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Schriek AI, Aldon YLT, van Gils MJ, de Taeye SW. Next-generation bNAbs for HIV-1 cure strategies. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105788. [PMID: 38158130 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the ability to suppress viral replication using anti-retroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 remains a global public health problem. Curative strategies for HIV-1 have to target and eradicate latently infected cells across the body, i.e. the viral reservoir. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) have the capacity to neutralize virions and bind to infected cells to initiate elimination of these cells. To improve the efficacy of bNAbs in terms of viral suppression and viral reservoir eradication, next generation antibodies (Abs) are being developed that address the current limitations of Ab treatment efficacy; (1) low antigen (Env) density on (reactivated) HIV-1 infected cells, (2) high viral genetic diversity, (3) exhaustion of immune cells and (4) short half-life of Abs. In this review we summarize and discuss preclinical and clinical studies in which anti-HIV-1 Abs demonstrated potent viral control, and describe the development of engineered Abs that could address the limitations described above. Next generation Abs with optimized effector function, avidity, effector cell recruitment and immune cell activation have the potential to contribute to an HIV-1 cure or durable control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Schriek
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Y L T Aldon
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J van Gils
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S W de Taeye
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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2
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Copertino DC, Holmberg CS, Weiler J, Ward AR, Howard JN, Levinger C, Pang AP, Corley MJ, Dündar F, Zumbo P, Betel D, Gandhi RT, McMahon DK, Bosch RJ, Linden N, Macatangay BJ, Cyktor JC, Eron JJ, Mellors JW, Kovacs C, Benko E, Bosque A, Jones RB. The latency-reversing agent HODHBt synergizes with IL-15 to enhance cytotoxic function of HIV-specific T cells. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e169028. [PMID: 37581929 PMCID: PMC10561764 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-15 is under clinical investigation toward the goal of curing HIV infection because of its abilities to reverse HIV latency and enhance immune effector function. However, increased potency through combination with other agents may be needed. 3-Hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (HODHBt) enhances IL-15-mediated latency reversal and NK cell function by increasing STAT5 activation. We hypothesized that HODHBt would also synergize with IL-15, via STAT5, to directly enhance HIV-specific cytotoxic T cell responses. We showed that ex vivo IL-15 + HODHBt treatment markedly enhanced HIV-specific granzyme B-releasing T cell responses in PBMCs from antiretroviral therapy-suppressed (ART-suppressed) donors. We also observed upregulation of antigen processing and presentation in CD4+ T cells and increased surface MHC-I. In ex vivo PBMCs, IL-15 + HODHBt was sufficient to reduce intact proviruses in 1 of 3 ART-suppressed donors. Our findings reveal the potential for second-generation IL-15 studies incorporating HODHBt-like therapeutics. Iterative studies layering on additional latency reversal or other agents are needed to achieve consistent ex vivo reservoir reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C. Copertino
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carissa S. Holmberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jared Weiler
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam R. Ward
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J. Natalie Howard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Callie Levinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alina P.S. Pang
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael J. Corley
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Friederike Dündar
- Applied Bioinformatics Core and
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Catenion GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Doron Betel
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Core and
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rajesh T. Gandhi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deborah K. McMahon
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noemi Linden
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bernard J. Macatangay
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua C. Cyktor
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John W. Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Priyadarsani Mandhata C, Ranjan Sahoo C, Nath Padhy R. A comprehensive overview on the role of phytocompounds in human immunodeficiency virus treatment. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2023:S2095-4964(23)00040-7. [PMID: 37244763 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a worldwide epidemic caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Newer medicines for eliminating the viral reservoir and eradicating the virus are urgently needed. Attempts to locate relatively safe and non-toxic medications from natural resources are ongoing now. Natural-product-based antiviral candidates have been exploited to a limited extent. However, antiviral research is inadequate to counteract for the resistant patterns. Plant-derived bioactive compounds hold promise as powerful pharmacophore scaffolds, which have shown anti-HIV potential. This review focuses on a consideration of the virus, various possible HIV-controlling methods and the recent progress in alternative natural compounds with anti-HIV activity, with a particular emphasis on recent results from natural sources of anti-HIV agents. Please cite this article as: Mandhata CP, Sahoo CR, Padhy RN. A comprehensive overview on the role of phytocompounds in human immunodeficiency virus treatment. J Integr Med. 2023; Epub ahead of print.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayee Priyadarsani Mandhata
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
| | - Chita Ranjan Sahoo
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
| | - Rabindra Nath Padhy
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India.
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4
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Anderko RR, Mailliard RB. Mapping the interplay between NK cells and HIV: therapeutic implications. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:109-138. [PMID: 36822173 PMCID: PMC10043732 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although highly effective at durably suppressing plasma HIV-1 viremia, combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment regimens do not eradicate the virus, which persists in long-lived CD4+ T cells. This latent viral reservoir serves as a source of plasma viral rebound following treatment interruption, thus requiring lifelong adherence to ART. Additionally, challenges remain related not only to access to therapy but also to a higher prevalence of comorbidities with an inflammatory etiology in treated HIV-1+ individuals, underscoring the need to explore therapeutic alternatives that achieve sustained virologic remission in the absence of ART. Natural killer (NK) cells are uniquely positioned to positively impact antiviral immunity, in part due to the pleiotropic nature of their effector functions, including the acquisition of memory-like features, and, therefore, hold great promise for transforming HIV-1 therapeutic modalities. In addition to defining the ability of NK cells to contribute to HIV-1 control, this review provides a basic immunologic understanding of the impact of HIV-1 infection and ART on the phenotypic and functional character of NK cells. We further delineate the qualities of "memory" NK cell populations, as well as the impact of HCMV on their induction and subsequent expansion in HIV-1 infection. We conclude by highlighting promising avenues for optimizing NK cell responses to improve HIV-1 control and effect a functional cure, including blockade of inhibitory NK receptors, TLR agonists to promote latency reversal and NK cell activation, CAR NK cells, BiKEs/TriKEs, and the role of HIV-1-specific bNAbs in NK cell-mediated ADCC activity against HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee R. Anderko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Robbie B. Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
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5
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Balakrishnan PB, Holmberg CS, Ledezma DK, Bosque A, Fernandes R. PolyIC-coated Prussian blue nanoparticles as a dual-mode HIV latency reversing agent. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:2159-2171. [PMID: 36734362 PMCID: PMC10061244 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) coated with the synthetic analog of dsRNA polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyIC) for their ability to function as HIV latency reversing agents. Methods: A layer-by-layer method was used to synthesize polyIC-coated PBNPs (polyIC-PBNPs). PolyIC-PBNPs were stable and monodisperse, maintained the native absorbance properties of both polyIC and PBNPs and were obtained with high nanoparticle collection yield and polyIC attachment efficiencies. Results: PolyIC-PBNPs were more effective in reactivating latent HIV than free polyIC in a cell model of HIV latency. Furthermore, polyIC-PBNPs were more effective in promoting immune activation than free polyIC in CD4 and CD8 T cells. Conclusion: PBNPs function as efficient carriers of nucleic acids to directly reverse HIV latency and enhance immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi B Balakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Science & Engineering Hall, Ste 8300, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Carissa S Holmberg
- The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall, Room 561, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Debbie K Ledezma
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Science & Engineering Hall, Ste 8300, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall, Room 561, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall, Room 561, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Rohan Fernandes
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Science & Engineering Hall, Ste 8300, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall, Room 561, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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6
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Cruz-Lorenzo E, Ramirez NGP, Lee J, Pandhe S, Wang L, Hernandez-Doria J, Spivak AM, Planelles V, Petersen T, Jain MK, Martinez ED, D’Orso I. Host Cell Redox Alterations Promote Latent HIV-1 Reactivation through Atypical Transcription Factor Cooperativity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102288. [PMID: 36298843 PMCID: PMC9612055 DOI: 10.3390/v14102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell state alterations rewire HIV-1 gene expression, thereby influencing viral latency and reactivation, but the mechanisms are still unfolding. Here, using a screen approach on CD4+ T cell models of HIV-1 latency, we revealed Small Molecule Reactivators (SMOREs) with unique chemistries altering the CD4+ T cell state and consequently promoting latent HIV-1 transcription and reactivation through an unprecedented mechanism of action. SMOREs triggered rapid oxidative stress and activated a redox-responsive program composed of cell-signaling kinases (MEK-ERK axis) and atypical transcription factor (AP-1 and HIF-1α) cooperativity. SMOREs induced an unusual AP-1 phosphorylation signature to promote AP-1/HIF-1α binding to the latent HIV-1 proviral genome for its activation. Consistently, latent HIV-1 reactivation was compromised with pharmacologic inhibition of oxidative stress sensing or of cell-signaling kinases, and transcription factor’s loss of expression, thus functionally linking the host redox-responsive program to viral transcriptional rewiring. Notably, SMOREs induced the redox program in primary CD4+ T cells and reactivated latent HIV-1 in aviremic patient samples alone and in combination with known latency-reversing agents, thus providing physiological relevance. Our findings suggest that manipulation of redox-sensitive pathways could be exploited to alter the course of HIV-1 latency, thus rendering host cells responsive to help achieve a sterilizing cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cruz-Lorenzo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nora-Guadalupe P. Ramirez
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeon Lee
- Lydia Hill Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sonali Pandhe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Juan Hernandez-Doria
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Adam M. Spivak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tianna Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mamta K. Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Parkland Health & Hospital System, 5200 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Elisabeth D. Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Iván D’Orso
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Sun L, Li M, Yang J, Li J. Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles for Management of Infectious Diseases: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Khan MA, Singh SK. Atom-based 3D-QSAR and DFT analysis of 5-substituted 2-acylaminothiazole derivatives as HIV-1 latency-reversing agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-16. [PMID: 35971967 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2112078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 latency consists of viral DNA; integrated inside the host genome; it remains transcriptional silent. Combined Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) and the host immune system fail to recognize the latency cells or reservoirs, representing a major barrier to eradicating the HIV-1 infection. The Shock and Kill emerged as a promising strategy to target these cells using Latency reversal agents (LRAs); partially succeeded in producing viral mRNA but failed to reduce the size of reservoirs. In this Context, 2-acylaminothiazole class derivatives appeared as promising HIV-1 latency-reversing agents. In this study, we have developed an atom-based 3 D-QSAR model by utilizing the 49 active compounds of the 5-substituted 2-acylaminothiazoles derivatives. These compounds are further randomly divided into training (37) and test (12) datasets, yielding statistically significant R2 (0.90) and Q2 (0.85) results, respectively. The internal and external validation of the model shows highly robust and reliable results. Next, the model was visualized to check the favourable and unfavourable groups in terms of hydrogen bond donor, electron-withdrawing and hydrophobic group on the most active compound 96 and least active compound 30. The investigated model reveals the structural insights required for obtaining more leads that are potent. Finally, DFT calculations on the most and least active compounds were performed to support the atom-based 3 D-QSAR model. Overall, this study will aid in understanding the minimum structural requirement and functional group required for screening the novel potent leads as HIV-1 latency reversal agents.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aqueel Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modelling Lab, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modelling Lab, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Macedo AB, Levinger C, Nguyen BN, Richard J, Gupta M, Cruz CRY, Finzi A, Chiappinelli KB, Crandall KA, Bosque A. The HIV Latency Reversal Agent HODHBt Enhances NK Cell Effector and Memory-Like Functions by Increasing Interleukin-15-Mediated STAT Activation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0037222. [PMID: 35867565 PMCID: PMC9364794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00372-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elimination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs is a critical endpoint to eradicate HIV. One therapeutic intervention against latent HIV is "shock and kill." This strategy is based on the transcriptional activation of latent HIV with a latency-reversing agent (LRA) with the consequent killing of the reactivated cell by either the cytopathic effect of HIV or the immune system. We have previously found that the small molecule 3-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (HODHBt) acts as an LRA by increasing signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factor activation mediated by interleukin-15 (IL-15) in cells isolated from aviremic participants. The IL-15 superagonist N-803 is currently under clinical investigation to eliminate latent reservoirs. IL-15 and N-803 share similar mechanisms of action by promoting the activation of STATs and have shown some promise in preclinical models directed toward HIV eradication. In this work, we evaluated the ability of HODHBt to enhance IL-15 signaling in natural killer (NK) cells and the biological consequences associated with increased STAT activation in NK cell effector and memory-like functions. We showed that HODHBt increased IL-15-mediated STAT phosphorylation in NK cells, resulting in increases in the secretion of CXCL-10 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and the expression of cytotoxic proteins, including granzyme B, granzyme A, perforin, granulysin, FASL, and TRAIL. This increased cytotoxic profile results in increased cytotoxicity against HIV-infected cells and different tumor cell lines. HODHBt also improved the generation of cytokine-induced memory-like NK cells. Overall, our data demonstrate that enhancing the magnitude of IL-15 signaling with HODHBt favors NK cell cytotoxicity and memory-like generation, and thus, targeting this pathway could be further explored for HIV cure interventions. IMPORTANCE Several clinical trials targeting the HIV latent reservoir with LRAs have been completed. In spite of a lack of clinical benefit, they have been crucial to elucidate hurdles that "shock and kill" strategies have to overcome to promote an effective reduction of the latent reservoir to lead to a cure. These hurdles include low reactivation potential mediated by LRAs, the negative influence of some LRAs on the activity of natural killer and effector CD8 T cells, an increased resistance to apoptosis of latently infected cells, and an exhausted immune system due to chronic inflammation. To that end, finding therapeutic strategies that can overcome some of these challenges could improve the outcome of shock and kill strategies aimed at HIV eradication. Here, we show that the LRA HODHBt also improves IL-15-mediated NK cell effector and memory-like functions. As such, pharmacological enhancement of IL-15-mediated STAT activation can open new therapeutic avenues toward an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Callie Levinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bryan N. Nguyen
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mamta Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Conrad Russell Y. Cruz
- GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katherine B. Chiappinelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Keith A. Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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de Jesus MSM, Macabeo APG, Ramos JDA, de Leon VNO, Asamitsu K, Okamoto T. Voacanga globosa Spirobisindole Alkaloids Exert Antiviral Activity in HIV Latently Infected Cell Lines by Targeting the NF-kB Cascade: In Vitro and In Silico Investigations. Molecules 2022; 27:1078. [PMID: 35164343 PMCID: PMC8840767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the efficiency in the transcription of the HIV genome contributes to the success of viral replication and infectivity, we investigated the downregulating effects of the spirobisindole alkaloids globospiramine (1), deoxyvobtusine (2), and vobtusine lactone (3) from the endemic Philippine medicinal plant, Voacanga globosa, during HIV gene transcription. Alkaloids 1-3 were explored for their inhibitory activity on TNF-α-induced viral replication in two latently HIV-infected cell lines, OM10.1 and J-Lat. The induction of HIV replication from OM10.1 and J-Lat cells elicited by TNF-α was blocked by globospiramine (1) within noncytotoxic concentrations. Furthermore, globospiramine (1) was found to target the NF-ĸB activation cascade in a dose-dependent manner when the transcriptional step at which inhibitory activity is exerted was examined in TNF-α-induced 293 human cells using transient reporter (luciferase) gene expression systems (HIV LTR-luc, ĸB-luc, and mutant ĸB-luc). Interrogation through molecular docking against the NF-ĸB p50/p65 heterodimer and target sites of the subunits comprising the IKK complex revealed high binding affinities of globospiramine (1) against the S281 pocket of the p65 subunit (BE = -9.2 kcal/mol) and the IKKα activation loop (BE = -9.1 kcal/mol). These findings suggest globospiramine (1) as a molecular inspiration to discover new alkaloid-based anti-HIV derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma. Sheila M. de Jesus
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines;
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines;
| | - Allan Patrick G. Macabeo
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines;
| | - John Donnie A. Ramos
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines;
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines;
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Laboratory, Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Von Novi O. de Leon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines;
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines;
| | - Kaori Asamitsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 4678601, Japan; (K.A.); (T.O.)
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 4678601, Japan; (K.A.); (T.O.)
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11
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Larragoite ET, Nell RA, Martins LJ, Barrows LR, Planelles V, Spivak AM. Histone deacetylase inhibition reduces deleterious cytokine release induced by ingenol stimulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 195:114844. [PMID: 34801521 PMCID: PMC8712404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Latency reversing agents (LRAs), such as protein kinase C (PKC) agonists, constitute a promising strategy for exposing and eliminating the HIV-1 latent reservoir. PKC agonists activate NF-κB and induce deleterious pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Adjuvant pharmacological agents, such as ruxolitinib, a JAK inhibitor, have previously been combined with LRAs to reduce deleterious pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion without inhibiting HIV-1 reactivation in vitro. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are known to dampen pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in the context of other diseases and synergize with LRAs to reactivate latent HIV-1. This study investigates whether a panel of epigenetic modifiers, including HDACi, could dampen PKC-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion during latency reversal. We screened an epigenetic modifier library for compounds that reduced intracellular IL-6 production induced by the PKC agonist Ingenol-3,20-dibenzoate. We further tested the most promising epigenetic inhibitor class, HDACi, for their ability to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactivate latent HIV-1 ex vivo. We identified nine epigenetic modulators that reduced PKC-induced intracellular IL-6. In cells from aviremic individuals living with HIV-1, the HDAC1-3 inhibitor, suberohydroxamic acid (SBHA), reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-5, IL-2r, and IL-17 but did not significantly reactivate latent HIV-1 when combined with Ingenol-3,20-dibenzoate. Combining SBHA and Ingenol-3,20-dibenzoate reduces deleterious cytokine production during latency reversal but does not induce significant viral reactivation in aviremic donor PBMCs. The ability of SBHA to reduce PKC-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines when combined with Ingenol-3,20-dibenzoate suggests SBHA can be used to reduced PKC induced pro-inflammatory cytokines but not to achieve latency reversal in the context of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin T. Larragoite
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Racheal A. Nell
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Laura J. Martins
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Louis R. Barrows
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Adam M. Spivak
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States, Corresponding Author: Adam M. Spivak, 50 North Medical Drive, Division of Infectious Diseases, Room 4B319, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, Phone: 801-587-1964, Fax: 801-585-3377,
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12
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Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. In Vivo Dynamics of the Latent Reservoir for HIV-1: New Insights and Implications for Cure. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 17:271-294. [PMID: 34736342 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-050520-112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reduce viremia to below the limit of detection and allow persons living with HIV-1 (PLWH) to lead relatively normal lives, viremia rebounds when treatment is interrupted. Rebound reflects viral persistence in a stable latent reservoir in resting CD4+ T cells. This reservoir is now recognized as the major barrier to cure and is the focus of intense international research efforts. Strategies to cure HIV-1 infection include interventions to eliminate this reservoir, to prevent viral rebound from the reservoir, or to enhance immune responses such that viral replication is effectively controlled. Here we consider recent developments in understanding the composition of the reservoir and how it can be measured in clinical studies. We also discuss exciting new insights into the in vivo dynamics of the reservoir and the reasons for its remarkable stability. Finally we discuss recent discoveries on the complex processes that govern viral rebound. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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13
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The Novel PKC Activator 10-Methyl-Aplog-1 Combined with JQ1 Induced Strong and Synergistic HIV Reactivation with Tolerable Global T Cell Activation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102037. [PMID: 34696466 PMCID: PMC8541327 DOI: 10.3390/v13102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of latent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs is a major obstacle to a cure. The “shock and kill” therapy is based on the concept that latent reservoirs in HIV carriers with antiretroviral therapy are reactivated by latency-reversing agents (LRAs), followed by elimination due to HIV-associated cell death or killing by virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Protein kinase C (PKC) activators are considered robust LRAs as they efficiently reactivate latently infected HIV. However, various adverse events hamper the intervention trial of PKC activators as LRAs. We found in this study that a novel PKC activator, 10-Methyl-aplog-1 (10MA-1), combined with an inhibitor of bromodomain and extra-terminal domain motifs, JQ1, strongly and synergistically reactivated latently infected HIV. Notably, higher concentrations of 10MA-1 alone induced the predominant side effect, i.e., global T cell activation as defined by CD25 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in primary CD4+ T lymphocytes; however, JQ1 efficiently suppressed the 10MA-1-induced side effect in a dose-dependent manner. Considering the reasonable accessibility and availability of 10MA-1 since the chemical synthesis of 10MA-1 requires fewer processes than that of bryostatin 1 or prostratin, our results suggest that the combination of 10MA-1 with JQ1 may be a promising pair of LRAs for the clinical application of the “shock and kill” therapy.
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14
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Lin A, Elbezanti WO, Schirling A, Ahmed A, Van Duyne R, Cocklin S, Klase Z. Alprazolam Prompts HIV-1 Transcriptional Reactivation and Enhances CTL Response Through RUNX1 Inhibition and STAT5 Activation. Front Neurol 2021; 12:663793. [PMID: 34367046 PMCID: PMC8339301 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.663793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 pandemic is a significant challenge to the field of medicine. Despite advancements in antiretroviral (ART) development, 38 million people worldwide still live with this disease without a cure. A significant barrier to the eradication of HIV-1 lies in the persistently latent pool that establishes early in the infection. The “shock and kill” strategy relies on the discovery of a latency-reversing agent (LRA) that can robustly reactivate the latent pool and not limit immune clearance. We have found that a benzodiazepine (BDZ), that is commonly prescribed for panic and anxiety disorder, to be an ideal candidate for latency reversal. The BDZ Alprazolam functions as an inhibitor of the transcription factor RUNX1, which negatively regulates HIV-1 transcription. In addition to the displacement of RUNX1 from the HIV-1 5′LTR, Alprazolam potentiates the activation of STAT5 and its recruitment to the viral promoter. The activation of STAT5 in cytotoxic T cells may enable immune activation which is independent of the IL-2 receptor. These findings have significance for the potential use of Alprazolam in a curative strategy and to addressing the neuroinflammation associated with neuroHIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Weam Othman Elbezanti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexis Schirling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,HIV-1 Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Adel Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rachel Van Duyne
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zachary Klase
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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15
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Brandt L, Cristinelli S, Ciuffi A. Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Heterogeneity of Virus Infection, Pathogenicity, and Host Responses: HIV as a Pioneering Example. Annu Rev Virol 2021; 7:333-350. [PMID: 32991268 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-021820-102458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While analyses of cell populations provide averaged information about viral infections, single-cell analyses offer individual consideration, thereby revealing a broad spectrum of diversity as well as identifying extreme phenotypes that can be exploited to further understand the complex virus-host interplay. Single-cell technologies applied in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection proved to be valuable tools to help uncover specific biomarkers as well as novel candidate players in virus-host interactions. This review aims at providing an updated overview of single-cell analyses in the field of HIV and acquired knowledge on HIV infection, latency, and host response. Although HIV is a pioneering example, similar single-cell approaches have proven to be valuable for elucidating the behavior and virus-host interplay in a range of other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Brandt
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Sara Cristinelli
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Angela Ciuffi
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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16
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Martin AR, Bender AM, Hackman J, Kwon KJ, Lynch BA, Bruno D, Martens C, Beg S, Florman SS, Desai N, Segev D, Laird GM, Siliciano JD, Quinn TC, Tobian AAR, Durand CM, Siliciano RF, Redd AD. Similar Frequency and Inducibility of Intact Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Proviruses in Blood and Lymph Nodes. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:258-268. [PMID: 33269401 PMCID: PMC8280486 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 latent reservoir (LR) in resting CD4+ T cells is a barrier to cure. LR measurements are commonly performed on blood samples and therefore may miss latently infected cells residing in tissues, including lymph nodes. METHODS We determined the frequency of intact HIV-1 proviruses and proviral inducibility in matched peripheral blood (PB) and lymph node (LN) samples from 10 HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) using the intact proviral DNA assay and a novel quantitative viral induction assay. Prominent viral sequences from induced viral RNA were characterized using a next-generation sequencing assay. RESULTS The frequencies of CD4+ T cells with intact proviruses were not significantly different in PB versus LN (61/106 vs 104/106 CD4+ cells), and they were substantially lower than frequencies of CD4+ T cells with defective proviruses. The frequencies of CD4+ T cells induced to produce high levels of viral RNA were not significantly different in PB versus LN (4.3/106 vs 7.9/106), but they were 14-fold lower than the frequencies of cells with intact proviruses. Sequencing of HIV-1 RNA from induced proviruses revealed comparable sequences in paired PB and LN samples. CONCLUSIONS These results further support the use of PB as an appropriate proxy for the HIV-1 LR in secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Martin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexandra M Bender
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jada Hackman
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyungyoon J Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Briana A Lynch
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Bruno
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Subul Beg
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Niraj Desai
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dorry Segev
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine M Durand
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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17
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Tsai YC, Nell RA, Buckendorf JE, Kúsz N, Mwangi PW, Berkecz R, Rédei D, Vasas A, Spivak AM, Hohmann J. Bioactive Compounds from Euphorbia usambarica Pax. with HIV-1 Latency Reversal Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070653. [PMID: 34358079 PMCID: PMC8308672 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Euphorbia usambarica is a traditional medicine used for gynecologic, endocrine, and urogenital illnesses in East Africa; however, its constituents and bioactivities have not been investigated. A variety of compounds isolated from Euphorbia species have been shown to have activity against latent HIV-1, the major source of HIV-1 persistence despite antiretroviral therapy. We performed bioactivity-guided isolation to identify 15 new diterpenoids (1–9, 14–17, 19, and 20) along with 16 known compounds from E. usambarica with HIV-1 latency reversal activity. Euphordraculoate C (1) exhibits a rare 6/6/3-fused ring system with a 2-methyl-2-cyclopentenone moiety. Usambariphanes A (2) and B (3) display an unusual lactone ring constructed between C-17 and C-2 in the jatrophane structure. 4β-Crotignoid K (14) revealed a 250-fold improvement in latency reversal activity compared to crotignoid K (13), identifying that configuration at the C-4 of tigliane diterpenoids is critical to HIV-1 latency reversal activity. The primary mechanism of the active diterpenoids 12–14 and 21 for the HIV-1 latency reversal activity was activation of PKC, while lignans 26 and 27 that did not increase CD69 expression, suggesting a non-PKC mechanism. Accordingly, natural constituents from E. usambarica have the potential to contribute to the development of HIV-1 eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Tsai
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Y.-C.T.); (N.K.); (D.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Racheal A. Nell
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (R.A.N.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Jonathan E. Buckendorf
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (R.A.N.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Norbert Kúsz
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Y.-C.T.); (N.K.); (D.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Peter Waweru Mwangi
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197-00100, Kenya;
| | - Róbert Berkecz
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Dóra Rédei
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Y.-C.T.); (N.K.); (D.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Andrea Vasas
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Y.-C.T.); (N.K.); (D.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Adam M. Spivak
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (R.A.N.); (J.E.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Judit Hohmann
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Y.-C.T.); (N.K.); (D.R.); (A.V.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: (A.M.S.); (J.H.)
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18
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Umotoy JC, de Taeye SW. Antibody Conjugates for Targeted Therapy Against HIV-1 as an Emerging Tool for HIV-1 Cure. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708806. [PMID: 34276704 PMCID: PMC8282362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have significantly improved the life expectancy of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) by suppressing HIV-1 replication, a cure for HIV/AIDS remains elusive. Recent findings of the emergence of drug resistance against various ART have resulted in an increased number of treatment failures, thus the development of novel strategies for HIV-1 cure is of immediate need. Antibody-based therapy is a well-established tool in the treatment of various diseases and the engineering of new antibody derivatives is expanding the realms of its application. An antibody-based carrier of anti-HIV-1 molecules, or antibody conjugates (ACs), could address the limitations of current HIV-1 ART by decreasing possible off-target effects, reduce toxicity, increasing the therapeutic index, and lowering production costs. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) with exceptional breadth and potency against HIV-1 are currently being explored to prevent or treat HIV-1 infection in the clinic. Moreover, bNAbs can be engineered to deliver cytotoxic or immune regulating molecules as ACs, further increasing its therapeutic potential for HIV-1 cure. ACs are currently an important component of anticancer treatment with several FDA-approved constructs, however, to date, no ACs are approved to treat viral infections. This review aims to outline the development of AC for HIV-1 cure, examine the variety of carriers and payloads used, and discuss the potential of ACs in the current HIV-1 cure landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Umotoy
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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19
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Yue Y, Li Y, Cui Y, Wang N, Huang Y, Cao W, Han Y, Zhu T, Lyu W, Xie J, Song X, Li Y, Wang T, Zhu T, Li T. Therapeutic prediction of HIV-1 DNA decay: a multicenter longitudinal cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:592. [PMID: 34157979 PMCID: PMC8218450 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors predicting peripheral blood total HIV-1 DNA size in chronically infected patients with successfully suppressed viremia remain unclear. Prognostic power of such factors are of clinical significance for making clinical decisions. METHODS Two sets of study populations were included: 490 China AIDS Clinical Trial (CACT) participants (Training cohort, followed up for 144 to 288 weeks) and 117 outpatients from Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) (Validation cohort, followed up for more than 96 weeks). All patients were chronically HIV-1-infected and achieved successful HIV-1 plasma RNA suppression within week 48. Total HIV-1 DNA in blood at baseline, 12, 24, 48, 96, 144 and 288 weeks after combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiation were quantified. Generalized estimating equations and logistic regression methods were used to derive and validate a predictive model of total HIV-1 DNA after 96 weeks of cART. RESULTS The total HIV-1 DNA rapidly decreased from baseline [median = 3.00 log10 copies/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)] to week 24 (median = 2.55 log10 copies/106 PBMCs), and leveled off afterwards. Of the 490 patients who had successful HIV-1 plasma RNA suppression by 96 w post-cART, 92 (18.8%) had a low total HIV-1 DNA count (< 100 copies/106 PBMCs) at week 96. In the predictive model, lower baseline total HIV-1 DNA [risk ratio (RR) = 0.08, per 1 log10 copies/106 PBMCs, P < 0.001] and higher baseline CD4+ T cell count (RR = 1.72, per 100 cells/μL, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with a low total HIV-1 DNA count at week 96. In an independent cohort of 117 patients, this model achieved a sensitivity of 75.00% and specificity of 69.52%. CONCLUSIONS Baseline total HIV-1 DNA and CD4+ T cell count are two independent predictors of total HIV-1 DNA after treatment. The derived model based on these two baseline factors provides a useful prognostic tool in predicting HIV-1 DNA reservoir control during cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsong Yue
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijia Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yizhi Cui
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Nidan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Lyu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Tuofu Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98104-2499, USA.
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the state of chronic, treated HIV infection and its contribution to accelerated aging, and to evaluate recent research relevant to the study and treatment of aging and senescence. RECENT FINDINGS Chronic treated HIV-1 infection is associated with significant risk of end-organ impairment, non-AIDS-associated malignancies, and accelerated physiologic aging. Coupled with the chronologic aging of the HIV-1-positive population, the development of therapies that target these processes is of great clinical importance. Age-related diseases are partly the result of cellular senescence. Both immune and nonimmune cell subsets are thought to mediate this senescent phenotype, a state of stable cell cycle arrest characterized by sustained release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Recent research in the field of aging has identified a number of 'senotherapeutics' to combat aging-related diseases, pharmacologic agents that act either by selectively promoting the death of senescent cells ('senolytics') or modifying senescent phenotype ('senomorphics'). SUMMARY Senescence is a hallmark of aging-related diseases that is characterized by stable cell cycle arrest and chronic inflammation. Chronic HIV-1 infection predisposes patients to aging-related illnesses and is similarly marked by a senescence-like phenotype. A better understanding of the role of HIV-1 in aging will inform the development of therapeutics aimed at eliminating senescent cells that drive accelerated physiologic aging.
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21
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Belshan M, Holbrook A, George JW, Durant HE, Callahan M, Jaquet S, West JT, Siedlik J, Ciborowski P. Discovery of candidate HIV-1 latency biomarkers using an OMICs approach. Virology 2021; 558:86-95. [PMID: 33735754 PMCID: PMC10171037 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with HIV-1 remains uncurable due to reservoirs of latently infected cells. Any potential cure for HIV will require a mechanism to identify and target these cells in vivo. We created a panel of Jurkat cell lines latently infected with the HIV DuoFlo virus to identify candidate biomarkers of latency. SWATH mass spectrometry was used to compare the membrane proteomes of one of the cell lines to parental Jurkat cells. Several candidate proteins with significantly altered expression were identified. The differential expression of several candidates was validated in multiple latently infected cell lines. Three factors (LAG-3, CD147,CD231) were altered across numerous cell lines, but the expression of most candidate biomarkers was variable. These results confirm that phenotypic differences in latently infected cells exists and identify additional novel biomarkers. The variable expression of biomarkers across different cell clones suggests universal antigen-based detection of latently infected cells may require a multiplex approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Belshan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Alexander Holbrook
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Joseph W George
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hannah E Durant
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael Callahan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Spencer Jaquet
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - John T West
- Department of Biochemistry, And the Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jacob Siedlik
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pawel Ciborowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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22
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Salgado M, Bosque A, Garrido C. Editorial: Immunotherapies Towards HIV Cure. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:655363. [PMID: 34046367 PMCID: PMC8144438 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.655363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Carolina Garrido
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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23
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Combinatorial Use of Both Epigenetic and Non-Epigenetic Mechanisms to Efficiently Reactivate HIV Latency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073697. [PMID: 33918134 PMCID: PMC8036438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of latent HIV provirus pools in different resting CD4+ cell subsets remains the greatest obstacle in the current efforts to treat and cure HIV infection. Recent efforts to purge out latently infected memory CD4+ T-cells using latency-reversing agents have failed in clinical trials. This review discusses the epigenetic and non-epigenetic mechanisms of HIV latency control, major limitations of the current approaches of using latency-reversing agents to reactivate HIV latency in resting CD4+ T-cells, and potential solutions to these limitations.
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24
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The Intact Non-Inducible Latent HIV-1 Reservoir is Established In an In Vitro Primary T CM Cell Model of Latency. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01297-20. [PMID: 33441346 PMCID: PMC8092701 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01297-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of HIV-1 latency has hindered an HIV-1 cure. "Shock and Kill" strategies to target this reservoir aim to induce the latent provirus with latency reversing agents (LRAs). However, recent studies have shown that the majority of the intact HIV-1 viral reservoir found in ART-suppressed HIV infected individuals is not inducible. We sought to understand whether this non-inducible reservoir is established, and thus able to be studied, in an in vitro primary TCM model of latency. Furthermore, we wanted to expand this model system to include R5-tropic and non-B subtype viruses. To that end, we generated our TCM model of latency with an R5 subtype B virus, AD8 and an R5 subtype C virus, MJ4. Our results demonstrate that both intact and defective proviruses are generated in this model. Less than 50% of intact proviruses are inducible regardless of viral strain in the context of maximal stimulation through the TCR or with different clinically relevant LRAs including the HDAC inhibitors SAHA and MS-275, the PKC agonist Ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate or the SMAC mimetic AZD-5582. Our findings suggest that current LRA strategies are insufficient to effectively reactivate intact latent HIV-1 proviruses in primary CD4 TCM cells and that the mechanisms involved in the generation of the non-inducible HIV-1 reservoir can be studied using this primary in vitro model.Importance: HIV-1 establishes a latent reservoir that persists under antiretroviral therapy. Antiretroviral therapy is able to stop the spread of the virus and the progression of the disease but does not target this latent reservoir. If antiretroviral therapy is stopped, the virus is able to resume replication and the disease progresses. Recently, it has been demonstrated that most of the latent reservoir capable of generating replication competent virus cannot be induced in the laboratory setting. However, the mechanisms that influence the generation of this intact and non-inducible latent reservoir are still under investigation. Here we demonstrate the generation of defective, intact and intact non-inducible latent HIV-1 in a TCM model of latency using different HIV-1 strains. Thus, the mechanisms which control inducibility can be studied using this primary cell model of latency, which may accelerate our understanding of the latent reservoir and the development of curative strategies.
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25
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Moranguinho I, Valente ST. Block-And-Lock: New Horizons for a Cure for HIV-1. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121443. [PMID: 33334019 PMCID: PMC7765451 DOI: 10.3390/v12121443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1/AIDS remains a global public health problem. The world health organization (WHO) reported at the end of 2019 that 38 million people were living with HIV-1 worldwide, of which only 67% were accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART). Despite great success in the clinical management of HIV-1 infection, ART does not eliminate the virus from the host genome. Instead, HIV-1 remains latent as a viral reservoir in any tissue containing resting memory CD4+ T cells. The elimination of these residual proviruses that can reseed full-blown infection upon treatment interruption remains the major barrier towards curing HIV-1. Novel approaches have recently been developed to excise or disrupt the virus from the host cells (e.g., gene editing with the CRISPR-Cas system) to permanently shut off transcription of the virus (block-and-lock and RNA interference strategies), or to reactivate the virus from cell reservoirs so that it can be eliminated by the immune system or cytopathic effects (shock-and-kill strategy). Here, we will review each of these approaches, with the major focus placed on the block-and-lock strategy.
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26
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Lin L, Yue YS, Wang ND, Wei LY, Han Y, Song XJ, Qiu ZF, Cao W, Li TS. Whole blood as an alternative to peripheral blood mononuclear cell for detection of total HIV-1 DNA. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:941. [PMID: 33302895 PMCID: PMC7727167 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A more time saving, convenient, reproducible, and scalable method is needed to assess total HIV-1 DNA levels. Methods Frozen whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples both 200 μl at the same point were used to detect total HIV-1 DNA. Automatic extraction of total HIV-1 DNA was used to ensure the consistency of sample extraction efficiency. The detection reagent was HIV-1 DNA quantitative detection kit and real-time quantitative PCR was utilized. Results Of the 44 included patients, 42 were male and 2 were female, with a median age of 33 years. Thirty-three cases were collected after receiving antiviral treatment, with a median duration of treatment of 3 months, and the other 11 cases were collected before antiviral treatment. The median viral load was 1.83 log10 copies/mL, the median CD4 and CD8 count were 94 and 680 cells/μL, and the median CD4/CD8 ratio was 0.18. The results of the two samples were 3.02 ± 0.39 log10 copies/106 PBMCs in PBMC samples and 3.05 ± 0.40 log10 copies/106 PBMCs in whole blood samples. The detection results of the two methods were highly correlated and consistent by using paired t test (P = 0.370), pearson correlation (r = 0.887, P < 0.0001) and intra-group correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.887, P < 0.0001) and bland-altman [4.55% points were outside the 95% limits of agreement (− 0.340 ~ 0.390)]. Conclusions The results of the whole blood sample test for total HIV-1 DNA are consistent with those of PBMC samples. In a clinical setting it is recommended to use whole blood samples directly for the evaluation of the HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yong-Song Yue
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ni-Dan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lei-Yan Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Qiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Tai-Sheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. .,Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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27
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Li Z, Hajian C, Greene WC. Identification of unrecognized host factors promoting HIV-1 latency. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009055. [PMID: 33270809 PMCID: PMC7714144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To counter HIV latency, it is important to develop a better understanding of the full range of host factors promoting latency. Their identification could suggest new strategies to reactivate latent proviruses and subsequently kill the host cells (“shock and kill”), or to permanently silence these latent proviruses (“block and lock”). We recently developed a screening strategy termed “Reiterative Enrichment and Authentication of CRISPRi Targets” (REACT) that can unambiguously identify host genes promoting HIV latency, even in the presence of high background “noise” produced by the stochastic nature of HIV reactivation. After applying this strategy in four cell lines displaying different levels of HIV inducibility, we identified FTSJ3, TMEM178A, NICN1 and the Integrator Complex as host genes promoting HIV latency. shRNA knockdown of these four repressive factors significantly enhances HIV expression in primary CD4 T cells, and active HIV infection is preferentially found in cells expressing lower levels of these four factors. Mechanistically, we found that downregulation of these newly identified host inhibitors stimulates different stages of RNA Polymerase II-mediated transcription of HIV-1. The identification and validation of these new host inhibitors provide insight into the novel mechanisms that maintain HIV latency even when cells are activated and undergo cell division. The presence of a pool of latent HIV proviruses currently thwarts a cure for HIV-infected individuals. This “latent reservoir” is primarily composed of CD4 T cells that are infected with HIV but are indistinguishable from an uninfected T cell due to a lack of viral gene expression even when the cells are activated and undergo proliferation. This finding suggests there are powerful cellular mechanisms that hold HIV transcription in check even in stimulated cells allowing latent proviruses to remain hidden. Our goal was to identify and characterize these “unknown cellular factors”. We conducted genome-wide CRISPRi screens in multiple latently infected cell lines where each cell line displayed a different depth of latency as assessed by responsiveness to latency reversing agents. Application of our recently developed iterative screening strategy (REACT) allowed us to unambiguously identify and confirm four host factors that promote HIV latency. The latency promoting activity of these four factors (FTSJ3, TMEM178A, NICN1 and the Integrator Complex) were further validated in primary CD4 T cells, where their knockdown by shRNA significantly enhances latent HIV reactivation. In addition, we found that HIV infection preferentially occurs in cells expressing lower levels of these four factors. Mechanistically, our findings suggest that the newly identified host inhibitors likely block HIV transcription through different mechanisms. The identification and validation of these host inhibitors provides important new insights into how latency is maintained in T cells that could be useful for either activating and eliminating latently infected cells (“shock and kill”), or permanently silencing the integrated latent proviruses (“block and lock”).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichong Li
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cyrus Hajian
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Santa Rosa Junior College, Santa Rosa, California, United States of America
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Sahay B, Mergia A. The Potential Contribution of Caveolin 1 to HIV Latent Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110896. [PMID: 33121153 PMCID: PMC7692328 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) suppresses HIV replication to undetectable levels and has been effective in prolonging the lives of HIV infected individuals. However, cART is not capable of eradicating HIV from infected individuals mainly due to HIV’s persistence in small reservoirs of latently infected resting cells. Latent infection occurs when the HIV-1 provirus becomes transcriptionally inactive and several mechanisms that contribute to the silencing of HIV transcription have been described. Despite these advances, latent infection remains a major hurdle to cure HIV infected individuals. Therefore, there is a need for more understanding of novel mechanisms that are associated with latent infection to purge HIV from infected individuals thoroughly. Caveolin 1(Cav-1) is a multifaceted functional protein expressed in many cell types. The expression of Cav-1 in lymphocytes has been controversial. Recent evidence, however, convincingly established the expression of Cav-1 in lymphocytes. In lieu of this finding, the current review examines the potential role of Cav-1 in HIV latent infection and provides a perspective that helps uncover new insights to understand HIV latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayalew Mergia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +352-294-4139; Fax: +352-392-9704
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the potential use of senotherapeutics, pharmacologic agents that target senescent cells, in addressing HIV-1 persistence. RECENT FINDINGS Treated HIV-1 infection results in a state of immune exhaustion, which may involve reprogramming of infected and bystander cells toward a state of cellular senescence. Aging research has recently uncovered pathways that make senescent cells uniquely susceptible to pharmacologic intervention. Specific compounds, known as senotherapeutics, have been identified that interrupt pathways senescent cells depend on for survival. Several of these pathways are important in modulating the cellular microenvironment in chronically and latently infected cells. Strategies targeting these pathways may prove useful in combating both HIV-1 persistence and HIV-1-associated immune exhaustion. Senotherapeutics have recently been described as potential therapeutics for aging-associated diseases driven by senescent cells. Recently, correlations have emerged between HIV-1 infection, senescence, lifelong chronic infection, and viral persistence. New insights and therapies targeting cellular senescence may offer a novel strategy to address both HIV-1 persistence and immune exhaustion induced by chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Szaniawski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, Room 4B319, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Adam M Spivak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, Room 4B319, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
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30
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Olson A, Basukala B, Lee S, Gagne M, Wong WW, Henderson AJ. Targeted Chromatinization and Repression of HIV-1 Provirus Transcription with Repurposed CRISPR/Cas9. Viruses 2020; 12:E1154. [PMID: 33053801 PMCID: PMC7600714 DOI: 10.3390/v12101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The major barrier to HIV-1 cure is the persistence of latent provirus, which is not eradicated by antiretroviral therapy. The "shock and kill" approach entails stimulating viral production with latency-reversing agents followed by the killing of cells actively producing the virus by immune clearance. However, this approach does not induce all intact proviruses, leaving a residual reservoir. CRISPR/Cas9 has been utilized to excise integrated Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) DNA from infected cells in an RNA-guided, sequence-specific manner. Here, we seek to epigenetically silence the proviral DNA by introducing nuclease-deficient disabled Cas9 (dCas9) coupled with a transcriptional repressor domain derived from Kruppel-associated box (KRAB). We show that specific guide RNAs (gRNAs) and dCas9-KRAB repress HIV-1 transcription and reactivation of latent HIV-1 provirus. This repression is correlated with chromatin changes, including decreased H3 histone acetylation and increased histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation, histone marks that are associated with transcriptional repression. dCas9-KRAB-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 transcription suggests that CRISPR can be engineered as a tool for block-and-lock strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Olson
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (A.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Binita Basukala
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Biomedical Engineering and Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.L.); (W.W.W.)
| | - Matthew Gagne
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (A.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Wilson W. Wong
- Biomedical Engineering and Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.L.); (W.W.W.)
| | - Andrew J. Henderson
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (A.O.); (M.G.)
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CD4 + T Cell-Mimicking Nanoparticles Broadly Neutralize HIV-1 and Suppress Viral Replication through Autophagy. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00903-20. [PMID: 32934078 PMCID: PMC7492730 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00903-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is a major global health challenge. The development of an effective vaccine and/or a therapeutic cure is a top priority. The creation of vaccines that focus an antibody response toward a particular epitope of a protein has shown promise, but the genetic diversity of HIV-1 hinders this progress. Here we developed an approach using nanoengineered CD4+ T cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (TNP). Not only do TNP effectively neutralize all strains of HIV-1, but they also selectively bind to infected cells and decrease the release of HIV-1 particles through an autophagy-dependent mechanism with no drug-induced off-target or cytotoxic effects on bystander cells. Therapeutic strategies that provide effective and broad‐spectrum neutralization against HIV-1 infection are highly desirable. Here, we investigate the potential of nanoengineered CD4+ T cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (TNP) to neutralize a broad range of HIV-1 strains. TNP displayed outstanding neutralizing breadth and potency; they neutralized all 125 HIV-1-pseudotyped viruses tested, including global subtypes/recombinant forms, and transmitted/founder viruses, with a geometric mean 80% inhibitory concentration (IC80) of 819 μg ml−1 (range, 72 to 8,570 μg ml−1). TNP also selectively bound to and induced autophagy in HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells and macrophages, while having no effect on uninfected cells. This TNP-mediated autophagy inhibited viral release and reduced cell-associated HIV-1 in a dose- and phospholipase D1-dependent manner. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of autophagy ablated this effect. Thus, we can use TNP as therapeutic agents to neutralize cell-free HIV-1 and to target HIV-1 gp120-expressing cells to decrease the HIV-1 reservoir.
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32
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A novel selective histone deacetylase I inhibitor CC-4a activates latent HIV-1 through NF-κB pathway. Life Sci 2020; 267:118427. [PMID: 32941894 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The fact that HIV-1 inside human bodies can perform reverse transcription and integrate resultant DNA into host chromosome remains a challenge in AIDS treatment. "Shock and kill" strategy was proposed to achieve the functional cure, which requested latency reactivating agents (LRAs) to reactivate latent HIV-1 and then extirpate viruses and infected cells with antiviral agents and the immune system. However, there are no feasible LRAs clinically applied. Herein, we examined a synthesized HDAC I inhibitor, CC-4a, in reactivating latent HIV-1 and investigated its mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two HIV-1 infected cell models and human PBMCs were used in this study. Flow cytometry, ELISA, luciferase, and RT-PCR assay were used to analyze the expression of viral protein and mRNA. The mechanisms were explored by using cytoplasmic nuclear protein isolation and western blotting assays. KEY FINDINGS CC-4a could successfully reactivate latent HIV-1 at the protein and gene levels with low cytotoxicity. Intriguingly, CC-4a showed the ability to induce apoptosis in HIV-1 infected cell models. CC-4a exerted a synergistic activation effect with prostratin without triggering global T cell activation and inflammatory factor storm. It was further found that CC-4a down-regulated the expressions of CCR5 and CD4. Moreover, CC-4a together with antiviral drugs was proved to antagonize HIV-1 without mutual interference. Finally, the enhanced histone acetylation and activated NF-κB pathway were detected in CC-4a mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE The results suggested that CC-4a activated latent HIV-1 and showed promising clinical applications, demonstrating that CC-4a played a role in HIV-1 eradication in "shock and kill" strategy.
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Perdigão PR, Cunha-Santos C, Barbas CF, Santa-Marta M, Goncalves J. Protein Delivery of Cell-Penetrating Zinc-Finger Activators Stimulates Latent HIV-1-Infected Cells. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:145-158. [PMID: 32637446 PMCID: PMC7317221 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite efforts to develop effective treatments for eradicating HIV-1, a cure has not yet been achieved. Whereas antiretroviral drugs target an actively replicating virus, latent, nonreplicative forms persist during treatment. Pharmacological strategies that reactivate latent HIV-1 and expose cellular reservoirs to antiretroviral therapy and the host immune system have, so far, been unsuccessful, often triggering severe side effects, mainly due to systemic immune activation. Here, we present an alternative approach for stimulating latent HIV-1 expression via direct protein delivery of cell-penetrating zinc-finger activators (ZFAs). Cys2-His2 zinc-fingers, fused to a transcription activation domain, were engineered to recognize the HIV-1 promoter and induce targeted viral transcription. Following conjugation with multiple positively charged nuclear localization signal (NLS) repeats, protein delivery of a single ZFA (3NLS-PBS1-VP64) efficiently internalized HIV-1 latently infected T-lymphocytes and specifically stimulated viral expression. We show that short-term treatment with this ZFA protein induces higher levels of viral reactivation in cell line models of HIV-1 latency than those observed with gene delivery. Our work establishes protein delivery of ZFA as a novel and safe approach toward eradication of HIV-1 reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro R.L. Perdigão
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Catarina Cunha-Santos
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos F. Barbas
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Santa-Marta
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joao Goncalves
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Campbell GR, To RK, Zhang G, Spector SA. SMAC mimetics induce autophagy-dependent apoptosis of HIV-1-infected macrophages. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:590. [PMID: 32719312 PMCID: PMC7385130 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV)-infected macrophages (HIV-Mφ) are a reservoir for latent HIV infection and a barrier to HIV eradication. In contrast to CD4+ T cells, HIV-Mφ are resistant to the cytopathic effects of acute HIV infection and have increased expression of cell survival factors, including X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), baculoviral IAP repeat containing (BIRC) 2/cIAP1, beclin-1, BCL2, BCL-xl, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1, mitofusin (MFN) 1, and MFN2. DIABLO/SMAC mimetics are therapeutic agents that affect cancer cell survival and induce cell death. We found that DIABLO/SMAC mimetics (LCL-161, AT-406 (also known as SM-406 or Debio 1143), and birinapant) selectively kill HIV-Mφ without increasing bystander cell death. DIABLO/SMAC mimetic treatment of HIV-Mφ-induced XIAP and BIRC2 degradation, leading to the induction of autophagy and the formation of a death-inducing signaling complex on phagophore membranes that includes both pro-apoptotic or necroptotic (FADD, receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 1, RIPK3, caspase 8, and MLKL) and autophagy (ATG5, ATG7, and SQSTM1) proteins. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of early stages of autophagy, but not late stages of autophagy, ablated this interaction and inhibited apoptosis. Furthermore, DIABLO/SMAC mimetic-mediated apoptosis of HIV-Mφ is dependent upon tumor necrosis factor signaling. Our findings thus demonstrate that DIABLO/SMAC mimetics selectively induce autophagy-dependent apoptosis in HIV-Mφ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Rachel K To
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gang Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Fridman I, Ubel PA, Blumenthal-Barby J, England CV, Currier JS, Eyal N, Freedberg KA, Halpern SD, Kelley CF, Kuritzkes DR, Le CN, Lennox JL, Pollak KI, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Scherr KA. "Cure" Versus "Clinical Remission": The Impact of a Medication Description on the Willingness of People Living with HIV to Take a Medication. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:2054-2061. [PMID: 31900813 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many people living with HIV (PLWHIV) state that they would be willing to take significant risks to be "cured" of the virus. However, how they interpret the word "cure" in this context is not clear. We used a randomized survey to examine whether PLWHIV had a different willingness to take a hypothetical HIV medication if it causes flu-like symptoms, but provides: (a) cure, (b) remission that was labeled "cure", or (c) remission. PLWHIV (n = 454) were more willing to take a medication that provided a "cure" versus a "remission" if the side effects lasted less than 1 year. PLWHIV were more willing to take a medication that provided a remission that was labeled "cure" versus a "remission" (p = 0.01) if the side effects lasted 2 weeks. Clinicians and researchers should be aware of the impact of the word "cure" and ensure that PLWHIV fully understand the possible outcomes of their treatment options.
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Pache L, Marsden MD, Teriete P, Portillo AJ, Heimann D, Kim JT, Soliman MS, Dimapasoc M, Carmona C, Celeridad M, Spivak AM, Planelles V, Cosford ND, Zack JA, Chanda SK. Pharmacological Activation of Non-canonical NF-κB Signaling Activates Latent HIV-1 Reservoirs In Vivo. Cell Rep Med 2020; 1:100037. [PMID: 33205060 PMCID: PMC7659604 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
"Shock and kill" strategies focus on purging the latent HIV-1 reservoir by treating infected individuals with therapeutics that activate the latent virus and subsequently eliminating infected cells. We have previously reported that induction of non-canonical nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling through a class of small-molecule antagonists known as Smac mimetics can reverse HIV-1 latency. Here, we describe the development of Ciapavir (SBI-0953294), a molecule specifically optimized for HIV-1 latency reversal that was found to be more efficacious as a latency-reversing agent than other Smac mimetics under clinical development for cancer. Critically, this molecule induced activation of HIV-1 reservoirs in vivo in a bone marrow, liver, thymus (BLT) humanized mouse model without mediating systemic T cell activation. This study provides proof of concept for the in vivo efficacy and safety of Ciapavir and indicates that Smac mimetics can constitute a critical component of a safe and efficacious treatment strategy to eliminate the latent HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Pache
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew D. Marsden
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Teriete
- Cell Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alex J. Portillo
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dominik Heimann
- Cell Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jocelyn T. Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mohamed S.A. Soliman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Melanie Dimapasoc
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Camille Carmona
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maria Celeridad
- Cell Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adam M. Spivak
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nicholas D.P. Cosford
- Cell Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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De la Torre-Tarazona HE, Jiménez R, Bueno P, Camarero S, Román L, Fernández-García JL, Beltrán M, Nothias LF, Cachet X, Paolini J, Litaudon M, Alcami J, Bedoya LM. 4-Deoxyphorbol inhibits HIV-1 infection in synergism with antiretroviral drugs and reactivates viral reservoirs through PKC/MEK activation synergizing with vorinostat. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113937. [PMID: 32224142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Latent HIV reservoirs are the main obstacle to eradicate HIV infection. One strategy proposes to eliminate these viral reservoirs by pharmacologically reactivating the latently infected T cells. We show here that a 4-deoxyphorbol ester derivative isolated from Euphorbia amygdaloides ssp. semiperfoliata, 4β-dPE A, reactivates HIV-1 from latency and could potentially contribute to decrease the viral reservoir. 4β-dPE A shows two effects in the HIV replication cycle, infection inhibition and HIV transactivation, similarly to other phorboids PKC agonists such PMA and prostratin and to other diterpene esters such SJ23B. Our data suggest 4β-dPE A is non-tumorigenic, unlike the related compound PMA. As the compounds are highly similar, the lack of tumorigenicity by 4β-dPE A could be due to the lack of a long side lipophilic chain that is present in PMA. 4β-dPE activates HIV transcription at nanomolar concentrations, lower than the concentration needed by other latency reversing agents (LRAs) such as prostratin and similar to bryostatin. PKCθ/MEK activation is required for the transcriptional activity, and thus, anti-latency activity of 4β-dPE A. However, CD4, CXCR4 and CCR5 receptors down-regulation effect seems to be independent of PCK/MEK, suggesting the existence of at least two different targets for 4β-dPE A. Furthermore, NF-κb transcription factor is involved in 4β-dPE HIV reactivation, as previously shown for other PKCs agonists. We also studied the effects of 4β-dPE A in combination with other LRAs. When 4β-dPE A was combined with another PKC agonists such as prostratin an antagonic effect was achieved, while, when combined with an HDAC inhibitor such as vorinostat, a strong synergistic effect was obtained. Interestingly, the latency reversing effect of the combination was synergistically diminishing the EC50 value but also increasing the efficacy showed by the drugs alone. In addition, combinations of 4β-dPE A with antiretroviral drugs as CCR5 antagonist, NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs, showed a consistent synergistic effect, suggesting that the combination would not interefer with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Finally, 4β-dPE A induced latent HIV reactivation in CD4 + T cells of infected patients under ART at similar levels than the tumorigenic phorbol derivative PMA, showing a clear reactivation effect. In summary, we describe here the mechanism of action of a new potent deoxyphorbol derivative as a latency reversing agent candidate to decrease the size of HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E De la Torre-Tarazona
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Jiménez
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Bueno
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Camarero
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain
| | - L Román
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Fernández-García
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain; Pharmacology Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pz. Ramón Y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Beltrán
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain
| | - L F Nothias
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, University of Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - X Cachet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, University of Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CiTCoM Laboratory, UMR 8038 CNRS-University of Paris, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - J Paolini
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, CNRS, UMR SPE 6134, University of Corsica, 20250 Corte, France
| | - M Litaudon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, University of Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain; Infectious Diseases Unit, IBIDAPS, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | - L M Bedoya
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2. Majadahonda, 28224 Madrid, Spain; Pharmacology Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pz. Ramón Y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Role of Dendritic Cells in Exposing Latent HIV-1 for the Kill. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010037. [PMID: 31905690 PMCID: PMC7019604 DOI: 10.3390/v12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective yet nontoxic strategies to target the latent human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) reservoir in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed individuals poses a critical barrier to a functional cure. The ‘kick and kill’ approach to HIV eradication entails proviral reactivation during ART, coupled with generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or other immune effectors equipped to eliminate exposed infected cells. Pharmacological latency reversal agents (LRAs) that have produced modest reductions in the latent reservoir ex vivo have not impacted levels of proviral DNA in HIV-infected individuals. An optimal cure strategy incorporates methods that facilitate sufficient antigen exposure on reactivated cells following the induction of proviral gene expression, as well as the elimination of infected targets by either polyfunctional HIV-specific CTLs or other immune-based strategies. Although conventional dendritic cells (DCs) have been used extensively for the purpose of inducing antigen-specific CTL responses in HIV-1 clinical trials, their immunotherapeutic potential as cellular LRAs has been largely ignored. In this review, we discuss the challenges associated with current HIV-1 eradication strategies, as well as the unharnessed potential of ex vivo-programmed DCs for both the ‘kick and kill’ of latent HIV-1.
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HIV-1 Latency and Latency Reversal: Does Subtype Matter? Viruses 2019; 11:v11121104. [PMID: 31795223 PMCID: PMC6950696 DOI: 10.3390/v11121104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells that are latently infected with HIV-1 preclude an HIV-1 cure, as antiretroviral therapy does not target this latent population. HIV-1 is highly genetically diverse, with over 10 subtypes and numerous recombinant forms circulating worldwide. In spite of this vast diversity, much of our understanding of latency and latency reversal is largely based on subtype B viruses. As such, most of the development of cure strategies targeting HIV-1 are solely based on subtype B. It is currently assumed that subtype does not influence the establishment or reactivation of latent viruses. However, this has not been conclusively proven one way or the other. A better understanding of the factors that influence HIV-1 latency in all viral subtypes will help develop therapeutic strategies that can be applied worldwide. Here, we review the latest literature on subtype-specific factors that affect viral replication, pathogenesis, and, most importantly, latency and its reversal.
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TREM-1 Protects HIV-1-Infected Macrophages from Apoptosis through Maintenance of Mitochondrial Function. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02638-19. [PMID: 31719184 PMCID: PMC6851287 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02638-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The major challenge to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment is the development of strategies that lead to viral eradication. A roadblock to accomplishing this goal is the lack of an approach that would safely eliminate HIV from all resting/latent reservoirs, including macrophages. Macrophages are a key part of the innate immune system and are responsible for recognizing invading microbes and sending appropriate signals to other immune cells. Here, we found that HIV induces the upregulation of the protein TREM1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1), which signals an increase in the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, thus promoting survival of HIV-infected macrophages. Macrophages are a reservoir for latent human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV) infection and a barrier to HIV eradication. In contrast to CD4+ T cells, macrophages are resistant to the cytopathic effects of acute HIV infection. Emerging data suggest a role for TREM1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1) in this resistance to HIV-mediated cytopathogenesis. Here, we show that upon HIV infection, macrophages increase the expression of BCL2, BCLXL, TREM1, mitofusin 1 (MFN1), and MFN2 and the translocation of BCL2L11 (BIM) to the mitochondria and decrease the expression of BCL2-associated agonist of cell death (BAD) and BAX while maintaining a 95% survival rate over 28 days. The HIV proteins Tat and gp120 and the GU-rich single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) (RNA40) from the HIV long terminal repeat region (and a natural Toll-like receptor 8 [TLR8] agonist) induced similar effects. TREM1 silencing in HIV-infected macrophages led to decreased expression of BCL2, BCLXL, MFN1, and MFN2 and increased expression of BAD and BAX. This correlated with a significant increase in apoptosis mediated by a disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), leading to the release of cytochrome c and caspase 9 cleavage. Exposure of TREM1-silenced macrophages to Tat, gp120, or RNA40 similarly resulted in the disruption of Δψm, cytochrome c release, caspase 9 cleavage, and apoptosis. Thus, our findings identify a mechanism whereby HIV promotes macrophage survival through TREM1-dependent upregulation of BCL2 family proteins and mitofusins that inhibits BCL2L11-mediated disruption of Δψm and subsequent apoptosis. These findings indicate that TREM1 can be a useful target for elimination of the HIV reservoir in macrophages.
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Macedo AB, Novis CL, Bosque A. Targeting Cellular and Tissue HIV Reservoirs With Toll-Like Receptor Agonists. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2450. [PMID: 31681325 PMCID: PMC6804373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The elimination of both cellular and tissue latent reservoirs is a challenge toward a successful HIV cure. "Shock and Kill" are among the therapeutic strategies that have been more extensively studied to target these reservoirs. These strategies are aimed toward the reactivation of the latent reservoir using a latency-reversal agent (LRA) with the subsequent killing of the reactivated cell either by the cytotoxic arm of the immune system, including NK and CD8 T cells, or by viral cytopathic mechanisms. Numerous LRAs are currently being investigated in vitro, ex vivo as well as in vivo for their ability to reactivate and reduce latent reservoirs. Among those, several toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been shown to reactivate latent HIV. In humans, there are 10 TLRs that recognize different pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLRs are present in several cell types, including CD4 T cells, the cell compartment that harbors the majority of the latent reservoir. Besides their ability to reactivate latent HIV, TLR agonists also increase immune activation and promote an antiviral response. These combined properties make TLR agonists unique among the different LRAs characterized to date. Additionally, some of these agonists have shown promise toward finding an HIV cure in animal models. When in combination with broadly neutralizing antibodies, TLR-7 agonists have shown to impact the SIV latent reservoir and delay viral rebound. Moreover, there are FDA-approved TLR agonists that are currently being investigated for cancer therapy and other diseases. All these has prompted clinical trials using TLR agonists either alone or in combination toward HIV eradication approaches. In this review, we provide an extensive characterization of the state-of-the-art of the use of TLR agonists toward HIV eradication strategies and the mechanism behind how TLR agonists target both cellular and tissue HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Camille L. Novis
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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Therapeutic and Diagnostic Implications of T Cell Scarring in Celiac Disease and Beyond. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:836-852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Potential of the NKG2D/NKG2DL Axis in NK Cell-Mediated Clearance of the HIV-1 Reservoir. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184490. [PMID: 31514330 PMCID: PMC6770208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral persistency in latently infected CD4+ T cells despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) represents a major drawback in the fight against HIV-1. Efforts to purge latent HIV-1 have been attempted using latency reversing agents (LRAs) that activate expression of the quiescent virus. However, initial trials have shown that immune responses of ART-treated patients are ineffective at clearing LRA-reactivated HIV-1 reservoirs, suggesting that an adjuvant immunotherapy is needed. Here we overview multiple lines of evidence indicating that natural killer (NK) cells have the potential to induce anti-HIV-1 responses relevant for virus eradication. In particular, we focus on the role of the NKG2D activating receptor that crucially enables NK cell-mediated killing of HIV-1-infected cells. We describe recent data indicating that LRAs can synergize with HIV-1 at upregulating ligands for NKG2D (NKG2DLs), hence sensitizing T cells that exit from viral latency for recognition and lysis by NK cells; in addition, we report in vivo and ex vivo data showing the potential benefits and drawbacks that LRAs may have on NKG2D expression and, more in general, on the cytotoxicity of NK cells. Finally, we discuss how the NKG2D/NKG2DLs axis can be exploited for the development of effective HIV-1 eradication strategies combining LRA-induced virus reactivation with recently optimized NK cell-based immunotherapies.
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Insights into the HIV Latency and the Role of Cytokines. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030137. [PMID: 31487807 PMCID: PMC6789648 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) has the ability to infect latently at the level of individual CD4+ cells. Latent HIV-1 proviruses are transcriptionally silent and immunologically inert, but are still capable of reactivating productive lytic infection following cellular activation. These latent viruses are the main obstacle in the eradication of HIV-1, because current HIV-1 treatment regimens are ineffective against them. Normal immunological response against an antigen activates CD4+ naïve T cells. The activated CD4+ naïve T cells undergo cell cycle, resulting in further transformation and profound proliferation to form effector CD4+ T-cells. Notably, in HIV-1 infected individuals, some of the effector CD4+ T cells get infected with HIV-1. Upon fulfillment of their effector functions, almost all activated CD4+ T cells are committed to apoptosis or programmed cell death, but a miniscule fraction revert to quiescence and become resting memory CD4+ T cells to mediate a rapid immunological response against the same antigen in the future. However, due to the quiescent nature of the resting memory T cells, the integrated HIV-1 becomes transcriptionally silent and acquires a latent phenotype. Following re-exposure to the same antigen, memory cells and integrated HIV-1 are stimulated. The reactivated latent HIV provirus subsequently proceeds through its life cycle and eventually leads to the production of new viral progeny. Recently, many strategies against HIV-1 latency have been developed and some of them have even matured to the clinical level, but none can yet effectively eliminate the latent HIV reservoir, which remains a barrier to HIV-1 cure. Therefore, alternative strategies to eradicate latent HIV need to be considered. This review provides vital knowledge on HIV latency and on strategies to supplement highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) with cytokine-mediated therapeutics for dislodging the latent HIV reservoirs in order to open up new avenues for curing HIV.
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45
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Colomer-Lluch M, Castro-Gonzalez S, Serra-Moreno R. Ubiquitination and SUMOylation in HIV Infection: Friends and Foes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2019; 35:159-194. [PMID: 31422939 DOI: 10.21775/cimb.035.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As intracellular parasites, viruses hijack the cellular machinery to facilitate their replication and spread. This includes favouring the expression of their viral genes over host genes, appropriation of cellular molecules, and manipulation of signalling pathways, including the post-translational machinery. HIV, the causative agent of AIDS, is notorious for using post-translational modifications to generate infectious particles. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which HIV usurps the ubiquitin and SUMO pathways to modify both viral and host factors to achieve a productive infection, and also how the host innate sensing system uses these post-translational modifications to hinder HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Colomer-Lluch
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sergio Castro-Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Yang H, Li X, Yang X, Lu P, Wang Y, Jiang Z, Pan H, Zhao L, Zhu Y, Khan IU, Shen Y, Lu H, Zhang T, Jiang G, Ma Z, Wu H, Zhu H. Dual effects of the novel ingenol derivatives on the acute and latent HIV-1 infections. Antiviral Res 2019; 169:104555. [PMID: 31295520 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The latent reservoir of HIV-1 in resting memory CD4+ T cells serves as a major barrier to curing HIV-1 infection. Reactivation of latent HIV-1 is proposed as a promising strategy for the clearance of the viral reservoirs. Because of the limitations of current latency reversal agents (LRAs), identification of new LRAs is urgently required. Here, we analyzed Euphorbia kansui extracts and obtained three ingenol derivative compounds named EK-1A, EK-5A and EK-15A. We found that ingenol derivatives can effectively reactivate latent HIV-1 at very low (nanomolar) concentrations in HIV latency model in vitro. Furthermore, ingenol derivatives exhibited synergy with other LRAs in reactivating latent HIV-1. We verified that EK-15A can promote latent HIV-1 reactivation in the ex vivo resting CD4+ T cells isolated from the peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. In addition, ingenol derivatives down-regulated the expression of cell surface HIV co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4, therefore potentially preventing new infection of HIV-1. Our results indicated that the ingenol derivatives extracted from Euphorbia kansui have dual functions: reactivation of latent HIV-1 and inhibition of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Panpan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhengtao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hanyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Inam Ullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yinzhong Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Guochun Jiang
- UNC HIV Cure Center, IGHID, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Zhongjun Ma
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Huanzhang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Karim HAA, Rungrotmongkol T, Zain SM, Rahman NA, Tayapiwattana C, Lee V. Designed antiviral ankyrin – A computational approach to combat HIV-1 via intracellular pathway by targeting the viral capsid of HIV-1. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li Z, Wu J, Chavez L, Hoh R, Deeks SG, Pillai SK, Zhou Q. Reiterative Enrichment and Authentication of CRISPRi Targets (REACT) identifies the proteasome as a key contributor to HIV-1 latency. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007498. [PMID: 30645648 PMCID: PMC6333332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of HIV-1 latency gives rise to persistent chronic infection that requires life-long treatment. To reverse latency for viral eradiation, the HIV-1 Tat protein and its associated ELL2-containing Super Elongation Complexes (ELL2-SECs) are essential to activate HIV-1 transcription. Despite efforts to identify effective latency-reversing agents (LRA), avenues for exposing latent HIV-1 remain inadequate, prompting the need to identify novel LRA targets. Here, by conducting a CRISPR interference-based screen to reiteratively enrich loss-of-function genotypes that increase HIV-1 transcription in latently infected CD4+ T cells, we have discovered a key role of the proteasome in maintaining viral latency. Downregulating or inhibiting the proteasome promotes Tat-transactivation in cell line models. Furthermore, the FDA-approved proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and carfilzomib strongly synergize with existing LRAs to reactivate HIV-1 in CD4+ T cells from antiretroviral therapy-suppressed individuals without inducing cell activation or proliferation. Mechanistically, downregulating/inhibiting the proteasome elevates the levels of ELL2 and ELL2-SECs to enable Tat-transactivation, indicating the proteasome-ELL2 axis as a key regulator of HIV-1 latency and promising target for therapeutic intervention. To cure chronic HIV-1 infection requires reversal of HIV-1 latency from latently infected CD4+ T cells. A key step in HIV latency reversal is the recruitment of Super Elongation Complexes (SECs) that contain ELL2 by an HIV-encoded protein, Tat, to activate proviral transcription. To identify novel drug targets, we conducted a CRISPRi-based screen to enrich the sgRNAs that increase HIV transcription in latently infected CD4+ T cells. Three of the six most prominent hits in our screen are proteasome subunits. We further proved that antagonizing the proteasome promotes Tat-induced HIV-1 transcription in cell line-based latency models. Furthermore, we found that two FDA-approved proteasome inhibitors strongly synergize with existing LRAs ex vivo without inducing cell activation or proliferation. We further found that antagonizing the proteasome elevates the levels of ELL2 and ELL2-containing SECs in the cells, thus enabling Tat-transactivation. These results indicate that the proteasome-ELL2 axis is a key regulator of HIV-1 latency could potentially be targeted for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichong Li
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Leonard Chavez
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Satish K. Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Marian CA, Stoszko M, Wang L, Leighty MW, de Crignis E, Maschinot CA, Gatchalian J, Carter BC, Chowdhury B, Hargreaves DC, Duvall JR, Crabtree GR, Mahmoudi T, Dykhuizen EC. Small Molecule Targeting of Specific BAF (mSWI/SNF) Complexes for HIV Latency Reversal. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1443-1455.e14. [PMID: 30197195 PMCID: PMC6404985 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of a pool of latently HIV-1-infected cells despite combination anti-retroviral therapy treatment is the major roadblock for a cure. The BAF (mammalian SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex is involved in establishing and maintaining viral latency, making it an attractive drug target for HIV-1 latency reversal. Here we report a high-throughput screen for inhibitors of BAF-mediated transcription in cells and the subsequent identification of a 12-membered macrolactam. This compound binds ARID1A-specific BAF complexes, prevents nucleosomal positioning, and relieves transcriptional repression of HIV-1. Through this mechanism, these compounds are able to reverse HIV-1 latency in an in vitro T cell line, an ex vivo primary cell model of HIV-1 latency, and in patient CD4+ T cells without toxicity or T cell activation. These macrolactams represent a class of latency reversal agents with unique mechanism of action, and can be combined with other latency reversal agents to improve reservoir targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Marian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mateusz Stoszko
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lili Wang
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew W Leighty
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elisa de Crignis
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chad A Maschinot
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jovylyn Gatchalian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin C Carter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Basudev Chowdhury
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Diana C Hargreaves
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeremy R Duvall
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gerald R Crabtree
- HHMI and the Departments of Developmental Biology and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Emily C Dykhuizen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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50
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Rochat MA, Schlaepfer E, Kuster SP, Li D, Audige A, Ivic S, Fahrny A, Speck RF. Monitoring HIV DNA and cellular activation markers in HIV-infected humanized mice under cART. Virol J 2018; 15:191. [PMID: 30558630 PMCID: PMC6296118 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The major obstacle to cure of HIV type-1 infection is the presence of the HIV reservoir, hidden from the immune system and insensitive to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Eradication approaches have been hindered by the difficulty for accurately monitoring its size in vivo, especially in the lymphoid organs. Humanized mouse models are a valuable tool for systematically assess the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in reducing the HIV reservoir. Nonetheless, persistence of the HIV reservoir over time, in the presence of cART, has yet to be analyzed in this in vivo model. Findings We found that the proviral DNA as well as the total DNA were very stable in the spleen and mesenteric lymph node irrespective of the length of cART. Notably, the amount of proviral DNA was very similar in the spleen and lymph node. Furthermore, we observed a correlation between the percentage of splenic human CD4+ T-cells with total HIV DNA, between the number of human CD38 + CD8+ T-cells in the spleen with the amount of integrated HIV DNA, and eventually between the hCD4/hCD8 ratio in the spleen with integrated as well as total HIV DNA implying that the CD8+ T cells influence the size of the HIV reservoir. Conclusions Here, we demonstrated the stability of this reservoir in humanized mice irrespective of the length of cART, confirming the relevancy of this model for HIV latency eradication investigations. Notably, we also found correlates between the frequency of CD4+ T-cells, their activation status and viral parameters, which were analogous to the ones in HIV-infected patients. Thus, hu-mice represent a very valuable HIV latency model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Aude Rochat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erika Schlaepfer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan P Kuster
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Audige
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Ivic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Fahrny
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto F Speck
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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