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Jung B, Yeom M, An DJ, Kang A, Vu TTH, Na W, Byun Y, Song D. Large-Scale Serological Survey of Influenza A Virus in South Korean Wild Boar (Sus scrofa). ECOHEALTH 2024:10.1007/s10393-024-01685-8. [PMID: 38842623 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-024-01685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
In this comprehensive large-scale study, conducted from 2015 to 2019, 7,209 wild boars across South Korea were sampled to assess their exposure to influenza A viruses (IAVs). Of these, 250 (3.5%) were found to be IAV-positive by ELISA, and 150 (2.1%) by the hemagglutination inhibition test. Detected subtypes included 23 cases of pandemic 2009 H1N1, six of human seasonal H3N2, three of classical swine H1N1, 13 of triple-reassortant swine H1N2, seven of triple-reassortant swine H3N2, and seven of swine-origin H3N2 variant. Notably, none of the serum samples tested positive for avian IAV subtypes H3N8, H5N3, H7N7, and H9N2 or canine IAV subtype H3N2. This serologic analysis confirmed the exposure of Korean wild boars to various subtypes of swine and human influenza viruses, with some serum samples cross-reacting between swine and human strains, indicating potential infections with multiple IAVs. The results highlight the potential of wild boar as a novel mixing vessel, facilitating the adaptation of IAVs and their spillover to other hosts, including humans. In light of these findings, we recommend regular and frequent surveillance of circulating influenza viruses in the wild boar population as a proactive measure to prevent potential human influenza pandemics and wild boar influenza epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bud Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong-si, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Kang
- QuadMedicine R&D Centre, QuadMedicine, Inc, Seongnam, 13209, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Thu Hang Vu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong-si, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonsung Na
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong-si, 30019, Republic of Korea.
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Deblanc C, Quéguiner S, Gorin S, Richard G, Moro A, Barbier N, Le Diguerher G, Paboeuf F, Hervé S, Simon G. Pathogenicity and escape to pre-existing immunity of a new genotype of swine influenza H1N2 virus that emerged in France in 2020. Vet Res 2024; 55:65. [PMID: 38773540 PMCID: PMC11110284 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2020, a new genotype of swine H1N2 influenza virus (H1avN2-HA 1C.2.4) was identified in France. It rapidly spread within the pig population and supplanted the previously predominant H1avN1-HA 1C.2.1 virus. To characterize this new genotype which is genetically and antigenically distant from the other H1avNx viruses detected in France, an experimental study was conducted to compare the outcomes of H1avN2 and H1avN1 infections in pigs and evaluate the protection conferred by the only inactivated vaccine currently licensed in Europe containing an HA 1C (clade 1C.2.2) antigen. Infection with H1avN2 induced stronger clinical signs and earlier shedding than H1avN1. The neutralizing antibodies produced following H1avN2 infection were unable to neutralize H1avN1, and vice versa, whereas the cellular-mediated immunity cross-reacted. Vaccination slightly altered the impact of H1avN2 infection at the clinical level, but did not prevent shedding of infectious virus particles. It induced a cellular-mediated immune response towards H1avN2, but did not produce neutralizing antibodies against this virus. As in vaccinated animals, animals previously infected by H1avN1 developed a cross-reacting cellular immune response but no neutralizing antibodies against H1avN2. However, H1avN1 pre-infection induced a better protection against the H1avN2 infection than vaccination, probably due to higher levels of non-neutralizing antibodies and a mucosal immunity. Altogether, these results showed that the new H1avN2 genotype induced a severe respiratory infection and that the actual vaccine was less effective against this H1avN2-HA 1C.2.4 than against H1avN1-HA 1C.2.1, which may have contributed to the H1avN2 epizootic and dissemination in pig farms in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Deblanc
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France.
| | - Stéphane Quéguiner
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Stéphane Gorin
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Gautier Richard
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Angélique Moro
- SPF Pig Production and Experimentation, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Nicolas Barbier
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Gérald Le Diguerher
- SPF Pig Production and Experimentation, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- SPF Pig Production and Experimentation, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Séverine Hervé
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Gaëlle Simon
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
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Feoktistova S, Sayganova M, Trutneva K, Glazova O, Blagodatski AS, Shevkova L, Navoikova A, Anisimov Y, Albert E, Mityaeva O, Volchkov P, Deviatkin A. Abundant Intra-Subtype Reassortment Revealed in H13N8 Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:568. [PMID: 38675910 PMCID: PMC11054967 DOI: 10.3390/v16040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a serious threat to global health. On the one hand, these viruses cause seasonal flu outbreaks in humans. On the other hand, they are a zoonotic infection that has the potential to cause a pandemic. The most important natural reservoir of IAVs are waterfowl. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of IAV in birds in the Republic of Buryatia (region in Russia). In 2020, a total of 3018 fecal samples were collected from wild migratory birds near Lake Baikal. Of these samples, 11 were found to be positive for the H13N8 subtype and whole-genome sequencing was performed on them. All samples contained the same virus with the designation A/Unknown/Buryatia/Arangatui-1/2020. To our knowledge, virus A/Unknown/Buryatia/Arangatui-1/2020 is the first representative of the H13N8 subtype collected on the territory of Russia, the sequence of which is available in the GenBank database. An analysis of reassortments based on the genome sequences of other known viruses has shown that A/Unknown/Buryatia/Arangatui-1/2020 arose as a result of reassortment. In addition, a reassortment most likely occurred several decades ago between the ancestors of the viruses recently collected in China, the Netherlands, the United States and Chile. The presence of such reassortment emphasizes the ongoing evolution of the H13N8 viruses distributed in Europe, North and East Asia, North and South America and Australia. This study underscores the importance of the continued surveillance and research of less-studied influenza subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Feoktistova
- Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (K.T.); (O.G.); (L.S.); (A.N.); (E.A.); (O.M.); (P.V.)
| | - Marya Sayganova
- Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (K.T.); (O.G.); (L.S.); (A.N.); (E.A.); (O.M.); (P.V.)
| | - Kseniya Trutneva
- Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (K.T.); (O.G.); (L.S.); (A.N.); (E.A.); (O.M.); (P.V.)
| | - Olga Glazova
- Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (K.T.); (O.G.); (L.S.); (A.N.); (E.A.); (O.M.); (P.V.)
| | - Artem S. Blagodatski
- Federal State Budget Institution of Science Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Liudmila Shevkova
- Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (K.T.); (O.G.); (L.S.); (A.N.); (E.A.); (O.M.); (P.V.)
| | - Anna Navoikova
- Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (K.T.); (O.G.); (L.S.); (A.N.); (E.A.); (O.M.); (P.V.)
| | - Yuriy Anisimov
- Baikalsky State Nature Biosphere Reserve, 671220 Tankhoi, Russia;
| | - Eugene Albert
- Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (K.T.); (O.G.); (L.S.); (A.N.); (E.A.); (O.M.); (P.V.)
| | - Olga Mityaeva
- Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (K.T.); (O.G.); (L.S.); (A.N.); (E.A.); (O.M.); (P.V.)
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Volchkov
- Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (K.T.); (O.G.); (L.S.); (A.N.); (E.A.); (O.M.); (P.V.)
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- The Moscow Clinical Scientific Center (MCSC) Named after A.S. Loginov, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Deviatkin
- Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (K.T.); (O.G.); (L.S.); (A.N.); (E.A.); (O.M.); (P.V.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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Saglam-Metiner P, Yildiz-Ozturk E, Tetik-Vardarli A, Cicek C, Goksel O, Goksel T, Tezcanli B, Yesil-Celiktas O. Organotypic lung tissue culture as a preclinical model to study host- influenza A viral infection: A case for repurposing of nafamostat mesylate. Tissue Cell 2024; 87:102319. [PMID: 38359705 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Reliable and effective models for recapitulation of host-pathogen interactions are imperative for the discovery of potential therapeutics. Ex vivo models can fulfill these requirements as the multicellular native environment in the tissue is preserved and be utilized for toxicology, vaccine, infection and drug efficacy studies due to the presence of immune cells. Drug repurposing involves the identification of new applications for already approved drugs that are not related to the prime medical indication and emerged as a strategy to cope with slow pace of drug discovery due to high costs and necessary phases to reach the patients. Within the scope of the study, broad-spectrum serine protease inhibitor nafamostat mesylate was repurposed to inhibit influenza A infection and evaluated by a translational ex vivo organotypic model, in which human organ-level responses can be achieved in preclinical safety studies of potential antiviral agents, along with in in vitro lung airway culture. The safe doses were determined as 10 µM for in vitro, whereas 22 µM for ex vivo to be applied for evaluation of host-pathogen interactions, which reduced virus infectivity, increased cell/tissue viability, and protected total protein content by reducing cell death with the inflammatory response. When the gene expression levels of specific pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and cell surface markers involved in antiviral responses were examined, the significant inflammatory response represented by highly elevated mRNA gene expression levels of cytokines and chemokines combined with CDH5 downregulated by 5.1-fold supported the antiviral efficacy of NM and usability of ex vivo model as a preclinical infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Saglam-Metiner
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; Translational Pulmonary Research Center (EgeSAM), Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Ece Yildiz-Ozturk
- Translational Pulmonary Research Center (EgeSAM), Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Department of Food Processing, Food Technology Programme, Yasar University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aslı Tetik-Vardarli
- Translational Pulmonary Research Center (EgeSAM), Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Candan Cicek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Goksel
- Translational Pulmonary Research Center (EgeSAM), Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Goksel
- Translational Pulmonary Research Center (EgeSAM), Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | | | - Ozlem Yesil-Celiktas
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; Translational Pulmonary Research Center (EgeSAM), Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
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Muzykina L, Barrado-Gil L, Gonzalez-Bulnes A, Crespo-Piazuelo D, Cerón JJ, Alonso C, Montoya M. Overview of Modern Commercial Kits for Laboratory Diagnosis of African Swine Fever and Swine Influenza A Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:505. [PMID: 38675848 PMCID: PMC11054272 DOI: 10.3390/v16040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid and early detection of infectious diseases in pigs is important, especially for the implementation of control measures in suspected cases of African swine fever (ASF), as an effective and safe vaccine is not yet available in most of the affected countries. Additionally, analysis for swine influenza is of significance due to its high morbidity rate (up to 100%) despite a lower mortality rate compared to ASF. The wide distribution of swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) across various countries, the emergence of constantly new recombinant strains, and the danger of human infection underscore the need for rapid and accurate diagnosis. Several diagnostic approaches and commercial methods should be applied depending on the scenario, type of sample and the objective of the studies being implemented. At the early diagnosis of an outbreak, virus genome detection using a variety of PCR assays proves to be the most sensitive and specific technique. As the disease evolves, serology gains diagnostic value, as specific antibodies appear later in the course of the disease (after 7-10 days post-infection (DPI) for ASF and between 10-21 DPI for SwIAV). The ongoing development of commercial kits with enhanced sensitivity and specificity is evident. This review aims to analyse recent advances and current commercial kits utilised for the diagnosis of ASF and SwIAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larysa Muzykina
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, The Margarita Salas Centre for Biological Research (CIB) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C. Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Lucía Barrado-Gil
- Department of Biotechnology, INIA-CSIC, Centro Nacional Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (C.A.)
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
- R&D Department, Cuarte S.L., Grupo Jorge, Ctra. de Logroño km 9.2, Monzalbarba, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (D.C.-P.)
| | - Daniel Crespo-Piazuelo
- R&D Department, Cuarte S.L., Grupo Jorge, Ctra. de Logroño km 9.2, Monzalbarba, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (D.C.-P.)
| | - Jose Joaquin Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Covadonga Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology, INIA-CSIC, Centro Nacional Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (C.A.)
| | - María Montoya
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, The Margarita Salas Centre for Biological Research (CIB) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C. Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Pliasas VC, Neasham PJ, Naskou MC, Neto R, Strate PG, North JF, Pedroza S, Chastain SD, Padykula I, Tompkins SM, Kyriakis CS. Heterologous prime-boost H1N1 vaccination exacerbates disease following challenge with a mismatched H1N2 influenza virus in the swine model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1253626. [PMID: 37928521 PMCID: PMC10623127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a significant threat to both human and animal health. Developing IAV vaccine strategies able to elicit broad heterologous protection against antigenically diverse IAV strains is pivotal in effectively controlling the disease. The goal of this study was to examine the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of diverse H1N1 influenza vaccine strategies including monovalent, bivalent, and heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimens, against a mismatched H1N2 swine influenza virus. Five groups were homologous prime-boost vaccinated with either an oil-adjuvanted whole-inactivated virus (WIV) monovalent A/swine/Georgia/27480/2019 (GA19) H1N2 vaccine, a WIV monovalent A/sw/Minnesota/A02636116/2021 (MN21) H1N1 vaccine, a WIV monovalent A/California/07/2009 (CA09) H1N1, a WIV bivalent vaccine composed of CA09 and MN21, or adjuvant only (mock-vaccinated group). A sixth group was prime-vaccinated with CA09 WIV and boosted with MN21 WIV (heterologous prime-boost group). Four weeks post-boost pigs were intranasally and intratracheally challenged with A/swine/Georgia/27480/2019, an H1N2 swine IAV field isolate. Vaccine-induced protection was evaluated based on five critical parameters: (i) hemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibody responses, (ii) clinical scores, (iii) virus titers in nasal swabs and respiratory tissue homogenates, (iv) BALf cytology, and (v) pulmonary pathology. While all vaccination regimens induced seroprotective titers against homologous viruses, heterologous prime-boost vaccination failed to enhance HAI responses against the homologous vaccine strains compared to monovalent vaccine regimens and did not expand the scope of cross-reactive antibody responses against antigenically distinct swine and human IAVs. Mismatched vaccination regimens not only failed to confer clinical and virological protection post-challenge but also exacerbated disease and pathology. In particular, heterologous-boosted pigs showed prolonged clinical disease and increased pulmonary pathology compared to mock-vaccinated pigs. Our results demonstrated that H1-specific heterologous prime-boost vaccination, rather than enhancing cross-protection, worsened the clinical outcome and pathology after challenge with the antigenically distant A/swine/Georgia/27480/2019 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis C. Pliasas
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Peter J. Neasham
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Maria C. Naskou
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Rachel Neto
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Philip G. Strate
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - J. Fletcher North
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephen Pedroza
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Strickland D. Chastain
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ian Padykula
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States
| | - S. Mark Tompkins
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States
| | - Constantinos S. Kyriakis
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States
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Papatsiros VG, Papakonstantinou GI, Meletis E, Koutoulis K, Athanasakopoulou Z, Maragkakis G, Labronikou G, Terzidis I, Kostoulas P, Billinis C. Seroprevalence of Swine Influenza A Virus (swIAV) Infections in Commercial Farrow-to-Finish Pig Farms in Greece. Vet Sci 2023; 10:599. [PMID: 37888551 PMCID: PMC10610732 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza A virus infection. Pigs play an important role in the overall epidemiology of influenza because of their ability to transmit influenza viruses of avian and human origin, which plays a potential role in the emergence of zoonotic strains with pandemic potential. The aim of our study was to assess the seroprevalence of Swine Influenza Viruses (swIAVs) in commercial pig farms in Greece. A total of 1416 blood samples were collected from breeding animals (gilts and sows) and pigs aged 3 weeks to market age from 40 different swIAV vaccinated and unvaccinated commercial farrow-to-finish pig farms. For the detection of anti-SIV antibodies, sera were analyzed using an indirect ELISA kit CIVTEST SUIS INFLUENZA®, Hipra (Amer, Spain). Of the total 1416 animals tested, 498 were seropositive, indicating that the virus circulates in both vaccinated (54% seroprevalence) and unvaccinated Greek pig farms (23% seroprevalence). In addition, maternally derived antibody (MDA) levels were lower in pigs at 4 and 7 weeks of age in unvaccinated farms than in vaccinated farms. In conclusion, our results underscore the importance of vaccination as an effective tool for the prevention of swIAV infections in commercial farrow-to-finish pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios G. Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (G.I.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Georgios I. Papakonstantinou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (G.I.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Eleftherios Meletis
- Faculty of Public and One Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (E.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Koutoulis
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
| | - Zoi Athanasakopoulou
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Georgios Maragkakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (G.I.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Georgia Labronikou
- Swine Technical Support, Hipra Hellas SA, 10441 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (I.T.)
| | - Ilias Terzidis
- Swine Technical Support, Hipra Hellas SA, 10441 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (I.T.)
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Faculty of Public and One Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (E.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (C.B.)
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Gu M, Chen K, Ge Z, Jiao J, Cai T, Liu S, Wang X, Jiao X, Peng D, Liu X. Zoonotic Threat of G4 Genotype Eurasian Avian-Like Swine Influenza A(H1N1) Viruses, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1664-1668. [PMID: 35876682 PMCID: PMC9328894 DOI: 10.3201/eid2808.212530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated genetic and biologic characteristics of 2 Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza viruses from pigs in China that belong to the predominant G4 genotype. One swine isolate exhibited strikingly great homology to contemporaneous human Eurasian avian-like H1N1 isolates, preferential binding to the human-type receptor, and vigorous replication in mice without adaptation.
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9
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Markin A, Wagle S, Anderson TK, Eulenstein O. RF-Net 2: fast inference of virus reassortment and hybridization networks. Bioinformatics 2022; 38:2144-2152. [PMID: 35150239 PMCID: PMC9004648 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION A phylogenetic network is a powerful model to represent entangled evolutionary histories with both divergent (speciation) and convergent (e.g. hybridization, reassortment, recombination) evolution. The standard approach to inference of hybridization networks is to (i) reconstruct rooted gene trees and (ii) leverage gene tree discordance for network inference. Recently, we introduced a method called RF-Net for accurate inference of virus reassortment and hybridization networks from input gene trees in the presence of errors commonly found in phylogenetic trees. While RF-Net demonstrated the ability to accurately infer networks with up to four reticulations from erroneous input gene trees, its application was limited by the number of reticulations it could handle in a reasonable amount of time. This limitation is particularly restrictive in the inference of the evolutionary history of segmented RNA viruses such as influenza A virus (IAV), where reassortment is one of the major mechanisms shaping the evolution of these pathogens. RESULTS Here, we expand the functionality of RF-Net that makes it significantly more applicable in practice. Crucially, we introduce a fast extension to RF-Net, called Fast-RF-Net, that can handle large numbers of reticulations without sacrificing accuracy. In addition, we develop automatic stopping criteria to select the appropriate number of reticulations heuristically and implement a feature for RF-Net to output error-corrected input gene trees. We then conduct a comprehensive study of the original method and its novel extensions and confirm their efficacy in practice using extensive simulation and empirical IAV evolutionary analyses. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION RF-Net 2 is available at https://github.com/flu-crew/rf-net-2. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Markin
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Sanket Wagle
- Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Oliver Eulenstein
- Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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10
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Hu J, Hu Z, Wei Y, Zhang M, Wang S, Tong Q, Sun H, Pu J, Liu J, Sun Y. Mutations in PB2 and HA are crucial for the increased virulence and transmissibility of H1N1 swine influenza virus in mammalian models. Vet Microbiol 2022; 265:109314. [PMID: 34963076 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic analyses indicated that the pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza virus originated from a swine influenza virus (SIV). However, SIVs bearing the same constellation of genetic features as H1N1/2009 have not been isolated. Understanding the adaptation of SIVs with such genotypes in a new host may provide clues regarding the emergence of pandemic strains such as H1N1/2009. In this study, an artificial SIV with the H1N1/2009 genotype (rH1N1) was sequentially passaged in mice through two independent series, yielding multiple mouse-adapted mutants with high genetic diversity and increased virulence. These experiments were meant to mimic genetic bottlenecks during adaptation of wild viruses with rH1N1 genotypes in a new host. Molecular substitutions in the mouse-adapted variants mainly occurred in genes encoding surface proteins (hemagglutinin [HA] and neuraminidase [NA]) and polymerase proteins (polymerase basic 2 [PB2], polymerase basic 1 [PB1], polymerase acid [PA] proteins and nucleoprotein [NP]). The PB2D309N and HAL425M substitutions were detected at high frequencies in both passage lines and enhanced the replication and pathogenicity of rH1N1 in mice. Moreover, these substitutions also enabled direct transmission of rH1N1 in other mammals such as guinea pigs. PB2D309N showed enhanced polymerase activity and HAL425M showed increased stability compared with the wild-type proteins. Our findings indicate that if SIVs with H1N1/2009 genotypes emerge in pigs, they could undergo rapid adaptive changes during infection of a new host, especially in the PB2 and HA genes. These changes may facilitate the emergence of pandemic strains such as H1N1/2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yandi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Senlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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11
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Soler V, Casas E, Closa-Sebastià F, Sanz A, Martorell J. Health status of free-ranging pure and cross-mixed miniature swine population from Northeast Spain. Vet Med Sci 2021; 8:170-176. [PMID: 34791799 PMCID: PMC8788882 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miniature pigs have gained popularity as companion animals in the recent years in Spain. Due to the fact that their abandonment and crossing breeds with wild boars can cause severe problems, investigation about the health status is needed. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine their health status according to the clinical findings during physical examination and the results of antibody serology tests against selected infectious diseases. METHODS Two-hundred and eleven miniature pigs (Sus scrofa) were included in the study. Their origin, age, sex, housing conditions and diet were recorded. RESULTS The housing of the animals ranged from wild animals to ones living in animal sanctuaries. The diet varied from a natural one in the wild to commercial and homemade food. Thirty animals out of two-hundred and eleven were hybrids between miniature pigs and wild boars according to morphological characteristics. Antibody serology techniques of Influenza A virus, Hepatitis E virus, brucellosis, tuberculosis, African swine fever, Classical swine fever and Aujeszky's disease was performed. The prevalence for Influenza A was 5.30%, for Hepatitis E was 5.35% and the rest tested negative. It is important to control and monitor these zoonotic infections to prevent Public Health problems. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained from this investigation demonstrated that the animals' health status in this study is optimal and the diseases prevalence is similar or minor when compared to previous studies. This study confirms the hybridization of miniature pig and wild boar in Catalonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Soler
- Servei d´Animals Exòtics, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Albert Sanz
- Servei de Prevenció en Salut Animal, Departament d´Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca i Alimentació, Generalitat de Catalunya, Gran Vía de les Corts Catalanes, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Martorell
- Servei d´Animals Exòtics, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgía Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Successive Inoculations of Pigs with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 (PRRSV-1) and Swine H1N2 Influenza Virus Suggest a Mutual Interference between the Two Viral Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112169. [PMID: 34834975 PMCID: PMC8625072 DOI: 10.3390/v13112169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza A virus (swIAV) are major pathogens of the porcine respiratory disease complex, but little is known on their interaction in super-infected pigs. In this study, we investigated clinical, virological and immunological outcomes of successive infections with PRRSV-1 and H1N2 swIAV. Twenty-four specific pathogen-free piglets were distributed into four groups and inoculated either with PRRSV at study day (SD) 0, or with swIAV at SD8, or with PRRSV and swIAV one week apart at SD0 and SD8, respectively, or mock-inoculated. In PRRSV/swIAV group, the clinical signs usually observed after swIAV infection were attenuated while higher levels of anti-swIAV antibodies were measured in lungs. Concurrently, PRRSV multiplication in lungs was significantly affected by swIAV infection, whereas the cell-mediated immune response specific to PRRSV was detected earlier in blood, as compared to PRRSV group. Moreover, levels of interferon (IFN)-α measured from SD9 in the blood of super-infected pigs were lower than those measured in the swIAV group, but higher than in the PRRSV group at the same time. Correlation analyses suggested an important role of IFN-α in the two-way interference highlighted between both viral infections.
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13
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Bertho N, Meurens F. The pig as a medical model for acquired respiratory diseases and dysfunctions: An immunological perspective. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:254-267. [PMID: 33933817 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
By definition no model is perfect, and this also holds for biology and health sciences. In medicine, murine models are, and will be indispensable for long, thanks to their reasonable cost and huge choice of transgenic strains and molecular tools. On the other side, non-human primates remain the best animal models although their use is limited because of financial and obvious ethical reasons. In the field of respiratory diseases, specific clinical models such as sheep and cotton rat for bronchiolitis, or ferret and Syrian hamster for influenza and Covid-19, have been successfully developed, however, in these species, the toolbox for biological analysis remains scarce. In this view the porcine medical model is appearing as the third, intermediate, choice, between murine and primate. Herein we would like to present the pros and cons of pig as a model for acquired respiratory conditions, through an immunological point of view. Indeed, important progresses have been made in pig immunology during the last decade that allowed the precise description of immune molecules and cell phenotypes and functions. These progresses might allow the use of pig as clinical model of human respiratory diseases but also as a species of interest to perform basic research explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - François Meurens
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N5E3, Canada
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14
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Käser T. Swine as biomedical animal model for T-cell research-Success and potential for transmittable and non-transmittable human diseases. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:95-115. [PMID: 33873098 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Swine is biologically one of the most relevant large animal models for biomedical research. With its use as food animal that can be exploited as a free cell and tissue source for research and its high susceptibility to human diseases, swine additionally represent an excellent option for both the 3R principle and One Health research. One of the previously most limiting factors of the pig model was its arguably limited immunological toolbox. Yet, in the last decade, this toolbox has vastly improved including the ability to study porcine T-cells. This review summarizes the swine model for biomedical research with focus on T cells. It first contrasts the swine model to the more commonly used mouse and non-human primate model before describing the current capabilities to characterize and extend our knowledge on porcine T cells. Thereafter, it not only reflects on previous biomedical T-cell research but also extends into areas in which more in-depth T-cell analyses could strongly benefit biomedical research. While the former should inform on the successes of biomedical T-cell research in swine, the latter shall inspire swine T-cell researchers to find collaborations with researchers working in other areas - such as nutrition, allergy, cancer, transplantation, infectious diseases, or vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, 27607 Raleigh, NC, USA.
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15
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Boroumand H, Badie F, Mazaheri S, Seyedi ZS, Nahand JS, Nejati M, Baghi HB, Abbasi-Kolli M, Badehnoosh B, Ghandali M, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles Against Viral Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:643953. [PMID: 33816349 PMCID: PMC8011499 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.643953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections, in addition to damaging host cells, can compromise the host immune system, leading to frequent relapse or long-term persistence. Viruses have the capacity to destroy the host cell while liberating their own RNA or DNA in order to replicate within additional host cells. The viral life cycle makes it challenging to develop anti-viral drugs. Nanotechnology-based approaches have been suggested to deal effectively with viral diseases, and overcome some limitations of anti-viral drugs. Nanotechnology has enabled scientists to overcome the challenges of solubility and toxicity of anti-viral drugs, and can enhance their selectivity towards viruses and virally infected cells, while preserving healthy host cells. Chitosan is a naturally occurring polymer that has been used to construct nanoparticles (NPs), which are biocompatible, biodegradable, less toxic, easy to prepare, and can function as effective drug delivery systems (DDSs). Furthermore, chitosan is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA). Chitosan NPs have been used in drug delivery by the oral, ocular, pulmonary, nasal, mucosal, buccal, or vaginal routes. They have also been studied for gene delivery, vaccine delivery, and advanced cancer therapy. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that chitosan NPs could be used as new therapeutic tools against viral infections. In this review we summarize reports concerning the therapeutic potential of chitosan NPs against various viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Boroumand
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Badie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mazaheri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zeynab Sadat Seyedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Nejati
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbasi-Kolli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Badehnoosh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghandali
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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16
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Ding F, Li Y, Huang B, Edwards J, Cai C, Zhang G, Jiang D, Wang Q, Robertson ID. Infection and risk factors of human and avian influenza in pigs in south China. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105317. [PMID: 33744674 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The coinfection of swine influenza (SI) strains and avian/human-source influenza strains in piggeries can contribute to the evolution of new influenza viruses with pandemic potential. This study analyzed surveillance data on SI in south China and explored the spatial predictor variables associated with different influenza infection scenarios in counties within the study area. Blood samples were collected from 7670 pigs from 534 pig farms from 2015 to 2017 and tested for evidence of infection with influenza strains from swine, human and avian sources. The herd prevalences for EA H1N1, H1N1pdm09, classic H1N1, HS-like H3N2, seasonal human H1N1 and avian influenza H9N2 were 88.5, 64.5, 60.3, 57.8, 12.9 and 10.3 %, respectively. Anthropogenic factors including detection frequency, chicken density, duck density, pig density and human population density were found to be better predictor variables for three influenza infection scenarios (infection with human strains, infection with avian strains, and coinfection with H9N2 avian strain and at least one swine strain) than were meteorological and geographical factors. Predictive risk maps generated for the four provinces in south China highlighted that the areas with a higher risk of the three infection scenarios were predominantly clustered in the delta area of the Pearl River in Guangdong province and counties surrounding Poyang Lake in Jiangxi province. Identification of higher risk areas can inform targeted surveillance for influenza in humans and pigs, helping public health authorities in designing risk-based SI control strategies to address the pandemic influenza threat in south China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yin Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Baoxu Huang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - John Edwards
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chang Cai
- Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Land & Resources, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Ian D Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; China-Australia Joint Research and Training Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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17
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Engashev SV, Savinkov AV, Sadov KM, Iliasov PV. Clinical studies of the Tildox AVZ complex drug efficacy in respiratory and gastrointestinal pathologies of young pigs caused by opportunistic microflora. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20213700163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This publication provides a study of the efficacy of Tildox AVZ (a combined formulation of doxycycline and tylosin) in non-specific bacterial respiratory and gastrointestinal pathologies in piglets. The study population included 70 piglets with respiratory and gastrointestinal pathologies randomized into 6 groups. The effects of investigational drug used according 3-day or 5-day regimen were assessed using clinical examination, as well as bacteriological, blood count and blood chemistry lab tests. The investigational drug (Tildox AVZ) was safe for target animals and had no adverse effects, showed a similar species specificity and efficacy on the respiratory and gastrointestinal flora in piglets vs. the reference drug (Gentamicin) and allows achieving a beneficial clinical effect in respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases caused by opportunistic microflora. A significant clinical effect is achieved by Day 4 in gastrointestinal pathology and by Days 6-7 in respiratory pathology. Moreover, the control group with gastrointestinal pathology had no changes in the most of the parameters vs. baseline even on Day 7. Tildox AVZ had no adverse effects on blood count and blood chemistry parameters; on the contrary, for a number of parameters, a trend towards normalization was noted. The investigational drug was at least equivalent to the reference one (Gentamicin) and can be used for both respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders caused by the non-specific opportunistic bacterial microflora.
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18
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Frias-De-Diego A, Posey R, Pecoraro BM, Fernandes Carnevale R, Beaty A, Crisci E. A Century of Swine Influenza: Is It Really Just about the Pigs? Vet Sci 2020; 7:E189. [PMID: 33256019 PMCID: PMC7711507 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses (IV) are one of the major threats to human and animal health worldwide due to the variety of species they affect. Pigs play an important role in IV ecology as the "mixing vessel," since they can be infected by swine, avian and human IV, allowing the appearance of new subtypes. Human viruses originated in swine are known as IV of swine origin or swine influenza virus (SwIV) variants. In this study, we identified knowledge tendencies of SwIV and assessed potential bias in the literature caused by these variants. We identified the most mentioned SwIV variants and manually reviewed the literature to determine the number of publications applying the whole influenza nomenclature, a partial nomenclature, only the subtype or mixed terminology, along with the proportion of articles in which the GenBank ID number was available. We observed that the 2009 H1N1 human pandemic created an important bias in SwIV research driven by an increase in human publications on the IV of swine origin. H1N1 is the most studied subtype for swine and humans, followed by H3N2. We found differences between the nomenclatures applied, where partial classifications were slightly more common. Finally, from all the publications, only 25% stated the GenBank ID of the sequence studied. This review represents the most complete exploration of trends in SwIV knowledge to date and will serve as a guidance for future search strategies in SwIV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Frias-De-Diego
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (A.F.-D.-D.); (B.M.P.)
| | - Rachael Posey
- William Rand Kenan, Jr. Library of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
| | - Brittany M. Pecoraro
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (A.F.-D.-D.); (B.M.P.)
| | - Rafaella Fernandes Carnevale
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, State of São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Alayna Beaty
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Elisa Crisci
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (A.F.-D.-D.); (B.M.P.)
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19
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Nurhayati, Wibawa H, Mahawan T, Zenal FC, Schoonman L, Pfeiffer CN, Stevenson M, Punyapornwithaya V. Herd-Level Risk Factors for Swine Influenza (H1N1) Seropositivity in West Java and Banten Provinces of Indonesia (2016-2017). Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:544279. [PMID: 33263010 PMCID: PMC7685993 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.544279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine could play a role as a “mixing vessel” for avian and human influenza viruses and should, therefore, be thought of playing an intermediate role in the emergence of pandemic influenza strains. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for Swine influenza virus (SIV) seropositivity at the farm level in West Java and Banten provinces, Indonesia. A total of 649 blood samples were collected from 175 pig farms, and at the time of sampling, a questionnaire about routine herd management was administered to participant herd managers. Swine influenza virus serological status for each of the sampled pigs was tested using the IDEXX ELISA-test (Maine, US). The apparent herd-level prevalence of SIV seropositivity was expressed as a true herd-level prevalence using the Rogan and Gladen method, modified to account for low and high prevalence herds using a Markov chain Monte Carlo Bayesian approach. The association between herd-level characteristics and SIV seropositivity status was assessed using binary logistic regression. The true prevalence of SIV seropositivity was 26% (95% CI = 20–33). The presence of animals apart from pigs on farm (odds ratio, OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.0–6.0), keeping breeding sows for <2 years (OR = 5.9, 95% Cl = 1.8–20), being <1 km from a poultry farm (OR = 2.4, 95% Cl = 1.0–5.7), and purchasing pigs only through pig collectors (OR = 11, 95% CI = 4.3–29) increased the risk of a herd being seropositive to SIV. Our results show that biosecurity to limit the introduction of SIV should be enhanced on farms located in areas of high pig and poultry farm density. While the role that pig collectors play in the transmission of SIV warrants further investigation, swine producers in West Java and Banten should be made aware of the enhanced risk of SIV associated with purchasing of replacements from collectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhayati
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Directorate of Animal Health, Directorate General Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Wibawa
- Disease Investigation Center Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Trian Mahawan
- Disease Investigation Center Subang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Farida Camallia Zenal
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Luuk Schoonman
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Caitlin Nicole Pfeiffer
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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20
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Iqbal MM, Abid I, Hussain S, Shahzad N, Waqas MS, Iqbal MJ. The effects of regional climatic condition on the spread of COVID-19 at global scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:140101. [PMID: 32531684 PMCID: PMC7280824 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak of the novel coronavirus epidemic disease (COVID-19) is spreading like a diffusion-reaction in the world and almost 208 countries and territories are being affected around the globe. It became a sever health and socio-economic problem, while the world has no vaccine to combat this virus. This research aims to analyze the connection between the fast spread of COVID-19 and regional climate parameters over a global scale. In this research, we collected the data of COVID-19 cases from the time of 1st reported case to the 5th June 2020 in different affected countries and regional climatic parameters data from January 2020 to 5th June 2020. It was found that most of the countries located in the relatively lower temperature region show a rapid increase in the COVID-19 cases than the countries locating in the warmer climatic regions despite their better socio-economic conditions. A correlation between metrological parameters and COVID-19 cases was observed. Average daylight hours are correlated to total the COVID-19 cases with a coefficient of determination of 0.42, while average high-temperature shows a correlation of 0.59 and 0.42 with total COVID-19 cases and death cases respectively. The finding of the study will help international health organizations and local administrations to combat and well manage the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irfan Abid
- National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saddam Hussain
- Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Shahzad
- National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Waqas
- Soil Conservation Group, Agriculture Department (Field Wing), Government of the Punjab, Pakistan
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21
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Baratelli M, Morgan S, Hemmink JD, Reid E, Carr BV, Lefevre E, Montaner-Tarbes S, Charleston B, Fraile L, Tchilian E, Montoya M. Identification of a Newly Conserved SLA-II Epitope in a Structural Protein of Swine Influenza Virus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2083. [PMID: 33042120 PMCID: PMC7524874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the role of pigs as a source of new Influenza A Virus viruses (IAV) potentially capable of initiating human pandemics, immune responses to swine influenza virus (SwIV) in pigs are not fully understood. Several SwIV epitopes presented by swine MHC (SLA) class I have been identified using different approaches either in outbred pigs or in Babraham large white inbred pigs, which are 85% identical by genome wide SNP analysis. On the other hand, some class II SLA epitopes were recently described in outbred pigs. In this work, Babraham large white inbred pigs were selected to identify SLA II epitopes from SwIV H1N1. PBMCs were screened for recognition of overlapping peptides covering the NP and M1 proteins from heterologous IAV H1N1 in IFNγ ELISPOT. A novel SLA class II restricted epitope was identified in NP from swine H1N1. This conserved novel epitope could be the base for further vaccine approaches against H1N1 in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Baratelli
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sergio Montaner-Tarbes
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L., Badalona, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Animal Health Department, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Maria Montoya
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom.,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Interferes with Swine Influenza A Virus Infection of Epithelial Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030508. [PMID: 32899579 PMCID: PMC7565700 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections are still a major concern in pigs. Amongst the involved viruses, the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and the swine influenza type A virus (swIAV) have a major impact. These viruses frequently encounter and dual infections are reported. We analyzed here the molecular interactions between viruses and porcine tracheal epithelial cells as well as lung tissue. PRRSV-1 species do not infect porcine respiratory epithelial cells. However, PRRSV-1, when inoculated simultaneously or shortly before swIAV, was able to inhibit swIAV H1N2 infection, modulate the interferon response and alter signaling protein phosphorylations (ERK, AKT, AMPK, and JAK2), in our conditions. SwIAV inhibition was also observed, although at a lower level, by inactivated PRRSV-1, whereas acid wash treatment inactivating non-penetrated viruses suppressed the interference effect. PRRSV-1 and swIAV may interact at several stages, before their attachment to the cells, when they attach to their receptors, and later on. In conclusion, we showed for the first time that PRRSV can alter the relation between swIAV and its main target cells, opening the doors to further studies on the interplay between viruses. Consequences of these peculiar interactions on viral infections and vaccinations using modified live vaccines require further investigations.
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23
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Coinfections and their molecular consequences in the porcine respiratory tract. Vet Res 2020; 51:80. [PMID: 32546263 PMCID: PMC7296899 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understudied, coinfections are more frequent in pig farms than single infections. In pigs, the term “Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex” (PRDC) is often used to describe coinfections involving viruses such as swine Influenza A Virus (swIAV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), and Porcine CircoVirus type 2 (PCV2) as well as bacteria like Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Bordetella bronchiseptica. The clinical outcome of the various coinfection or superinfection situations is usually assessed in the studies while in most of cases there is no clear elucidation of the fine mechanisms shaping the complex interactions occurring between microorganisms. In this comprehensive review, we aimed at identifying the studies dealing with coinfections or superinfections in the pig respiratory tract and at presenting the interactions between pathogens and, when possible, the mechanisms controlling them. Coinfections and superinfections involving viruses and bacteria were considered while research articles including protozoan and fungi were excluded. We discuss the main limitations complicating the interpretation of coinfection/superinfection studies, and the high potential perspectives in this fascinating research field, which is expecting to gain more and more interest in the next years for the obvious benefit of animal health.
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24
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Sila-On D, Chertchinnapa P, Shinkai Y, Kojima T, Nakano H. Development of a dual monoclonal antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of swine influenza virus using rabbit monoclonal antibody by Ecobody technology. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:217-225. [PMID: 32284304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A dual monoclonal antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mAb sandwich ELISA) has been developed using rabbit monoclonal antibodies generated by Ecobody technology, which includes the isolation of single B cells binding to a specific antigen, amplification of the heavy and light chains of these immunoglobulins, and expression of the fragment of antigen binding (Fab) by cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS). A rabbit was immunized with swine influenza virus (SIV) vaccine, from which single B cells binding to the antigen were isolated. Then, immunoglobulin mRNA was amplified from single cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, followed by the attachment of a T7 promoter, appropriate tags, and a T7 terminator for the expression of the Fab portion by CFPS. By taking advantage of two different peptide tags fused to the same Fab, optimal combinations for coating Fab on assay plates and detecting Fab, both synthesized by CFPS, were investigated for mAb sandwich ELISA. Pairs of Fab detected 0.5 ng SIV in the assay. In summary, this result showed the applicability of Ecobody technology for a variety of immunodetection kits for high throughput analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daorung Sila-On
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Phornnaphat Chertchinnapa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shinkai
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kojima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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25
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Cheng J, Tao J, Li B, Shi Y, Liu H. The tyrosine 73 and serine 83 dephosphorylation of H1N1 swine influenza virus NS1 protein attenuates virus replication and induces high levels of beta interferon. Virol J 2019; 16:152. [PMID: 31805964 PMCID: PMC6896355 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a virulence factor encoded by influenza A virus (IAV) that is expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of host cells during the earliest stages of infection. NS1 is a multifunctional protein that plays an important role in virus replication, virulence and inhibition of the host antiviral immune response. However, to date, the phosphorylation sites of NS1 have not been identified, and the relationship between phosphorylation and protein function has not been thoroughly elucidated. METHOD In this study, potential phosphorylation sites in the swine influenza virus (SIV) NS1 protein were bioinformatically predicted and determined by Phos-tag SDS-PAGE analysis. To study the role of NS1 phosphorylation sites, we rescued NS1 mutants (Y73F and S83A) of A/swine/Shanghai/3/2014(H1N1) strain and compared their replication ability, cytokine production as well as the intracellular localization in cultured cells. Additionally, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) assay to explore whether changes in the type I IFN response with dephosphorylation at positions 73 and 83 were mediated by the RIG-I pathway. RESULTS We checked 18 predicted sites in 30 SIV NS1 genes to exclude strain-specific sites, covering H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes and identified two phosphorylation sites Y73 and S83 in the H1N1 SIV protein by Phos-tag SDS-PAGE analysis. We found that dephosphorylation at positions 73 and 83 of the NS1 protein attenuated virus replication and reduced the ability of NS1 to antagonize IFN-β expression but had no effect on nuclear localization. Knockdown of RIG-I dramatically impaired the induction of IFN-β and ISG56 in NS1 Y73F or S83A mutant-infected cells, indicating that RIG-I plays a role in the IFN-β response upon rSIV NS1 Y73F and rSIV NS1 S83A infection. CONCLUSION We first identified two functional phosphorylation sites in the H1N1 SIV protein: Y73 and S83. We found that dephosphorylation at positions 73 and 83 of the NS1 protein affected the antiviral state in the host cells, partly through the RIG-I pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Cheng
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai, Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Jie Tao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai, Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Benqiang Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai, Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai, Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Huili Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai, Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China.
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26
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Ding P, Jin Q, Zhou W, Chai Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Chen X, Guo J, Deng R, Gao GF, Zhang G. A Universal Influenza Nanovaccine for "Mixing Vessel" Hosts Confers Potential Ability to Block Cross-Species Transmission. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900456. [PMID: 31267679 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), a deadly zoonotic pathogen, poses a tremendous threat and burden to global health systems. Pigs act as "mixing vessel" hosts to support and generate new pandemic viruses. Preventing the spread of IAV in pigs effectively can delay or even block cross-species transmission. Universal vaccines based on the highly conserved ectodomain of influenza matrix protein 2 (M2e) have been widely reported, but have not been applied due to inadequate protection. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes immunosuppression and promotes swine influenza virus (SIV) infection. Here, M2e is inserted into capsid protein of PCV2 without burying the neutralizing epitopes and self-assembles to form a bivalent nanovaccine. Inoculation with the nanovaccine induces robust M2e- and PCV2-specific immune responses. The nanovaccine confers protection against lethal challenges of IAV from different species in mice, and significantly reduces SIV titers in pigs' respiratory tract and blocks SIV transmission. These results indicate that the nanovaccine is an economical and promising PCV2 and universal IAV bivalent vaccine, and it will synergistically and powerfully offer potential ability to block IAV cross-species reassortment and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyang Ding
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorthwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Qianyue Jin
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorthwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Yongxiao Chai
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineHenan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineHenan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Yao Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineHenan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Junqing Guo
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Ruiguang Deng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyHenan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 China
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorthwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineHenan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
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27
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Cellular Innate Immunity against PRRSV and Swine Influenza Viruses. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6010026. [PMID: 30862035 PMCID: PMC6466325 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a polymicrobial syndrome that results from a combination of infectious agents, such as environmental stressors, population size, management strategies, age, and genetics. PRDC results in reduced performance as well as increased mortality rates and production costs in the pig industry worldwide. This review focuses on the interactions of two enveloped RNA viruses—porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus (SwIV)—as major etiological agents that contribute to PRDC within the porcine cellular innate immunity during infection. The innate immune system of the porcine lung includes alveolar and parenchymal/interstitial macrophages, neutrophils (PMN), conventional dendritic cells (DC) and plasmacytoid DC, natural killer cells, and γδ T cells, thus the in vitro and in vivo interactions between those cells and PRRSV and SwIV are reviewed. Likewise, the few studies regarding PRRSV-SwIV co-infection are illustrated together with the different modulation mechanisms that are induced by the two viruses. Alterations in responses by natural killer (NK), PMN, or γδ T cells have not received much attention within the scientific community as their counterpart antigen-presenting cells and there are numerous gaps in the knowledge regarding the role of those cells in both infections. This review will help in paving the way for future directions in PRRSV and SwIV research and enhancing the understanding of the innate mechanisms that are involved during infection with these viruses.
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28
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Walia RR, Anderson TK, Vincent AL. Regional patterns of genetic diversity in swine influenza A viruses in the United States from 2010 to 2016. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:262-273. [PMID: 29624873 PMCID: PMC6468071 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regular spatial and temporal analyses of the genetic diversity and evolutionary patterns of influenza A virus (IAV) in swine inform control efforts and improve animal health. Initiated in 2009, the USDA passively surveils IAV in U.S. swine, with a focus on subtyping clinical respiratory submissions, sequencing the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes at a minimum, and sharing these data publicly. Objectives In this study, our goal was to quantify and describe regional and national patterns in the genetic diversity and evolution of IAV in U.S. swine from 2010 to 2016. Methods A comprehensive phylogenetic and epidemiological analysis of publicly available HA and NA genes generated by the USDA surveillance system collected from January 2010 to December 2016 was conducted. Results The dominant subtypes and genetic clades detected during the study period were H1N1 (H1‐γ/1A.3.3.3, N1‐classical, 29%), H1N2 (H1‐δ1/1B.2.2, N2‐2002, 27%), and H3N2 (H3‐IV‐A, N2‐2002, 15%), but many other minor clades were also maintained. Year‐round circulation was observed, with a primary epidemic peak in October‐November and a secondary epidemic peak in March‐April. Partitioning these data into 5 spatial zones revealed that genetic diversity varied regionally and was not correlated with aggregated national patterns of HA/NA diversity. Conclusions These data suggest that vaccine composition and control efforts should consider IAV diversity within swine production regions in addition to aggregated national patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasna R Walia
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
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29
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Holzer B, Martini V, Edmans M, Tchilian E. T and B Cell Immune Responses to Influenza Viruses in Pigs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:98. [PMID: 30804933 PMCID: PMC6371849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are an ongoing threat to humans and are endemic in pigs, causing considerable economic losses to farmers. Pigs are also a source of new viruses potentially capable of initiating human pandemics. Many tools including monoclonal antibodies, recombinant cytokines and chemokines, gene probes, tetramers, and inbred pigs allow refined analysis of immune responses against influenza. Recent advances in understanding of the pig innate system indicate that it shares many features with that of humans, although there is a larger gamma delta component. The fine specificity and mechanisms of cross-protective T cell immunity have yet to be fully defined, although it is clear that the local immune response is important. The repertoire of pig antibody response to influenza has not been thoroughly explored. Here we review current understanding of adaptive immune responses against influenza in pigs and the use of the pig as a model to study human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Holzer
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, The Pirbright Institute (BBSRC), Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Martini
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, The Pirbright Institute (BBSRC), Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, The Pirbright Institute (BBSRC), Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Elma Tchilian
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, The Pirbright Institute (BBSRC), Pirbright, United Kingdom
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30
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Zhang J, Miao J, Han X, Lu Y, Deng B, Lv F, Zhao Y, Ding C, Hou J. Development of a novel oil-in-water emulsion and evaluation of its potential adjuvant function in a swine influenza vaccine in mice. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:415. [PMID: 30577861 PMCID: PMC6303909 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination is the principal strategy for prevention and control of diseases, and adjuvant use is an effective strategy to enhance vaccine efficacy. Traditional mineral oil-based adjuvants have been reported with post-immunization reactions. Developing new adjuvant formulations with improved potency and safety will be of great value. Results In the study reported herein, a novel oil-in-water (O/W) Emulsion Adjuvant containing Squalane (termed EAS) was developed, characterized and investigated for swine influenza virus immunization. The data show that EAS is a homogeneous nanoemulsion with small particle size (~ 105 nm), low viscosity (2.04 ± 0.24 cP at 20 °C), excellent stability (at least 24 months at 4 °C) and low toxicity. EAS-adjuvanted H3N2 swine influenza vaccine was administrated in mice subcutaneously to assess the adjuvant potency of EAS. The results demonstrated that in mice EAS-adjuvanted vaccine induced significantly higher titers of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and IgG antibodies than water-in-oil (W/O) vaccines or antigen alone, respectively, at day 42 post vaccination (dpv) (P < 0.05). EAS-adjuvanted vaccine elicited significantly stronger IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies and higher concentrations of Th1 (IFN-γ and IL-2) cytokines compared to the W/O vaccine or antigen alone. Mice immunized with EAS-adjuvanted influenza vaccine conferred potent protection after homologous challenge. Conclusion The O/W emulsion EAS developed in the present work induced potent humoral and cellular immune responses against inactivated swine influenza virus, conferred effective protection after homologous virus challenge and showed low toxicity in mice, indicating that EAS is as good as the commercial adjuvant MF59. The superiority of EAS to the conventional W/O formulation in adjuvant activity, safety and stability will make it a potential veterinary adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Zhang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Vaccine Engineering and Technology of China, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jinfeng Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiangan Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yu Lu
- National Research Center for Veterinary Vaccine Engineering and Technology of China, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Bihua Deng
- National Research Center for Veterinary Vaccine Engineering and Technology of China, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Fang Lv
- National Research Center for Veterinary Vaccine Engineering and Technology of China, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- National Research Center for Veterinary Vaccine Engineering and Technology of China, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jibo Hou
- National Research Center for Veterinary Vaccine Engineering and Technology of China, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
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31
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Starbæk SMR, Brogaard L, Dawson HD, Smith AD, Heegaard PMH, Larsen LE, Jungersen G, Skovgaard K. Animal Models for Influenza A Virus Infection Incorporating the Involvement of Innate Host Defenses: Enhanced Translational Value of the Porcine Model. ILAR J 2018; 59:323-337. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Influenza is a viral respiratory disease having a major impact on public health. Influenza A virus (IAV) usually causes mild transitory disease in humans. However, in specific groups of individuals such as severely obese, the elderly, and individuals with underlying inflammatory conditions, IAV can cause severe illness or death. In this review, relevant small and large animal models for human IAV infection, including the pig, ferret, and mouse, are discussed. The focus is on the pig as a large animal model for human IAV infection as well as on the associated innate immune response. Pigs are natural hosts for the same IAV subtypes as humans, they develop clinical disease mirroring human symptoms, they have similar lung anatomy, and their respiratory physiology and immune responses to IAV infection are remarkably similar to what is observed in humans. The pig model shows high face and target validity for human IAV infection, making it suitable for modeling many aspects of influenza, including increased risk of severe disease and impaired vaccine response due to underlying pathologies such as low-grade inflammation. Comparative analysis of proteins involved in viral pattern recognition, interferon responses, and regulation of interferon-stimulated genes reveals a significantly higher degree of similarity between pig, ferret, and human compared with mice. It is concluded that the pig is a promising animal model displaying substantial human translational value with the ability to provide essential insights into IAV infection, pathogenesis, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie M R Starbæk
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise Brogaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Harry D Dawson
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Allen D Smith
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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32
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Dhakal S, Renu S, Ghimire S, Shaan Lakshmanappa Y, Hogshead BT, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Lu F, HogenEsch H, Krakowka S, Lee CW, Renukaradhya GJ. Mucosal Immunity and Protective Efficacy of Intranasal Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Is Improved by Chitosan Nanoparticle Delivery in Pigs. Front Immunol 2018; 9:934. [PMID: 29770135 PMCID: PMC5940749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) causes severe economic loss to swine industry. Currently used inactivated SwIAV vaccines administered by intramuscular injection provide homologous protection, but limited heterologous protection against constantly evolving field viruses, attributable to the induction of inadequate levels of mucosal IgA and cellular immune responses in the respiratory tract. A novel vaccine delivery platform using mucoadhesive chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) administered through intranasal (IN) route has the potential to elicit strong mucosal and systemic immune responses in pigs. In this study, we evaluated the immune responses and cross-protective efficacy of IN chitosan encapsulated inactivated SwIAV vaccine in pigs. Killed SwIAV H1N2 (δ-lineage) antigens (KAg) were encapsulated in chitosan polymer-based nanoparticles (CNPs-KAg). The candidate vaccine was administered twice IN as mist to nursery pigs. Vaccinates and controls were then challenged with a zoonotic and virulent heterologous SwIAV H1N1 (γ-lineage). Pigs vaccinated with CNPs-KAg exhibited an enhanced IgG serum antibody and mucosal secretory IgA antibody responses in nasal swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids, and lung lysates that were reactive against homologous (H1N2), heterologous (H1N1), and heterosubtypic (H3N2) influenza A virus strains. Prior to challenge, an increased frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation, and recall IFN-γ secretion by restimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in CNPs-KAg compared to control KAg vaccinates were observed. In CNPs-KAg vaccinated pigs challenged with heterologous virus reduced severity of macroscopic and microscopic influenza-associated pulmonary lesions were observed. Importantly, the infectious SwIAV titers in nasal swabs [days post-challenge (DPC) 4] and BAL fluid (DPC 6) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in CNPs-KAg vaccinates but not in KAg vaccinates when compared to the unvaccinated challenge controls. As well, an increased frequency of T helper memory cells and increased levels of recall IFNγ secretion by tracheobronchial lymph nodes cells were observed. In summary, chitosan SwIAV nanovaccine delivered by IN route elicited strong cross-reactive mucosal IgA and cellular immune responses in the respiratory tract that resulted in a reduced nasal viral shedding and lung virus titers in pigs. Thus, chitosan-based influenza nanovaccine may be an ideal candidate vaccine for use in pigs, and pig is a useful animal model for preclinical testing of particulate IN human influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Shristi Ghimire
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Yashavanth Shaan Lakshmanappa
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Bradley T Hogshead
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Fangjia Lu
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Steven Krakowka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Chang Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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33
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Baratelli M, Pedersen LE, Trebbien R, Larsen LE, Jungersen G, Blanco E, Nielsen J, Montoya M. Identification of cross-reacting T-cell epitopes in structural and non-structural proteins of swine and pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus strains in pigs. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:895-899. [PMID: 28555545 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous protection against swine influenza viruses (SwIVs) of different lineages is an important concern for the pig industry. Cross-protection between 'avian-like' H1N1 and 2009 pandemic H1N1 lineages has been observed previously, indicating the involvement of cross-reacting T-cells. Here, reverse vaccinology was applied to identify cross-reacting MHC class I T-cell epitopes from two different SwIV H1 lineages in pigs. In silico prediction followed by in vitro and in vivo testing was used to identify SLA-1*0702 T-cell epitopes in heterologous SwIV-infected pigs. Following viral infection, tetramer specific T-cell populations were identified. The majority of the identified T-cell epitopes were conserved between the examined lineages, suggesting that targeting cross-reactive T-cell epitopes could be used to improve vaccines against SwIV in SLA-1*0702-positive pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Baratelli
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lasse Eggers Pedersen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute (DTU VET), 1870 Frederiksberg C and 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Ramona Trebbien
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute (DTU VET), 1870 Frederiksberg C and 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.,Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute (DTU VET), 1870 Frederiksberg C and 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute (DTU VET), 1870 Frederiksberg C and 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Esther Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Valdeolmos 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute (DTU VET), 1870 Frederiksberg C and 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.,Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Maria Montoya
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,The Pirbright Institute, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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34
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Bourret V, Lyall J, Frost SDW, Teillaud A, Smith CA, Leclaire S, Fu J, Gandon S, Guérin JL, Tiley LS. Adaptation of avian influenza virus to a swine host. Virus Evol 2017; 3:vex007. [PMID: 28458917 PMCID: PMC5399929 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vex007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of pathogenic RNA viruses into new hosts can have dramatic consequences for both livestock and public health. Here we characterize the viral genetic changes that were observed in a previous study which experimentally adapted a field isolate of duck influenza virus to swine respiratory cells. Both pre-existing and de novo mutations were selected during this adaptation. We compare the in vitro growth dynamics of the adapted virus with those of the original strain as well as all possible reassortants using reverse genetics. This full factorial design showed that viral gene segments are involved in complex epistatic interactions on virus fitness, including negative and sign epistasis. We also identify two point mutations at positions 67 and 113 of the HA2 subunit of the hemagglutinin protein conferring a fast growth phenotype on the naïve avian virus in swine cells. These HA2 mutations enhance the pH dependent, HA-mediated membrane fusion. A global H1 maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis, combined with comprehensive ancestry reconstruction and tests for directional selection, confirmed the field relevance of the mutation at position 113 of HA2. Most notably, this mutation was associated with the establishment of the H1 'avian-like' swine influenza lineage, regarded as the most likely to cause the next influenza pandemic in humans. This multidisciplinary approach to study the genetics of viral adaptation provides unique insights on the underlying processes leading to influenza emergence in a new host species, and identifies specific targets for future surveillance and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bourret
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | - Jon Lyall
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon D W Frost
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angélique Teillaud
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine A Smith
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Leclaire
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5175, Montpellier, France
| | - JinQi Fu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sylvain Gandon
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5175, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Guérin
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence S Tiley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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35
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Er C, Skjerve E, Brun E, Hofmo PO, Framstad T, Lium B. Production impact of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection on fattening pigs in Norway. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:751-9. [PMID: 27065145 PMCID: PMC7109966 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly emerged influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in Norwegian pigs, although often observed in a subclinical form, can lower the pig's growth performance by reducing feed efficiency in terms of a poorer feed conversion ratio. Infected pigs would consume more feed and require protracted production time to reach market weight. In our observational longitudinal study, growth performance data from 728 control pigs and 193 infected pigs with known viral shedding time points were analyzed using mixed linear regression models to give estimates of the marginal effects of infection. Gaussian curves describing the variability of the estimates at the individual pig level formed the fundamental inputs to our stochastic models. The models were constructed to simulate the summed negative effects of the infection at the batch level of 150 fattening pigs growing from 33 to 100 kg. Other inputs of variability and uncertainty were 1) batch transmission points, 2) pig infection points to reflect the disease transmission dynamics of the virus, and 3) final prevalence of infected pigs in the batch. Monte Carlo random sampling gave 5,000 estimates on the outputs of the marginal effects for each pig. These results were summed up to provide estimates for a batch size of 150 pigs. This figure was adjusted by our final prevalence distribution function, which was also derived from the longitudinal study with 12 cohorts of infected pigs. For a 150-fattening-pig herd randomly selected from the population, the marginal effects of the infection were 1) 835 kg (fifth percentile) to 1,350 kg (95th percentile) increased feed intake and 2) 194 (fifth percentile) to 334 (95th percentile) pig days in excess of expected figures for an uninfected batch. A batch infected during growth phase 3 (81 to 100 kg BW) gave the worst results since the longitudinal study showed that a pig infected during growth phase 3 required more feed and a greater protracted production time compared to younger infected pigs. Sensitivity analysis showed that final prevalence had the greatest impact on the conditional mean and variation of the marginal effects of infections. Batch transmission point was the next most influential factor. Lowering the final prevalence and preventing older fattening pigs from being infected will have the greatest benefit in saving feed cost and reducing delay in getting the pigs to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiek Er
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, 0106 Oslo, Norway
- Corresponding author:
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Edgar Brun
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Peer Ola Hofmo
- Norsvin (Norwegian Pig Breeders Association), P.O. Box 504, 2304 Hamar, Norway
| | - Tore Framstad
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Lium
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, 0106 Oslo, Norway
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36
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Cador C, Hervé S, Andraud M, Gorin S, Paboeuf F, Barbier N, Quéguiner S, Deblanc C, Simon G, Rose N. Maternally-derived antibodies do not prevent transmission of swine influenza A virus between pigs. Vet Res 2016; 47:86. [PMID: 27530456 PMCID: PMC4988049 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A transmission experiment involving 5-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) piglets, with (MDA(+)) or without maternally-derived antibodies (MDA(-)), was carried out to evaluate the impact of passive immunity on the transmission of a swine influenza A virus (swIAV). In each group (MDA(+)/MDA(-)), 2 seeders were placed with 4 piglets in direct contact and 5 in indirect contact (3 replicates per group). Serological kinetics (ELISA) and individual viral shedding (RT-PCR) were monitored for 28 days after infection. MDA waning was estimated using a nonlinear mixed-effects model and survival analysis. Differential transmission rates were estimated depending on the piglets' initial serological status and contact structure (direct contact with pen-mates or indirect airborne contact). The time to MDA waning was 71.3 [52.8-92.1] days on average. The airborne transmission rate was 1.41 [0.64-2.63] per day. The compared shedding pattern between groups showed that MDA(+) piglets had mainly a reduced susceptibility to infection compared to MDA(-) piglets. The resulting reproduction number estimated in MDA(+) piglets (5.8 [1.4-18.9]), although 3 times lower than in MDA(-) piglets (14.8 [6.4-27.1]), was significantly higher than 1. Such an efficient and extended spread of swIAV at the population scale in the presence of MDAs could contribute to swIAV persistence on farms, given the fact that the period when transmission is expected to be impacted by the presence of MDAs can last up to 10 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Cador
- Swine Epidemiology and Welfare Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France. .,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France.
| | - Séverine Hervé
- Swine Virology Immunology Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Andraud
- Swine Epidemiology and Welfare Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphane Gorin
- Swine Virology Immunology Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- SPF Pig Production and Experimental Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Barbier
- Swine Virology Immunology Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphane Quéguiner
- Swine Virology Immunology Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Deblanc
- Swine Virology Immunology Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Gaëlle Simon
- Swine Virology Immunology Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Rose
- Swine Epidemiology and Welfare Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
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37
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Deblanc C, Delgado-Ortega M, Gorin S, Berri M, Paboeuf F, Berthon P, Herrler G, Meurens F, Simon G. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae does not affect the interferon-related anti-viral response but predisposes the pig to a higher level of inflammation following swine influenza virus infection. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2501-2515. [PMID: 27498789 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In pigs, influenza A viruses and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) are major contributors to the porcine respiratory disease complex. Pre-infection with Mhp was previously shown experimentally to exacerbate the clinical outcomes of H1N1 infection during the first week after virus inoculation. In order to better understand the interactions between these pathogens, we aimed to assess very early responses (at 5, 24 and 48 h) after H1N1 infection in pigs pre-infected or not with Mhp. Clinical signs and macroscopic lung lesions were similar in both infected groups at early times post-H1N1 infection; and Mhp pre-infection affected neither the influenza virus replication nor the IFN-induced antiviral responses in the lung. However, it predisposed the animals to a higher inflammatory response to H1N1 infection, as revealed by the massive infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages into the lungs and the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α). Thus, it seems it is this marked inflammatory state that would play a role in exacerbating the clinical signs subsequent to H1N1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Deblanc
- Université Bretagne Loire, France.,ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Stéphane Gorin
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | | | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- Université Bretagne Loire, France.,ANSES, Service de Production de Porcs Assainis et d'Expérimentation, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Georg Herrler
- Institut für Virologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Gaëlle Simon
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, France
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38
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Borggren M, Nielsen J, Bragstad K, Karlsson I, Krog JS, Williams JA, Fomsgaard A. Vector optimization and needle-free intradermal application of a broadly protective polyvalent influenza A DNA vaccine for pigs and humans. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1983-90. [PMID: 25746201 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1011987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat posed by the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus emphasized the need for new influenza A virus vaccines inducing a broad cross-protective immune response for use in both humans and pigs. An effective and broad influenza vaccine for pigs would greatly benefit the pork industry and contribute to public health by diminishing the risk of emerging highly pathogenic reassortants. Current inactivated protein vaccines against swine influenza produce only short-lived immunity and have no efficacy against heterologous strains. DNA vaccines are a potential alternative with advantages such as the induction of cellular and humoral immunity, inherent safety and rapid production time. We have previously developed a DNA vaccine encoding selected influenza proteins of pandemic origin and demonstrated broad protective immune responses in ferrets and pigs. In this study, we evaluated our DNA vaccine expressed by next-generation vectors. These new vectors can improve gene expression, but they are also efficiently produced on large scales and comply with regulatory guidelines by avoiding antibiotic resistance genes. In addition, a new needle-free delivery of the vaccine, convenient for mass vaccinations, was compared with intradermal needle injection followed by electroporation. We report that when our DNA vaccine is expressed by the new vectors and delivered to the skin with the needle-free device in the rabbit model, it can elicit an antibody response with the same titers as a conventional vector with intradermal electroporation. The needle-free delivery is already in use for traditional protein vaccines in pigs but should be considered as a practical alternative for the mass administration of broadly protective influenza DNA vaccines.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- DK, Denmark
- DNA vaccine
- DNA, DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
- ELISA, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- EP, electroporation
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HAI, hemagglutination inhibition assay
- HAU, hemagglutination units
- HI, hemagglutination inhibition
- IDAL®, IntraDermal Application of Liquids®
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- M, matrix protein
- MDCK cells, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney epithelial cells
- NA, neuraminidase
- NP, nucleoprotein
- NTC8385-VA1
- NTC9385R
- NZW, New Zealand White
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- RDE, receptor destroying enzyme
- SEM, standard error mean
- TMB, tetramethylbenzidine
- US, the United States
- WHO, world health organization
- bp, base pair
- i.d., intra-dermal
- influenza
- needle-free
- polyvalent
- tPA, tissue plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Borggren
- a Virus Research and Development Laboratory ; Department of Microbiological Diagnostic and Virology; Statens Serum Institut ; Copenhagen , Denmark
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39
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Adegoke O, Seo MW, Kato T, Kawahito S, Park EY. Gradient band gap engineered alloyed quaternary/ternary CdZnSeS/ZnSeS quantum dots: an ultrasensitive fluorescence reporter in a conjugated molecular beacon system for the biosensing of influenza virus RNA. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:1489-1498. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02449h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Composition-dependent alloyed CdZnSeS/ZnSeS QDs were synthesized and used as a fluorescent reporter in a molecular beacon assay to detect influenza virus RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwasesan Adegoke
- Laboratory of Biotechnology
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka 422-8529
- Japan
| | - Min-Woong Seo
- Imaging Devices Laboratory
- Research Institute of Electronics
- Shizuoka University
- Hamamatsu 432-8011
- Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kato
- Laboratory of Biotechnology
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka 422-8529
- Japan
| | - Shoji Kawahito
- Imaging Devices Laboratory
- Research Institute of Electronics
- Shizuoka University
- Hamamatsu 432-8011
- Japan
| | - Enoch Y. Park
- Laboratory of Biotechnology
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka 422-8529
- Japan
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40
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Decorte I, Steensels M, Lambrecht B, Cay AB, De Regge N. Detection and Isolation of Swine Influenza A Virus in Spiked Oral Fluid and Samples from Individually Housed, Experimentally Infected Pigs: Potential Role of Porcine Oral Fluid in Active Influenza A Virus Surveillance in Swine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139586. [PMID: 26431039 PMCID: PMC4592207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of seasonality of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) in combination with the capacity of swine to harbor a large number of co-circulating IAV lineages, resulting in the risk for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential, stress the importance of swIAV surveillance. To date, active surveillance of swIAV worldwide is barely done because of the short detection period in nasal swab samples. Therefore, more sensitive diagnostic methods to monitor circulating virus strains are requisite. Methods qRT-PCR and virus isolations were performed on oral fluid and nasal swabs collected from individually housed pigs that were infected sequentially with H1N1 and H3N2 swIAV strains. The same methods were also applied to oral fluid samples spiked with H1N1 to study the influence of conservation time and temperature on swIAV infectivity and detectability in porcine oral fluid. Results All swIAV infected animals were found qRT-PCR positive in both nasal swabs and oral fluid. However, swIAV could be detected for a longer period in oral fluid than in nasal swabs. Despite the high detectability of swIAV in oral fluid, virus isolation from oral fluid collected from infected pigs was rare. These results are supported by laboratory studies showing that the PCR detectability of swIAV remains unaltered during a 24 h incubation period in oral fluid, while swIAV infectivity drops dramatically immediately upon contact with oral fluid (3 log titer reduction) and gets lost after 24 h conservation in oral fluid at ambient temperature. Conclusions Our data indicate that porcine oral fluid has the potential to replace nasal swabs for molecular diagnostic purposes. The difficulty to isolate swIAV from oral fluid could pose a drawback for its use in active surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Decorte
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Avian virology and immunology, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Lambrecht
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Avian virology and immunology, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Ann Brigitte Cay
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Pomorska-Mól M, Markowska-Daniel I, Kwit K, Stępniewska K, Pejsak Z. Profile of the porcine acute-phase proteins response following experimental co-infection with H3N2 swine influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida. Biomarkers 2015; 20:189-95. [PMID: 26161700 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1061600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acute phase proteins (APPs) are proposed as potential markers of the health status in pigs. OBJECTIVE Circulating APPs in pigs co-infected with swine influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida. METHODS Serum APPs were measured in co-infected and control pigs with the use of commercial ELISA tests. RESULTS All investigated APPs revealed significant changes in co-infected pigs during the study period. The concentration of C-reactive protein, haptoglobin and serum amyloid A (SAA) increased significantly at 2 dpi, before respiratory signs and fever were observed. Concentration of Pig-MAP increased significantly at 3 dpi. C-reactive protein and SAA reaction were rapid but short-lived. The concentration of Hp and Pig-MAP in serum also increased at very early stage of co-infection but remained elevated for a longer period of time. CONCLUSIONS Maximal concentration of serum amyloid A correlated with the disease severity in pigs.
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Zhang J, Miao J, Hou J, Lu C. Mitochondrial antiviral signaling adaptor mediated apoptosis in H3N2 swine influenza virus infection is inhibited by viral protein NS1 in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 165:34-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Zhang J, Miao J, Hou J, Lu C. The effects of H3N2 swine influenza virus infection on TLRs and RLRs signaling pathways in porcine alveolar macrophages. Virol J 2015; 12:61. [PMID: 26021751 PMCID: PMC4487856 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Swine influenza is an economically important respiratory disease of swine resulting from infection with influenza A virus. Swine influenza virus (SIV) becomes the focus as pigs have been hypothesized to serve as an intermediate host for the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to humans or as mixing vessels for the generation of genetically reassortant viruses. The ability of the innate immune system to detect and respond to pathogens is important for survival. Therefore, there is a critical need to evaluate the immediate response to viral infection, especially the role of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RNA helicase RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) innate immunity signaling pathways in H3N2 swine influenza virus infection. Method In this study, porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) were obtained from porcine lungs and were infected with SIV at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5 in vitro. The changes of the related receptors, signaling proteins and effector molecules of TLRs and RLRs signaling pathways post H3N2 virus infection of PAMs were quantified by Real-time quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting. Results The results showed that H3N2 SIV infection significantly increased mRNA expression of TLR-3, TLR-7, RIG- I and MDA5 after 4 hpi (P < 0.05). Western blotting showed that the protein levels of TLR-3, TLR-7 and RIG-I also had a significantly increase after PAM exposed to virus. A significant change of MyD88, MAVS, IRF-3 and IRF-7 mRNA expression were present at 8 hpi. More than a 4-fold increase was induced for TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression. And the concentration of TNF-α and IL-1β peaked at 12 and 24 hpi, respectively. IFN-α, IFN-β mRNA and protein levels increased after SIV infection and significant differences was observed at 8, 12 and 24 hpi. Conclusion These results indicate that H3N2 swine influenza virus infection significantly influences the expression of the receptors, adapter proteins and downstream effector molecules of RLRs and TLRs signaling pathways. This study enhances our understanding of innate immunity signaling pathways in PAM anti-infection of H3N2 SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Zhang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Vaccine Engineering and Technology of China, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jinfeng Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jibo Hou
- National Research Center for Veterinary Vaccine Engineering and Technology of China, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Chengping Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Montoya M, Meurens F. Special issue on non-rodent animal models for immunology research: what can we learn from large animals? Mol Immunol 2015; 66:1-2. [PMID: 25728993 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Montoya
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain; Institut de Recerca i tecnología Agroalimentaria (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - François Meurens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5E3, Canada
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Influenza virus reservoirs and intermediate hosts: dogs, horses, and new possibilities for influenza virus exposure of humans. J Virol 2014; 89:2990-4. [PMID: 25540375 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03146-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections in hosts outside the main aquatic bird reservoirs occur periodically. Although most such cross-species transmission events result in limited onward transmission in the new host, sustained influenza outbreaks have occurred in poultry and in a number of mammalian species, including humans, pigs, horses, seals, and mink. Recently, two distinct strains of IAV have emerged in domestic dogs, with each circulating widely for several years. Here, we briefly outline what is known about the role of intermediate hosts in influenza emergence, summarize our knowledge of the new canine influenza viruses (CIVs) and how they provide key new information on the process of host adaptation, and assess the risk these viruses pose to human populations.
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Er C, Lium B, Tavornpanich S, Hofmo PO, Forberg H, Hauge AG, Grøntvedt CA, Framstad T, Brun E. Adverse effects of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection on growth performance of Norwegian pigs - a longitudinal study at a boar testing station. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:284. [PMID: 25472551 PMCID: PMC4300606 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in Norwegian pigs was largely subclinical. This study tested the hypothesis that the infection causes negligible impact on pigs' growth performance in terms of feed conversion efficiency, daily feed intake, daily growth, age on reaching 100 kg bodyweight and overall feed intake. A sample of 1955 pigs originating from 43 breeding herds was classified into five infection status groups; seronegative pigs (n = 887); seropositive pigs (n = 874); pigs positive for virus at bodyweight between 33 kg and 60 kg (n = 123); pigs positive for virus at bodyweight between 61 kg and 80 kg (n = 34) and pigs positive for virus at bodyweight between 81 kg and 100 kg (n = 37). Each pig had daily recordings of feed intake and bodyweight from 33 kg to 100 kg. Marginal effects of the virus infection on the outcomes were estimated by multi-level linear regression, which accounted for known fixed effects (breed, birthdate, average daily feed intake and growth phase) and random effects (cluster effects of pig and herd). RESULTS The seropositive and virus positive pigs had decreased (P value<0.05) growth performance compared to seronegative pigs even though feed intake was not decreased. Reduced feed conversion efficiency led to lower average daily growth, additional feed requirement and longer time needed to reach the 100 kg bodyweight. The effects were more marked (P value<0.03) in pigs infected at a younger age and lasted a longer period. Despite increased feed intake observed, their growth rates were lower and they took more time to reach 100 kg bodyweight compared to the seronegative pigs. CONCLUSION Our study rejected the null hypothesis that the virus infection had negligible adverse effects on growth performance of Norwegian pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiek Er
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, 0106, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bjørn Lium
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, 0106, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Peer Ola Hofmo
- Norsvin (Norwegian Pig Breeders Association), P.O. Box 504, 2304, Hamar, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hilde Forberg
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, 0106, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Carl Andreas Grøntvedt
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, 0106, Oslo, Norway. .,Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tore Framstad
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Edgar Brun
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, 0106, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
The environmental drivers of influenza outbreaks are largely unknown. Despite more than 50 years of research, there are conflicting lines of evidence on the role of the environment in influenza A virus (IAV) survival, stability, and transmissibility. With the increasing and looming threat of pandemic influenza, it is important to understand these factors for early intervention and long-term control strategies. The factors that dictate the severity and spread of influenza would include the virus, natural and acquired hosts, virus-host interactions, environmental persistence, virus stability and transmissibility, and anthropogenic interventions. Virus persistence in different environments is subject to minor variations in temperature, humidity, pH, salinity, air pollution, and solar radiations. Seasonality of influenza is largely dictated by temperature and humidity, with cool-dry conditions enhancing IAV survival and transmissibility in temperate climates in high latitudes, whereas humid-rainy conditions favor outbreaks in low latitudes, as seen in tropical and subtropical zones. In mid-latitudes, semiannual outbreaks result from alternating cool-dry and humid-rainy conditions. The mechanism of virus survival in the cool-dry or humid-rainy conditions is largely determined by the presence of salts and proteins in the respiratory droplets. Social determinants of heath, including health equity, vaccine acceptance, and age-related illness, may play a role in influenza occurrence and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Sooryanarain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061;
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Powell JD, Dlugolenski D, Nagy T, Gabbard J, Lee C, Tompkins SM, Tripp RA. Polymerase discordance in novel swine influenza H3N2v constellations is tolerated in swine but not human respiratory epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110264. [PMID: 25330303 PMCID: PMC4199677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine-origin H3N2v, a variant of H3N2 influenza virus, is a concern for novel reassortment with circulating pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (H1N1pdm09) in swine because this can lead to the emergence of a novel pandemic virus. In this study, the reassortment prevalence of H3N2v with H1N1pdm09 was determined in swine cells. Reassortants evaluated showed that the H1N1pdm09 polymerase (PA) segment occurred within swine H3N2 with ∼80% frequency. The swine H3N2-human H1N1pdm09 PA reassortant (swH3N2-huPA) showed enhanced replication in swine cells, and was the dominant gene constellation. Ferrets infected with swH3N2-huPA had increased lung pathogenicity compared to parent viruses; however, swH3N2-huPA replication in normal human bronchoepithelial cells was attenuated - a feature linked to expression of IFN-β and IFN-λ genes in human but not swine cells. These findings indicate that emergence of novel H3N2v influenza constellations require more than changes in the viral polymerase complex to overcome barriers to cross-species transmission. Additionally, these findings reveal that while the ferret model is highly informative for influenza studies, slight differences in pathogenicity may not necessarily be indicative of human outcomes after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Powell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Dlugolenski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tamas Nagy
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jon Gabbard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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A beneficiary role for neuraminidase in influenza virus penetration through the respiratory mucus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110026. [PMID: 25333824 PMCID: PMC4198190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza virus (SIV) has a strong tropism for pig respiratory mucosa, which consists of a mucus layer, epithelium, basement membrane and lamina propria. Sialic acids present on the epithelial surface have long been considered to be determinants of influenza virus tropism. However, mucus which is also rich in sialic acids may serve as the first barrier of selection. It was investigated how influenza virus interacts with the mucus to infect epithelial cells. Two techniques were applied to track SIV H1N1 in porcine mucus. The microscopic diffusion of SIV particles in the mucus was analyzed by single particle tracking (SPT), and the macroscopic penetration of SIV through mucus was studied by a virus in-capsule-mucus penetration system, followed by visualizing the translocation of the virions with time by immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, the effects of neuraminidase on SIV getting through or binding to the mucus were studied by using zanamivir, a neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI), and Arthrobacter ureafaciens neuraminidase. The distribution of the diffusion coefficient shows that 70% of SIV particles were entrapped, while the rest diffused freely in the mucus. Additionally, SIV penetrated the porcine mucus with time, reaching a depth of 65 µm at 30 min post virus addition, 2 fold of that at 2 min. Both the microscopic diffusion and macroscopic penetration were largely diminished by NAI, while were clearly increased by the effect of exogenous neuraminidase. Moreover, the exogenous neuraminidase sufficiently prevented the binding of SIV to mucus which was reversely enhanced by effect of NAI. These findings clearly show that the neuraminidase helps SIV move through the mucus, which is important for the virus to reach and infect epithelial cells and eventually become shed into the lumen of the respiratory tract.
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Tarnagda Z, Yougbaré I, Ilboudo AK, Kagoné T, Sanou AM, Cissé A, Médah I, Yelbéogo D, Nzussouo NT. Sentinel surveillance of influenza in Burkina Faso: identification of circulating strains during 2010-2012. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 8:524-9. [PMID: 25074591 PMCID: PMC4181815 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although influenza surveillance has recently been improved in some sub-Saharan African countries, no information is yet available from Burkina Faso. Objectives Our study was the first to determine the prevalence of influenza viruses circulating in Burkina Faso through a sentinel surveillance system. Methods We conducted sentinel surveillance with oropharyngeal (OP) swabs collected from outpatients (1 month to 83 years) from six sites in Bobo-Dioulasso and Ouagadougou, among patients meeting the WHO/CDC case definition for influenza-like illness (ILI; fever ≥38°C, and cough and/or sore throat in the absence of other diagnosis) from July 2010 to May 2012. Influenza viruses were detected by real-time RT-PCR using CDC primers, probes, and protocols. Results The first three ILI cases were enrolled each day; of 881 outpatients with ILI enrolled and sampled, 58 (6·6%) tested positive for influenza viruses (29 influenza A and 29 influenza B). Among the influenza A viruses, 55·2% (16/29) were influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 and 44·8% (13/29) were seasonal A (H3N2). No cases of seasonal A/H1N1 were detected. Patients within 0–5 years and 6–14 years were the most affected, comprising 41·4% and 22·4% laboratory-confirmed influenza cases, respectively. Influenza infections occurred during both the dry, dusty Harmattan months from November to March and the rainy season from June to October with peaks in January and August. Conclusions This surveillance was the first confirming the circulation of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09, A/H3N2, and influenza B viruses in humans in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zékiba Tarnagda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre National de Référence pour la Grippe, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; West African Master Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (WA FELTP), University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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