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Shao J, Chen Y, Gao D, Liu Y, Hu N, Yin L, Zhang X, Yang F. Ventromedial hypothalamus relays chronic stress inputs and exerts bidirectional regulation on anxiety state and related sympathetic activity. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1281919. [PMID: 38161999 PMCID: PMC10755867 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1281919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress can induce negative emotion states, including anxiety and depression, leading to sympathetic overactivation and disturbed physiological homeostasis in peripheral tissues. While anxiety-related neural circuitry integrates chronic stress information and modulates sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, the critical nodes linking anxiety and sympathetic activity still need to be clarified. In our previous study, we demonstrated that the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is involved in integrating chronic stress inputs and exerting influence on sympathetic activity. However, the underlying synaptic and electrophysiological mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we combined in vitro electrophysiological recordings, behavioral tests, optogenetic manipulations, and SNS activity analyses to explore the role of VMH in linking anxiety emotion and peripheral SNS activity. Results showed that the VMH played an important role in bidirectionally regulating anxiety-like behavior and peripheral sympathetic excitation. Chronic stress enhanced excitatory inputs into VMH neurons by strengthening the connection with the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN), hence promoting anxiety and sympathetic tone outflow, an important factor contributing to the development of metabolic imbalance in peripheral tissues and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Dashuang Gao
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Lianghong Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhou Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan Yang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Hyun U, Kweon YY, Sohn JW. Insulin Preferentially Regulates the Activity of Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons over Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2023; 38:545-556. [PMID: 37749826 PMCID: PMC10613773 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2023.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGRUOUND Insulin is a peptide hormone that regulates post-prandial physiology, and it is well known that insulin controls homeostasis at least in part via the central nervous system. In particular, insulin alters the activity of neurons within the autonomic nervous system. However, currently available data are mostly from unidentified brainstem neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV). METHODS In this study, we used several genetically engineered mouse models to label distinct populations of neurons within the brainstem and the spinal cord for whole-cell patch clamp recordings and to assess several in vivo metabolic functions. RESULTS We first confirmed that insulin directly inhibited cholinergic (parasympathetic preganglionic) neurons in the DMV. We also found inhibitory effects of insulin on both the excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents recorded in DMV cholinergic neurons. In addition, GABAergic neurons of the DMV and nucleus tractus solitarius were inhibited by insulin. However, insulin had no effects on the cholinergic sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the spinal cord. Finally, we obtained results suggesting that the insulininduced inhibition of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons may not play a critical role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and gastrointestinal motility. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that insulin inhibits parasympathetic neuronal circuitry in the brainstem, while not affecting sympathetic neuronal activity in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uisu Hyun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yoon Young Kweon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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3
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Oh Y, Yoo ES, Ju SH, Kim E, Lee S, Kim S, Wickman K, Sohn JW. GIRK2 potassium channels expressed by the AgRP neurons decrease adiposity and body weight in mice. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002252. [PMID: 37594983 PMCID: PMC10468093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons increase appetite and decrease thermogenesis. Previous studies demonstrated that optogenetic and/or chemogenetic manipulations of NPY/AgRP neuronal activity alter food intake and/or energy expenditure (EE). However, little is known about intrinsic molecules regulating NPY/AgRP neuronal excitability to affect long-term metabolic function. Here, we found that the G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels are key to stabilize NPY/AgRP neurons and that NPY/AgRP neuron-selective deletion of the GIRK2 subunit results in a persistently increased excitability of the NPY/AgRP neurons. Interestingly, increased body weight and adiposity observed in the NPY/AgRP neuron-selective GIRK2 knockout mice were due to decreased sympathetic activity and EE, while food intake remained unchanged. The conditional knockout mice also showed compromised adaptation to coldness. In summary, our study identified GIRK2 as a key determinant of NPY/AgRP neuronal excitability and driver of EE in physiological and stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Seon Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang Hyeon Ju
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunha Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seulgi Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kevin Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jong-Woo Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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Liu J, Lai F, Hou Y, Zheng R. Leptin signaling and leptin resistance. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:363-384. [PMID: 37724323 PMCID: PMC10388810 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
With the prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities, studies aimed at revealing mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis have gained increasing interest. In 1994, the cloning of leptin was a milestone in metabolic research. As an adipocytokine, leptin governs food intake and energy homeostasis through leptin receptors (LepR) in the brain. The failure of increased leptin levels to suppress feeding and elevate energy expenditure is referred to as leptin resistance, which encompasses complex pathophysiological processes. Within the brain, LepR-expressing neurons are distributed in hypothalamus and other brain areas, and each population of the LepR-expressing neurons may mediate particular aspects of leptin effects. In LepR-expressing neurons, the binding of leptin to LepR initiates multiple signaling cascades including janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, etc., mediating leptin actions. These findings place leptin at the intersection of metabolic and neuroendocrine regulations, and render leptin a key target for treating obesity and associated comorbidities. This review highlights the main discoveries that shaped the field of leptin for better understanding of the mechanism governing metabolic homeostasis, and guides the development of safe and effective interventions to treat obesity and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Futing Lai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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5
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Li L, Wyler SC, León-Mercado LA, Xu B, Oh Y, Swati, Chen X, Wan R, Arnold AG, Jia L, Wang G, Nautiyal K, Hen R, Sohn JW, Liu C. Delineating a serotonin 1B receptor circuit for appetite suppression in mice. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213337. [PMID: 35796804 PMCID: PMC9270184 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptans are a class of commonly prescribed antimigraine drugs. Here, we report a previously unrecognized role for them to suppress appetite in mice. In particular, frovatriptan treatment reduces food intake and body weight in diet-induced obese mice. Moreover, the anorectic effect depends on the serotonin (5-HT) 1B receptor (Htr1b). By ablating Htr1b in four different brain regions, we demonstrate that Htr1b engages in spatiotemporally segregated neural pathways to regulate postnatal growth and food intake. Moreover, Htr1b in AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) contributes to the hypophagic effects of HTR1B agonists. To further study the anorexigenic Htr1b circuit, we generated Htr1b-Cre mice. We find that ARH Htr1b neurons bidirectionally regulate food intake in vivo. Furthermore, single-nucleus RNA sequencing analyses revealed that Htr1b marks a subset of AgRP neurons. Finally, we used an intersectional approach to specifically target these neurons (Htr1bAgRP neurons). We show that they regulate food intake, in part, through a Htr1bAgRP→PVH circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Steven C. Wyler
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Luis A. León-Mercado
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Baijie Xu
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Youjin Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Swati
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Xiameng Chen
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Rong Wan
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Amanda G. Arnold
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX
| | - Guanlin Wang
- Centre for Computational Biology, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine Nautiyal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - René Hen
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jong-Woo Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea,Jong-Woo Sohn:
| | - Chen Liu
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Correspondence to Chen Liu:
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Noori T, Sahebgharani M, Sureda A, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Fakhri S, Shirooie S. Targeting PI3K by Natural Products: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1564-1578. [PMID: 35043762 PMCID: PMC9881086 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220119125040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder. In general, a child with ADHD has significant attention problems with difficulty concentrating on a subject and is generally associated with impulsivity and excessive activity. The etiology of ADHD in most patients is unknown, although it is considered to be a multifactorial disease caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. Diverse factors, such as the existence of mental, nutritional, or general health problems during childhood, as well as smoking and alcohol drinking during pregnancy, are related to an increased risk of ADHD. Behavioral and psychological characteristics of ADHD include anxiety, mood disorders, behavioral disorders, language disorders, and learning disabilities. These symptoms affect individuals, families, and communities, negatively altering educational and social results, strained parent-child relationships, and increased use of health services. ADHD may be associated with deficits in inhibitory frontostriatal noradrenergic neurons on lower striatal structures that are predominantly driven by dopaminergic neurons. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a conserved family of lipid kinases that control a number of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, insulin metabolism, and apoptosis. Since PI3K plays an important role in controlling the noradrenergic neuron, it opens up new insights into research on ADHD and other developmental brain diseases. This review presents evidence for the potential usefulness of PI3K and its modulators as a potential treatment for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Noori
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mousa Sahebgharani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX) and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, Palma de MallorcaE-07122, Balearic Islands, Spain;,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Chile;,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Samira Shirooie
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran;,Address correspondence to this author at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; E-mail:
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7
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Abstract
The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) is a complex brain structure that is integral to many neuroendocrine functions, including glucose regulation, thermogenesis, and appetitive, social, and sexual behaviors. As such, it is of little surprise that the nucleus is under intensive investigation to decipher the mechanisms which underlie these diverse roles. Developments in genetic and investigative tools, for example the targeting of steroidogenic factor-1-expressing neurons, have allowed us to take a closer look at the VMH, its connections, and how it affects competing behaviors. In the current review, we aim to integrate recent findings into the literature and contemplate the conclusions that can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansi Khodai
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon M Luckman
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
- Correspondence: Simon M. Luckman, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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9
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New Insights of SF1 Neurons in Hypothalamic Regulation of Obesity and Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126186. [PMID: 34201257 PMCID: PMC8229730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the substantial role played by the hypothalamus in the regulation of energy balance and glucose homeostasis, the exact mechanisms and neuronal circuits underlying this regulation remain poorly understood. In the last 15 years, investigations using transgenic models, optogenetic, and chemogenetic approaches have revealed that SF1 neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus are a specific lead in the brain’s ability to sense glucose levels and conduct insulin and leptin signaling in energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis, with minor feeding control. Deletion of hormonal receptors, nutritional sensors, or synaptic receptors in SF1 neurons triggers metabolic alterations mostly appreciated under high-fat feeding, indicating that SF1 neurons are particularly important for metabolic adaptation in the early stages of obesity. Although these studies have provided exciting insight into the implications of hypothalamic SF1 neurons on whole-body energy homeostasis, new questions have arisen from these results. Particularly, the existence of neuronal sub-populations of SF1 neurons and the intricate neurocircuitry linking these neurons with other nuclei and with the periphery. In this review, we address the most relevant studies carried out in SF1 neurons to date, to provide a global view of the central role played by these neurons in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes.
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10
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Li L, Yoo ES, Li X, Wyler SC, Chen X, Wan R, Arnold AG, Birnbaum SG, Jia L, Sohn JW, Liu C. The atypical antipsychotic risperidone targets hypothalamic melanocortin 4 receptors to cause weight gain. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212095. [PMID: 33978701 PMCID: PMC8126977 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotics such as risperidone cause drug-induced metabolic syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we report a new mouse model that reliably reproduces risperidone-induced weight gain, adiposity, and glucose intolerance. We found that risperidone treatment acutely altered energy balance in C57BL/6 mice and that hyperphagia accounted for most of the weight gain. Transcriptomic analyses in the hypothalamus of risperidone-fed mice revealed that risperidone treatment reduced the expression of Mc4r. Furthermore, Mc4r in Sim1 neurons was necessary for risperidone-induced hyperphagia and weight gain. Moreover, we found that the same pathway underlies the obesogenic effect of olanzapine-another commonly prescribed antipsychotic drug. Remarkably, whole-cell patch-clamp recording demonstrated that risperidone acutely inhibited the activity of hypothalamic Mc4r neurons via the opening of a postsynaptic potassium conductance. Finally, we showed that treatment with setmelanotide, an MC4R-specific agonist, mitigated hyperphagia and obesity in both risperidone- and olanzapine-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Eun-Seon Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Xiujuan Li
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Steven C Wyler
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Xiameng Chen
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Rong Wan
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Amanda G Arnold
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Shari G Birnbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX
| | - Jong-Woo Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chen Liu
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Lee ML, Matsunaga H, Sugiura Y, Hayasaka T, Yamamoto I, Ishimoto T, Imoto D, Suematsu M, Iijima N, Kimura K, Diano S, Toda C. Prostaglandin in the ventromedial hypothalamus regulates peripheral glucose metabolism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2330. [PMID: 33879780 PMCID: PMC8058102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus plays a central role in monitoring and regulating systemic glucose metabolism. The brain is enriched with phospholipids containing poly-unsaturated fatty acids, which are biologically active in physiological regulation. Here, we show that intraperitoneal glucose injection induces changes in hypothalamic distribution and amounts of phospholipids, especially arachidonic-acid-containing phospholipids, that are then metabolized to produce prostaglandins. Knockdown of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), a key enzyme for generating arachidonic acid from phospholipids, in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH), lowers insulin sensitivity in muscles during regular chow diet (RCD) feeding. Conversely, the down-regulation of glucose metabolism by high fat diet (HFD) feeding is improved by knockdown of cPLA2 in the VMH through changing hepatic insulin sensitivity and hypothalamic inflammation. Our data suggest that cPLA2-mediated hypothalamic phospholipid metabolism is critical for controlling systemic glucose metabolism during RCD, while continuous activation of the same pathway to produce prostaglandins during HFD deteriorates glucose metabolism. The ventromedial hypothalamus regulates systemic glucose metabolism. Here the authors show that cytosolic phospholipase A2 mediated phospholipid metabolism contributes to this regulation in healthy animals but exert deteriorating effects on glucose homeostasis under high-fat-diet feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hayasaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Izumi Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taiga Ishimoto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Daigo Imoto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norifumi Iijima
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chitoku Toda
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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12
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Beddows CA, Dodd GT. Insulin on the brain: The role of central insulin signalling in energy and glucose homeostasis. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12947. [PMID: 33687120 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signals to the brain where it coordinates multiple physiological processes underlying energy and glucose homeostasis. This review explores where and how insulin interacts within the brain parenchyma, how brain insulin signalling functions to coordinate energy and glucose homeostasis and how this contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cait A Beddows
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Garron T Dodd
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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13
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Coupé B, Leloup C, Asiedu K, Maillard J, Pénicaud L, Horvath TL, Bouret SG. Defective autophagy in Sf1 neurons perturbs the metabolic response to fasting and causes mitochondrial dysfunction. Mol Metab 2021; 47:101186. [PMID: 33571700 PMCID: PMC7907893 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) is a critical component of the forebrain pathways that regulate energy homeostasis. It also plays an important role in the metabolic response to fasting. However, the mechanisms contributing to these physiological processes remain elusive. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that maintains cellular homeostasis by turning over cellular components and providing nutrients to the cells during starvation. Here, we investigated the importance of the autophagy-related gene Atg7 in Sf1-expressing neurons of the VMH in control and fasted conditions. Methods We generated Sf1-Cre; Atg7loxP/loxP mice and examined their metabolic and cellular response to fasting. Results Fasting induces autophagy in the VMH, and mice lacking Atg7 in Sf1-expressing neurons display altered leptin sensitivity and impaired energy expenditure regulation in response to fasting. Moreover, loss of Atg7 in Sf1 neurons causes alterations in the central response to fasting. Furthermore, alterations in mitochondria morphology and activity are observed in mutant mice. Conclusion Together, these data show that autophagy is nutritionally regulated in VMH neurons and that VMH autophagy participates in the control of energy homeostasis during fasting. Fasting induces autophagy in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Genetic loss of Atg7 in the VMH impairs metabolic response to fasting. Mice lacking Atg7 in the VMH display impaired mitochondria morphology and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Coupé
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Research Center, UMR-S 1172, Lille, 59000, France; University of Lille, FHU 1,000 Days for Health, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Corinne Leloup
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Kwame Asiedu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Julien Maillard
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Research Center, UMR-S 1172, Lille, 59000, France; University of Lille, FHU 1,000 Days for Health, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR CNRS 6265, INRA 1324, AgroSup, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; STROMALab, CNRS ERL 5311, Inserm 1031, University of Toulouse, Toulouse 31100, France
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sebastien G Bouret
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Research Center, UMR-S 1172, Lille, 59000, France; University of Lille, FHU 1,000 Days for Health, Lille, 59000, France.
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14
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Pereira S, Cline DL, Glavas MM, Covey SD, Kieffer TJ. Tissue-Specific Effects of Leptin on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:1-28. [PMID: 33150398 PMCID: PMC7846142 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of leptin was intrinsically associated with its ability to regulate body weight. However, the effects of leptin are more far-reaching and include profound glucose-lowering and anti-lipogenic effects, independent of leptin's regulation of body weight. Regulation of glucose metabolism by leptin is mediated both centrally and via peripheral tissues and is influenced by the activation status of insulin signaling pathways. Ectopic fat accumulation is diminished by both central and peripheral leptin, an effect that is beneficial in obesity-associated disorders. The magnitude of leptin action depends upon the tissue, sex, and context being examined. Peripheral tissues that are of particular relevance include the endocrine pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, immune cells, and the cardiovascular system. As a result of its potent metabolic activity, leptin is used to control hyperglycemia in patients with lipodystrophy and is being explored as an adjunct to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. To fully understand the role of leptin in physiology and to maximize its therapeutic potential, the mechanisms of leptin action in these tissues needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daemon L Cline
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Scott D Covey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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15
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The Role of Ventromedial Hypothalamus Receptors in the Central Regulation of Food Intake. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Sohn JW, Ho WK. Cellular and systemic mechanisms for glucose sensing and homeostasis. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1547-1561. [PMID: 32960363 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose is a major source of energy in animals. Maintaining blood glucose levels within a physiological range is important for facilitating glucose uptake by cells, as required for optimal functioning. Glucose homeostasis relies on multiple glucose-sensing cells in the body that constantly monitor blood glucose levels and respond accordingly to adjust its glycemia. These include not only pancreatic β-cells and α-cells that secrete insulin and glucagon, but also central and peripheral neurons regulating pancreatic endocrine function. Different types of cells respond distinctively to changes in blood glucose levels, and the mechanisms involved in glucose sensing are diverse. Notably, recent studies have challenged the currently held views regarding glucose-sensing mechanisms. Furthermore, peripheral and central glucose-sensing cells appear to work in concert to control blood glucose level and maintain glucose and energy homeostasis in organisms. In this review, we summarize the established concepts and recent advances in the understanding of cellular and systemic mechanisms that regulate glucose sensing and its homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Woo Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Won-Kyung Ho
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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17
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Zhou X, Zhong S, Peng H, Liu J, Ding W, Sun L, Ma Q, Liu Z, Chen R, Wu Q, Wang X. Cellular and molecular properties of neural progenitors in the developing mammalian hypothalamus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4063. [PMID: 32792525 PMCID: PMC7426815 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17890-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroendocrine hypothalamus is the central regulator of vital physiological homeostasis and behavior. However, the cellular and molecular properties of hypothalamic neural progenitors remain unexplored. Here, hypothalamic radial glial (hRG) and hypothalamic mantle zone radial glial (hmRG) cells are found to be neural progenitors in the developing mammalian hypothalamus. The hmRG cells originate from hRG cells and produce neurons. During the early development of hypothalamus, neurogenesis occurs in radial columns and is initiated from hRG cells. The radial glial fibers are oriented toward the locations of hypothalamic subregions which act as a scaffold for neuronal migration. Furthermore, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to reveal progenitor subtypes in human developing hypothalamus and characterize specific progenitor genes, such as TTYH1, HMGA2, and FAM107A. We also demonstrate that HMGA2 is involved in E2F1 pathway, regulating the proliferation of progenitor cells by targeting on the downstream MYBL2. Different neuronal subtypes start to differentiate and express specific genes of hypothalamic nucleus at gestational week 10. Finally, we reveal the developmental conservation of nuclear structures and marker genes in mouse and human hypothalamus. Our identification of cellular and molecular properties of neural progenitors provides a basic understanding of neurogenesis and regional formation of the non-laminated hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Suijuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Honghai Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, 250013, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Le Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zeyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruiguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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18
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Fagan MP, Ameroso D, Meng A, Rock A, Maguire J, Rios M. Essential and sex-specific effects of mGluR5 in ventromedial hypothalamus regulating estrogen signaling and glucose balance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19566-19577. [PMID: 32719118 PMCID: PMC7430975 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011228117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) plays chief roles regulating energy and glucose homeostasis and is sexually dimorphic. We discovered that expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) in the VMH is regulated by caloric status in normal mice and reduced in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mutants, which are severely obese and have diminished glucose balance control. These findings led us to investigate whether mGluR5 might act downstream of BDNF to critically regulate VMH neuronal activity and metabolic function. We found that mGluR5 depletion in VMH SF1 neurons did not affect energy balance regulation. However, it significantly impaired insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, lipid metabolism, and sympathetic output in females but not in males. These sex-specific deficits are linked to reductions in intrinsic excitability and firing rate of SF1 neurons. Abnormal excitatory and inhibitory synapse assembly and elevated expression of the GABAergic synthetic enzyme GAD67 also cooperate to decrease and potentiate the synaptic excitatory and inhibitory tone onto mutant SF1 neurons, respectively. Notably, these alterations arise from disrupted functional interactions of mGluR5 with estrogen receptors that switch the normally positive effects of estrogen on SF1 neuronal activity and glucose balance control to paradoxical and detrimental. The collective data inform an essential central mechanism regulating metabolic function in females and underlying the protective effects of estrogen against metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaella P Fagan
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Dominique Ameroso
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Alice Meng
- Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Anna Rock
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Jamie Maguire
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Maribel Rios
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111;
- Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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19
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Felsted JA, Meng A, Ameroso D, Rios M. Sex-specific Effects of α2δ-1 in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus of Female Mice Controlling Glucose and Lipid Balance. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5825490. [PMID: 32337532 PMCID: PMC7286619 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The thrombospondin receptor alpha2delta-1 (α2δ-1) plays essential roles promoting the activity of SF1 neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and mediating glucose and lipid metabolism in male mice. Its role in the VMH of female mice remains to be defined, especially considering that this hypothalamic region is sexually dimorphic. We found that α2δ-1 depletion in SF1 neurons differentially affects glucose and lipid balance control and sympathetic tone in females compared to males. Mutant females show a modest increase in relative body weight gain when fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and normal energy expenditure, indicating that α2δ-1 is not a critical regulator of energy balance in females, similar to males. However, diminished α2δ-1 function in the VMH leads to enhanced glycemic control in females fed a chow diet, in contrast to the glucose intolerance reported previously in mutant males. Interestingly, the effects of α2δ-1 on glucose balance in females are influenced by diet. Accordingly, females but not males lacking α2δ-1 exhibit diminished glycemic control as well as susceptibility to hepatic steatosis when fed a HFD. Increased hepatic sympathetic tone and CD36 mRNA expression and reduced adiponectin levels underlie these diet-induced metabolic alterations in mutant females. The results indicate that α2δ-1 in VMH SF1 neurons critically regulates metabolic function through sexually dimorphic mechanisms. These findings are clinically relevant since metabolic alterations have been reported as a side effect in human patients prescribed gabapentinoid drugs, known to inhibit α2δ-1 function, for the treatment of seizure disorders, neuropathic pain, and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Felsted
- Graduate Program in Biochemical and Molecular Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alice Meng
- Graduate Program in Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dominique Ameroso
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maribel Rios
- Graduate Program in Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: Maribel Rios, PhD, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111. E-mail:
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20
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Paiva L, Leng G. Peripheral insulin administration enhances the electrical activity of oxytocin and vasopressin neurones in vivo. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12841. [PMID: 32180284 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin neurones are involved in the regulation of energy balance through diverse central and peripheral actions and, in rats, they are potently activated by gavage of sweet substances. Here, we test the hypothesis that this activation is mediated by the central actions of insulin. We show that, in urethane-anaesthetised rats, oxytocin cells in the supraoptic nucleus show prolonged activation after i.v. injections of insulin, and that this response is greater in fasted rats than in non-fasted rats. Vasopressin cells are also activated, although less consistently. We also show that this activation of oxytocin cells is independent of changes in plasma glucose concentration, and is completely blocked by central (i.c.v.) administration of an insulin receptor antagonist. Finally, we replicate the previously published finding that oxytocin cells are activated by gavage of sweetened condensed milk, and show that this response too is completely blocked by central administration of an insulin receptor antagonist. We conclude that the response of oxytocin cells to gavage of sweetened condensed milk is mediated by the central actions of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Paiva
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gareth Leng
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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21
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Senn SS, Le Foll C, Whiting L, Tarasco E, Duffy S, Lutz TA, Boyle CN. Unsilencing of native LepRs in hypothalamic SF1 neurons does not rescue obese phenotype in LepR-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R451-R460. [PMID: 31314542 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00111.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leptin receptor (LepR) signaling in neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), specifically those expressing steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1), have been proposed to play a key role in controlling energy balance. By crossing LepR-silenced (LepRloxTB) mice with those expressing SF1-Cre, we unsilenced native LepR specifically in the VMH and tested whether SF1 neurons in the VMH are critical mediators of leptin's effect on energy homeostasis. LepRloxTB × SF1-Cre [knockout (KO)/Tg+] mice were metabolically phenotyped and compared with littermate controls that either expressed or were deficient in LepRs. Leptin-induced phosphorylated STAT3 was present in the VMH of KO/Tg+ mice and absent in other hypothalamic nuclei. VMH leptin signaling did not ameliorate obesity resulting from LepR deficiency in chow-fed mice. There was no change in food intake or energy expenditure when comparing complete LepR-null mice with KO/Tg+ mice, nor did KO/Tg+ mice show improved glucose tolerance. The presence of functional LepRs in the VMH mildly enhanced sensitivity to the pancreatic hormone amylin. When maintained on a high-fat diet (HFD), there was no reduction in diet-induced obesity in KO/Tg+ mice, but KO/Tg+ mice had improved glucose tolerance after 7 wk on an HFD compared with LepR-null mice. We conclude that LepR signaling in the VMH alone is not sufficient to correct metabolic dysfunction observed in LepR-null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraina S Senn
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Le Foll
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lynda Whiting
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erika Tarasco
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonya Duffy
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Neuner Boyle
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Garcia-Galiano D, Borges BC, Allen SJ, Elias CF. PI3K signalling in leptin receptor cells: Role in growth and reproduction. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12685. [PMID: 30618188 PMCID: PMC6533139 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition and growth are important signals for pubertal development, although how they are perceived and integrated in brain circuits has not been well defined. Growth hormones and metabolic cues both recruit phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling in hypothalamic sites, although whether they converge into the same neuronal population(s) is also not known. In this review, we discuss recent findings from our laboratory showing the role of PI3K subunits in cells directly responsive to the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin in the coordination of growth, pubertal development and fertility. Mice with deletion of PI3K p110α and p110β catalytic subunits in leptin receptor cells (LRΔα+β ) have a lean phenotype associated with increased energy expenditure, locomotor activity and thermogenesis. The LRΔα+β mice also show deficient growth and delayed puberty. Deletion of a single subunit (ie, p110α) in LR cells (LRΔα ) causes a similar phenotype of increased energy expenditure, deficient growth and delayed pubertal development, indicating that these functions are preferably controlled by p110α. The LRΔα mice show enhanced leptin sensitivity in metabolic regulation but, remarkably, these mice are unresponsive to the effects of leptin on growth and puberty. PI3K is also recruited by insulin and a subpopulation of LR neurones is responsive to i.c.v. insulin administration. Deletion of insulin receptor in LR cells causes no changes in body weight or linear growth and induces only a mild delay in pubertal completion. Our findings demonstrate that PI3K in LR cells plays an essential role in growth and reproduction. We will also discuss the potential neural pathways underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Garcia-Galiano
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Beatriz C. Borges
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute and Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Susan J. Allen
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carol F. Elias
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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23
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Fujikawa T, Choi YH, Yang DJ, Shin DM, Donato J, Kohno D, Lee CE, Elias CF, Lee S, Kim KW. P110β in the ventromedial hypothalamus regulates glucose and energy metabolism. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-9. [PMID: 31028248 PMCID: PMC6486607 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling in hypothalamic neurons integrates peripheral metabolic cues, including leptin and insulin, to coordinate systemic glucose and energy homeostasis. PI3K is composed of different subunits, each of which has several unique isoforms. However, the role of the PI3K subunits and isoforms in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), a prominent site for the regulation of glucose and energy homeostasis, is unclear. Here we investigated the role of subunit p110β in steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) neurons of the VMH in the regulation of metabolism. Our data demonstrate that the deletion of p110β in SF-1 neurons disrupts glucose metabolism, rendering the mice insulin resistant. In addition, the deletion of p110β in SF-1 neurons leads to the whitening of brown adipose tissues and increased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity due to blunted energy expenditure. These results highlight a critical role for p110β in the regulation of glucose and energy homeostasis via VMH neurons. A particular subunit of a critical signaling enzyme is needed for neurons inside the brain’s hypothalamus to properly regulate energy metabolism. Ki Woo Kim from Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea, and colleagues explored the role that the PI3K enzyme plays in neurons of the ventromedial area toward the front of the hypothalamus, a region involved in regulating hunger and metabolism. Deleting a subunit of PI3K called p110β, which is needed for enzymatic function, made mice less responsive to insulin, the hormone that keeps blood sugar levels at healthy levels. As well as having abnormal glucose metabolism, the mice converted more brown fat, which burns energy, into white fat, which stores energy. They were also more susceptible to diet-induced obesity. The findings point toward p110β as a potential drug target for treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Fujikawa
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yun-Hee Choi
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Dong Joo Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Dong Min Shin
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jose Donato
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508000, Brazil
| | - Daisuke Kohno
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Charlotte E Lee
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Carol F Elias
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Syann Lee
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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24
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Effects of Feeding-Related Peptides on Neuronal Oscillation in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8030292. [PMID: 30832213 PMCID: PMC6463148 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) plays an important role in feeding behavior, obesity, and thermoregulation. The VMH contains glucose-sensing neurons, the firing of which depends on the level of extracellular glucose and which are involved in maintaining the blood glucose level via the sympathetic nervous system. The VMH also expresses various receptors of the peptides related to feeding. However, it is not well-understood whether the action of feeding-related peptides mediates the activity of glucose-sensing neurons in the VMH. In the present study, we examined the effects of feeding-related peptides on the burst-generating property of the VMH. Superfusion with insulin, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor, and orexin increased the frequency of the VMH oscillation. In contrast, superfusion with leptin, cholecystokinin, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, galanin, ghrelin, and neuropeptide Y decreased the frequency of the oscillation. Our findings indicated that the frequency changes of VMH oscillation in response to the application of feeding-related peptides showed a tendency similar to changes of sympathetic nerve activity in response to the application of these substances to the brain.
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25
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Borges BC, Han X, Allen SJ, Garcia-Galiano D, Elias CF. Insulin signaling in LepR cells modulates fat and glucose homeostasis independent of leptin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E121-E134. [PMID: 30376348 PMCID: PMC6417687 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00287.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic neurons detect changes in circulating hormones such as leptin and insulin and put forward outputs to sustain energy and glucose homeostasis. Because leptin and insulin receptors colocalize in ~40-60% of neurons in the hypothalamus, we characterized the metabolic phenotype of mice with selective deletion of the insulin receptor (InsR) in LepR cells. LRΔInsR mice presented no difference in body weight and insulin levels but increased fat mass. In the light phase, LRΔInsR mice exhibited increased food intake, locomotor activity, carbon dioxide production, and respiratory exchange rate. These mice showed reduced fat oxidation and reduced expression of cluster of differentiation 36 and AMP-activated protein kinase-α1 in the liver, increased glucose oxidation in the light phase, and overall reduced basal glucose levels. To verify the impact of InsR deletion in LepR cells in obesity, we generated ob/ ob InsRfl, ob/ ob LRcre, and ob/ ob LRΔInsR mice. The ob/ ob LRΔInsR mice had higher body weight, fat mass, and expression of genes related to fat metabolism in the liver. No difference in food intake despite increased neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide expression, and no difference in energy expenditure, fat, or glucose oxidation was found in ob/ ob LRΔInsR compared with LRcre or LRΔInsR controls. Remarkably, basal glucose levels were reduced, and the expression of genes associated with glucose metabolism in the liver was higher. Insulin signaling in LepR cells is required for the proper fat and glucose oxidation. These effects are independent of leptin given that the leptin-deficient ob/ ob LRΔInsR mice also presented reduced glycemia and higher adiposity. The mechanisms underlying these responses remain to be unveiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz C Borges
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Xingfa Han
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Isotope Research Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Susan J Allen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David Garcia-Galiano
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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26
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Sánchez-Alegría K, Flores-León M, Avila-Muñoz E, Rodríguez-Corona N, Arias C. PI3K Signaling in Neurons: A Central Node for the Control of Multiple Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123725. [PMID: 30477115 PMCID: PMC6321294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling contributes to a variety of processes, mediating many aspects of cellular function, including nutrient uptake, anabolic reactions, cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Less is known regarding its critical role in neuronal physiology, neuronal metabolism, tissue homeostasis, and the control of gene expression in the central nervous system in healthy and diseased states. The aim of the present work is to review cumulative evidence regarding the participation of PI3K pathways in neuronal function, focusing on their role in neuronal metabolism and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in neuronal maintenance and plasticity or on the expression of pathological hallmarks associated with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sánchez-Alegría
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
| | - Manuel Flores-León
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
| | - Evangelina Avila-Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
| | - Nelly Rodríguez-Corona
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
| | - Clorinda Arias
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
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27
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Huang Z, Xiao K. Electrophysiological Mechanism of Peripheral Hormones and Nutrients Regulating Energy Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1090:183-198. [PMID: 30390291 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1286-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In organism, energy homeostasis is a biological process that involves the coordinated homeostatic regulation of energy intake (food intake) and energy expenditure. The human brain, particularly the hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC)- and agouti-related protein/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY)-expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus, plays an essential role in regulating energy homeostasis. The regulation process is mainly dependent upon peripheral hormones such as leptin and insulin, as well as nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. Although many studies have attempted to illustrate the exact mechanisms of glucose and hormones action on these neurons, we still cannot clearly see the full picture of this regulation action. Therefore, in this review we will mainly discuss those established theories and recent progresses in this area, demonstrating the possible physiological mechanism by which glucose, leptin, and insulin affect neuronal excitability of POMC and AgRP neurons. In addition, we will also focus on some important ion channels which are expressed by POMC and AgRP neurons, such as KATP channels and TRPC channels, and explain how these channels are regulated by peripheral hormones and nutrients and thus regulate energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Kuo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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28
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Felsted JA, Chien CH, Wang D, Panessiti M, Ameroso D, Greenberg A, Feng G, Kong D, Rios M. Alpha2delta-1 in SF1 + Neurons of the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Is an Essential Regulator of Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2737-2747. [PMID: 29212022 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The central mechanisms controlling glucose and lipid homeostasis are inadequately understood. We show that α2δ-1 is an essential regulator of glucose and lipid balance, acting in steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1) neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). These effects are body weight independent and involve regulation of SF1+ neuronal activity and sympathetic output to metabolic tissues. Accordingly, mice with α2δ-1 deletion in SF1 neurons exhibit glucose intolerance, altered lipolysis, and decreased cholesterol content in adipose tissue despite normal energy balance regulation. Profound reductions in the firing rate of SF1 neurons, decreased sympathetic output, and elevated circulating levels of serotonin are associated with these alterations. Normal calcium currents but reduced excitatory postsynaptic currents in mutant SF1 neurons implicate α2δ-1 in the promotion of excitatory synaptogenesis separate from its canonical role as a calcium channel subunit. Collectively, these findings identify an essential mechanism that regulates VMH neuronal activity and glycemic and lipid control and may be a target for tackling metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Felsted
- Graduate Program in Biochemical and Molecular Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Cheng-Hao Chien
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Dongqing Wang
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Micaella Panessiti
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Dominique Ameroso
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Andrew Greenberg
- Graduate Program in Biochemical and Molecular Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Guoping Feng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dong Kong
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Maribel Rios
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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29
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Burgos-Ramos E, Canelles S, Rodríguez A, Frago LM, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Chowen JA, Frühbeck G, Argente J, Barrios V. The increase in fiber size in male rat gastrocnemius after chronic central leptin infusion is related to activation of insulin signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 470:48-59. [PMID: 28962893 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Insulin potentiates leptin effects on muscle accrual and glucose homeostasis. However, the relationship between leptin's central effects on peripheral insulin sensitivity and the associated structural changes remain unclear. We hypothesized that central leptin infusion modifies muscle size through activation of insulin signaling. Muscle insulin signaling, enzymes of fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and fiber area were analyzed in the gastrocnemius of chronic central infused (L), pair-fed (PF) and control rats. PCNA-positive nuclei, fiber area, GLUT4 and glycogen levels and activation of Akt and mechanistic target of rapamycin were increased in L, with no changes in PF. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase-β mRNA levels and non-esterified fatty acid and triglyceride content were reduced and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1b expression and mitochondrial complexes augmented in L. These results suggest that leptin promotes an increase in muscle size associated with improved insulin signaling favored by lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Burgos-Ramos
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Área de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Sandra Canelles
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Liu J, Yang X, Yu S, Zheng R. The Leptin Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1090:123-144. [PMID: 30390288 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1286-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leptin plays a critical role in the regulation of energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. Impairment of leptin signaling is closely involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc. Leptin initiates its intracellular signaling in the leptin-receptor-expressing neurons in the central nervous system to exert physiological function, thereby leading to a suppression of appetite, a reduction of food intake, a promotion of mitochondrial oxidation, an enhancement of thermogenesis, and a decrease in body weight. In this review, the studies on leptin neural and cellular pathways are summarized with an emphasis on the progress made during the last 10 years, for better understanding the molecular mechanism of obesity and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoning Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Siwang Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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31
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Feng B, Zhang N, Duan K, Shi B. Hypothalamic POMC expression is required for peripheral insulin action on hepatic gluconeogenesis through regulating STAT3 in sepsis rats. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:1696-1707. [PMID: 29285858 PMCID: PMC5824389 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver injury and dysregulated glucose homoeostasis are common manifestations during sepsis. Although plenty of studies reported insulin could protect against multiple organ injuries caused by critical infections among patients, little was known about the precise mechanism. We investigated whether liver inflammatory pathway and central neuropeptides were involved in the process. In sepsis rats, hepatic IKK/NF‐κB pathway and STAT3 were strongly activated, along with reduced body weight, blood glucose and suppressed hepatic gluconeogenesis (GNG). Peripheral insulin administration efficiently attenuated liver dysfunction and glucose metabolic disorders by suppressing hypothalamic anorexigenic neuropeptide proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression, hepatic NF‐κB pathway and STAT3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, knockdown of hypothalamic POMC significantly diminished protective effect of insulin on hepatic GNG and insulin‐induced STAT3 inactivation, but not inflammation or IKK/NF‐κB pathway. These results suggest that hepatic IKK/NF‐κB pathway mediates the anti‐inflammatory effect of insulin in septic rats, and peripheral insulin treatment may improve hepatic GNG by inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation dependent on hypothalamic POMC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Feng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaipeng Duan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bimin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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32
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Garcia-Galiano D, Borges BC, Donato J, Allen SJ, Bellefontaine N, Wang M, Zhao JJ, Kozloff KM, Hill JW, Elias CF. PI3Kα inactivation in leptin receptor cells increases leptin sensitivity but disrupts growth and reproduction. JCI Insight 2017; 2:96728. [PMID: 29212950 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of PI3K in leptin physiology has been difficult to determine due to its actions downstream of several metabolic cues, including insulin. Here, we used a series of mouse models to dissociate the roles of specific PI3K catalytic subunits and of insulin receptor (InsR) downstream of leptin signaling. We show that disruption of p110α and p110β subunits in leptin receptor cells (LRΔα+β) produces a lean phenotype associated with increased energy expenditure, locomotor activity, and thermogenesis. LRΔα+β mice have deficient growth and delayed puberty. Single subunit deletion (i.e., p110α in LRΔα) resulted in similarly increased energy expenditure, deficient growth, and pubertal development, but LRΔα mice have normal locomotor activity and thermogenesis. Blunted PI3K in leptin receptor (LR) cells enhanced leptin sensitivity in metabolic regulation due to increased basal hypothalamic pAKT, leptin-induced pSTAT3, and decreased PTEN levels. However, these mice are unresponsive to leptin's effects on growth and puberty. We further assessed if these phenotypes were associated with disruption of insulin signaling. LRΔInsR mice have no metabolic or growth deficit and show only mild delay in pubertal completion. Our findings demonstrate that PI3K in LR cells plays an essential role in energy expenditure, growth, and reproduction. These actions are independent from insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Garcia-Galiano
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Beatriz C Borges
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Physiology and
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susan J Allen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicole Bellefontaine
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mengjie Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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33
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Abstract
Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by an impaired production of cortisol and other steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex. Most of the causes of PAI in childhood are inherited and monogenic in origin and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality whenever the diagnosis and treatment is delayed. Therefore, early and accurate diagnosis would allow appropriate management for the patients and genetic counselling for the family. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia accounts for most cases of PAI in childhood, followed by abnormalities in the development of the adrenal gland, resistance to adrenocorticotropin hormone action and adrenal destruction. In recent years, the use of genome-wide, next-generation sequencing approaches opened new avenues for identifying novel genetic causes in the PAI spectrum. Understanding the genetic basis of adrenal disorders is key to develop innovative therapies for patients with PAI. The promising progress made in congenital adrenal hyperplasia treatment brings new perspectives for personalized treatment in children with PAI. The aim of this review is to characterize recent advances in the genetics and management of PAI in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tülay Güran
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, İstanbul, Turkey
,* Address for Correspondence: Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, İstanbul, Turkey E-mail:
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34
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Coutinho EA, Okamoto S, Ishikawa AW, Yokota S, Wada N, Hirabayashi T, Saito K, Sato T, Takagi K, Wang CC, Kobayashi K, Ogawa Y, Shioda S, Yoshimura Y, Minokoshi Y. Activation of SF1 Neurons in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus by DREADD Technology Increases Insulin Sensitivity in Peripheral Tissues. Diabetes 2017; 66:2372-2386. [PMID: 28673934 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) regulates glucose and energy metabolism in mammals. Optogenetic stimulation of VMH neurons that express steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) induces hyperglycemia. However, leptin acting via the VMH stimulates whole-body glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity in some peripheral tissues, and this effect of leptin appears to be mediated by SF1 neurons. We examined the effects of activation of SF1 neurons with DREADD (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) technology. Activation of SF1 neurons by an intraperitoneal injection of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), a specific hM3Dq ligand, reduced food intake and increased energy expenditure in mice expressing hM3Dq in SF1 neurons. It also increased whole-body glucose utilization and glucose uptake in red-type skeletal muscle, heart, and interscapular brown adipose tissue, as well as glucose production and glycogen phosphorylase a activity in the liver, thereby maintaining blood glucose levels. During hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, such activation of SF1 neurons increased insulin-induced glucose uptake in the same peripheral tissues and tended to enhance insulin-induced suppression of glucose production by suppressing gluconeogenic gene expression and glycogen phosphorylase a activity in the liver. DREADD technology is thus an important tool for studies of the role of the brain in the regulation of insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia A Coutinho
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Science, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shiki Okamoto
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Science, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Wendy Ishikawa
- Department of Physiological Science, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Visual Information Processing, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Yokota
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Wada
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Saito
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Takagi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Human Life Science, Nagoya University of Economics, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Chen-Chi Wang
- Department of Physiological Science, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Center for Experimental Animals, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Department of Physiological Science, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Section of Viral Vector Development, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, CREST (AMED-CREST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshimura
- Department of Physiological Science, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Visual Information Processing, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Minokoshi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Science, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Shimazu T, Minokoshi Y. Systemic Glucoregulation by Glucose-Sensing Neurons in the Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (VMH). J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:449-459. [PMID: 29264500 PMCID: PMC5686683 DOI: 10.1210/js.2016-1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) regulates glucose production in the liver as well as glucose uptake and utilization in peripheral tissues, including skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue, via efferent sympathetic innervation and neuroendocrine mechanisms. The action of leptin on VMH neurons also increases glucose uptake in specific peripheral tissues through the sympathetic nervous system, with improved insulin sensitivity. On the other hand, subsets of VMH neurons, such as those that express steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1), sense changes in the ambient glucose concentration and are characterized as glucose-excited (GE) and glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons whose action potential frequency increases and decreases, respectively, as glucose levels rise. However, how these glucose-sensing (GE and GI) neurons in the VMH contribute to systemic glucoregulation remains poorly understood. In this review, we provide historical background and discuss recent advances related to glucoregulation by VMH neurons. In particular, the article describes the role of GE neurons in the control of peripheral glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity, which depend on mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 of the neurons, as well as that of GI neurons in the control of hepatic glucose production through hypoglycemia-induced counterregulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimazu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Tohon-shi, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Minokoshi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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