1
|
Bayati A, McPherson PS. alpha-synuclein, autophagy-lysosomal pathway, and Lewy bodies: mutations, propagation, aggregation, and the formation of inclusions. J Biol Chem 2024:107742. [PMID: 39233232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Research into the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is a fast-paced pursuit, with new findings about PD and other synucleinopathies being made each year. The involvement of various lysosomal proteins, such as TFEB, TMEM175, GBA, and LAMP1/2, marks the rising awareness about the importance of lysosomes in PD and other neurodegenerative disorders. This, along with recent developments regarding the involvement of microglia and the immune system in neurogenerative diseases, has brought about a new era in neurodegeneration: the role of proinflammatory cytokines on the nervous system, and their downstream effects on mitochondria, lysosomal degradation, and autophagy. More effort is needed to understand the interplay between neuroimmunology and disease mechanisms, as many of the mechanisms remain enigmatic. α-synuclein, a key protein in PD and the main component of Lewy bodies, sits at the nexus between lysosomal degradation, autophagy, cellular stress, neuroimmunology, PD pathophysiology, and disease progression. This review revisits some fundamental knowledge about PD while capturing some of the latest trends in PD research, specifically as it relates to α-synuclein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Bayati
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill, University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Peter S McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill, University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li J, Duan S, Yang J, Zheng H, Yuan Y, Tang M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Xia Z, Luo H, Xu Y. Detection of skin α-synuclein using RT-QuIC as a diagnostic biomarker for Parkinson's disease in the Chinese population. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:114. [PMID: 38336827 PMCID: PMC10854029 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have indicated that skin holds promise as a potential sample for detecting pathological α-Syn and serving as a diagnostic biomarker for α-synucleinopathies. Despite reports in Chinese PD patients, comprehensive research on skin α-Syn detection using RT-QuIC is lacking. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of skin samples using RT-QuIC from PD patients in the Chinese population. METHODS Patients with sporadic PD and controls were included according to the British PD Association Brain Bank diagnostic criteria. The seeding activity of misfolded α-Syn in these skin samples was detected using the RT-QuIC assay after protein extraction. Biochemical and morphological analyses of RT-QuIC products were conducted by atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Congo red staining, and dot blot analysis. RESULT 30 patients clinically diagnosed with PD and 28 controls with non-α-synucleinopathies were included in this study. 28 of 30 PD patients demonstrated positive α-Syn seeding activity by RT-QuIC assay. In contrast, no α-Syn seeding activity was detected in the 28 control samples, with an overall sensitivity and specificity of 93.3% and 100%, respectively (P < 0.001). Biochemical characterization of the RT-QuIC product indicated fibrillary α-Syn species in PD-seeded reactions, while control samples failed in the conversion of recombinant α-Syn substrate. CONCLUSION This study applied RT-QuIC technology to identify misfolded α-Syn seeding activity in skin samples from Chinese PD patients, demonstrating high specificity and sensitivity. Skin α-Syn RT-QuIC is expected to be a reliable approach for the diagnosis of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Suying Duan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Honglin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Jian-She East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Yanpeng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mibo Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zongping Xia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paccosi E, Proietti-De-Santis L. Parkinson's Disease: From Genetics and Epigenetics to Treatment, a miRNA-Based Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119547. [PMID: 37298496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by an initial and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta via a potentially substantial contribution from protein aggregates, the Lewy bodies, mainly composed of α-Synuclein among other factors. Distinguishing symptoms of PD are bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, unstable posture and gait, hypokinetic movement disorder and resting tremor. Currently, there is no cure for PD, and palliative treatments, such as Levodopa administration, are directed to relieve the motor symptoms but induce severe side effects over time. Therefore, there is an urgency for discovering new drugs in order to design more effective therapeutic approaches. The evidence of epigenetic alterations, such as the dysregulation of different miRNAs that may stimulate many aspects of PD pathogenesis, opened a new scenario in the research for a successful treatment. Along this line, a promising strategy for PD treatment comes from the potential exploitation of modified exosomes, which can be loaded with bioactive molecules, such as therapeutic compounds and RNAs, and can allow their delivery to the appropriate location in the brain, overcoming the blood-brain barrier. In this regard, the transfer of miRNAs within Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes has yet to demonstrate successful results both in vitro and in vivo. This review, besides providing a systematic overview of both the genetic and epigenetic basis of the disease, aims to explore the exosomes/miRNAs network and its clinical potential for PD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paccosi
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Department of Ecology and Biology (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luca Proietti-De-Santis
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Department of Ecology and Biology (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iranzo A, Mammana A, Muñoz-Lopetegi A, Dellavalle S, Mayà G, Rossi M, Serradell M, Baiardi S, Arqueros A, Quadalti C, Perissinotti A, Ruggeri E, Cano JS, Gaig C, Parchi P. Misfolded α-Synuclein Assessment in the Skin and CSF by RT-QuIC in Isolated REM Sleep Behavior Disorder. Neurology 2023; 100:e1944-e1954. [PMID: 36931726 PMCID: PMC10159765 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay detects misfolded α-synuclein (AS) in the skin and CSF of patients with the synucleinopathies Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (IRBD) constitutes the prodromal stage of these synucleinopathies. We aimed to compare the ability of RT-QuIC to identify AS in the skin and CSF of patients with IRBD. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study where consecutive patients with polysomnographic-confirmed IRBD and age-matched controls without RBD underwent skin biopsy and lumbar puncture the same day. Three-millimeter skin punch biopsies were obtained bilaterally in the cervical region from dorsal C7 and C8 dermatomes and in distal legs. RT-QuIC assessed AS in these 6 skin sites and the CSF. RESULTS We recruited 91 patients with IRBD and 41 controls. In the skin, sensitivity to detect AS was 76.9% (95% CI 66.9-85.1), specificity 97.6% (95% CI 87.1-99.9) positive predictive value 98.6% (95% CI 91.0-99.8), negative predictive value 65.6% (95% CI 56.6-73.6), and accuracy 83.3% (95% CI 75.9-89.3). In the CSF, the sensitivity was 75.0% (95% CI 64.6-83.6), the specificity was 97.5% (95% CI 86.8-99.9), the positive predictive value was 98.5% (95% CI 90.5-99.8), the negative predictive value was 63.9% (95% CI 55.2-71.9), and the accuracy was 82.0% (95% CI 74.3-88.3). Results in the skin and CSF samples showed 99.2% agreement. Compared with negative patients, RT-QuIC AS-positive patients had a higher likelihood ratio of prodromal Parkinson disease (p < 0.001) and showed more frequently hyposmia (p < 0.001), dopamine transporter imaging single-photon emission CT deficit (p = 0.002), and orthostatic hypotension (p = 0.014). No severe or moderate adverse effects were reported. There was no difference between the percentage of participants reporting mild adverse events secondary to skin biopsy or lumbar puncture (9.1% vs 17.2%; p = 0.053). One hundred and ten (83%) and 104 (80%) participants, respectively, stated they would accept to undergo skin biopsy and lumbar puncture again for research purposes. DISCUSSION Our study in IRBD shows that (1) RT-QuIC detects AS in the skin and CSF with similar high sensitivity, specificity, and agreement, (2) AS RT-QuIC positivity is associated with supportive features and biomarkers of synucleinopathy, and (3) skin punch biopsy and lumbar puncture have comparable mild adverse effects, tolerance, and acceptance. RT-QuIC in the skin or CSF might represent a patient selection strategy for future neuroprotective trials targeting AS in IRBD. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that RT-QuIC-detected AS in the skin and CSF distinguishes patients with IRBD from controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Iranzo
- From the Neurology Service (A.I., A.M.-L., G.M., M.S., A.A., J.S.C., C.G.), Sleep Centre, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; IRCCS (A.M., S.D., M.R., S.B., C.Q., E.R., P.P.), Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.M., S.B., P.P.), University of Bologna; and Nuclear Medicine Service (A.P.), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, Spain.
| | - Angela Mammana
- From the Neurology Service (A.I., A.M.-L., G.M., M.S., A.A., J.S.C., C.G.), Sleep Centre, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; IRCCS (A.M., S.D., M.R., S.B., C.Q., E.R., P.P.), Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.M., S.B., P.P.), University of Bologna; and Nuclear Medicine Service (A.P.), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Amaia Muñoz-Lopetegi
- From the Neurology Service (A.I., A.M.-L., G.M., M.S., A.A., J.S.C., C.G.), Sleep Centre, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; IRCCS (A.M., S.D., M.R., S.B., C.Q., E.R., P.P.), Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.M., S.B., P.P.), University of Bologna; and Nuclear Medicine Service (A.P.), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Sofia Dellavalle
- From the Neurology Service (A.I., A.M.-L., G.M., M.S., A.A., J.S.C., C.G.), Sleep Centre, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; IRCCS (A.M., S.D., M.R., S.B., C.Q., E.R., P.P.), Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.M., S.B., P.P.), University of Bologna; and Nuclear Medicine Service (A.P.), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Gerard Mayà
- From the Neurology Service (A.I., A.M.-L., G.M., M.S., A.A., J.S.C., C.G.), Sleep Centre, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; IRCCS (A.M., S.D., M.R., S.B., C.Q., E.R., P.P.), Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.M., S.B., P.P.), University of Bologna; and Nuclear Medicine Service (A.P.), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Marcello Rossi
- From the Neurology Service (A.I., A.M.-L., G.M., M.S., A.A., J.S.C., C.G.), Sleep Centre, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; IRCCS (A.M., S.D., M.R., S.B., C.Q., E.R., P.P.), Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.M., S.B., P.P.), University of Bologna; and Nuclear Medicine Service (A.P.), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Monica Serradell
- From the Neurology Service (A.I., A.M.-L., G.M., M.S., A.A., J.S.C., C.G.), Sleep Centre, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; IRCCS (A.M., S.D., M.R., S.B., C.Q., E.R., P.P.), Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.M., S.B., P.P.), University of Bologna; and Nuclear Medicine Service (A.P.), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Simone Baiardi
- From the Neurology Service (A.I., A.M.-L., G.M., M.S., A.A., J.S.C., C.G.), Sleep Centre, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; IRCCS (A.M., S.D., M.R., S.B., C.Q., E.R., P.P.), Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.M., S.B., P.P.), University of Bologna; and Nuclear Medicine Service (A.P.), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Aurora Arqueros
- From the Neurology Service (A.I., A.M.-L., G.M., M.S., A.A., J.S.C., C.G.), Sleep Centre, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; IRCCS (A.M., S.D., M.R., S.B., C.Q., E.R., P.P.), Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.M., S.B., P.P.), University of Bologna; and Nuclear Medicine Service (A.P.), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Corinne Quadalti
- From the Neurology Service (A.I., A.M.-L., G.M., M.S., A.A., J.S.C., C.G.), Sleep Centre, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; IRCCS (A.M., S.D., M.R., S.B., C.Q., E.R., P.P.), Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.M., S.B., P.P.), University of Bologna; and Nuclear Medicine Service (A.P.), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Andres Perissinotti
- From the Neurology Service (A.I., A.M.-L., G.M., M.S., A.A., J.S.C., C.G.), Sleep Centre, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; IRCCS (A.M., S.D., M.R., S.B., C.Q., E.R., P.P.), Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.M., S.B., P.P.), University of Bologna; and Nuclear Medicine Service (A.P.), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Edoardo Ruggeri
- From the Neurology Service (A.I., A.M.-L., G.M., M.S., A.A., J.S.C., C.G.), Sleep Centre, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; IRCCS (A.M., S.D., M.R., S.B., C.Q., E.R., P.P.), Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.M., S.B., P.P.), University of Bologna; and Nuclear Medicine Service (A.P.), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Joan Santamaria Cano
- From the Neurology Service (A.I., A.M.-L., G.M., M.S., A.A., J.S.C., C.G.), Sleep Centre, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; IRCCS (A.M., S.D., M.R., S.B., C.Q., E.R., P.P.), Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.M., S.B., P.P.), University of Bologna; and Nuclear Medicine Service (A.P.), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Carles Gaig
- From the Neurology Service (A.I., A.M.-L., G.M., M.S., A.A., J.S.C., C.G.), Sleep Centre, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; IRCCS (A.M., S.D., M.R., S.B., C.Q., E.R., P.P.), Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.M., S.B., P.P.), University of Bologna; and Nuclear Medicine Service (A.P.), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Piero Parchi
- From the Neurology Service (A.I., A.M.-L., G.M., M.S., A.A., J.S.C., C.G.), Sleep Centre, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; IRCCS (A.M., S.D., M.R., S.B., C.Q., E.R., P.P.), Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.M., S.B., P.P.), University of Bologna; and Nuclear Medicine Service (A.P.), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ge WY, Deng X, Shi WP, Lin WJ, Chen LL, Liang H, Wang XT, Zhang TD, Zhao FZ, Guo WH, Yin DC. Amyloid Protein Cross-Seeding Provides a New Perspective on Multiple Diseases In Vivo. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1-18. [PMID: 36507729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid protein cross-seeding is a peculiar phenomenon of cross-spreading among different diseases. Unlike traditional infectious ones, diseases caused by amyloid protein cross-seeding are spread by misfolded proteins instead of pathogens. As a consequence of the interactions among misfolded heterologous proteins or polypeptides, amyloid protein cross-seeding is considered to be the crucial cause of overlapping pathological transmission between various protein misfolding disorders (PMDs) in multiple tissues and cells. Here, we briefly review the phenomenon of cross-seeding among amyloid proteins. As an interesting example worth mentioning, the potential links between the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) and some neurodegenerative diseases might be related to the amyloid protein cross-seeding, thus may cause an undesirable trend in the incidence of PMDs around the world. We then summarize the theoretical models as well as the experimental techniques for studying amyloid protein cross-seeding. Finally, we conclude with an outlook on the challenges and opportunities for basic research in this field. Cross-seeding of amyloid opens up a new perspective in our understanding of the process of amyloidogenesis, which is crucial for the development of new treatments for diseases. It is therefore valuable but still challenging to explore the cross-seeding system of amyloid protein as well as to reveal the structural basis and the intricate processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yi Ge
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xudong Deng
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wen-Pu Shi
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wen-Juan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Liang-Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Huan Liang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xue-Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Tuo-Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Feng-Zhu Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.,Non-commissioned Officer School, Army Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050081, China
| | - Wei-Hong Guo
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Da-Chuan Yin
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li J, Luo H, Zheng H, Duan S, Zhao T, Yuan Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Yang J, Xu Y. Clinical application of prion-like seeding in α-synucleinopathies: Early and non-invasive diagnosis and therapeutic development. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:975619. [PMID: 36299857 PMCID: PMC9588983 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.975619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation and deposition of misfolded α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates in the brain is the central event in the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies, including Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple-system atrophy. Currently, the diagnosis of these diseases mainly relies on the recognition of advanced clinical manifestations. Differential diagnosis among the various α-synucleinopathies subtypes remains challenging. Misfolded α-Syn can template its native counterpart into the same misfolded one within or between cells, behaving as a prion-like seeding. Protein-misfolding cyclic amplification and real-time quaking-induced conversion are ultrasensitive protein amplification assays initially used for the detection of prion diseases. Both assays showed high sensitivity and specificity in detection of α-synucleinopathies even in the pre-clinical stage recently. Herein, we collectively reviewed the prion-like properties of α-Syn and critically assessed the detection techniques of α-Syn-seeding activity. The progress of test tissues, which tend to be less invasive, is presented, particularly nasal swab, which is now widely known owing to the global fight against coronavirus disease 2019. We highlight the clinical application of α-Syn seeding in early and non-invasive diagnosis. Moreover, some promising therapeutic perspectives and clinical trials targeting α-Syn-seeding mechanisms are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Honglin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Suying Duan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Taiqi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanpeng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Yang,
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Yuming Xu,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sola P, Krishnamurthy PT, Kumari M, Byran G, Gangadharappa HV, Garikapati KK. Neuroprotective approaches to halt Parkinson's disease progression. Neurochem Int 2022; 158:105380. [PMID: 35718278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the most significant threats in Parkinson's disease (PD) is neurodegeneration. Neurodegeneration at both nigral as well as non-nigral regions of the brain is considered responsible for disease progression in PD. The key factors that initiate neurodegeneration are oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial complex-1 inhibition, and abnormal α-synuclein (SNCA) protein aggregations. Nigral neurodegeneration results in motor symptoms (tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, shuffling gait, and postural instability) whereas; non-nigral neurodegeneration is responsible for non-motor symptoms (depression, cognitive dysfunctions, sleep disorders, hallucination, and psychosis). The available therapies for PD aim at increasing dopamine levels. The medications such as Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors, catechol o-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, Dopamine precursor (Levodopa), dopamine agonists, and dopamine reuptake inhibitors drastically improve the motor symptoms and quality of life only in the early stages of the disease. However, dopa resistant motor symptoms (abnormality in posture, speech impediment, gait, and balance problems), dopa resistant non-motor signs (sleep problems, autonomic dysfunction, mood, and cognitive impairment, pain), and drug-related side effects (motor fluctuations, psychosis, and dyskinesias) are considered responsible for the failure of these therapies. Further, none of the treatments, alone or in combination, are capable of halting the disease progression in the long run. Therefore, there is a need to develop safe and efficient neuroprotective agents, which can slow or stop the disease progression for the better management of PD. In this review, an effort has been made to discuss the various mechanisms responsible for progressive neurodegeneration (disease progression) in PD and also multiple strategies available for halting disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyong Sola
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
| | - Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India.
| | - Mamta Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
| | - Gowramma Byran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
| | | | - Kusuma Kumari Garikapati
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schiapparelli LM, Sharma P, He HY, Li J, Shah SH, McClatchy DB, Ma Y, Liu HH, Goldberg JL, Yates JR, Cline HT. Proteomic screen reveals diverse protein transport between connected neurons in the visual system. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110287. [PMID: 35081342 PMCID: PMC8906846 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular transfer of toxic proteins between neurons is thought to contribute to neurodegenerative disease, but whether direct interneuronal protein transfer occurs in the healthy brain is not clear. To assess the prevalence and identity of transferred proteins and the cellular specificity of transfer, we biotinylated retinal ganglion cell proteins in vivo and examined biotinylated proteins transported through the rodent visual circuit using microscopy, biochemistry, and mass spectrometry. Electron microscopy demonstrated preferential transfer of biotinylated proteins from retinogeniculate inputs to excitatory lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons compared with GABAergic neurons. An unbiased mass spectrometry-based screen identified ∼200 transneuronally transported proteins (TNTPs) isolated from the visual cortex. The majority of TNTPs are present in neuronal exosomes, and virally expressed TNTPs, including tau and β-synuclein, were detected in isolated exosomes and postsynaptic neurons. Our data demonstrate transfer of diverse endogenous proteins between neurons in the healthy intact brain and suggest that TNTP transport may be mediated by exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucio M Schiapparelli
- Neuroscience Department and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pranav Sharma
- Neuroscience Department and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Xosomix, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Hai-Yan He
- Neuroscience Department and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jianli Li
- Neuroscience Department and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sahil H Shah
- Neuroscience Department and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - Daniel B McClatchy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuanhui Ma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Han-Hsuan Liu
- Neuroscience Department and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hollis T Cline
- Neuroscience Department and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
SNARE Proteins Mediate α-Synuclein Secretion via Multiple Vesicular Pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:405-419. [PMID: 34705229 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cell-to-cell transmission of pathological α-synuclein (α-syn) has been proposed to be a critical event in the development of synucleinopathies. Recent studies have begun to reveal the underlying molecular mechanism of α-syn propagation. As one of the central steps, α-syn secretion is reported to be Ca2+-dependent and mediated by unconventional exocytosis. However, the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) requirement and vesicle identity of α-syn secretion remain elusive. Here we found that α-syn secretion is SNARE-dependent by systematically knocking down Q-SNAREs and R-SNAREs in exocytosis pathways. α-Syn secretion was mainly mediated by syntaxin 4 (STX4) and synaptosomal-associated protein 23 (SNAP23), but did not require STX1 and SNAP25, in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. On the other hand, vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3), VAMP7, and VAMP8 were all involved in α-syn secretion, most likely in overlapping pathways. Application of super-resolution microscopy revealed localization of both endogenous and overexpressed α-syn in endosomes, lysosomes, and autophagosomes in rat primary cortical neurons. α-Syn co-localized with microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) most extensively, suggesting its tight association with the autophagy pathway. Consistently, α-syn secretion was regulated by the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Collectively, our data suggest that α-syn secretion is SNARE-dependent and is mediated by multiple vesicular pathways including exocytosis of recycling endosomes, multivesicular bodies, autophagosomes, and lysosomes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Arkan S, Ljungberg M, Kirik D, Hansen C. DNAJB6 suppresses alpha-synuclein induced pathology in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105477. [PMID: 34390836 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation can lead to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) as invariably observed in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). The co-chaperone DNAJB6 has previously been found to be expressed at higher levels in PD patients than in control subjects and was also found in Lewy bodies. Our previous experiments showed that knock out of DNAJB6 induced α-syn aggregation in cellular level. However, effects of overexpression of DNAJB6 against α-syn aggregation remains to be investigated. METHODS We used a α-syn CFP/YFP HEK293 FRET cell line to investigate the effects of overexpression of DNAJB6 in cellular level. α-syn aggregation was induced by transfection α-syn preformed fibrils (PPF), then was measured FRET analysis. We proceeded to investigate if DNAJB6b can impair α-syn aggregation and toxicity in an animal model and used adeno associated vira (AAV6) designed to overexpress of human wt α-syn, GFP-DNAJB6 or GFP in rats. These vectors were injected into the SNpc of the rats, unilaterally. Rats injected with vira to express α-syn along with GFP in the SNpc where compared to rats expressing α-syn and GFP-DNAJB6. We evaluated motor functions, dopaminergic cell death, and axonal degeneration in striatum. RESULTS We show that DNAJB6 prevent α-syn aggregation induced by α-syn PFF's, in a cell culture model. In addition, we observed α-syn overexpression caused dopaminergic cell death and that this was strongly reduced by co-expression of DNAJB6b. The lesion caused by α-syn overexpression resulted in behavior deficits, which increased over time as seen in stepping test, which was rescued by co-expression of DNAJB6b. CONCLUSION We here demonstrate for the first time that DNAJB6 is a strong suppressor of α-syn aggregation in cells and in animals and that this results in a suppression of dopaminergic cell death and PD related motor deficits in an animal model of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sertan Arkan
- Lund University, Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Mårten Ljungberg
- Lund University, Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Deniz Kirik
- Brain Repair and Imaging in Neural Systems, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D11, Lund 22184, Sweden.
| | - Christian Hansen
- Lund University, Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Folke J, Arkan S, Martinsson I, Aznar S, Gouras G, Brudek T, Hansen C. DNAJB6b is Downregulated in Synucleinopathies. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:1791-1803. [PMID: 34334418 PMCID: PMC8609689 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation contributes to the progression of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. We recently found that the isoform b of the co-chaperone DNAJB6 is a strong suppressor of α-syn aggregation in vivo and in vitro. However, nothing is known about the role of the endogenous isoform b of DNAJB6 (DNAJB6b) in health and disease, due to lack of specific antibodies. OBJECTIVE Here we generated a novel anti-DNAJB6b antibody to analyze the localization and expression of this isoform in cells, in tissue and in clinical material. METHODS To address this we used immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, as well as a novel quantitative DNAJB6 specific ELISA method. RESULTS The endogenous protein is mainly expressed in the cytoplasm and in neurites in vitro, where it is found more in dendrites than in axons. We further verified in vivo that DNAJB6b is expressed in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which is a neuronal subpopulation highly sensitive to α-syn aggregation, that degenerate to a large extend in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). When we analyzed the expression levels of DNAJB6b in brain material from PD and MSA patients, we found a downregulation of DNAJB6b by use of ELISA based quantification. Interestingly, this was also true when analyzing tissue from patients with progressive supranuclear palsy, a taupathic atypical parkinsonian disorder. However, the total level of DNAJB6 was upregulated in these three diseases, which may indicate an upregulation of the other major isoform of DNAJB6, DNAJB6a. CONCLUSION This study shows that DNAJB6b is downregulated in several different neurodegenerative diseases, which makes it an interesting target to further investigate in relation to amyloid protein aggregation and disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Folke
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sertan Arkan
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Susana Aznar
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Brudek
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Hansen
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ferreira N, Richner M, van der Laan A, Bergholdt Jul Christiansen I, Vægter CB, Nyengaard JR, Halliday GM, Weiss J, Giasson BI, Mackenzie IR, Jensen PH, Jan A. Prodromal neuroinvasion of pathological α-synuclein in brainstem reticular nuclei and white matter lesions in a model of α-synucleinopathy. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab104. [PMID: 34136810 PMCID: PMC8202146 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological observations in neurodegenerative synucleinopathies, including Parkinson disease, implicate a pathological role of α-synuclein accumulation in extranigral sites during the prodromal phase of the disease. In a transgenic mouse model of peripheral-to-central neuroinvasion and propagation of α-synuclein pathology (via hindlimb intramuscular inoculation with exogenous fibrillar α-synuclein: the M83 line, expressing the mutant human Ala53Thr α-synuclein), we studied the development and early-stage progression of α-synuclein pathology in the CNS of non-symptomatic (i.e. freely mobile) mice. By immunohistochemical analyses of phosphroylated α-synuclein on serine residue 129 (p-S129), our data indicate that the incipient stage of pathological α-synuclein propagation could be categorized in distinct phases: (i) initiation phase, whereby α-synuclein fibrillar inoculum induced pathological lesions in pools of premotor and motor neurons of the lumbar spinal cord, as early as 14 days post-inoculation; (ii) early central phase, whereby incipient α-synuclein pathology was predominantly detected in the reticular nuclei of the brainstem; and (iii) late central phase, characterized by additional sites of lesions in the brain including vestibular nuclei, deep cerebellar nuclei and primary motor cortex, with coincidental emergence of a sensorimotor deficit (mild degree of hindlimb clasping). Intriguingly, we also detected progressive α-synuclein pathology in premotor and motor neurons in the thoracic spinal cord, which does not directly innervate the hindlimb, as well as in the oligodendroglia within the white matter tracts of the CNS during this prodromal phase. Collectively, our data provide crucial insights into the spatiotemporal propagation of α-synuclein pathology in the nervous system of this rodent model of α-synucleinopathy following origin in periphery, and present a neuropathological context for the progression from pre-symptomatic stage to an early deficit in sensorimotor coordination. These findings also hint towards a therapeutic window for targeting the early stages of α-synuclein pathology progression in this model, and potentially facilitate the discovery of mechanisms relevant to α-synuclein proteinopathies. In a rodent model of synucleinopathy, Ferreira et al., delineate the spatiotemporal progression of incipient α-synuclein pathology (of peripheral origin) in the CNS. The authors show early affection of brainstem reticular nuclei in non-paralyzed mice, and pathological white matter lesions in relation to the neuronal pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Ferreira
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Richner
- DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Amelia van der Laan
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ida Bergholdt Jul Christiansen
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian B Vægter
- DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney and Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Joachim Weiss
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 3261, USA
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T2B5, Canada
| | - Poul H Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Asad Jan
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Limegrover CS, Yurko R, Izzo NJ, LaBarbera KM, Rehak C, Look G, Rishton G, Safferstein H, Catalano SM. Sigma-2 receptor antagonists rescue neuronal dysfunction induced by Parkinson's patient brain-derived α-synuclein. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1161-1176. [PMID: 33480104 PMCID: PMC7986605 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
α‐Synuclein oligomers are thought to have a pivotal role in sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and related α‐synucleinopathies, causing dysregulation of protein trafficking, autophagy/lysosomal function, and protein clearance, as well as synaptic function impairment underlying motor and cognitive symptoms of PD. Moreover, trans‐synaptic spread of α‐synuclein oligomers is hypothesized to mediate disease progression. Therapeutic approaches that effectively block α‐synuclein oligomer‐induced pathogenesis are urgently needed. Here, we show for the first time that α‐synuclein species isolated from human PD patient brain and recombinant α‐synuclein oligomers caused similar deficits in lipid vesicle trafficking rates in cultured rat neurons and glia, while α‐synuclein species isolated from non‐PD human control brain samples did not. Recombinant α‐synuclein oligomers also increased neuronal expression of lysosomal‐associated membrane protein‐2A (LAMP‐2A), the lysosomal receptor that has a critical role in chaperone‐mediated autophagy. Unbiased screening of several small molecule libraries (including the NIH Clinical Collection) identified sigma‐2 receptor antagonists as the most effective at blocking α‐synuclein oligomer‐induced trafficking deficits and LAMP‐2A upregulation in a dose‐dependent manner. These results indicate that antagonists of the sigma‐2 receptor complex may alleviate α‐synuclein oligomer‐induced neurotoxicity and are a novel therapeutic approach for disease modification in PD and related α‐synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gary Look
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Harsanyiova J, Buday T, Kralova Trancikova A. Parkinson's Disease and the Gut: Future Perspectives for Early Diagnosis. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:626. [PMID: 32625058 PMCID: PMC7313629 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, and at the cellular level by the formation of Lewy bodies in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the onset of the disease is believed to be localized to peripheral organs, particularly the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the olfactory bulb sooner before neuropathological changes occur in the CNS. Patients already in the pre-motor stage of PD suffer from various digestive problems and/or due to significant changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiome in this early stage of the disease. Detailed analyses of patient biopsies and autopsies as well as animal models of neuropathological changes characteristic of PD provided important information on the pathology or treatment of PD symptoms. However, presently is not clarified (i) the specific tissue in the GIT where the pathological processes associated with PD is initiated; (ii) the mechanism by which these processes are disseminated to the CNS or other tissues within the GIT; and (iii) which neuropathological changes could also serve as a reliable diagnostic marker of the premotor stages of PD, or (iv) which type of GIT tissue would be the most appropriate choice for routine examination of patient biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Harsanyiova
- Departmet of Pahophysiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Buday
- Departmet of Pahophysiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alzbeta Kralova Trancikova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ubeda-Bañon I, Saiz-Sanchez D, Flores-Cuadrado A, Rioja-Corroto E, Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Villar-Conde S, Astillero-Lopez V, Cabello-de la Rosa JP, Gallardo-Alcañiz MJ, Vaamonde-Gamo J, Relea-Calatayud F, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Mohedano-Moriano A, Rabano A, Martinez-Marcos A. The human olfactory system in two proteinopathies: Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:22. [PMID: 32493457 PMCID: PMC7271529 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders. Their etiologies are idiopathic, and treatments are symptomatic and orientated towards cognitive or motor deficits. Neuropathologically, both are proteinopathies with pathological aggregates (plaques of amyloid-β peptide and neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease, and Lewy bodies mostly composed of α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease). These deposits appear in the nervous system in a predictable and accumulative sequence with six neuropathological stages. Both disorders present a long prodromal period, characterized by preclinical signs including hyposmia. Interestingly, the olfactory system, particularly the anterior olfactory nucleus, is initially and preferentially affected by the pathology. Cerebral atrophy revealed by magnetic resonance imaging must be complemented by histological analyses to ascertain whether neuronal and/or glial loss or neuropil remodeling are responsible for volumetric changes. It has been proposed that these proteinopathies could act in a prion-like manner in which a misfolded protein would be able to force native proteins into pathogenic folding (seeding), which then propagates through neurons and glia (spreading). Existing data have been examined to establish why some neuronal populations are vulnerable while others are resistant to pathology and to what extent glia prevent and/or facilitate proteinopathy spreading. Connectomic approaches reveal a number of hubs in the olfactory system (anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory entorhinal cortex and cortical amygdala) that are key interconnectors with the main hubs (the entorhinal-hippocampal-cortical and amygdala-dorsal motor vagal nucleus) of network dysfunction in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ubeda-Bañon
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Daniel Saiz-Sanchez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alicia Flores-Cuadrado
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ernesto Rioja-Corroto
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Melania Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Sandra Villar-Conde
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Veronica Astillero-Lopez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | | | - Julia Vaamonde-Gamo
- Neurology Service, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Lucia Gonzalez-Lopez
- Pathology Service, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Rabano
- Neuropathology Department and Tissue Bank, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alino Martinez-Marcos
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Exosomes: Potential Therapies for Disease via Regulating TLRs. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:2319616. [PMID: 32565722 PMCID: PMC7273472 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2319616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles that retain various substances such as proteins, nucleic acids, and small RNAs. Exosomes play crucial roles in many physiological and pathological processes, including innate immunity. Innate immunity is an important process that protects the organism through activating pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which then can induce inflammatory factors to resist pathogen invasion. Toll-like receptor (TLR) is one member of PRRs and is important in pathogen clearance and nervous disease development. Although exosomes and TLRs are two independent materials, abundant evidences imply exosomes can regulate innate immunity through integrating with TLRs. Herein, we review the most recent data regarding exosome regulation of TLR pathways. Specifically, exosome-containing materials can regulate TLR pathways through the interaction with TLRs. This is a new strategy regulating immunity to resist pathogens and therapy diseases, which provide a potential method to cure diseases.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ma X, Li J, Cui X, Li C, Wang Z. Dietary supplementation with peptides from sesame cake alleviates Parkinson’s associated pathologies in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
|
18
|
Vidal M. Exosomes: Revisiting their role as "garbage bags". Traffic 2019; 20:815-828. [PMID: 31418976 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the term "extracellular vesicle" (EV) has been used to define different types of vesicles released by various cells. It includes plasma membrane-derived vesicles (ectosomes/microvesicles) and endosome-derived vesicles (exosomes). Although it remains difficult to evaluate the compartment of origin of the two kinds of vesicles once released, it is critical to discriminate these vesicles because their mode of biogenesis is probably directly related to their physiologic function and/or to the physio-pathologic state of the producing cell. The purpose of this review is to specifically consider exosome secretion and its consequences in terms of a material loss for producing cells, rather than on the effects of exosomes once they are taken up by recipient cells. I especially describe one putative basic function of exosomes, that is, to convey material out of cells for off-site degradation by recipient cells. As illustrated by some examples, these components could be evacuated from cells for various reasons, for example, to promote "differentiation" or enhance homeostatic responses. This basic function might explain why so many diseases have made use of the exosomal pathway during pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Vidal
- LPHI - Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen QQ, Haikal C, Li W, Li JY. Gut Inflammation in Association With Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:218. [PMID: 31572126 PMCID: PMC6753187 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is generally thought to be caused by multiple factors, including environmental and genetic factors. Emerging evidence suggests that intestinal disturbances, such as constipation, are common non-motor symptoms of PD. Gut inflammation may be closely associated with pathogenesis in PD. This review aims to discuss the cross-talk between gut inflammation and PD pathology initiation and progression. Firstly, we will highlight the studies demonstrating how gut inflammation is related to PD. Secondly, we will analyze how gut inflammation spreads from the gastro-intestine to the brain. Here, we will mainly discuss the neural pathway of pathologic α-syn and the systemic inflammatory routes. Thereafter, we will address how alterations in the brain subsequently lead to dopaminergic neuron degeneration, in which oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, T cell driven inflammation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are involved. We conclude a model of PD triggered by gut inflammation, which provides a new angle to understand the mechanisms of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Caroline Haikal
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bonet-Ponce L, Cookson MR. The role of Rab GTPases in the pathobiology of Parkinson' disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 59:73-80. [PMID: 31054512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rab GTPases are key regulators of vesicle-mediated transport and are proposed to play a crucial role in the pathobiology of Parkinson's disease. As membrane trafficking seems to be a relevant pathway altered in Parkinson' disease, understanding the role of Rab GTPases in the disease progression could open a window for therapeutic interventions. In this review, we focus on the recent advances on the role of Rab GTPases in the biology of two main proteins involved in Parkinson's disease: LRRK2 and α-synuclein, given that mutations in their genes (LRRK2 and SNCA) cause familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Flores-Cuadrado A, Saiz-Sanchez D, Mohedano-Moriano A, Martinez-Marcos A, Ubeda-Bañon I. Neurodegeneration and contralateral α-synuclein induction after intracerebral α-synuclein injections in the anterior olfactory nucleus of a Parkinson's disease A53T mouse model. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:56. [PMID: 30987677 PMCID: PMC6463651 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by a proteinopathy that includes aggregates of α-synuclein. A recent hypothesis proposes a prion-like spreading mechanism for this α-synucleinopathy. Early neuropathological deposits occur, among others, in the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON). This study investigates the anterograde and/or retrograde transmissibility of exogenous α-synuclein inoculated in the right AON of the A53T model of Parkinson’s disease and wild-type mice as well as neuronal and glial involvement. Seven experimental groups were established: wild-type injected with tracers; A53T mice injected with either α-synuclein or saline 2 months beforehand; wild-type injected with either α-synuclein or saline 2 months beforehand; and wild-type injected with either α-synuclein or saline 4 months beforehand. Weight and behavioral changes were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry against α-synuclein, NeuN, Iba-1 and GFAP was performed. Volume and marker distributions in the olfactory bulb (OB), AON and piriform cortex were analyzed using unbiased stereology. The behavioral analyses reveal higher levels of hyperactivity in transgenic as compared to wild-type mice. Tract-tracing experiments show that the main contralateral afferent projections to the dorsal AON come from the AON and secondarily from the OB. In saline-injected transgenic animals, α-synuclein expression in the OB and the AON is higher in the left hemisphere than in the right hemisphere, which could be due to basal interhemispheric differences. α-synuclein injection could provoke a significant increase in the left hemisphere of the transgenic mice’s OB, compared to saline-injected animals. Neuronal loss was observed in saline-injected transgenic mice relative to the saline-injected wild-type group. There were no overall differences in neuron number following injection of α-synuclein into either wild-type or transgenic mice, however some neuron loss was apparent in specific regions of α-synuclein injected wild-types. Microglia labeling appeared to be correlated with surgery-induced inflammation. Astroglial labeling was higher in transgenic animals, which could be due to endogenous α-synucleinopathy. This study suggests α-synucleinopathy induction, via retrograde and contralateral projections, within the olfactory system of transgenic animals.
Collapse
|
22
|
Javed H, Nagoor Meeran MF, Azimullah S, Adem A, Sadek B, Ojha SK. Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals Targeting α-Synuclein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease Models. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1555. [PMID: 30941047 PMCID: PMC6433754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a presynaptic protein that regulates the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles in the brain. α-Syn aggregates, including Lewy bodies, are features of both sporadic and familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). These aggregates undergo several key stages of fibrillation, oligomerization, and aggregation. Therapeutic benefits of drugs decline with disease progression and offer only symptomatic treatment. Novel therapeutic strategies are required which can either prevent or delay the progression of the disease. The link between α-syn and the etiopathogenesis and progression of PD are well-established in the literature. Studies indicate that α-syn is an important therapeutic target and inhibition of α-syn aggregation, oligomerization, and fibrillation are an important disease modification strategy. However, recent studies have shown that plant extracts and phytochemicals have neuroprotective effects on α-syn oligomerization and fibrillation by targeting different key stages of its formation. Although many reviews on the antioxidant-mediated, neuroprotective effect of plant extracts and phytochemicals on PD symptoms have been well-highlighted, the antioxidant mechanisms show limited success for translation to clinical studies. The identification of specific plant extracts and phytochemicals that target α-syn aggregation will provide selective molecules to develop new drugs for PD. The present review provides an overview of plant extracts and phytochemicals that target α-syn in PD and summarizes the observed effects and the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we provide a synopsis of current experimental models and techniques used to evaluate plant extracts and phytochemicals. Plant extracts and phytochemicals were found to inhibit the aggregation or fibril formation of oligomers. These also appear to direct α-syn oligomer formation into its unstructured form or promote non-toxic pathways and suggested to be valuable drug candidates for PD and related synucleinopathy. Current evidences from in vitro studies require confirmation in the in vivo studies. Further studies are needed to ascertain their potential effects and safety in preclinical studies for pharmaceutical/nutritional development of these phytochemicals or dietary inclusion of the plant extracts in PD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayate Javed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shreesh Kumar Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mohankumar A, Shanmugam G, Kalaiselvi D, Levenson C, Nivitha S, Thiruppathi G, Sundararaj P. East Indian sandalwood ( Santalum album L.) oil confers neuroprotection and geroprotection in Caenorhabditis elegans via activating SKN-1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. RSC Adv 2018; 8:33753-33774. [PMID: 30319772 PMCID: PMC6171454 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05195j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
East Indian Sandalwood Oil (EISO) has diverse beneficial effects and has been used for thousands of years in traditional folk-medicine for treatment of different human ailments. However, there has been no in-depth scientific investigation to decipher the neuroprotective and geroprotective mechanism of EISO and its principle components, α- and β-santalol. Hence the current study was undertaken to assess the protective effects of EISO, and α- and β-santalol against neurotoxic (6-OHDA/6-hydroxydopamine) and proteotoxic (α-synuclein) stresses in a Caenorhabditis elegans model. Initially, we found that EISO and its principle components exerted an excellent antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity as it was able to extend the lifespan, and inhibit the ROS generation, and germline cell apoptosis in 6-OHDA-intoxicated C. elegans. Further, we showed that supplementation of EISO, and α- and β-santalol reduced the 6-OHDA and α-synuclein-induced Parkinson's disease associated pathologies and improved the physiological functions. The genetic and reporter gene expression analysis revealed that an EISO, or α- and β-santalol-mediated protective effect does not appear to rely on DAF-2/DAF-16, but selectively regulates SKN-1 and its downstream targets involved in antioxidant defense and geroprotective processes. Together, our findings indicated that EISO and its principle components are worth exploring further as a candidate redox-based neuroprotectant for the prevention and management of age-related neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mohankumar
- Unit of Nematology, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu-641046, India. ; ; ; Tel: +91-9943340405; Tel: +91-9677667720
| | - G Shanmugam
- Unit of Nematology, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu-641046, India. ; ; ; Tel: +91-9943340405; Tel: +91-9677667720
| | - D Kalaiselvi
- Unit of Nematology, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu-641046, India. ; ; ; Tel: +91-9943340405; Tel: +91-9677667720
| | - C Levenson
- Santalis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 18618 Tuscany Stone, Suite 100, San Antonio, Texas 78258, USA
| | - S Nivitha
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - G Thiruppathi
- Unit of Nematology, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu-641046, India. ; ; ; Tel: +91-9943340405; Tel: +91-9677667720
| | - P Sundararaj
- Unit of Nematology, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu-641046, India. ; ; ; Tel: +91-9943340405; Tel: +91-9677667720
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Camacho R, Täuber D, Hansen C, Shi J, Bousset L, Melki R, Li JY, Scheblykin IG. 2D polarization imaging as a low-cost fluorescence method to detect α-synuclein aggregation ex vivo in models of Parkinson's disease. Commun Biol 2018; 1:157. [PMID: 30302401 PMCID: PMC6168587 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of Parkinson's disease is the formation of large protein-rich aggregates in neurons, where α-synuclein is the most abundant protein. A standard approach to visualize aggregation is to fluorescently label the proteins of interest. Then, highly fluorescent regions are assumed to contain aggregated proteins. However, fluorescence brightness alone cannot discriminate micrometer-sized regions with high expression of non-aggregated proteins from regions where the proteins are aggregated on the molecular scale. Here, we demonstrate that 2-dimensional polarization imaging can discriminate between preformed non-aggregated and aggregated forms of α-synuclein, and detect increased aggregation in brain tissues of transgenic mice. This imaging method assesses homo-FRET between labels by measuring fluorescence polarization in excitation and emission simultaneously, which translates into higher contrast than fluorescence anisotropy imaging. Exploring earlier aggregation states of α-synuclein using such technically simple imaging method could lead to crucial improvements in our understanding of α-synuclein-mediated pathology in Parkinson's Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Camacho
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124,, 22100, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniela Täuber
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124,, 22100, Lund, Sweden
- Biopolarisation, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Solid State Physics, FSU Jena, Helmholtzweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hansen
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Juanzi Shi
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124,, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Luc Bousset
- Institut Fancois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, 18 Route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-Aux-Roses cedex, France
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut Fancois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, 18 Route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-Aux-Roses cedex, France
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, 110122, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ivan G Scheblykin
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124,, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhong CB, Chen QQ, Haikal C, Li W, Svanbergsson A, Diepenbroek M, Li JY. Age-Dependent Alpha-Synuclein Accumulation and Phosphorylation in the Enteric Nervous System in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:483-492. [PMID: 28924920 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls the function of the gastrointestinal tract and has been implicated in various diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is a neurodegenerative disease with Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) as the main pathological features. In addition to the typical motor symptoms in PD, attention has been drawn to non-motor symptoms, such as constipation, implying dysfunction of the ENS. In the present study, we characterized the age-dependent morphological alterations and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn), the primary protein component in LBs and LNs, in the ENS in an α-syn transgenic mouse model. We found that the expression and accumulation of α-syn increased gradually in neurons of Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses of the gastrointestinal tract with age (from 1 week to 2 years). In addition, α-syn was increasingly phosphorylated at the serine 129 residue, reflecting pathological alterations of the protein over time. Furthermore, α-syn was present in different subtypes of neurons expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, or calretinin. The results indicated that BAC-α-Syn-GFP transgenic mice provide a unique model in which to study the relationship between ENS and PD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Bin Zhong
- Institute of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Qian-Qian Chen
- Institute of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Caroline Haikal
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander Svanbergsson
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Meike Diepenbroek
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China. .,Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Aprile FA, Källstig E, Limorenko G, Vendruscolo M, Ron D, Hansen C. The molecular chaperones DNAJB6 and Hsp70 cooperate to suppress α-synuclein aggregation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9039. [PMID: 28831037 PMCID: PMC5567236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs) in certain neuronal tissues. LBs are protein-rich inclusions, in which α-synuclein (α-syn) is the most abundant protein. Since these inclusions are not present in healthy individuals, despite the high concentration of α-syn in neurons, it is important to investigate whether natural control mechanisms are present to efficiently suppress α-syn aggregation. Here, we demonstrate that a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout (KO) of a DnaJ protein, DNAJB6, in HEK293T cells expressing α-syn, causes a massive increase in α-syn aggregation. Upon DNAJB6 re-introduction into these DNAJB6-KO HEK293T-α-syn cells, aggregation is reduced to the level of the parental cells. We then show that the suppression of α-syn aggregation is dependent on the J-domain of DNAJB6, as the catalytically inactive protein, which carries the H31Q mutation, does not suppress aggregation, when re-introduced into DNAJB6-KO cells. We further demonstrate, that the suppression of α-syn aggregation is dependent on the molecular chaperone Hsp70, which is consistent with the well-known function of J-domains of transferring unfolded and misfolded proteins to Hsp70. These data identify a natural control strategy to suppress α-syn aggregation and suggest potential therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat PD and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco A Aprile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Emma Källstig
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Galina Limorenko
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - David Ron
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Christian Hansen
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK. .,Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rousseaux MWC, Shulman JM, Jankovic J. Progress toward an integrated understanding of Parkinson's disease. F1000Res 2017; 6:1121. [PMID: 28751973 PMCID: PMC5510019 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11820.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, affecting over 10 million individuals worldwide. While numerous effective symptomatic treatments are currently available, no curative or disease-modifying therapies exist. An integrated, comprehensive understanding of PD pathogenic mechanisms will likely address this unmet clinical need. Here, we highlight recent progress in PD research with an emphasis on promising translational findings, including (i) advances in our understanding of disease susceptibility, (ii) improved knowledge of cellular dysfunction, and (iii) insights into mechanisms of spread and propagation of PD pathology. We emphasize connections between these previously disparate strands of PD research and the development of an emerging systems-level understanding that will enable the next generation of PD therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime W C Rousseaux
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joshua M Shulman
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge, Houston, TX, 77030-4202, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge, Houston, TX, 77030-4202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Seidel K, Bouzrou M, Heidemann N, Krüger R, Schöls L, den Dunnen WFA, Korf HW, Rüb U. Involvement of the cerebellum in Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:898-903. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Seidel
- Dr. Senckenberg Chronomedical Institute; J. W. Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Mohamed Bouzrou
- Dr. Senckenberg Chronomedical Institute; J. W. Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Nina Heidemann
- Dr. Senckenberg Chronomedical Institute; J. W. Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Luxembourg Center for Systems Biomedicine; University of Luxembourg, and Luxembourg Hospital Center; Luxembourg City Luxembourg
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurology; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; Tübingen Germany
| | - Wilfred F. A. den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Horst-Werner Korf
- Dr. Senckenberg Chronomedical Institute; J. W. Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Udo Rüb
- Dr. Senckenberg Chronomedical Institute; J. W. Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Braak H, Del Tredici K. Neuropathological Staging of Brain Pathology in Sporadic Parkinson's disease: Separating the Wheat from the Chaff. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2017; 7:S71-S85. [PMID: 28282810 PMCID: PMC5345633 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-179001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A relatively small number of especially susceptible nerve cell types within multiple neurotransmitter systems of the human central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems (CNS, PNS, ENS) become involved in the degenerative process underlying sporadic Parkinson's disease (sPD). The six-stage model we proposed for brain pathology related to sPD (Neurobiol Aging 2003) was a retrospective study of incidental and clinically diagnosed cases performed on unconventionally thick tissue sections (100 μm) from a large number of brain regions.The staging model emphasized what we perceived to be a sequential development of increasing degrees of Lewy pathology in anatomically interconnected regions together with the loss of aminergic projection neurons in, but not limited to, the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra. The same weight was assigned to axonal and somatodendritic Lewy pathology, and the olfactory bulb was included for the first time in a sPD staging system. After years of research, it now appears that the earliest lesions could develop at nonnigral (dopamine agonist nonresponsive) sites, where the surrounding environment is potentially hostile: the olfactory bulb and, possibly, the ENS. The current lack of knowledge regarding the development of Lewy pathology within the peripheral autonomic nervous system, however, means that alternative extra-CNS sites of origin cannot be disregarded as possible candidates. The PD staging system not only caused controversy but contributed a framework for (1) assessing pathology in the spinal cord, ENS, and PNS in relationship to that evolving in the brain, (2) defining prodromal disease and cohorts of at-risk individuals, (3) developing potential prognostic biomarkers for very early disease, (4) testing novel hypotheses and experimental models of α-synuclein propagation and disease progression, and (5) finding causally-oriented therapies that intervene before the substantia nigra becomes involved. The identification of new disease mechanisms at the molecular and cellular levels indicates that physical contacts (transsynaptic) and transneuronal transmission between vulnerable nerve cells are somehow crucial to the pathogenesis of sPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Braak
- Correspondence to: Prof. Heiko Braak, M.D., Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany. Tel.: +49 731 500 63111; Fax: +49 731 500 63133; E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Del Tredici K, Braak H. Review: Sporadic Parkinson's disease: development and distribution of α-synuclein pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 42:33-50. [PMID: 26662475 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of α-synuclein immunoreactive aggregates in selectively vulnerable neuronal types of the human central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems is crucial for the pathogenesis of sporadic Parkinson's disease. The presence of these lesions persists into the end phase of the disease, a process that is not subject to remission. The initial induction of α-synuclein misfolding and subsequent aggregation probably occurs in the olfactory bulb and/or the enteric nervous system. Each of these sites is exposed to potentially hostile environmental factors. Once formed, the aggregates appear to be capable of propagating trans-synaptically from nerve cell to nerve cell in a virtually self-promoting pathological process. A regional distribution pattern of aggregated α-synuclein emerges that entails the involvement of only a few types of susceptible and axonally interconnected projection neurons within the human nervous system. One major route of disease progression may originate in the enteric nervous system and retrogradely reach the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagal nerve in the lower brainstem. From there, the disease process proceeds chiefly in a caudo-rostral direction through visceromotor and somatomotor brainstem centres to the midbrain, forebrain, and cerebral cortex. Spinal cord centres may become involved by means of descending projections from involved lower brainstem nuclei as well as by sympathetic projections connecting the enteric nervous system with postganglionic peripheral ganglia and preganglionic nuclei of the spinal cord. The development of experimental cellular and animal models is helping to explain the mechanisms of how abnormal α-synuclein can undergo aggregation and how transmission along axonal connectivities can occur, thereby encouraging the initiation of potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for sporadic Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - H Braak
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rittman T, Rubinov M, Vértes PE, Patel AX, Ginestet CE, Ghosh BCP, Barker RA, Spillantini MG, Bullmore ET, Rowe JB. Regional expression of the MAPT gene is associated with loss of hubs in brain networks and cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 48:153-160. [PMID: 27697694 PMCID: PMC5096886 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities of tau protein are central to the pathogenesis of progressive supranuclear palsy, whereas haplotype variation of the tau gene MAPT influences the risk of Parkinson disease and Parkinson's disease dementia. We assessed whether regional MAPT expression might be associated with selective vulnerability of global brain networks to neurodegenerative pathology. Using task-free functional magnetic resonance imaging in progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson disease, and healthy subjects (n = 128), we examined functional brain networks and measured the connection strength between 471 gray matter regions. We obtained MAPT and SNCA microarray expression data in healthy subjects from the Allen brain atlas. Regional connectivity varied according to the normal expression of MAPT. The regional expression of MAPT correlated with the proportionate loss of regional connectivity in Parkinson's disease. Executive cognition was impaired in proportion to the loss of hub connectivity. These effects were not seen with SNCA, suggesting that alpha-synuclein pathology is not mediated through global network properties. The results establish a link between regional MAPT expression and selective vulnerability of functional brain networks to neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Rittman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Mikail Rubinov
- Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Cambridge, UK; Churchill College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Petra E Vértes
- Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ameera X Patel
- Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cedric E Ginestet
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Boyd C P Ghosh
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Grazia Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Cambridge, UK; John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Cambridge, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Braak H, Del Tredici K. Potential Pathways of Abnormal Tau and α-Synuclein Dissemination in Sporadic Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:a023630. [PMID: 27580631 PMCID: PMC5088528 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experimental data indicate that transneuronal propagation of abnormal protein aggregates in neurodegenerative proteinopathies, such as sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), is capable of a self-propagating process that leads to a progression of neurodegeneration and accumulation of prion-like particles. The mechanisms by which misfolded tau and α-synuclein possibly spread from one involved nerve cell to the next in the neuronal chain to induce abnormal aggregation are still unknown. Based on findings from studies of human autopsy cases, we review potential pathways and mechanisms related to axonal and transneuronal dissemination of tau (sporadic AD) and α-synuclein (sporadic PD) aggregates between anatomically interconnected regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Braak
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section/Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kelly Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section/Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yuyama K, Igarashi Y. Physiological and pathological roles of exosomes in the nervous system. Biomol Concepts 2016; 7:53-68. [PMID: 26812803 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2015-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes represent a subtype of extracellular nanovesicles that are generated from the luminal budding of limiting endosomal membranes and subsequent exocytosis. They encapsulate or associate with obsolete molecules to eliminate or to transfer their cargos in intercellular communication. The exosomes are also released and transported between neurons and glia in the nervous system, having a broad impact on nerve development, activation and regeneration. Accumulating evidence suggests that the exosomes are attributed to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases such as prion disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as aging, in which the exosomes lack the capacity for cellular self-repair and spread their enclosed pathological agents among neurons. In this article, we review the current proposed functions of exosomes in physiological and pathological processes in the nervous system.
Collapse
|
34
|
Bondurand N, Southard-Smith EM. Mouse models of Hirschsprung disease and other developmental disorders of the enteric nervous system: Old and new players. Dev Biol 2016; 417:139-57. [PMID: 27370713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, intestinal aganglionosis) is a multigenic disorder with variable penetrance and severity that has a general population incidence of 1/5000 live births. Studies using animal models have contributed to our understanding of the developmental origins of HSCR and the genetic complexity of this disease. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding control of enteric nervous system (ENS) development through analyses in mouse models. An overview of signaling pathways that have long been known to control the migration, proliferation and differentiation of enteric neural progenitors into and along the developing gut is provided as a framework for the latest information on factors that influence enteric ganglia formation and maintenance. Newly identified genes and additional factors beyond discrete genes that contribute to ENS pathology including regulatory sequences, miRNAs and environmental factors are also introduced. Finally, because HSCR has become a paradigm for complex oligogenic diseases with non-Mendelian inheritance, the importance of gene interactions, modifier genes, and initial studies on genetic background effects are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Bondurand
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 6, F-94000 Creteil, France; Universite Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Creteil, France.
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Eftekharzadeh B, Hyman BT, Wegmann S. Structural studies on the mechanism of protein aggregation in age related neurodegenerative diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 156:1-13. [PMID: 27005270 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The progression of many neurodegenerative diseases is assumed to be caused by misfolding of specific characteristic diseases related proteins, resulting in aggregation and fibril formation of these proteins. Protein misfolding associated age related diseases, although different in disease manifestations, share striking similarities. In all cases, one disease protein aggregates and loses its function or additionally shows a toxic gain of function. However, the clear link between these individual amyloid-like protein aggregates and cellular toxicity is often still uncertain. The similar features of protein misfolding and aggregation in this group of proteins, all involved in age related neurodegenerative diseases, results in high interest in characterization of their structural properties. We review here recent findings on structural properties of some age related disease proteins, in the context of their biological importance in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Eftekharzadeh
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Susanne Wegmann
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mulak A, Bonaz B. Brain-gut-microbiota axis in Parkinson's disease. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10609-10620. [PMID: 26457021 PMCID: PMC4588083 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i37.10609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by alpha-synucleinopathy that affects all levels of the brain-gut axis including the central, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems. Recently, it has been recognized that the brain-gut axis interactions are significantly modulated by the gut microbiota via immunological, neuroendocrine, and direct neural mechanisms. Dysregulation of the brain-gut-microbiota axis in PD may be associated with gastrointestinal manifestations frequently preceding motor symptoms, as well as with the pathogenesis of PD itself, supporting the hypothesis that the pathological process is spread from the gut to the brain. Excessive stimulation of the innate immune system resulting from gut dysbiosis and/or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and increased intestinal permeability may induce systemic inflammation, while activation of enteric neurons and enteric glial cells may contribute to the initiation of alpha-synuclein misfolding. Additionally, the adaptive immune system may be disturbed by bacterial proteins cross-reacting with human antigens. A better understanding of the brain-gut-microbiota axis interactions should bring a new insight in the pathophysiology of PD and permit an earlier diagnosis with a focus on peripheral biomarkers within the enteric nervous system. Novel therapeutic options aimed at modifying the gut microbiota composition and enhancing the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in PD patients could influence the initial step of the following cascade of neurodegeneration in PD.
Collapse
|
37
|
Benito-León J, Louis ED, Labiano-Fontcuberta A, Bermejo-Pareja F. Serious head trauma preceding essential tremor: A population-based study (NEDICES). J Neurol Sci 2015; 353:116-21. [PMID: 25958263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between head trauma and essential tremor (ET) has not been formally assessed. Our purpose was to assess the association between serious head trauma and ET. METHODS History of head trauma was assessed in 274 ET cases and 3201 controls in the Neurological Disorders in Central Spain (NEDICES) study, a population-based study in central Spain. Head trauma was defined as serious only if the subject reported that the trauma resulted in loss of consciousness, hospitalization, or a visit to the emergency department. RESULTS Thirty-two (11.7%) of 274 ET cases vs. 260 (8.1%) of 3201 controls reported a history of serious head trauma (p=0.04). In an adjusted logistic regression analysis, participants who reported serious head trauma were 52% more likely to have ET (odds ratio [OR] 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-2.27, p=0.04). The odds of ET increased with increasing age of head trauma: adjusted ORs=1.23 (95% CI 0.43-3.46, p = 0.70) for serious head trauma that occurred before age 18 years, adjusted OR=1.49 (95% CI 0.62-3.55, p = 0.37) for serious head trauma between ages 18 to 39 years, and adjusted OR=1.61 (95% CI 1.00-2.57, p = 0.04) for serious head trauma at age 40 years or older. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that serious head trauma, especially when it occurs after 40 years, is associated with increased odds of ET. Additional studies are needed to reproduce this novel finding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julián Benito-León
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Department of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elan D Louis
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Félix Bermejo-Pareja
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Department of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Avetisyan M, Schill EM, Heuckeroth RO. Building a second brain in the bowel. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:899-907. [PMID: 25664848 DOI: 10.1172/jci76307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is sometimes called the "second brain" because of the diversity of neuronal cell types and complex, integrated circuits that permit the ENS to autonomously regulate many processes in the bowel. Mechanisms supporting ENS development are intricate, with numerous proteins, small molecules, and nutrients that affect ENS morphogenesis and mature function. Damage to the ENS or developmental defects cause vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, growth failure, and early death. Here, we review molecular mechanisms and cellular processes that govern ENS development, identify areas in which more investigation is needed, and discuss the clinical implications of new basic research.
Collapse
|
39
|
Corradini BR, Iamashita P, Tampellini E, Farfel JM, Grinberg LT, Moreira-Filho CA. Complex network-driven view of genomic mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease: analyses in dorsal motor vagal nucleus, locus coeruleus, and substantia nigra. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:543673. [PMID: 25525598 PMCID: PMC4261556 DOI: 10.1155/2014/543673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD)—classically characterized by severe loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta—has a caudal-rostral progression, beginning in the dorsal motor vagal nucleus and, in a less extent, in the olfactory system, progressing to the midbrain and eventually to the basal forebrain and the neocortex. About 90% of the cases are idiopathic. To study the molecular mechanisms involved in idiopathic PD we conducted a comparative study of transcriptional interaction networks in the dorsal motor vagal nucleus (VA), locus coeruleus (LC), and substantia nigra (SN) of idiopathic PD in Braak stages 4-5 (PD) and disease-free controls (CT) using postmortem samples. Gene coexpression networks (GCNs) for each brain region (patients and controls) were obtained to identify highly connected relevant genes (hubs) and densely interconnected gene sets (modules). GCN analyses showed differences in topology and module composition between CT and PD networks for each anatomic region. In CT networks, VA, LC, and SN hub modules are predominantly associated with neuroprotection and homeostasis in the ageing brain, whereas in the patient's group, for the three brain regions, hub modules are mostly related to stress response and neuron survival/degeneration mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Raposo Corradini
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP), Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar 647, 5 Andar, 05403-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Iamashita
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP), Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar 647, 5 Andar, 05403-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edilaine Tampellini
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (BEHEEC), LIM 22, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, 05652-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Marcelo Farfel
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, 05652-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (BEHEEC), LIM 22, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Carlos Alberto Moreira-Filho
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP), Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar 647, 5 Andar, 05403-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Seidel K, Mahlke J, Siswanto S, Krüger R, Heinsen H, Auburger G, Bouzrou M, Grinberg LT, Wicht H, Korf HW, den Dunnen W, Rüb U. The brainstem pathologies of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Brain Pathol 2014; 25:121-35. [PMID: 24995389 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are among the human synucleinopathies, which show alpha-synuclein immunoreactive neuronal and/or glial aggregations and progressive neuronal loss in selected brain regions (eg, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, pedunculopontine nucleus). Despite several studies about brainstem pathologies in PD and DLB, there is currently no detailed information available regarding the presence of alpha-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions (i) in the cranial nerve, precerebellar, vestibular and oculomotor brainstem nuclei and (ii) in brainstem fiber tracts and oligodendroctyes. Therefore, we analyzed the inclusion pathologies in the brainstem nuclei (Lewy bodies, LB; Lewy neurites, LN; coiled bodies, CB) and fiber tracts (LN, CB) of PD and DLB patients. As reported in previous studies, LB and LN were most prevalent in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, pedunculopontine and raphe nuclei, periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus, parabrachial nuclei, reticular formation, prepositus hypoglossal, dorsal motor vagal and solitary nuclei. Additionally we were able to demonstrate LB and LN in all cranial nerve nuclei, premotor oculomotor, precerebellar and vestibular brainstem nuclei, as well as LN in all brainstem fiber tracts. CB were present in nearly all brainstem nuclei and brainstem fiber tracts containing LB and/or LN. These findings can contribute to a large variety of less well-explained PD and DLB symptoms (eg, gait and postural instability, impaired balance and postural reflexes, falls, ingestive and oculomotor dysfunctions) and point to the occurrence of disturbances of intra-axonal transport processes and transneuronal spread of the underlying pathological processes of PD and DLB along anatomical pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Seidel
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institute, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sato H, Kato T, Arawaka S. Potential of Cellular and Animal Models Based on a Prion-Like Propagation of α-Synuclein for Assessing Antiparkinson Agents. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:226-35. [PMID: 25143237 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs). LBs are intracellular inclusions typically found in these neurons and in noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus in patients with PD. However, LBs can be found more widely in neurons of the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord. Additionally, LBs appear in neurons of the cardiac, cutaneous, and intestinal autonomic nervous systems. LBs are composed of fibrillar aggregates of α-synuclein (α-syn). The widespread distribution of LBs indicates that α-syn aggregation occurs in neurons in various areas, supporting the concept that PD is not only a simple movement disorder but also a complex one with nonmotor impairments. However, it is unclear how α-syn pathology spreads in the nervous system. Postmortem analyses of patients with PD who received transplants of fetal mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons revealed LB formation in surviving grafts, providing a crucial clue regarding the host-to-graft disease propagation. Recent experiments demonstrated that fibrillar α-syn is transferred from neurons to neurons in cellular and animal models, suggesting that fibrillar α-syn is repeatedly generated in cells by triggering the continuous conversion of normal soluble species into fibrillar ones. These findings suggest a "prion-like" mechanism for α-syn propagation in the pathogenesis of PD. This review summarizes the experimental findings on the prion-like propagation of α-syn and discusses the potential of cellular and animal models for testing the protective effects of chemical agents against neurodegeneration in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Sato
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Greene JG. Causes and consequences of degeneration of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve in Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:649-67. [PMID: 24597973 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Parkinson's disease (PD) is no longer considered merely a movement disorder caused by degeneration of dopamine neurons in the midbrain. It is now recognized as a widespread neuropathological syndrome accompanied by a variety of motor and nonmotor clinical symptoms. As such, any hypothesis concerning PD pathogenesis and pathophysiology must account for the entire spectrum of disease and not solely focus on the dopamine system. RECENT ADVANCES Based on its anatomy and the intrinsic properties of its neurons, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) is uniquely vulnerable to damage from PD. Fibers in the vagus nerve course throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to and from the brainstem forming a close link between the peripheral and central nervous systems and a point of proximal contact between the environment and areas where PD pathology is believed to start. In addition, DMV neurons are under high levels of oxidative stress due to their high level of α-synuclein expression, fragile axons, and specific neuronal physiology. Moreover, several consequences of DMV damage, namely, GI dysfunction and unrestrained inflammation, may propagate a vicious cycle of injury affecting vulnerable brain regions. CRITICAL ISSUES Current evidence to suggest the vagal system plays a pivotal role in PD pathogenesis is circumstantial, but given the current state of the field, the time is ripe to obtain direct experimental evidence to better delineate it. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Better understanding of the DMV and vagus nerve may provide insight into PD pathogenesis and a neural highway with direct brain access that could be harnessed for novel therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James G Greene
- Department of Neurology, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Acetylcorynoline attenuates dopaminergic neuron degeneration and α-synuclein aggregation in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2014; 82:108-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
44
|
Goldman SM, Kamel F, Ross GW, Jewell SA, Marras C, Hoppin JA, Umbach DM, Bhudhikanok GS, Meng C, Korell M, Comyns K, Hauser RA, Jankovic J, Factor SA, Bressman S, Lyons KE, Sandler DP, Langston JW, Tanner CM. Peptidoglycan recognition protein genes and risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1171-80. [PMID: 24838182 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased gut permeability, inflammation, and colonic α-synuclein pathology are present in early Parkinson's disease (PD) and have been proposed to contribute to PD pathogenesis. Peptidoglycan is a structural component of the bacterial cell wall. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) maintain healthy gut microbial flora by regulating the immune response to both commensal and harmful bacteria. We tested the hypothesis that variants in genes that encode PGRPs are associated with PD risk. Participants in two independent case-control studies were genotyped for 30 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the four PGLYRP genes. Using logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for potential confounding variables, we conducted analyses in each study, separately and pooled. One SNP failed the assay, and three had little to no variation. The ORs were similar in both study populations. In pooled analyses, three of seven PGLYRP2 SNPs (rs3813135, rs733731, rs892145), one of five PGLYRP3 SNPs (rs2987763), and six of nine PGLYRP4 SNPs (rs10888557, rs12063091, rs3006440, rs3006448, rs3006458, and rs3014864) were significantly associated with PD risk. Association was strongest for PGLYRP4 5'untranslated region (UTR) SNP rs10888557 (GG reference, CG OR 0.6 [95%CI 0.4-0.9], CC OR 0.15 [95%CI 0.04-0.6]; log-additive P-trend, 0.0004). Common variants in PGLYRP genes are associated with PD risk in two independent studies. These results require replication, but they are consistent with hypotheses of a causative role for the gut microbiota and gastrointestinal immune response in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Goldman
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; The Parkinson's Institute, Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Renner M, Melki R. Protein aggregation and prionopathies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 62:162-8. [PMID: 24698014 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prion protein and prion-like proteins share a number of characteristics. From the molecular point of view, they are constitutive proteins that aggregate following conformational changes into insoluble particles. These particles escape the cellular clearance machinery and amplify by recruiting the soluble for of their constituting proteins. The resulting protein aggregates are responsible for a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jacob, Alzheimer, Parkinson and Huntington diseases. In addition, there are increasing evidences supporting the inter-cellular trafficking of these aggregates, meaning that they are "transmissible" between cells. There are also evidences that brain homogenates from individuals developing Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases propagate the disease in recipient model animals in a manner similar to brain extracts of patients developing Creutzfeldt-Jacob's disease. Thus, the propagation of protein aggregates from cell to cell may be a generic phenomenon that contributes to the evolution of neurodegenerative diseases, which has important consequences on human health issues. Moreover, although the distribution of protein aggregates is characteristic for each disease, new evidences indicate the possibility of overlaps and crosstalk between the different disorders. Despite the increasing evidences that support prion or prion-like propagation of protein aggregates, there are many unanswered questions regarding the mechanisms of toxicity and this is a field of intensive research nowadays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Renner
- Biologie cellulaire de la synapse, institut de biologie de l'École normale supérieure (IBENS), Inserm U1024 - CNRS 8197, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - R Melki
- Laboratoire d'enzymologie et biochimie structurales, CNRS UPR 3082, bâtiment 34, avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gardner RC, Yaffe K. Traumatic brain injury may increase risk of young onset dementia. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:339-41. [PMID: 24550062 PMCID: PMC4620926 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel C Gardner
- Departments of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fu RH, Harn HJ, Liu SP, Chen CS, Chang WL, Chen YM, Huang JE, Li RJ, Tsai SY, Hung HS, Shyu WC, Lin SZ, Wang YC. n-butylidenephthalide protects against dopaminergic neuron degeneration and α-synuclein accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans models of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85305. [PMID: 24416384 PMCID: PMC3885701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that impairs motor skills and cognitive function. To date, the disease has no effective therapies. The identification of new drugs that provide benefit in arresting the decline seen in PD patients is the focus of much recent study. However, the lengthy time frame for the progression of neurodegeneration in PD increases both the time and cost of examining potential therapeutic compounds in mammalian models. An alternative is to first evaluate the efficacy of compounds in Caenorhabditis elegans models, which reduces examination time from months to days. n-Butylidenephthalide is the naturally-occurring component derived from the chloroform extract of Angelica sinensis. It has been shown to have anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties, but no reports have yet described the effects of n-butylidenephthalide on PD. The aim of this study was to assess the potential for n-butylidenephthalide to improve PD in C. elegans models. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the current study, we employed a pharmacological strain that expresses green fluorescent protein specifically in dopaminergic neurons (BZ555) and a transgenic strain that expresses human α-synuclein in muscle cells (OW13) to investigate the antiparkinsonian activities of n-butylidenephthalide. Our results demonstrate that in PD animal models, n-butylidenephthalide significantly attenuates dopaminergic neuron degeneration induced by 6-hydroxydopamine; reduces α-synuclein accumulation; recovers lipid content, food-sensing behavior, and dopamine levels; and prolongs life-span of 6-hydroxydopamine treatment, thus revealing its potential as a possible antiparkinsonian drug. n-Butylidenephthalide may exert its effects by blocking egl-1 expression to inhibit apoptosis pathways and by raising rpn-6 expression to enhance the activity of proteasomes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE n-Butylidenephthalide may be one of the effective neuroprotective agents for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Huei Fu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Liu
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lin Chang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Mi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-En Huang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Jhu Li
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Yu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Shan Hung
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tainan Municipal An-Nan Hospital-China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Wang
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pathogenic mutations within the hydrophobic domain of the prion protein lead to the formation of protease-sensitive prion species with increased lethality. J Virol 2013; 88:2690-703. [PMID: 24352465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02720-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prion diseases are a group of fatal and incurable neurodegenerative diseases affecting both humans and animals. The principal mechanism of these diseases involves the misfolding the host-encoded cellular prion protein, PrP(C), into the disease-associated isoform, PrP(Sc). Familial forms of human prion disease include those associated with the mutations G114V and A117V, which lie in the hydrophobic domain of PrP. Here we have studied the murine homologues (G113V and A116V) of these mutations using cell-based and animal models of prion infection. Under normal circumstances, the mutant forms of PrP(C) share similar processing, cellular localization, and physicochemical properties with wild-type mouse PrP (MoPrP). However, upon exposure of susceptible cell lines expressing these mutants to infectious prions, very low levels of protease-resistant aggregated PrP(Sc) are formed. Subsequent mouse bioassay revealed high levels of infectivity present in these cells. Thus, these mutations appear to limit the formation of aggregated PrP(Sc), giving rise to the accumulation of a relatively soluble, protease sensitive, prion species that is highly neurotoxic. Given that these mutations lie next to the glycine-rich region of PrP that can abrogate prion infection, these findings provide further support for small, protease-sensitive prion species having a significant role in the progression of prion disease and that the hydrophobic domain is an important determinant of PrP conversion. IMPORTANCE Prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative diseases associated with an infectious agent called a prion. Prions are comprised of an abnormally folded form of the prion protein (PrP) that is normally resistant to enzymes called proteases. In humans, prion disease can occur in individuals who inherited mutations in the prion protein gene. Here we have studied the effects of two of these mutations and show that they influence the properties of the prions that can be formed. We show that the mutants make highly infectious prions that are more sensitive to protease treatment. This study highlights a certain region of the prion protein as being involved in this effect and demonstrates that prions are not always resistant to protease treatment.
Collapse
|
49
|
Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Saidi LJ, Wahlster L. Molecular chaperones and protein folding as therapeutic targets in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:79. [PMID: 24314025 PMCID: PMC4046681 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in protein metabolism are key to disease onset and progression in many neurodegenerative diseases. As a prime example, in Parkinson's disease, folding, post-translational modification and recycling of the synaptic protein α-synuclein are clearly altered, leading to a progressive accumulation of pathogenic protein species and the formation of intracellular inclusion bodies. Altered protein folding is one of the first steps of an increasingly understood cascade in which α-synuclein forms complex oligomers and finally distinct protein aggregates, termed Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. In neurons, an elaborated network of chaperone and co-chaperone proteins is instrumental in mediating protein folding and re-folding. In addition to their direct influence on client proteins, chaperones interact with protein degradation pathways such as the ubiquitin-proteasome-system or autophagy in order to ensure the effective removal of irreversibly misfolded and potentially pathogenic proteins. Because of the vital role of proper protein folding for protein homeostasis, a growing number of studies have evaluated the contribution of chaperone proteins to neurodegeneration. We herein review our current understanding of the involvement of chaperones, co-chaperones and chaperone-mediated autophagy in synucleinopathies with a focus on the Hsp90 and Hsp70 chaperone system. We discuss genetic and pathological studies in Parkinson's disease as well as experimental studies in models of synucleinopathies that explore molecular chaperones and protein degradation pathways as a novel therapeutic target. To this end, we examine the capacity of chaperones to prevent or modulate neurodegeneration and summarize the current progress in models of Parkinson's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
50
|
Ubeda-Bañon I, Saiz-Sanchez D, de la Rosa-Prieto C, Martinez-Marcos A. α-Synuclein in the olfactory system in Parkinson's disease: role of neural connections on spreading pathology. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:1513-26. [PMID: 24135772 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. Neuropathologically, intracellular aggregates of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites appear in particular brain areas according to a sequence of stages. Clinical diagnosis is usually established when motor symptoms are evident (corresponding to Braak stage III or later), years or even decades after onset of the disease. Research at early stages is therefore essential to understand the etiology of PD and improve treatment. Although classically considered as a motor disease, non-motor symptoms have recently gained interest. Olfactory deficits are among the earliest non-motor features of PD. Interestingly, α-synuclein deposits are present in the olfactory bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus at Braak stage I. Several lines of evidence have led to proposals that PD pathology spreads by a prion-like mechanism via the olfactory and vagal systems to the substantia nigra. In this context, current data on the temporal appearance of α-synuclein aggregates in the olfactory system of both humans and transgenic mice are of particular relevance. In addition to the proposed retrograde nigral involvement via brainstem nuclei, olfactory pathways could potentially reach the substantia nigra, and the possibility of centrifugal progression warrants investigation. This review analyzes the involvement of α-synuclein in different elements of the olfactory system, in both humans and transgenic models, from the hodological perspective of possible anterograde and/or retrograde progression of this proteinopathy within the olfactory system and beyond-to the substantia nigra and the remainder of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ubeda-Bañon
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. de Moledores s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|