1
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Yadav MK, Maharana J, Yadav R, Saha S, Sarma P, Soni C, Singh V, Saha S, Ganguly M, Li XX, Mohapatra S, Mishra S, Khant HA, Chami M, Woodruff TM, Banerjee R, Shukla AK, Gati C. Molecular basis of anaphylatoxin binding, activation, and signaling bias at complement receptors. Cell 2023; 186:4956-4973.e21. [PMID: 37852260 PMCID: PMC7615941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a critical part of our innate immune response, and the terminal products of this cascade, anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, exert their physiological and pathophysiological responses primarily via two GPCRs, C3aR and C5aR1. However, the molecular mechanism of ligand recognition, activation, and signaling bias of these receptors remains mostly elusive. Here, we present nine cryo-EM structures of C3aR and C5aR1 activated by their natural and synthetic agonists, which reveal distinct binding pocket topologies of complement anaphylatoxins and provide key insights into receptor activation and transducer coupling. We also uncover the structural basis of a naturally occurring mechanism to dampen the inflammatory response of C5a via proteolytic cleavage of the terminal arginine and the G-protein signaling bias elicited by a peptide agonist of C3aR identified here. In summary, our study elucidates the innerworkings of the complement anaphylatoxin receptors and should facilitate structure-guided drug discovery to target these receptors in a spectrum of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Jagannath Maharana
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shirsha Saha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Parishmita Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Chahat Soni
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Vinay Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sayantan Saha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Manisankar Ganguly
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Xaria X Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Samanwita Mohapatra
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sudha Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Htet A Khant
- USC Center of Excellence for Nano-Imaging, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohamed Chami
- BioEM Lab, Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ramanuj Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Cornelius Gati
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Pejchinovski I, Turkkan S, Pejchinovski M. Recent Advances of Proteomics in Management of Acute Kidney Injury. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2648. [PMID: 37627907 PMCID: PMC10453063 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13162648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is currently recognized as a life-threatening disease, leading to an exponential increase in morbidity and mortality worldwide. At present, AKI is characterized by a significant increase in serum creatinine (SCr) levels, typically followed by a sudden drop in glomerulus filtration rate (GFR). Changes in urine output are usually associated with the renal inability to excrete urea and other nitrogenous waste products, causing extracellular volume and electrolyte imbalances. Several molecular mechanisms were proposed to be affiliated with AKI development and progression, ultimately involving renal epithelium tubular cell-cycle arrest, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, the inability to recover and regenerate proximal tubules, and impaired endothelial function. Diagnosis and prognosis using state-of-the-art clinical markers are often late and provide poor outcomes at disease onset. Inappropriate clinical assessment is a strong disease contributor, actively driving progression towards end stage renal disease (ESRD). Proteins, as the main functional and structural unit of the cell, provide the opportunity to monitor the disease on a molecular level. Changes in the proteomic profiles are pivotal for the expression of molecular pathways and disease pathogenesis. Introduction of highly-sensitive and innovative technology enabled the discovery of novel biomarkers for improved risk stratification, better and more cost-effective medical care for the ill patients and advanced personalized medicine. In line with those strategies, this review provides and discusses the latest findings of proteomic-based biomarkers and their prospective clinical application for AKI management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilinka Pejchinovski
- Department of Quality Assurance, Nikkiso Europe GmbH, 30885 Langenhagen, Germany; (I.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Sibel Turkkan
- Department of Quality Assurance, Nikkiso Europe GmbH, 30885 Langenhagen, Germany; (I.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Martin Pejchinovski
- Department of Analytical Instruments Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 82110 Germering, Germany
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3
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Stennett A, Friston K, Harris CL, Wollman AJM, Bronowska AK, Madden KS. The case for complement component 5 as a target in neurodegenerative disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:97-109. [PMID: 36786123 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2177532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complement-based drug discovery is undergoing a renaissance, empowered by new advances in structural biology, complement biology and drug development. Certain components of the complement pathway, particularly C1q and C3, have been extensively studied in the context of neurodegenerative disease, and established as key therapeutic targets. C5 also has huge therapeutic potential in this arena, with its druggability clearly demonstrated by the success of C5-inhibitor eculizumab. AREAS COVERED We will discuss the evidence supporting C5 as a target in neurodegenerative disease, along with the current progress in developing different classes of C5 inhibitors and the gaps in knowledge that will help progress in the field. EXPERT OPINION Validation of C5 as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disease would represent a major step forward for complement therapeutics research and has the potential to furnish disease-modifying drugs for millions of patients suffering worldwide. Key hurdles that need to be overcome for this to be achieved are understanding how C5a and C5b should be targeted to bring therapeutic benefit and demonstrating the ability to target C5 without creating vulnerability to infection in patients. This requires greater biological elucidation of its precise role in disease pathogenesis, supported by better chemical/biological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Stennett
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Kallie Friston
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Claire L Harris
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Adam J M Wollman
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Agnieszka K Bronowska
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Katrina S Madden
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
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4
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Fu G, Chen T, Wu J, Jiang T, Tang D, Bonaroti J, Conroy J, Scott MJ, Deng M, Billiar TR. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Compartment-Specific Differences in Immune Responses and Contributions for Complement Factor 3 in Hemorrhagic Shock Plus Tissue Trauma. Shock 2021; 56:994-1008. [PMID: 33710107 PMCID: PMC8429528 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hemorrhagic shock with tissue trauma (HS/T) leads to the activation of a system-wide immune-inflammatory response that involves all organs and body compartments. Recent advances in single-cell analysis permit the simultaneous assessment of transcriptomic patterns in a large number of cells making it feasible to survey the landscape of immune cell responses across numerous anatomic sites. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing of leukocytes from the blood, liver, and spleen to identify the major shifts in gene expression by cell type and compartment in a mouse HS/T model. At 6 h, dramatic changes in gene expression were observed across multiple-cell types and in all compartments in wild-type mice. Monocytes from circulation and liver exhibited a significant upregulation of genes associated with chemotaxis and migration and a simultaneous suppression of genes associated with interferon signaling and antigen presentation. In contrast, liver conventional DC exhibited a unique pattern compared with other myeloid cells that included a pronounced increase in major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) gene expression. The dominant pattern across all compartments for B and T cells was a suppression of genes associated with cell activation and signaling after HS/T. Using complement factor 3 (C3) knockout mice we unveiled a role for C3 in the suppression of monocyte Major Histocompatibility Complex class II expression and activation of gene expression associated with migration, phagocytosis and cytokine upregulation, and an unexpected role in promoting interferon-signaling in a subset of B and T cells across all three compartments after HS/T. This transcriptomic landscape study of immune cells provides new insights into the host immune response to trauma, as well as a rich resource for further investigation of trauma-induced immune responses and complement in driving interferon signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Fu
- Department of General Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tianmeng Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Junru Wu
- Department of General Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Da Tang
- Department of General Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Julia Conroy
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melanie J Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Meihong Deng
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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5
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Tao J, Jia S, Wang M, Huang Z, Wang B, Zhang W, Wei Y, Li W, Jiang H, Du Z. Systematic Identification of Proteins Binding with Cisplatin in Blood by Affinity Chromatography and a Four-Dimensional Proteomic Method. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4553-4565. [PMID: 34427088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is widely used for the treatment of various solid tumors. It is mainly administered by intravenous injection, and a substantial amount of the drug will bind to plasma proteins, a feature that is closely related to its pharmacokinetics, activity, toxicity, and side effects. However, due to the unique properties of platinum complexes and the complexity of the blood proteome, existing methods cannot systematically identify the binding proteome of cisplatin in blood. In this study, high-abundance protein separation and an ion mobility mass spectrometry-based 4D proteomic method were combined to systematically and comprehensively identify the binding proteins of cisplatin in blood. The characteristic isotope patterns of platinated peptides and a similarity algorithm were utilized to eliminate false-positive identification. Finally, 39 proteins were found to be platinated. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the identified proteins were mainly involved in the complement and coagulation cascade pathways. The binding ratio of some peptides with cisplatin was measured based on the area ratio of the free peptide using the parallel reaction monitoring method. This study provides a new method for systematically identifying binding proteins of metal drugs in blood, and the identified proteins might be helpful for understanding the toxicity of platinum anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Shuailong Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Meiqin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Zhuobin Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Yinyu Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Wenzhuo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Hongliang Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Du
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
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6
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Wu KM, Zhang YR, Huang YY, Dong Q, Tan L, Yu JT. The role of the immune system in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101409. [PMID: 34273589 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder where the accumulation of amyloid plaques and the formation of tau tangles are the prominent pathological hallmarks. Increasing preclinical and clinical studies have revealed that different components of the immune system may act as important contributors to AD etiology and pathogenesis. The recognition of misfolded Aβ and tau by immune cells can trigger a series of complex immune responses in AD, and then lead to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In parallel, genome-wide association studies have also identified several immune related loci associated with increased - risk of AD by interfering with the function of immune cells. Other immune related factors, such as impaired immunometabolism, defective meningeal lymphatic vessels and autoimmunity might also be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we review the data showing the alterations of immune cells in the AD trajectory and seek to demonstrate the crosstalk between the immune cell dysfunction and AD pathology. We then discuss the most relevant research findings in regards to the influences of gene susceptibility of immune cells for AD. We also consider impaired meningeal lymphatics, immunometabolism and autoimmune mechanisms in AD. In addition, immune related biomarkers and immunotherapies for AD are also mentioned in order to offer novel insights for future research.
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7
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Sultan EY, Rizk DE, Kenawy HI, Hassan R. A small fragment of factor B as a potential inhibitor of complement alternative pathway activity. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152106. [PMID: 34147816 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complement system is a key player in innate immunity and a modulator of the adaptive immune system. Among the three pathways of complement, the alternative pathway (AP) accounts for most of the complement activation. Factor B (FB) is a major protease of the AP, making it a promising target to inhibit the AP activity in conditions of uncontrolled complement activation. METHODS Based on the data obtained from sequence analysis and conformational changes associated with FB, we expressed and purified a recombinant FB fragment (FBfr). We tested the inhibitory activity of the protein against the AP by in vitro assays. RESULTS FBfr protein was proven to inhibit the complement AP activity when tested by C3b deposition assay and rabbit erythrocyte hemolytic assay. CONCLUSION Our recombinant FBfr was able to compete with the native human FB, which allowed it to inhibit the AP activity. This novel compound is a good candidate for further characterization and testing to be used in complement diagnostic tests and as a drug lead in the field of complement therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Yasser Sultan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Dina Eid Rizk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Hany Ibrahim Kenawy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Ramadan Hassan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
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8
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Kjældgaard AL, Pilely K, Olsen KS, Øberg Lauritsen A, Wørlich Pedersen S, Svenstrup K, Karlsborg M, Thagesen H, Blaabjerg M, Theódórsdóttir Á, Gundtoft Elmo E, Torvin Møller A, Pedersen NA, Kirkegaard N, Møller K, Garred P. Complement Profiles in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1043-1053. [PMID: 33790619 PMCID: PMC8005270 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s298307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complement system has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive motor neuron disease. In the present study, we compared levels of selected complement markers to clinical outcome in ALS patients. Methods This observational, explorative cohort study included 92 ALS patients, 61 neurological controls (NCs) admitted for suspected aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, and 96 neurologically healthy controls (NHCs). Peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were obtained for the measurement of ficolin-1, −2, and −3; collectin-11, MBL, MASP-3, MAP-1, C4, C3, PTX-3, and complement activation products C4c, C3bc, and sC5b-9. We recorded clinical outcomes of ALS patients for 24 to 48 months after inclusion in order to analyse the effects of the complement markers on survival time. Results Compared with both control groups, ALS patients exhibited increased collectin-11, C4 and sC5b-9 in plasma, as well as increased ficolin-3 in CSF. Ficolin-2 was significantly decreased in plasma of the ALS patients compared with NHCs, but not with NCs. The concentration of collectin-11, C3 and C3bc correlated negatively with the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R). No association was found between levels of complement markers and survival as estimated by hazard ratios. Conclusion ALS patients exhibit aberrant expression of selected mediators of the lectin complement pathway as well as increased activation of the terminal complement pathway, corroborating the notion that the complement system might be involved in the pathophysiology of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lene Kjældgaard
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Diagnostic Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neuroanaesthesiology Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Diagnostic Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Øberg Lauritsen
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kirsten Svenstrup
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Karlsborg
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Thagesen
- Department of Neurology, Roskilde University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Morten Blaabjerg
- Department of Neurology, Roskilde University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Niels Kirkegaard
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Private Hospital Gildhøj, Brondby, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Møller
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Diagnostic Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Mosleth EF, Vedeler CA, Liland KH, McLeod A, Bringeland GH, Kroondijk L, Berven FS, Lysenko A, Rawlings CJ, Eid KEH, Opsahl JA, Gjertsen BT, Myhr KM, Gavasso S. Cerebrospinal fluid proteome shows disrupted neuronal development in multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4087. [PMID: 33602999 PMCID: PMC7892850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82388-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research, the aetiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unknown. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics has the potential to reveal mechanisms of MS pathogenesis, but analyses must account for disease heterogeneity. We previously reported explorative multivariate analysis by hierarchical clustering of proteomics data of MS patients and controls, which resulted in two groups of individuals. Grouping reflected increased levels of intrathecal inflammatory response proteins and decreased levels of proteins involved in neural development in one group relative to the other group. MS patients and controls were present in both groups. Here we reanalysed these data and we also reanalysed data from an independent cohort of patients diagnosed with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), who have symptoms of MS without evidence of dissemination in space and/or time. Some, but not all, CIS patients had intrathecal inflammation. The analyses reported here identified a common protein signature of MS/CIS that was not linked to elevated intrathecal inflammation. The signature included low levels of complement proteins, semaphorin-7A, reelin, neural cell adhesion molecules, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2, transforming growth factor beta 1, follistatin-related protein 1, malate dehydrogenase 1 cytoplasmic, plasma retinol-binding protein, biotinidase, and transferrin, all known to play roles in neural development. Low levels of these proteins suggest that MS/CIS patients suffer from abnormally low oxidative capacity that results in disrupted neural development from an early stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen F Mosleth
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway.
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Christian Alexander Vedeler
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristian Hovde Liland
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430, Ås, Norway
| | - Anette McLeod
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Grålum, Norway
| | - Gerd Haga Bringeland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Liesbeth Kroondijk
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Artem Lysenko
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Karim El-Hajj Eid
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430, Ås, Norway
| | - Jill Anette Opsahl
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE), Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Tore Gjertsen
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Science, Precision Oncology Research Group, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjell-Morten Myhr
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sonia Gavasso
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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10
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More than a Pore: Nonlytic Antimicrobial Functions of Complement and Bacterial Strategies for Evasion. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:85/1/e00177-20. [PMID: 33504655 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00177-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an evolutionarily ancient defense mechanism against foreign substances. Consisting of three proteolytic activation pathways, complement converges on a common effector cascade terminating in the formation of a lytic pore on the target surface. The classical and lectin pathways are initiated by pattern recognition molecules binding to specific ligands, while the alternative pathway is constitutively active at low levels in circulation. Complement-mediated killing is essential for defense against many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, and genetic deficiencies in complement can render individuals highly susceptible to infection, for example, invasive meningococcal disease. In contrast, Gram-positive bacteria are inherently resistant to the direct bactericidal activity of complement due to their thick layer of cell wall peptidoglycan. However, complement also serves diverse roles in immune defense against all bacteria by flagging them for opsonization and killing by professional phagocytes, synergizing with neutrophils, modulating inflammatory responses, regulating T cell development, and cross talk with coagulation cascades. In this review, we discuss newly appreciated roles for complement beyond direct membrane lysis, incorporate nonlytic roles of complement into immunological paradigms of host-pathogen interactions, and identify bacterial strategies for complement evasion.
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11
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Zheng JM, Wang SS, Tian X, Che DJ. Sustained activation of C3aR in a human podocyte line impairs the morphological maturation of the cells. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:5326-5338. [PMID: 33174024 PMCID: PMC7646996 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The C3a receptor (C3aR) has been reported to be involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including the regulation of cellular structure development. Expression of C3aR has been reported in podocytes; however, data concerning the role of C3aR in podocyte morphology is scarce. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of C3aR activation on the architectural development of podocytes. An immortal human podocyte line (HPC) was transfected with a C3a expression lentivirus vector or recombinant C3a. SB290157 was used to block the activation of C3aR. The expression of C3a in HPC cells was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and ELISAs. Phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy were used to observe the morphology of the podocytes. The adhesive ability of HPC cells was analyzed using an attachment assay. RT-qPCR, cyto-immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to determine the expression levels of the adhesion-associated genes. The expression levels of carboxypeptidases in HPC cells was also detected by RT-qPCR. Compared with the untransfected and control virus-transfected HPC cells, the C3a-overexpressing cells (HPC-C3a) failed to expand their cell bodies and develop an arborized appearance in the process of maturation, which the control cells exhibited. In addition, HPC-C3a cells presented with decreased adhesive capacity, altered focal adhesion (FA) plaques and decreased expression of FA-associated genes. These effects were blocked by a C3aR antagonist; however, the addition of purified C3a could not completely mimic the effects of C3a overexpression. Furthermore, HPC cells expressed carboxypeptidases, which have been reported to be able to inactivate C3a. In summary, the results demonstrated that sustained C3aR activation impaired the morphological maturation of HPC cells, which may be associated with the altered expression of FA-associated genes and impaired FA. Since chronic complement activation has been reported in renal diseases, which indicate sustained C3aR activation in renal cells, including podocytes and podocyte progenitors, the possible role of C3aR in the dysregulation of podocyte architecture and podocyte regeneration requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Min Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Tian
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - De-Jun Che
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
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12
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Wu MCL, Lee JD, Ruitenberg MJ, Woodruff TM. Absence of the C5a Receptor C5aR2 Worsens Ischemic Tissue Injury by Increasing C5aR1-Mediated Neutrophil Infiltration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2834-2839. [PMID: 33028618 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration to ischemic tissues following reperfusion worsens injury. A key driver of neutrophil recruitment and activation is the complement factor C5a, which signals through two receptors, C5aR1 and C5aR2. In this study, we used a neutrophil-dependent mouse model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury to investigate the underexplored role of C5aR2 in neutrophil mobilization, recruitment, and disease outcomes. We show that intestinal IR induces rapid neutrophil mobilization along with a concomitant reduction in plasma C5a levels that is driven by both C5aR1 and C5aR2. Intestinal IR in C5aR2-/- mice led to worsened intestinal damage and increased neutrophil infiltration. Inhibition of C5aR1 signaling in C5aR2-/- mice with PMX53 prevented neutrophil accumulation and reduced IR pathology, suggesting a key requirement for enhanced neutrophil C5aR1 activation in the absence of C5aR2 signaling. Interestingly, C5aR2 deficiency also reduced circulating neutrophil numbers after IR, as well as following G-CSF-mediated bone marrow mobilization, which was independent of C5aR1, demonstrating that C5aR2 has unique and distinct functions from C5aR1 in neutrophil egress. Despite enhanced tissue injury in C5aR2-/- IR mice, there were significant reductions in intestinal proinflammatory cytokines, highlighting complicated dual protective/pathogenic roles for C5aR2 in pathophysiology. Collectively, we show that C5aR2 is protective in intestinal IR by inhibiting C5aR1-mediated neutrophil recruitment to the ischemic tissue. This is despite the potentially local pathogenic effects of C5aR2 in increasing intestinal proinflammatory cytokines and enhancing circulating neutrophil numbers in response to mobilizing signals. Our data therefore suggest that this balance between the dual pro- and anti-inflammatory roles of C5aR2 ultimately dictates disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike C L Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Marc J Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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13
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Dalakas MC, Alexopoulos H, Spaeth PJ. Complement in neurological disorders and emerging complement-targeted therapeutics. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:601-617. [PMID: 33005040 PMCID: PMC7528717 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The complement system consists of a network of plasma and membrane proteins that modulate tissue homeostasis and contribute to immune surveillance by interacting with the innate and adaptive immune systems. Dysregulation, impairment or inadvertent activation of complement components contribute to the pathogenesis of some autoimmune neurological disorders and could even contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge about the main functions of the complement pathways and the involvement of complement in neurological disorders. We describe the complex network of complement proteins that target muscle, the neuromuscular junction, peripheral nerves, the spinal cord or the brain and discuss the autoimmune mechanisms of complement-mediated myopathies, myasthenia, peripheral neuropathies, neuromyelitis and other CNS disorders. We also consider the emerging role of complement in some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and even schizophrenia. Finally, we provide an overview of the latest complement-targeted immunotherapies including monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins and peptidomimetics that have been approved, that are undergoing phase I–III clinical trials or that show promise for the treatment of neurological conditions that respond poorly to existing immunotherapies. In this Review, Dalakas et al. discuss the complement system, the role it plays in autoimmune neurological disease and neurodegenerative disease, and provide an overview of the latest therapeutics that target complement and that can be used for or have potential in neurological disorders. Complement has an important physiological role in host immune defences and tissue remodelling. The physiological role of complement extends to the regulation of synaptic development. Complement has a key pathophysiological role in autoimmune neurological diseases and mediates the actions of pathogenic autoantibodies, such as acetylcholine receptor antibodies and aquaporin 4 antibodies. For some autoimmune neurological diseases, such as myasthenia gravis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, approved complement-targeted treatments are now available. Complement also seems to be of pathogenic relevance in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease, in which innate immune-driven inflammation is receiving increasing attention. The field of complement-targeted therapeutics is rapidly expanding, with several FDA-approved agents and others currently in phase II and phase III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos C Dalakas
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Harry Alexopoulos
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter J Spaeth
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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14
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Insights into the Complement System of Tunicates: C3a/C5aR of the Colonial Ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090263. [PMID: 32882947 PMCID: PMC7565592 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As an evolutionary ancient component of the metazoan immune defense toolkit, the complement system can modulate cells and humoral responses of both innate and (in jawed vertebrates) adaptive immunity. All the three known complement-activation pathways converge on the cleavage of C3 to C3a and C3b. The anaphylatoxin C3a behaves as a chemokine in inflammatory responses, whereas C3b exerts an opsonic role and, ultimately, can activate the lytic pathway. C3aR, one of the mammalian receptors for C3a, is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family sharing seven transmembrane alpha helixes. C3aR can act as a chemokine and recruit neutrophils, triggering degranulation and respiratory burst, which initiates an inflammatory reaction. Mining the transcriptome of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, we identified a transcript showing homology with both mammalian C3aR and C5aR. The gene (bsc3/c5ar) is actively transcribed in morula cells, the circulating immunocyte triggering the inflammatory reactions in response to the recognition of nonself. Its transcription is modulated during the recurrent cycles of asexual reproduction known as blastogenetic cycles. Moreover, the treatment of hemocytes with C3aR agonist, induces a significant increase in the transcription of BsC3, revealing the presence of an autocrine feedback system able to modulate the expression of C3 in order to obtain a rapid clearance of potentially dangerous nonself cells or particles. The obtained results support the previously proposed role of complement as one of the main humoral components of the immune response in tunicates and stress the importance of morula cells in botryllid ascidian innate immunity.
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15
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Li XX, Lee JD, Massey NL, Guan C, Robertson AAB, Clark RJ, Woodruff TM. Pharmacological characterisation of small molecule C5aR1 inhibitors in human cells reveals biased activities for signalling and function. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114156. [PMID: 32682759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The complement fragment C5a is a core effector of complement activation. C5a, acting through its major receptor C5aR1, exerts powerful pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions. Dysregulation of the C5a-C5aR1 axis has been implicated in numerous immune disorders, and the therapeutic inhibition of this axis is therefore imperative for the treatment of these diseases. A myriad of small-molecule C5aR1 inhibitors have been developed and independently characterised over the past two decades, however the pharmacological properties of these compounds has been difficult to directly compare due to the wide discrepancies in the model, read-out, ligand dose and instrumentation implemented across individual studies. Here, we performed a systematic characterisation of the most commonly reported and clinically advanced small-molecule C5aR1 inhibitors (peptidic: PMX53, PMX205 and JPE1375; non-peptide: W545011, NDT9513727, DF2593A and CCX168). Through signalling assays measuring C5aR1-mediated cAMP and ERK1/2 signalling, and β-arrestin 2 recruitment, this study highlighted the signalling-pathway dependence of the rank order of potencies of the C5aR1 inhibitors. Functional experiments performed in primary human macrophages demonstrated the high insurmountable antagonistic potencies for the peptidic inhibitors as compared to the non-peptide compounds. Finally, wash-out studies provided novel insights into the duration of inhibition of the C5aR1 inhibitors, and confirmed the long-lasting antagonistic properties of PMX53 and CCX168. Overall, this study revealed the potent and prolonged antagonistic activities of selected peptidic C5aR1 inhibitors and the unique pharmacological profile of CCX168, which thus represent ideal candidates to fulfil diverse C5aR1 research and clinical therapeutic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaria X Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Australia
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Australia
| | | | - Carolyn Guan
- The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | | | | | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, Australia.
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16
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Frid MG, Thurman JM, Hansen KC, Maron BA, Stenmark KR. Inflammation, immunity, and vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension; Evidence for complement involvement? Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2020; 2020:e202001. [PMID: 32478115 PMCID: PMC7232865 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2020.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary (arterial) hypertension (PH/PAH) is a life-threatening cardiopulmonary disorder. Experimental evidence suggests involvement of inflammatory and autoimmune processes in pathogenesis of PH/PAH, however the triggering and disease-promoting mechanisms remain unknown. The complement system is a key arm of innate immunity implicated in various pro-inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, yet, surprisingly little is known about the role of complement in PH/PAH pathogenesis. The preponderance of the existing data associates complement with PH/PAH via analysis of plasma and does not study the lung directly. Therefore, we aimed to resolve this by analyzing both the mechanisms of local lung-specific complement activation and the correlation of dysregulated plasma complement to clinical outcome in PAH patients. In our recent studies, reviewed herein, we show, for the first time, that immunoglobulin-driven activation of the complement cascade, specifically its alternative pathway, in the pulmonary perivascular areas, is a key mechanism initiating pro-inflammatory processes in the early stage of experimental hypoxic PH (a form of "sterile inflammation"). In human patients with end-stage PAH, we have demonstrated that perivascular deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and activation of the complement cascade are "longitudinally" persistent in the disease. We also showed, using unbiased network analysis, that plasma complement signaling, including again the Alternative pathway, is a prognostic factor of survival in patients with idiopathic PAH (IPAH). Based on these initial findings, we suggest that vascular-specific, immunoglobulin-driven dysregulated complement signaling triggers and maintains pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH. Future experiments in this area would facilitate discoveries on whether complement signaling can serve both as a biomarker and therapeutic target in PH/PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Frid
- University of Colorado, Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | | | - Kirk C. Hansen
- University of Colorado, Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
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17
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Coulthard LG, Woodruff TM. Commentary: Beyond C4: Analysis of the complement gene pathway shows enrichment for IQ in patients with psychotic disorders and healthy controls. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2853. [PMID: 31867012 PMCID: PMC6904300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liam G. Coulthard
- Kenneth G Jamieson Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Liam G. Coulthard
| | - Trent M. Woodruff
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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18
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Pauly D, Agarwal D, Dana N, Schäfer N, Biber J, Wunderlich KA, Jabri Y, Straub T, Zhang NR, Gautam AK, Weber BHF, Hauck SM, Kim M, Curcio CA, Stambolian D, Li M, Grosche A. Cell-Type-Specific Complement Expression in the Healthy and Diseased Retina. Cell Rep 2019; 29:2835-2848.e4. [PMID: 31775049 PMCID: PMC6911814 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement dysregulation is a feature of many retinal diseases, yet mechanistic understanding at the cellular level is limited. Given this knowledge gap about which retinal cells express complement, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on ~92,000 mouse retinal cells and validated our results in five major purified retinal cell types. We found evidence for a distributed cell-type-specific complement expression across 11 cell types. Notably, Müller cells are the major contributor of complement activators c1s, c3, c4, and cfb. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) mainly expresses cfh and the terminal complement components, whereas cfi and cfp transcripts are most abundant in neurons. Aging enhances c1s, cfb, cfp, and cfi expression, while cfh expression decreases. Transient retinal ischemia increases complement expression in microglia, Müller cells, and RPE. In summary, we report a unique complement expression signature for murine retinal cell types suggesting a well-orchestrated regulation of local complement expression in the retinal microenvironment. Overshooting complement activity contributes to retinal degeneration. Pauly et al. demonstrate a distinct complement expression profile of retinal cell types that changes with aging and during retinal degeneration. This prompts the intriguing concept of a local retinal complement activation possibly independent of the systemic components typically produced by the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pauly
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany.
| | - Divyansh Agarwal
- Genomics and Computational Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Dana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicole Schäfer
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Josef Biber
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Kirsten A Wunderlich
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Yassin Jabri
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Core Facility Bioinformatics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Nancy R Zhang
- Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Avneesh K Gautam
- Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bernhard H F Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich 80939, Germany
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Antje Grosche
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany.
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19
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Lee JD, Coulthard LG, Woodruff TM. Complement dysregulation in the central nervous system during development and disease. Semin Immunol 2019; 45:101340. [PMID: 31708347 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complement cascade is an important arm of the immune system that plays a key role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from infection. Recently, it has also become clear that complement proteins have fundamental roles in the developing and aging CNS that are distinct from their roles in immunity. During neurodevelopment, complement signalling is involved in diverse processes including neural tube closure, neural progenitor proliferation and differentiation, neuronal migration, and synaptic pruning. In acute neurotrauma and ischamic brain injury, complement drives inflammation and neuronal death, but also neuroprotection and regeneration. In diseases of the aging CNS including dementias and motor neuron disease, chronic complement activation is associated with glial activation, and synapse and neuron loss. Proper regulation of complement is thus essential to allow for an appropriately developed CNS and prevention of excessive damage following neurotrauma or during neurodegeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evidence for functional roles of complement in brain formation, and its dysregulation during acute and chronic disease. We also provide working models for how complement can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism, and either protect, or propagate neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Liam G Coulthard
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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20
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Abstract
The complement system is an evolutionarily ancient key component of innate immunity required for the detection and removal of invading pathogens. It was discovered more than 100 years ago and was originally defined as a liver-derived, blood-circulating sentinel system that classically mediates the opsonization and lytic killing of dangerous microbes and the initiation of the general inflammatory reaction. More recently, complement has also emerged as a critical player in adaptive immunity via its ability to instruct both B and T cell responses. In particular, work on the impact of complement on T cell responses led to the surprising discoveries that the complement system also functions within cells and is involved in regulating basic cellular processes, predominantly those of metabolic nature. Here, we review current knowledge about complement's role in T cell biology, with a focus on the novel intracellular and noncanonical activities of this ancient system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E West
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States; ,
| | - Martin Kolev
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom;
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States; , .,Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; .,Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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21
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Parker SE, Hanton AM, Stefanou SN, Noakes PG, Woodruff TM, Lee JD. Revisiting the role of the innate immune complement system in ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:223-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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22
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Ma Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY. Significance of Complement System in Ischemic Stroke: A Comprehensive Review. Aging Dis 2019; 10:429-462. [PMID: 31011487 PMCID: PMC6457046 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an essential part of innate immunity, typically conferring protection via eliminating pathogens and accumulating debris. However, the defensive function of the complement system can exacerbate immune, inflammatory, and degenerative responses in various pathological conditions. Cumulative evidence indicates that the complement system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury, as the depletion of certain complement components or the inhibition of complement activation could reduce ischemic brain injury. Although multiple candidates modulating or inhibiting complement activation show massive potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke, the clinical availability of complement inhibitors remains limited. The complement system is also involved in neural plasticity and neurogenesis during cerebral ischemia. Thus, unexpected side effects could be induced if the systemic complement system is inhibited. In this review, we highlighted the recent concepts and discoveries of the roles of different kinds of complement components, such as C3a, C5a, and their receptors, in both normal brain physiology and the pathophysiology of brain ischemia. In addition, we comprehensively reviewed the current development of complement-targeted therapy for ischemic stroke and discussed the challenges of bringing these therapies into the clinic. The design of future experiments was also discussed to better characterize the role of complement in both tissue injury and recovery after cerebral ischemia. More studies are needed to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of how complement components exert their functions in different stages of ischemic stroke to optimize the intervention of targeting the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- 3Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Kramer J, Chirco KR, Lamba DA. Immunological Considerations for Retinal Stem Cell Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1186:99-119. [PMID: 31654387 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28471-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing effort toward generating replacement cells for neuronal application due to the nonregenerative nature of these tissues. While much progress has been made toward developing methodologies to generate these cells, there have been limited improvements in functional restoration. Some of these are linked to the degenerative and often nonreceptive microenvironment that the new cells need to integrate into. In this chapter, we will focus on the status and role of the immune microenvironment of the retina during homeostasis and disease states. We will review changes in both innate and adaptive immunity as well as the role of immune rejection in stem cell replacement therapies. The chapter will end with a discussion of immune-modulatory strategies that have helped to ameliorate these effects and could potentially improve functional outcome for cell replacement therapies for the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kramer
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | - Deepak A Lamba
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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24
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Arbore G, West EE, Rahman J, Le Friec G, Niyonzima N, Pirooznia M, Tunc I, Pavlidis P, Powell N, Li Y, Liu P, Servais A, Couzi L, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Placais L, Ferraro A, Walsh PR, Kavanagh D, Afzali B, Lavender P, Lachmann HJ, Kemper C. Complement receptor CD46 co-stimulates optimal human CD8 + T cell effector function via fatty acid metabolism. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4186. [PMID: 30305631 PMCID: PMC6180132 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of human CD4+ Th1 cells requires autocrine stimulation of the complement receptor CD46 in direct crosstalk with a CD4+ T cell-intrinsic NLRP3 inflammasome. However, it is unclear whether human cytotoxic CD8+ T cell (CTL) responses also rely on an intrinsic complement-inflammasome axis. Here we show, using CTLs from patients with CD46 deficiency or with constitutively-active NLRP3, that CD46 delivers co-stimulatory signals for optimal CTL activity by augmenting nutrient-influx and fatty acid synthesis. Surprisingly, although CTLs express NLRP3, a canonical NLRP3 inflammasome is not required for normal human CTL activity, as CTLs from patients with hyperactive NLRP3 activity function normally. These findings establish autocrine complement and CD46 activity as integral components of normal human CTL biology, and, since CD46 is only present in humans, emphasize the divergent roles of innate immune sensors between mice and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Arbore
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Erin E West
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jubayer Rahman
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gaelle Le Friec
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalie Niyonzima
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ilker Tunc
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Powell
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Poching Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aude Servais
- Service de Néphrologie adulte, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Couzi
- Nephrologie,Transplantation, Dialyse, CHU Bordeaux, and CNRS-UMR 5164 Immuno ConcEpT, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Veronique Fremeaux-Bacchi
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, and INSERM UMR S1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Leo Placais
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alastair Ferraro
- Department of Renal Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Patrick R Walsh
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David Kavanagh
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Lavender
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helen J Lachmann
- UK National Amyloidosis Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.
| | - Claudia Kemper
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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25
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Coulthard LG, Hawksworth OA, Conroy J, Lee JD, Woodruff TM. Complement C3a receptor modulates embryonic neural progenitor cell proliferation and cognitive performance. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:176-181. [PMID: 30449309 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The complement system of innate immunity is emerging as a novel player in neurodevelopmental processes. The receptor for C3a, C3aR, shares a close evolutionary and functional relationship with C5a receptors. Whilst the C5a receptor, C5aR1, has been demonstrated to promote embryonic neural stem cell proliferation, little is known about the role of C3aR in this process. Here we show that C3aR is expressed in a similar manner to C5aR1 in mice, at the apical pole of the embryonic ventricular zone, though it has an opposing function. Using in utero delivery of C3aR agonist and antagonist compounds to the embryonic ventricle, we demonstrate that C3aR functions to decrease proliferation of apical neural progenitor cells (NPC). Intriguingly, C3aR-/- animals also have altered NPC proliferation, but demonstrate an opposing phenotype to animals subjected to pharmacological blockade of C3aR. Finally, despite a grossly normal development of C3aR-/- animals, cognitive behavioural testing of adult mice showed subtle deficits in recall memory. These data demonstrate that in addition to C5a, C3a also has a critical role in the normal development of the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam G Coulthard
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Owen A Hawksworth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jacinta Conroy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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26
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Ratajczak MZ, Adamiak M, Kucia M, Tse W, Ratajczak J, Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W. The Emerging Link Between the Complement Cascade and Purinergic Signaling in Stress Hematopoiesis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1295. [PMID: 29922299 PMCID: PMC5996046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity plays an important role in orchestrating the immune response, and the complement cascade (ComC) is a major component of this ancient defense system, which is activated by the classical-, alternative-, or mannan-binding lectin (MBL) pathways. However, the MBL-dependent ComC-activation pathway has been somewhat underappreciated for many years; recent evidence indicates that it plays a crucial role in regulating the trafficking of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) by promoting their egress from bone marrow (BM) into peripheral blood (PB). This process is initiated by the release of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from BM cells, including the most abundant member of this family, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This nucleotide is well known as a ubiquitous intracellular molecular energy source, but when secreted becomes an important extracellular nucleotide signaling molecule and mediator of purinergic signaling. What is important for the topic of this review, ATP released from BM cells is recognized as a DAMP by MBL, and the MBL-dependent pathway of ComC activation induces a state of "sterile inflammation" in the BM microenvironment. This activation of the ComC by MBL leads to the release of several potent mediators, including the anaphylatoxins C5a and desArgC5a, which are crucial for egress of HSPCs into the circulation. In parallel, as a ligand for purinergic receptors, ATP affects mobilization of HSPCs by activating other pro-mobilizing pathways. This emerging link between the release of ATP, which on the one hand is an activator of the MBL pathway of the ComC and on the other hand is a purinergic signaling molecule, will be discussed in this review. This mechanism plays an important role in triggering defense mechanisms in response to tissue/organ injury but may also have a negative impact by triggering autoimmune disorders, aging of HSPCs, induction of myelodysplasia, and graft-versus-host disease after transplantation of histoincompatible hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Adamiak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magda Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - William Tse
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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27
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Kumar V, Lee JD, Clark RJ, Woodruff TM. Development and validation of a LC-MS/MS assay for pharmacokinetic studies of complement C5a receptor antagonists PMX53 and PMX205 in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8101. [PMID: 29802264 PMCID: PMC5970165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PMX53 and PMX205 are cyclic hexapeptide inhibitors of complement C5a receptors (C5aR1), that are widely used to study C5aR1 pathobiology in mouse models of disease. Despite their widespread use, limited information regarding their pharmacokinetics have been reported. Here, a bioanalytical method for the quantitative determination of PMX53 and PMX205 in plasma, brain and spinal cord of mice was developed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. The LC-MS/MS method was validated in all three matrices according to regulatory guidelines and successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of PMX53 and PMX205 in C57BL/6 J mice following intravenous administration. The developed method was highly sensitive and sufficiently accurate with a lower limit of quantification within the range of 3-6 ng/ml in extracted plasma samples and 3-6 ng/g in processed tissue samples, which outperforms previously published LC-MS/MS methods. The results thus support the suitability, reliability, reproducibility and sensitivity of this validated technique. This method can therefore be applied to perform a complete pre-clinical investigation of PMX53 and PMX205 pharmacokinetics in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Richard J Clark
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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28
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Castellano G, Franzin R, Stasi A, Divella C, Sallustio F, Pontrelli P, Lucarelli G, Battaglia M, Staffieri F, Crovace A, Stallone G, Seelen M, Daha MR, Grandaliano G, Gesualdo L. Complement Activation During Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Induces Pericyte-to-Myofibroblast Transdifferentiation Regulating Peritubular Capillary Lumen Reduction Through pERK Signaling. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1002. [PMID: 29875766 PMCID: PMC5974049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are one of the principal sources of scar-forming myofibroblasts in chronic kidneys disease. However, the modulation of pericyte-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation (PMT) in the early phases of acute kidney injury is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of complement in inducing PMT after transplantation. Using a swine model of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, we found the occurrence of PMT after 24 h of I/R injury as demonstrated by reduction of PDGFRβ+/NG2+ cells with increase in myofibroblasts marker αSMA. In addition, PMT was associated with significant reduction in peritubular capillary luminal diameter. Treatment by C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) significantly preserved the phenotype of pericytes maintaining microvascular density and capillary lumen area at tubulointerstitial level. In vitro, C5a transdifferentiated human pericytes in myofibroblasts, with increased αSMA expression in stress fibers, collagen I production, and decreased antifibrotic protein Id2. The C5a-induced PMT was driven by extracellular signal-regulated kinases phosphorylation leading to increase in collagen I release that required both non-canonical and canonical TGFβ pathways. These results showed that pericytes are a pivotal target of complement activation leading to a profibrotic maladaptive cellular response. Our studies suggest that C1-INH may be a potential therapeutic strategy to counteract the development of PMT and capillary lumen reduction in I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Rossana Franzin
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stasi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Divella
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Sallustio
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Pontrelli
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lucarelli
- Urology, Andrology and Renal Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Battaglia
- Urology, Andrology and Renal Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Staffieri
- Veterinary Surgery Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Crovace
- Veterinary Surgery Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stallone
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marc Seelen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mohamed R Daha
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Grandaliano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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29
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Gorelik A, Sapir T, Ben-Reuven L, Reiner O. Complement C3 Affects Rac1 Activity in the Developing Brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:150. [PMID: 29867343 PMCID: PMC5949353 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system, which is part of the innate immune response system, has been recently shown to participate in multiple key processes in the developing brain. Here we aimed to elucidate downstream signaling responses linking complement C3, a key molecule of the pathway, to small GTPases, known to affect the cytoskeleton. The expression pattern of the activated small GTPase Rac1 resembled that of complement C3. C3-deficient mice exhibited reduced Rac1 and elevated RhoA activity in comparison with control mice. The most pronounced reduction of Rac1 activity occurred at embryonic day 14. Rac1 has been implicated in neuronal migration as well as neuronal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Consistent with the reduction in Rac1 activity, the expression of phospho-cofilin, decreased in migrating neurons. Reduced Rac1-GTP was also correlated with a decrease in the expression of progenitor markers (Nestin, Pax6 and Tbr2) and conversely the expression of neuronal markers (Dcx and NeuN) increased in C3 knockout (KO) cortices in comparison with wild-type (WT) cortices. More specifically, C3 deficiency resulted in a reduction in the number of the cells in S-phase and an elevation in the number of cells that precociously exited the cell cycle. Collectively, our findings suggest that C3 impacts the activity of small GTPases resulting in cell cycle defects and premature neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorelik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Sapir
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lihi Ben-Reuven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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30
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West EE, Afzali B, Kemper C. Unexpected Roles for Intracellular Complement in the Regulation of Th1 Responses. Adv Immunol 2018; 138:35-70. [PMID: 29731006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is generally recognized as an evolutionarily ancient and critical part of innate immunity required for the removal of pathogens that have breached the protective host barriers. It was originally defined as a liver-derived serum surveillance system that induces the opsonization and killing of invading microbes and amplifies the general inflammatory reactions. However, studies spanning the last four decades have established complement also as a vital bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Furthermore, recent work on complement, and in particular its impact on human T helper 1 (Th1) responses, has led to the unexpected findings that the complement system also functions within cells and that it participates in the regulation of basic processes of the cell, including metabolism. These recent new insights into the unanticipated noncanonical activities of this ancient system suggest that the functions of complement extend well beyond mere host protection and into cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E West
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section (Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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31
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Abstract
From its discovery in the late nineteenth century, as a 'complement' to the cellular immune response, the complement system has been widely affirmed as a powerful controller of innate and adaptive immune responses. In recent decades however, new roles for complement have been discovered, with multiple complement proteins now known to function in a broad array of non-immune systems. This includes during development, where complement exerts control over stem cell populations from fertilization and implantation throughout embryogenesis and beyond post-natal development. It is involved in processes as diverse as cell localisation, tissue morphogenesis, and the growth and refinement of the brain. Such physiological actions of complement have also been described in adult stem cell populations, with roles in proliferation, differentiation, survival, and regeneration. With such a broad range of complement functions now described, it is likely that current research only describes a fraction of the full reach of complement proteins. Here, we review how complement control of physiological cell processes has been harnessed in stem cell populations throughout both development and in adult physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen A Hawksworth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liam G Coulthard
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susanna Mantovani
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Wesley Medical Research, Auchenflower, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Wesley Medical Research, Auchenflower, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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32
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Hajishengallis G, Reis ES, Mastellos DC, Ricklin D, Lambris JD. Novel mechanisms and functions of complement. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:1288-1298. [PMID: 29144501 PMCID: PMC5706779 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Progress at the beginning of the 21st century transformed the perception of complement from that of a blood-based antimicrobial system to that of a global regulator of immunity and tissue homeostasis. More recent years have witnessed remarkable advances in structure-function insights and understanding of the mechanisms and locations of complement activation, which have added new layers of complexity to the biology of complement. This complexity is readily reflected by the multifaceted and contextual involvement of complement-driven networks in a wide range of inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. This Review provides an updated view of new and previously unanticipated functions of complement and how these affect immunity and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edimara S Reis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dimitrios C Mastellos
- Division of Biodiagnostic Sciences and Technologies, INRASTES, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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33
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Gorelik A, Sapir T, Woodruff TM, Reiner O. Serping1/C1 Inhibitor Affects Cortical Development in a Cell Autonomous and Non-cell Autonomous Manner. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:169. [PMID: 28670268 PMCID: PMC5472692 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge regarding regulation of radial neuronal migration is mainly focused on intracellular molecules. Our unbiased screen aimed at identification of non-cell autonomous mechanisms involved in this process detected differential expression of Serping1 or C1 inhibitor, which is known to inhibit the initiation of the complement cascade. The complement cascade is composed of three pathways; the classical, lectin, and the alternative pathway; the first two are inhibited by C1 inhibitor, and all three converge at the level of C3. Knockdown or knockout of Serping1 affected neuronal stem cell proliferation and impaired neuronal migration in mice. Knockdown of Serping1 by in utero electroporation resulted in a migration delay of the electroporated cells as well as their neighboring cells demonstrating a non-cell autonomous effect. Cellular polarity was also affected. Most importantly, expression of protein components mimicking cleaved C3 rescued the knockdown of Serping1, indicating complement pathway functionality. Furthermore, we propose that this activity is mediated mainly via the complement peptide C5a receptors. Whereas addition of a selective C3a receptor agonist was minimally effective, the addition of a dual C3aR/C5a receptor agonist significantly rescued Serping1 knockdown-mediated neuronal migration defects. Our findings suggest that modulating Serping1 levels in the developing brain may affect the complement pathway in a complex way. Collectively, our findings demonstrate an unorthodox activity for the complement pathway during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorelik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Sapir
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
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34
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Hawksworth OA, Li XX, Coulthard LG, Wolvetang EJ, Woodruff TM. New concepts on the therapeutic control of complement anaphylatoxin receptors. Mol Immunol 2017; 89:36-43. [PMID: 28576324 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is a pivotal driver of innate immunity, coordinating the host response to protect against pathogens. At the heart of the complement response lie the active fragments, C3a and C5a, acting through their specific receptors, C3aR, C5aR1, and C5aR2, to direct the cellular response to inflammation. Their potent function however, places them at risk of damaging the host, with aberrant C3a and C5a signaling activity linked to a wide range of disorders of inflammatory, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative etiologies. As such, the therapeutic control of these receptors represents an attractive drug target, though, the realization of this clinical potential remains limited. With the success of eculizumab, and the progression of a number of novel C5a-C5aR1 targeted drugs to phase II and III clinical trials, there is great promise for complement therapeutics in future clinical practice. In contrast, the toolbox of drugs available to modulate C3aR and C5aR2 signaling remains limited, however, the emergence of new selective ligands and molecular tools, and an increased understanding of the function of these receptors in disease, has highlighted their unique potential for clinical applications. This review provides an update on the growing arsenal of drugs now available to target C5, and C5a and C3a receptor signaling, and discusses their utility in both clinical and pre-clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen A Hawksworth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia; Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Xaria X Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Liam G Coulthard
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.
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Complement C5aR1 Signaling Promotes Polarization and Proliferation of Embryonic Neural Progenitor Cells through PKCζ. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5395-5407. [PMID: 28455369 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0525-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system, typically associated with innate immunity, is emerging as a key controller of nonimmune systems including in development, with recent studies linking complement mutations with neurodevelopmental disease. A key effector of the complement response is the activation fragment C5a, which, through its receptor C5aR1, is a potent driver of inflammation. Surprisingly, C5aR1 is also expressed during early mammalian embryogenesis; however, no clearly defined function is ascribed to C5aR1 in development. Here we demonstrate polarized expression of C5aR1 on the apical surface of mouse embryonic neural progenitor cells in vivo and on human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors. We also show that signaling of endogenous C5a during mouse embryogenesis drives proliferation of neural progenitor cells within the ventricular zone and is required for normal brain histogenesis. C5aR1 signaling in neural progenitors was dependent on atypical protein kinase C ζ, a mediator of stem cell polarity, with C5aR1 inhibition reducing proliferation and symmetric division of apical neural progenitors in human and mouse models. C5aR1 signaling was shown to promote the maintenance of cell polarity, with exogenous C5a increasing the retention of polarized rosette architecture in human neural progenitors after physical or chemical disruption. Transient inhibition of C5aR1 during neurogenesis in developing mice led to behavioral abnormalities in both sexes and MRI-detected brain microstructural alterations, in studied males, demonstrating a requirement of C5aR1 signaling for appropriate brain development. This study thus identifies a functional role for C5a-C5aR1 signaling in mammalian neurogenesis and provides mechanistic insight into recently identified complement gene mutations and brain disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The complement system, traditionally known as a controller of innate immunity, now stands as a multifaceted signaling family with a broad range of physiological actions. These include roles in the brain, where complement activation is associated with diseases, including epilepsy and schizophrenia. This study has explored complement regulation of neurogenesis, identifying a novel relationship between the complement activation peptide C5a and the neural progenitor proliferation underpinning formation of the mammalian brain. C5a was identified as a regulator of cell polarity, with inhibition of C5a receptors during embryogenesis leading to abnormal brain development and behavioral deficits. This work demonstrates mechanisms through which dysregulation of complement causes developmental disease and highlights the potential risk of complement inhibition for therapeutic purposes in pregnancy.
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Kolev M, Kemper C. Keeping It All Going-Complement Meets Metabolism. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1. [PMID: 28149297 PMCID: PMC5241319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an evolutionary old and crucial component of innate immunity, which is key to the detection and removal of invading pathogens. It was initially discovered as a liver-derived sentinel system circulating in serum, the lymph, and interstitial fluids that mediate the opsonization and lytic killing of bacteria, fungi, and viruses and the initiation of the general inflammatory responses. Although work performed specifically in the last five decades identified complement also as a critical instructor of adaptive immunity—indicating that complement’s function is likely broader than initially anticipated—the dominant opinion among researchers and clinicians was that the key complement functions were in principle defined. However, there is now a growing realization that complement activity goes well beyond “classic” immune functions and that this system is also required for normal (neuronal) development and activity and general cell and tissue integrity and homeostasis. Furthermore, the recent discovery that complement activation is not confined to the extracellular space but occurs within cells led to the surprising understanding that complement is involved in the regulation of basic processes of the cell, particularly those of metabolic nature—mostly via novel crosstalks between complement and intracellular sensor, and effector, pathways that had been overlooked because of their spatial separation. These paradigm shifts in the field led to a renaissance in complement research and provide new platforms to now better understand the molecular pathways underlying the wide-reaching effects of complement functions in immunity and beyond. In this review, we will cover the current knowledge about complement’s emerging relationship with the cellular metabolism machinery with a focus on the functional differences between serum-circulating versus intracellularly active complement during normal cell survival and induction of effector functions. We will also discuss how taking a closer look into the evolution of key complement components not only made the functional connection between complement and metabolism rather “predictable” but how it may also give clues for the discovery of additional roles for complement in basic cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolev
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London , UK
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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