal role in viral dissemination to organ tissue during primary infection and following reactivation from latency. For example, during primary infection, infected monocytes migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages, which then become a source of viral replication. In addition, because differentiated macrophages can survive for months to years, they provide a potential persistent infection source in various organ systems. We broadly note that there are three phases to infection and differentiation of HCMV-infected monocytes: (1) Virus enters and traffics to the nucleus through a virus receptor ligand engagement event that activates a unique signalsome that initiates the monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation process. (2) Following initial infection, HCMV undergoes a "quiescence-like state" in monocytes lasting for several weeks and promotes monocyte differentiation into macrophages. While, the initial event is triggered by the receptor-ligand engagement, the long-term cellular activation is maintained by chronic viral-mediated signaling events. (3) Once HCMV infected monocytes differentiate into macrophages, the expression of immediate early viral (IE) genes is detectable, followed by viral replication and long term infectious viral particles release. Herein, we review the detailed mechanisms of each phase during infection and differentiation into macrophages and discuss the biological significance of the differentiation of monocytes in the pathogenesis of HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Ki Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Akhalesh K Shakya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Byeong-Jae Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Daniel N Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Patrizia Caposio
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Andrew D Yurochko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Center of Excellence in Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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11
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Li XH, Zhou XM, Li XJ, Liu YY, Liu Q, Guo XL, Yang LQ, Chen JX. Effects of Xiaoyaosan on the Hippocampal Gene Expression Profile in Rats Subjected to Chronic Immobilization Stress. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:178. [PMID: 31031647 PMCID: PMC6474260 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study examined the effect of Xiaoyaosan and its anti-stress mechanism in rats subjected to chronic immobilization stress at the whole genome level. Methods: Rat whole genome expression chips (Illumina) were used to detect differences in hippocampal gene expression in rats from the control group (CN group), model group (M group) and Xiaoyaosan group (XYS group) that were subjected to chronic immobilization stress. The Gene Ontology terms and signaling pathways that were altered in the hippocampus gene expression profile were analyzed. The network regulating the transcription of the differentially expressed genes was also established. To verify the results from the gene chips, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression of the GABRA1, FADD, CRHR2, and CDK6 genes in hippocampal tissues. In situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the expression of the GABRA1 and CRHR2 genes and proteins, respectively. Results: Compared with the CN group, 566 differentially expressed genes were identified in the M group. Compared with the M group, 544 differentially expressed genes were identified in the XYS group. In the M and XYS groups, multiple significantly upregulated or downregulated genes functioned in various biological processes. The cytokine receptor interaction pathway was significantly inhibited in the hippocampus of the model group. The actin cytoskeleton regulation pathway was significantly increased in the hippocampus of the XYS group. The inhibition of hippocampal cell growth was the core molecular event of network regulating the transcription of the differentially expressed genes in the model group. Promotion of the regeneration of hippocampal neurons was the core molecular event of the transcriptional regulatory network in the XYS group. The levels of the GABRA1, FADD, CRHR2 and CDK6 mRNAs, and proteins were basically consistent with the results obtained from the gene chip. Conclusion: XYS may have the ability of resistance to stress, enhancement immunity and promotion nerve cell regeneration by regulating the expression of multiple genes in numerous pathways and repaired the stress-induced impairments in hippocampal structure and function by inducing cytoskeletal reorganization. These results may provide the possible target spots in the treatment of stress in rats with XYS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Xue-Ming Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Yun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Qiang Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Patten DA, Shetty S. More Than Just a Removal Service: Scavenger Receptors in Leukocyte Trafficking. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2904. [PMID: 30631321 PMCID: PMC6315190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors are a highly diverse superfamily of proteins which are grouped by their inherent ability to bind and internalize a wide array of structurally diverse ligands which can be either endogenous or exogenous in nature. Consequently, scavenger receptors are known to play important roles in host homeostasis, with common endogenous ligands including apoptotic cells, and modified low density lipoproteins (LDLs); additionally, scavenger receptors are key regulators of inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Also, as a consequence of their affinity for a wide range of microbial products, their role in innate immunity is also being increasingly studied. However, in this review, a secondary function of a number of endothelial-expressed scavenger receptors is discussed. There is increasing evidence that some endothelial-expressed scavenger receptors are able to directly bind leukocyte-expressed ligands and subsequently act as adhesion molecules in the trafficking of leukocytes in lymphatic and vascular tissues. Here, we cover the current literature on this alternative role for endothelial-expressed scavenger receptors and also speculate on their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Patten
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shishir Shetty
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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13
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Modulation of the innate immune response by human cytomegalovirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 64:105-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Marques M, Ferreira AR, Ribeiro D. The Interplay between Human Cytomegalovirus and Pathogen Recognition Receptor Signaling. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100514. [PMID: 30241345 PMCID: PMC6212889 DOI: 10.3390/v10100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular antiviral innate immune response is triggered upon recognition of specific viral components by a set of the host’s cytoplasmic or membrane-bound receptors. This interaction induces specific signaling cascades that culminate with the production of interferons and the expression of interferon-stimulated genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines that act as antiviral factors, suppressing viral replication and restricting infection. Here, we review and discuss the different mechanisms by which each of these receptors is able to recognize and signal infection by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), an important human pathogen mainly associated with severe brain defects in newborns and disabilities in immunocompromised individuals. We further present and discuss the many sophisticated strategies developed by HCMV to evade these different signaling mechanisms and counteract the cellular antiviral response, in order to support cell viability and sustain its slow replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Marques
- Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED-and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ana Rita Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED-and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED-and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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15
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O'Sullivan KM, Ford SL, Longano A, Kitching AR, Holdsworth SR. Intrarenal Toll-like receptor 4 and Toll-like receptor 2 expression correlates with injury in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1283-F1294. [PMID: 29923769 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00040.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may be engaged by infection-associated patterns and by endogenous danger signals, linking infection and innate inflammation with this autoimmune disease. This study examined intrarenal TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 expression and renal injury in AAV, testing the hypothesis that increased TLR expression correlates with renal injury. Patients with AAV exhibited both glomerular and tubulointerstitial expression of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, with TLR4 being the most prominent in both compartments. Glomerular TLR4 expression correlated with glomerular segmental necrosis and cellular crescents, with TLR2 expression correlating with glomerular segmental necrosis. The extent and intensity of glomerular and tubulointerstitial TLR4 expression and the intensity of glomerular TLR2 expression inversely correlated with the presenting estimated glomerular filtration rate. Although myeloid cells within the kidney expressed TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, TLR2 and TLR4 colocalized with endothelial cells and podocytes, whereas TLR9 was expressed predominantly by podocytes. The functional relevance of intrarenal TLR expression was further supported by the colocalization of TLRs with their endogenous ligands high-mobility group box 1 and fibrinogen. Therefore, in AAV, the extent of intrarenal TLR4 and TLR2 expression and their correlation with renal injury indicates that TLR4, and to a lesser degree TLR2, may be potential therapeutic targets in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M O'Sullivan
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine , Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - Sharon L Ford
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine , Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - Anthony Longano
- Department of Pathology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine , Clayton, Victoria , Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria , Australia.,Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria , Australia
| | - Stephen R Holdsworth
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine , Clayton, Victoria , Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria , Australia
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16
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Li P, Feng F, Pan E, Fan X, Yang Q, Guan M, Chen L, Sun C. Scavenger receptor-mediated Ad5 entry and acLDL accumulation in monocytes/macrophages synergistically trigger innate responses against viral infection. Virology 2018; 519:86-98. [PMID: 29680370 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is a common cause of respiratory tract infection, and populations worldwide have high prevalence of anti-Ad5 antibodies, implying extensively prior infection. Ad5 infection potently activates the host innate defense and inflammation, but the molecular mechanisms are not completely clarified. We report here that monocytes from Ad5-seropositive subjects upregulates the expression of scavenger receptor A (SR-A), and the increased SR-A promote the susceptibility of Ad5 entry and subsequent innate signaling activation. SR-A is also known as major receptor for lipid uptake, we therefore observed that monocytes from Ad5-seropositive subjects accumulated the acetylated low-density lipoprotein (acLDL) and had the elevated cellular stress to induce the activation of monocyte/macrophages. These findings demonstrate that SR-A-mediated Ad5 entry, innate signaling activation and acLDL accumulation synergistically trigger the robust antiviral innate and inflammatory responses, which are helpful to our understanding of the pathogenesis of adenovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Enxiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhen Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Guan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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17
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B cell-activating factor regulates the survival of B lymphocytes infected with human cytomegalovirus. Immunol Lett 2017; 187:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Wujcicka W, Paradowska E, Studzińska M, Wilczyński J, Nowakowska D. Toll-like receptors genes polymorphisms and the occurrence of HCMV infection among pregnant women. Virol J 2017; 14:64. [PMID: 28340580 PMCID: PMC5364709 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0730-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common cause of intrauterine infections worldwide. The toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been reported as important factors in immune response against HCMV. Particularly, TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 have been shown to be involved in antiviral immunity. Evaluation of the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), located within TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 genes, in the development of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in pregnant women and their fetuses and neonates, was performed. Methods The study was performed for 131 pregnant women, including 66 patients infected with HCMV during pregnancy, and 65 age-matched control pregnant individuals. The patients were selected to the study, based on serological status of anti-HCMV IgG and IgM antibodies and on the presence of viral DNA in their body fluids. Genotypes in TLR2 2258 A > G, TLR4 896 G > A and 1196 C > T and TLR9 2848 G > A SNPs were determined by self-designed nested PCR-RFLP assays. Randomly selected PCR products, representative for distinct genotypes in TLR SNPs, were confirmed by sequencing. A relationship between the genotypes, alleles, haplotypes and multiple variants in the studied polymorphisms, and the occurrence of HCMV infection in pregnant women and their offsprings, was determined, using a logistic regression model. Results Genotypes in all the analyzed polymorphisms preserved the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in pregnant women, both infected and uninfected with HCMV (P > 0.050). GG homozygotic and GA heterozygotic status in TLR9 2848 G > A SNP decreased significantly the occurrence of HCMV infection (OR 0.44 95% CI 0.21–0.94 in the dominant model, P ≤ 0.050). The G allele in TLR9 SNP was significantly more frequent among the uninfected pregnant women than among the infected ones (χ2 = 4.14, P ≤ 0.050). Considering other polymorphisms, similar frequencies of distinct genotypes, haplotypes and multiple-SNP variants were observed between the studied groups of patients. Conclusions TLR9 2848 G > A SNP may be associated with HCMV infection in pregnant women. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0730-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Wujcicka
- Scientific Laboratory of the Center of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics and Screening, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 281/289 Rzgowska Street, Lodz, 93-338, Poland. .,Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 281/289 Rzgowska Street, Lodz, 93-338, Poland.
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mirosława Studzińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Wilczyński
- 2nd Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duchess Anna Mazowiecka Public Teaching Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowakowska
- Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 281/289 Rzgowska Street, Lodz, 93-338, Poland
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19
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Bloise E, Petropoulos S, Iqbal M, Kostaki A, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Gibb W, Matthews SG. Acute Effects of Viral Exposure on P-Glycoprotein Function in the Mouse Fetal Blood-Brain Barrier. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41:1044-1050. [PMID: 28222448 DOI: 10.1159/000461569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Viral infection during pregnancy is known to affect the fetal brain. The toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 is a pattern recognition receptor activated by viruses known to elicit adverse fetal neurological outcomes. The P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter protects the developing fetus by limiting the transfer of substrates across both the placenta and the fetal blood-brain barrier (BBB). As such, inhibition of P-gp at these blood-barrier sites may result in increased exposure of the developing fetus to environmental toxins and xenobiotics present in the maternal circulation. We hypothesized that viral exposure during pregnancy would impair P-gp function in the placenta and in the developing BBB. Here we investigated whether the TLR-3 ligand, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C), increased accumulation of one P-gp substrate in the fetus and in the developing fetal brain. METHODS Pregnant C57BL/6 mice (GD15.5) were injected (i.p.) with PolyI:C (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline). [3H]digoxin (P-gp substrate) was injected (i.v.) 3 or 23h post-treatment and animals were euthanized 1h later. Maternal plasma, 'fetal-units' (fetal membranes, amniotic fluid and whole fetus), and fetal brains were collected. RESULTS PolyI:C exposure (4h) significantly elevated maternal plasma IL-6 (P<0.001) and increased [3H]digoxin accumulation in the fetal brain (P<0.05). In contrast, 24h after PolyI:C exposure, no effect on IL-6 or fetal brain accumulation of P-gp substrate was observed. CONCLUSION Viral infection modeled by PolyI:C causes acute increases in fetal brain accumulation of P-gp substrates and by doing so, may increase fetal brain exposure to xenobiotics and environmental toxins present in the maternal circulation.
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20
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TLR2 2258 G>A single nucleotide polymorphism and the risk of congenital infection with human cytomegalovirus. Virol J 2017; 14:12. [PMID: 28118851 PMCID: PMC5260049 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is responsible for the most common intrauterine infections, which may be acquired congenitally from infected pregnant woman to fetus. The research was aimed to estimate the role of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in TLR2 gene, and the common contribution of TLR2, and previously studied TLR4 and TLR9 SNPs, to the occurrence of congenital HCMV infection in fetuses and newborns. METHODS The study was performed in 20 Polish fetuses and newborns, congenitally infected with HCMV, and in 31 uninfected controls, as well as with participation of pregnant women, the mothers of 16 infected and 14 uninfected offsprings. Genotypes in TLR2 SNPs were determined, using self-designed nested PCR-RFLP assays, and confirmed by sequencing. The genotypes were tested for Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium, and for their relationship with the development of congenital cytomegaly, using a logistic regression model. The common influence of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 SNPs on the occurrence of congenital disease was estimated by multiple-SNP analysis. RESULTS Distribution of the genotypes and alleles in TLR2 1350 T>C and 2029 C>T SNPs was similar between the studied groups of fetuses and neonates. In case of 2258 G>A polymorphism, the GA heterozygotic status was significantly more frequent in the infected cases than among the uninfected individuals (25.0% vs. 3.2%, respectively), and increased the risk of HCMV infection (OR 10.00, 95% CI 1.07-93.44; P ≤ 0.050). Similarly, the A allele within 2258 G>A polymorphism was significantly more frequent among the infected offsprings than in the uninfected ones (12.5% vs. 1.6%; P ≤ 0.050). Complex AA variants for both TLR2 2258 and TLR9 2848 G>A polymorphisms, were estimated to be at increased risk of congenital HCMV infection (OR 11.58, 95% CI 1.19-112.59; P ≤ 0.050). Additionally, significant relationships were observed between the occurrence of complex AA or GA variants for both TLR2 and TLR9 SNPs and the increased viral loads, determined in fetal amniotic fluids and in maternal blood or urine specimens (P ≤ 0.050). CONCLUSIONS Among various TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 polymorphisms, TLR2 2258 G>A SNP seems to be an important factor associated with increased risk of congenital HCMV infection in Polish fetuses and neonates.
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21
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Zhou LY, Zhang LL. Host restriction factors for hepatitis C virus. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1477-86. [PMID: 26819515 PMCID: PMC4721981 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-hepatitis C virus (HCV) interactions have both informed fundamental concepts of viral replication and pathogenesis and provided novel insights into host cell biology. These findings are illustrated by the recent discovery of host-encoded factors that restrict HCV infection. In this review, we briefly discuss these restriction factors in different steps of HCV infection. In each case, we discuss how these restriction factors were identified, the mechanisms by which they inhibit HCV infection and their potential contribution to viral pathogenesis.
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22
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Li H, Mao G, Carlson J, Leng SX. A novel flow cytometry-based tool for determining the efficiency of human cytomegalovirus infection in THP-1 derived macrophages. J Virol Methods 2015; 221:127-30. [PMID: 25958130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes congenital infection and severe infections in immunocompromised patients. Chronic hCMV infection may also play an important role in immunosenescence and adverse health outcomes in older adults. THP-1, a human monocytic cell line and its derived macrophages serve as a useful cell culture model for mechanistic studies of hCMV infection and its underlying biology. A major methodological challenge is the lack of a quick and reliable tool to accurately determine the efficiency of hCMV infection in THP-1 derived macrophages. In this study, we developed a flow cytometry based method using commercially available monoclonal antibody (MAb) against hCMV immediate early (IE) antigen that can accurately determine infection efficiency. We used 0.5% formaldehyde for fixation, 90% methanol for permeabilization, and incubation with FITC conjugated MAb at 37°C. The method was tested by hCMV infection with laboratory Towne strain in the presence or absence of hydrocortisone. It was also compared with the routine flow cytometry protocol using Cytofix/Cytoperm solution and with immunofluorescence. The results indicate that this new method is reliable and time saving for accurate determination of infection efficiency. It may facilitate further investigations into the underlying biological mechanisms of hCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Li
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Genxiang Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Joshua Carlson
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sean X Leng
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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23
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Wujcicka W, Paradowska E, Studzińska M, Gaj Z, Wilczyński J, Leśnikowski Z, Nowakowska D. TLR9 2848 GA heterozygotic status possibly predisposes fetuses and newborns to congenital infection with human cytomegalovirus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122831. [PMID: 25844529 PMCID: PMC4386761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), located in Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes, were reported to be associated with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections. The study was aimed to assess the correlation of SNPs at TLR4 and TLR9 genes with the occurrence of congenital cytomegaly, based on available samples. Methods Reported case-control study included both HCMV infected and non-infected fetuses and newborns. The specimens were classified to the molecular analyses, based on serological features of the recent infection and HCMV DNAemia in body fluids. TLR SNPs were studied, using multiplex nested PCR-RFLP assay, and determined genotypes were confirmed by sequencing. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was assessed for the identified genotypes. The linkage disequilibrium was also estimated for TLR4 SNPs. A relationship between the status of TLR genotypes and congenital cytomegaly development was estimated, using a logistic regression model. Results Hardy Weinberg equilibrium was observed for almost all SNPs, both infected and non-infected patients, with exception of TLR4 896 A>G polymorphism in the control group (P≤0.050). TLR4 896 A>G and 1196 C>T SNPs were found in linkage disequilibrium in both study groups (P≤0.050). The CC genotype at TLR4 1196 SNP and the GA variant at TLR9 2848 G>A SNP were significantly associated with HCMV infection (P≤0.050). The risk of congenital cytomegaly was higher in heterozygotes at TLR9 SNP than in the carriers of other genotypic variants at the reported locus (OR 4.81; P≤0.050). The GC haplotype at TLR4 SNPs and GCA variants at TLR4 and TLR9 SNPs were significantly associated with HCMV infection (P≤0.0001). The ACA variants were more frequent among fetuses and neonates with symptomatic, rather than asymptomatic cytomegaly (P≤0.0001). Conclusions TLR4 and TLR9 polymorphisms may contribute to the development of congenital infection with HCMV in fetuses and neonates. The TLR9 2848 GA heterozygotic status possibly predisposes to HCMV infection, increasing the risk of congenital cytomegaly development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Wujcicka
- Scientific Laboratory of Center of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mirosława Studzińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Gaj
- Scientific Laboratory of Center of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Wilczyński
- Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Leśnikowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowakowska
- Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
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24
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Kelley JL, Ozment TR, Li C, Schweitzer JB, Williams DL. Scavenger receptor-A (CD204): a two-edged sword in health and disease. Crit Rev Immunol 2015; 34:241-61. [PMID: 24941076 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2014010267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor A (SR-A), also known as the macrophage scavenger receptor and cluster of differentiation 204 (CD204), plays roles in lipid metabolism, atherogenesis, and a number of metabolic processes. However, recent evidence points to important roles for SR-A in inflammation, innate immunity, host defense, sepsis, and ischemic injury. Herein, we review the role of SR-A in inflammation, innate immunity, host defense, sepsis, cardiac and cerebral ischemic injury, Alzheimer's disease, virus recognition and uptake, bone metabolism, and pulmonary injury. Interestingly, SR-A is reported to be host protective in some disease states, but there is also compelling evidence that SR-A plays a role in the pathophysiology of other diseases. These observations of both harmful and beneficial effects of SR-A are discussed here in the framework of inflammation, innate immunity, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim L Kelley
- Departments of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - Tammy R Ozment
- Departments of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - Chuanfu Li
- Departments of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - John B Schweitzer
- Departments of Pathology, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - David L Williams
- Departments of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
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25
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MacLeod DT, Nakatsuji T, Wang Z, di Nardo A, Gallo RL. Vaccinia virus binds to the scavenger receptor MARCO on the surface of keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:142-150. [PMID: 25089661 PMCID: PMC4268046 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with altered skin immunity, such as individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD), can have a life-threatening disruption of the epidermis known as eczema vaccinatum after vaccinia virus (VV) infection of the skin. Here, we sought to better understand the mechanism(s) by which VV associates with keratinocytes. The class A scavenger receptor known as MARCO (macrophage receptor with collagenous structure) is expressed on human and mouse keratinocytes and found to be abundantly expressed in the skin of patients with AD. VV bound directly to MARCO, and overexpression of MARCO increased susceptibility to VV infection. Furthermore, ligands with affinity for MARCO, or excess soluble MARCO, competitively inhibited VV infection. These findings indicate that MARCO promotes VV infection and highlights potential new therapeutic strategies for prevention of VV infection in the skin.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Dermatitis, Atopic/etiology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism
- Humans
- Keratinocytes/cytology
- Keratinocytes/immunology
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Scavenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Scavenger/metabolism
- Smallpox Vaccine/adverse effects
- Smallpox Vaccine/immunology
- Vaccinia/immunology
- Vaccinia/metabolism
- Vaccinia/prevention & control
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/metabolism
- Viral Vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T MacLeod
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Teruaki Nakatsuji
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anna di Nardo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System, San Diego, California, USA.
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26
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Ma K, Xu Y, Wang C, Li N, Li K, Zhang Y, Li X, Yang Q, Zhang H, Zhu X, Bai H, Ben J, Ding Q, Li K, Jiang Q, Xu Y, Chen Q. A cross talk between class A scavenger receptor and receptor for advanced glycation end-products contributes to diabetic retinopathy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E1153-65. [PMID: 25352436 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00378.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes, many signaling pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR). Excessive production of inflammatory mediators plays an important role in this process. Amadori-glycated albumin, one of the major forms of advanced glycated end-products, has been implicated in DR by inducing inflammatory responses in microglia/macrophages. Our goal was to delineate the potential cross talk between class A scavenger receptor (SR-A) and the receptor for advanced glycated end-product (RAGE) in the context of DR. We show here that SR-A ablation caused an exacerbated form of DR in streptozotocin-injected C57BL/6J mice as evidenced by fundus imaging and electroretinography. Immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR assay indicated that there was augmented activation of proinflammatory macrophages with upregulated synthesis of proinflammatory mediators in the retina in Sr-a(-/-) mice. Overexpression of SR-A suppressed RAGE-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, whereas RAGE activation in macrophages favored a proinflammatory (M1) phenotype in the absence of SR-A. Mechanistic analysis on bone marrow-derived macrophages and HEK293 cell line revealed that SR-A interacted with and inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7, the major kinase in the RAGE-MAPK-NF-κB signaling, thereby leading to diminished secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggest that the antagonism between SR-A and RAGE contributes to the pathogenesis of DR by nurturing a disease-prone macrophage phenotype. Therefore, specific agonist that boosts SR-A signaling could potentially provide benefits in the prevention and/or intervention of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Yiming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Kexue Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Hui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Jingjing Ben
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Qingqing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Keran Li
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
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27
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Xu H, Dong P, He X, Ma X, Xue D, Zhang Y, Zhang X. B-cell-activating factor code and human cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 58:439-48. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Xu
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; 185 Juqian St Changzhou 213003
| | - Panpan Dong
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; 185 Juqian St Changzhou 213003
| | - Xiaozhou He
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; 185 Juqian St Changzhou 213003
| | - Xuyi Ma
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; 185 Juqian St Changzhou 213003
| | - Dong Xue
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; 185 Juqian St Changzhou 213003
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences; Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences; 225 Chongqin South Rd Shanghai 200025
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Biotechnological Institute of Soochow University; 188 Shizi St Suzhou 215006 China
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28
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Wujcicka W, Wilczyński J, Nowakowska D. Alterations in TLRs as new molecular markers of congenital infections with Human cytomegalovirus? Pathog Dis 2013; 70:3-16. [PMID: 23929630 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in non-specific immunity against various infections. The most common intrauterine infection, caused by Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), results in perinatal morbidity and mortality of primary infected fetuses. The induction of immune response by TLRs was observed in HCMV infections in murine models and cell lines cultured in vitro. Studies reported an immunological response in pregnant women with primary HCMV infection and TLR2 activity in collecting of HCMV particles in placental syncytiotrophoblasts (STs) in vivo and cultured ST, and in stimulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression and damage of villous trophoblast. Expression levels of TLRs are associated with cell type, stage of pregnancy and response to microorganisms. We show the effect of HCMV infection on the development of pregnancy as well as the effect of TLR single-nucleotide polymorphisms on the occurrence and course of infectious diseases, immune response and diseases of pregnancy. We report the impact of TLRs on the function of miRNAs and the altered expression levels of these molecules, as observed in HCMV infections. We suggest that the methylation status of TLR gene promoter regions as epigenetic modifications may be significant in the immune response to HCMV infections. We conclude that it is important to study in detail the molecular mechanisms of TLR function in the immune response to HCMV infections in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Wujcicka
- Department of Fetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
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29
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Dansako H, Yamane D, Welsch C, McGivern DR, Hu F, Kato N, Lemon SM. Class A scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) restricts hepatitis C virus replication by mediating toll-like receptor 3 recognition of viral RNAs produced in neighboring cells. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003345. [PMID: 23717201 PMCID: PMC3662657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections with hepatitis C virus (HCV) may result in life-threatening liver disease, including cirrhosis and cancer, and impose an important burden on human health. Understanding how the virus is capable of achieving persistence in the majority of those infected is thus an important goal. Although HCV has evolved multiple mechanisms to disrupt and block cellular signaling pathways involved in the induction of interferon (IFN) responses, IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression is typically prominent in the HCV-infected liver. Here, we show that Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) expressed within uninfected hepatocytes is capable of sensing infection in adjacent cells, initiating a local antiviral response that partially restricts HCV replication. We demonstrate that this is dependent upon the expression of class A scavenger receptor type 1 (MSR1). MSR1 binds extracellular dsRNA, mediating its endocytosis and transport toward the endosome where it is engaged by TLR3, thereby triggering IFN responses in both infected and uninfected cells. RNAi-mediated knockdown of MSR1 expression blocks TLR3 sensing of HCV in infected hepatocyte cultures, leading to increased cellular permissiveness to virus infection. Exogenous expression of Myc-MSR1 restores TLR3 signaling in MSR1-depleted cells with subsequent induction of an antiviral state. A series of conserved basic residues within the carboxy-terminus of the collagen superfamily domain of MSR1 are required for binding and transport of dsRNA, and likely facilitate acidification-dependent release of dsRNA at the site of TLR3 expression in the endosome. Our findings reveal MSR1 to be a critical component of a TLR3-mediated pattern recognition receptor response that exerts an antiviral state in both infected and uninfected hepatocytes, thereby limiting the impact of HCV proteins that disrupt IFN signaling in infected cells and restricting the spread of HCV within the liver. Persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important cause of fatal cirrhosis and liver cancer in humans. While viral disruption of interferon (IFN) signaling pathways may contribute to the persistence of HCV, IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression is often prominent within the infected liver. We show here that this is due, at least in part, to Toll-like receptor 3 sensing of HCV mediated by class A scavenger receptor type 1 (MSR1)-dependent endocytosis and transport of extracellular viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) allowing it to be engaged by TLR3 in the late endosome. TLR3 expressed within uninfected cells is capable of sensing HCV infection in neighboring infected cells in a process that is dependent upon the dsRNA-scavenging activity of MSR1, resulting in the induction of a localized functional antiviral response. This contributes to the ISG expression that typifies the chronically-infected liver, as it occurs within cells that do not express HCV proteins that disrupt IFN signaling. TLR3 signaling thus limits the spread of virus within the liver, potentially explaining why only a small fraction of hepatocytes are infected with HCV in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Dansako
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Tumor Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamane
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christoph Welsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David R. McGivern
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fengyu Hu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nobuyuki Kato
- Department of Tumor Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Zhang SY, Herman M, Ciancanelli MJ, Pérez de Diego R, Sancho-Shimizu V, Abel L, Casanova JL. TLR3 immunity to infection in mice and humans. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:19-33. [PMID: 23290562 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
TLR3 is a receptor for dsRNA, which is generated during most viral infections. However, other cellular processes may also produce dsRNA and there are other receptors for dsRNA. The role of TLR3 in protective immunity to viruses has been investigated in mice and humans with genetically impaired TLR3 responses. TLR3-deficient mice responded to experimental challenge with 16 different viruses in various ways. They were susceptible to eight viruses, normally resistant to three other viruses, and their survival rates were higher than those of wild-type mice following infection with four other viruses. Conflicting results were obtained for the other virus tested. These data are difficult to understand in terms of a simple pattern based on virus structure or tissue tropism. Surprisingly, the known human patients with inborn errors of the TLR3 pathway have remained healthy or developed encephalitis in the course of natural primary infection with HSV-1. These patients display no clear susceptibility to other infections, including viral infections, such as other forms of viral encephalitis and other HSV-1 diseases in particular. This restricted susceptibility to viruses seems to result from impaired TLR3-dependent IFN-α/β production by central nervous system (CNS)-resident non-hematopoietic cells infected with HSV-1. These studies neatly illustrate the value of combining genetic studies of experimental infections in mice and natural infections in humans, to elucidate the biological function of host molecules in protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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31
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MacLeod DT, Nakatsuji T, Yamasaki K, Kobzik L, Gallo RL. HSV-1 exploits the innate immune scavenger receptor MARCO to enhance epithelial adsorption and infection. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1963. [PMID: 23739639 PMCID: PMC3681428 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 is an important epithelial pathogen and has the potential for significant morbidity in humans. Here we demonstrate that a cell surface scavenger receptor, macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), previously thought to enhance antiviral defense by enabling nucleic acid recognition, is usurped by herpes simplex virus type 1 and functions together with heparan sulphate proteoglycans to mediate adsorption to epithelial cells. Ligands of MARCO dramatically inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 adsorption and infection of human keratinocytes and protect mice against infection. Herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein C closely co-localizes with MARCO at the cell surface, and glycoprotein C binds directly to purified MARCO with high affinity. Increasing MARCO expression enhances herpes simplex virus type 1 infection while MARCO(-/-) mice have reduced susceptibility to infection by herpes simplex virus type 1. These findings demonstrate that herpes simplex virus type 1 binds to MARCO to enhance its capacity for disease, and suggests a new therapeutic target to alter pathogenicity of herpes simplex virus type 1 in skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. MacLeod
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92093
| | - Teruaki Nakatsuji
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92093
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System, San Diego, CA, USA 92161
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92093
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Richard L. Gallo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92093
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System, San Diego, CA, USA 92161
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32
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Goffard A, Alidjinou E, Sané F, Choteau L, Bouquillon C, Caloone D, Lobert P, Hober D. Antibodies enhance the infection of phorbol-ester-differentiated human monocyte-like cells with coxsackievirus B4. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Srivastava T, Sharma M, Yew KH, Sharma R, Duncan RS, Saleem MA, McCarthy ET, Kats A, Cudmore PA, Alon US, Harrison CJ. LPS and PAN-induced podocyte injury in an in vitro model of minimal change disease: changes in TLR profile. J Cell Commun Signal 2012; 7:49-60. [PMID: 23161414 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-012-0184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal change disease (MCD), the most common idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children, is characterized by proteinuria and loss of glomerular visceral epithelial cell (podocyte) ultrastructure. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) are used to study podocyte injury in models of MCD in vivo and in vitro. We hypothesized that LPS and PAN influence components of the innate immune system in podocytes such as the Toll-Like Receptor (TLRs), TLR adapter molecules, and associated cytokines. Our results show that cultured human podocytes constitutively express TLRs 1-6 and TLR-10, but not TLRs 7-9. LPS (25 μg/ml) or PAN (60 μg/ml) caused comparable derangement of the actin cytoskeleton in podocytes. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis show that LPS differentially up-regulated the expression of genes for TLRs (1 > 4 ≥ 2 > 3 > 6 > 5), the adapter molecule, MyD88, and transcription factor NF-κB within one hour. LPS also caused increased levels of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP1 without exerting any effect on TNF-α, IFN-α or TGF-β1 at 24 h. Immunofluorescence intensity analysis of confocal microscopy images showed that LPS induced a significant increase in nuclear translocation of NF-κB by 6 h. In contrast, PAN-induced only small changes in the expression of TLRs 2-6 that included a persistent increase in TLRs 2 and 5, a transient increase in TLR-4, and a gradual increase in TLRs 3 and 6 between 1 and 6 h. Correspondingly, it did not alter pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in podocytes. However, PAN induced a low but significant increase in NF-κB nuclear translocation within one hour that remained unchanged up to 6 h. In summary, these novel findings show that LPS, a known TLR-4 ligand, induced the gene expression of multiple TLRs with maximum effect on the expression of TLR-1 suggesting a loss of receptor selectivity and induction of receptor interactions in podocytes. A comparable derangement of the podocyte cytoskeleton and significant increase in the nuclear translocation of NF-κB by PAN suggest that disparate but complementary mechanisms may contribute to the development of podocytopathy in MCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Srivastava
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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34
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West JA, Gregory SM, Damania B. Toll-like receptor sensing of human herpesvirus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:122. [PMID: 23061052 PMCID: PMC3465860 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pathogen sensors that constitute the first line of defense in the human immune system. Herpesviruses are prevalent throughout the world and cause significant disease in the human population. Sensing of herpesviruses via TLRs has only been documented in the last 10 years and our understanding of the relationship between these sentinels of the immune system and herpesvirus infection has already provided great insight into how the host cell responds to viral infection. This report will summarize the activation and modulation of TLR signaling in the context of human herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A West
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Human cytomegalovirus induces TLR4 signaling components in monocytes altering TIRAP, TRAM and downstream interferon-beta and TNF-alpha expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44500. [PMID: 22970235 PMCID: PMC3436894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Using TLR pathways, primary human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) induces innate responses including the production of inflammatory cytokines. Mounting evidence suggests that LPS recognition by TLR4/MD2/CD14 results in differential utilization of TIRAP-TRAF6 and TRAM-TRIF signaling, thereby leading to transcriptional activation of various cytokine genes. However, relative roles of the TLR4/MD2/CD14 complex and its adaptor proteins TIRAP and TRAM involved in regulating monocyte responses to HCMV are incomplete. Here, we provided evidence supporting the notion that the TLR4/MD2/CD14 complex contributes notably to HCMV-induced signaling and subsequent cytokine production in monocytes. In particular, induction of both IL-6 and IL-8 is associated with elevated TIRAP and reduced TRAM mRNA expression. The latter may serve in a compensatory pathway that yields a robust IFN response when TIRAP signaling is blocked in monocytes incubated with Toledo strain HCMV. Inhibitory studies using antisense oligonucleotides or neutralizing antibodies indicate that IL-6 induction by TLR4/MD2 complex is important for the activation of endogenous CD14 which later acts in concert or synergy with TLR4/MD2 as a factor resulting in IL-8 gene expression. We further show that exogenous recombinant CD14 can potentiate innate immune response via TLR4-dependent and possibly via TLR9-dependent pathways to promote enhanced expression/production of IL-8 and IFN-β, respectively.
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Heutinck KM, Rowshani AT, Kassies J, Claessen N, van Donselaar-van der Pant KAMI, Bemelman FJ, Eldering E, van Lier RAW, Florquin S, Ten Berge IJM, Hamann J. Viral double-stranded RNA sensors induce antiviral, pro-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic responses in human renal tubular epithelial cells. Kidney Int 2012; 82:664-75. [PMID: 22648297 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection in the kidney is characterized by tubular injury induced directly by the virus and/or by cytotoxic lymphocytes. Previously, we found that human tubular epithelial cells express Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), all sensors of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and potent inducers of antiviral activity. Here, we demonstrate increased expression of these three dsRNA sensors in kidney transplant biopsies during cytomegalovirus or BK virus infection. In primary tubular epithelial cells, dsRNA sensor activation induced the production of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and antiviral IFN-β. Notably, dsRNA also enhanced the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins; however, dsRNA alone did not cause cell death due to the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. The dsRNA sensitized tubular epithelial cells to apoptosis induced by an agonistic antibody against the Fas receptor (CD95), an apoptotic pathway that eliminates infected cells. These findings indicate that tubular epithelial cells require at least two signals to undergo apoptosis, which can help preserve tubular integrity even under inflammatory conditions. Thus, sensors of viral dsRNA promote antiviral, pro-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic responses in tubular epithelial cells, which may orchestrate the control of viral infection in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin M Heutinck
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ghosh S, Gregory D, Smith A, Kobzik L. MARCO regulates early inflammatory responses against influenza: a useful macrophage function with adverse outcome. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:1036-44. [PMID: 21562316 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0349oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung macrophages use the scavenger receptor MARCO to bind and ingest bacteria, particulate matter, and post cellular debris. We investigated the role of MARCO in influenza A virus (IAV) pneumonia. In contrast to higher susceptibility to bacterial infection, MARCO(-/-) mice had lower morbidity and mortality from influenza pneumonia than wild-type (WT) mice. The early course of influenza in MARCO(-/-) lungs was marked by an enhanced but transient neutrophilic inflammatory response and significantly lower viral replication compared with the WT mice. At later time points, no significant differences in lung histopathology or absolute numbers of T lymphocyte influx were evident. Uptake of IAV by WT and MARCO(-/-) bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages in vitro was similar. By LPS coadministration, we demonstrated that rapid neutrophil and monocyte influx during the onset of influenza suppressed viral replication, indicating a protective role of early inflammation. We hypothesized that the presence of increased basal proinflammatory post cellular debris in the absence of scavenging function lowered the inflammatory response threshold to IAV in MARCO(-/-) mice. Indeed, MARCO(-/-) mice showed increased accumulation of proinflammatory oxidized lipoproteins in the bronchoalveolar lavage early in the infection process, which are the potential mediators of the observed enhanced inflammation. These results indicate that MARCO suppresses a protective early inflammatory response to influenza, which modulates viral clearance and delays recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjukta Ghosh
- Department of Integrative and Molecular Physiological Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
The experimental studies of Brucei group trypanosomes presented here demonstrate that the balance of host and parasite factors, especially IFN-γ GPI-sVSG respectively, and the timing of cellular exposure to them, dictate the predominant MP and DC activation profiles present at any given time during infection and within specific tissues. The timing of changes in innate immune cell functions following infection consistently support the conclusion that the key events controlling host resistance occur within a short time following initial exposure to the parasite GPI substituents. Once the changes in MP and DC activities are initiated, there appears little that the host can do to reverse these changes and alter the final outcome of these regulatory events. Instead, despite the availability of multiple innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that can control parasites, there is an inability to control trypanosome numbers sufficiently to prevent the emergence and establishment of virulent trypanosomes that eventually kill the host. Overall it appears that trypanosomes have carefully orchestrated the host innate and adaptive immune response so that parasite survival and transmission, and alterations of host immunity, are to its ultimate benefit.
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