1
|
Sadoine M, De Michele R, Župunski M, Grossmann G, Castro-Rodríguez V. Monitoring nutrients in plants with genetically encoded sensors: achievements and perspectives. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:195-216. [PMID: 37307576 PMCID: PMC10469547 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding mechanisms of nutrient allocation in organisms requires precise knowledge of the spatiotemporal dynamics of small molecules in vivo. Genetically encoded sensors are powerful tools for studying nutrient distribution and dynamics, as they enable minimally invasive monitoring of nutrient steady-state levels in situ. Numerous types of genetically encoded sensors for nutrients have been designed and applied in mammalian cells and fungi. However, to date, their application for visualizing changing nutrient levels in planta remains limited. Systematic sensor-based approaches could provide the quantitative, kinetic information on tissue-specific, cellular, and subcellular distributions and dynamics of nutrients in situ that is needed for the development of theoretical nutrient flux models that form the basis for future crop engineering. Here, we review various approaches that can be used to measure nutrients in planta with an overview over conventional techniques, as well as genetically encoded sensors currently available for nutrient monitoring, and discuss their strengths and limitations. We provide a list of currently available sensors and summarize approaches for their application at the level of cellular compartments and organelles. When used in combination with bioassays on intact organisms and precise, yet destructive analytical methods, the spatiotemporal resolution of sensors offers the prospect of a holistic understanding of nutrient flux in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Sadoine
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Roberto De Michele
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo 90129, Italy
| | - Milan Župunski
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Vanessa Castro-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang Y, Ding P. Calcium signaling in plant immunity: a spatiotemporally controlled symphony. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:74-89. [PMID: 36504136 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) are prominent intracellular messengers in all eukaryotic cells. Recent studies have emphasized the crucial roles of Ca2+ in plant immunity. Here, we review the latest progress on the spatiotemporal control of Ca2+ function in plant immunity. We discuss discoveries of how Ca2+ influx is triggered upon the activation of immune receptors, how Ca2+-permeable channels are activated, how Ca2+ signals are decoded inside plant cells, and how these signals are switched off. Despite recent advances, many open questions remain and we highlight the existing toolkit and the new technologies to address the outstanding questions of Ca2+ signaling in plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Jiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333, BE, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo J, He J, Dehesh K, Cui X, Yang Z. CamelliA-based simultaneous imaging of Ca2+ dynamics in subcellular compartments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:2253-2271. [PMID: 35218352 PMCID: PMC8968278 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a universal second messenger, calcium (Ca2+) transmits specific cellular signals via a spatiotemporal signature generated from its extracellular source and internal stores. Our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the generation of a Ca2+ signature is hampered by limited tools for simultaneously monitoring dynamic Ca2+ levels in multiple subcellular compartments. To overcome the limitation and to further improve spatiotemporal resolutions, we have assembled a molecular toolset (CamelliA lines) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that enables simultaneous and high-resolution monitoring of Ca2+ dynamics in multiple subcellular compartments through imaging different single-colored genetically encoded calcium indicators. We uncovered several Ca2+ signatures in three types of Arabidopsis cells in response to internal and external cues, including rapid oscillations of cytosolic Ca2+ and apical plasma membrane Ca2+ influx in fast-growing Arabidopsis pollen tubes, the spatiotemporal relationship of Ca2+ dynamics in four subcellular compartments of root epidermal cells challenged with salt, and a shockwave-like Ca2+ wave propagating in laser-wounded leaf epidermis. These observations serve as a testimony to the wide applicability of the CamelliA lines for elucidating the subcellular sources contributing to the Ca2+ signatures in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhe Guo
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
| | - Jiangman He
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
| | - Xinping Cui
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sadoine M, Ishikawa Y, Kleist TJ, Wudick MM, Nakamura M, Grossmann G, Frommer WB, Ho CH. Designs, applications, and limitations of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors to explore plant biology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:485-503. [PMID: 35237822 PMCID: PMC8491070 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of signaling and metabolic processes in multicellular organisms requires knowledge of the spatial dynamics of small molecules and the activities of enzymes, transporters, and other proteins in vivo, as well as biophysical parameters inside cells and across tissues. The cellular distribution of receptors, ligands, and activation state must be integrated with information about the cellular distribution of metabolites in relation to metabolic fluxes and signaling dynamics in order to achieve the promise of in vivo biochemistry. Genetically encoded sensors are engineered fluorescent proteins that have been developed for a wide range of small molecules, such as ions and metabolites, or to report biophysical processes, such as transmembrane voltage or tension. First steps have been taken to monitor the activity of transporters in vivo. Advancements in imaging technologies and specimen handling and stimulation have enabled researchers in plant sciences to implement sensor technologies in intact plants. Here, we provide a brief history of the development of genetically encoded sensors and an overview of the types of sensors available for quantifying and visualizing ion and metabolite distribution and dynamics. We further discuss the pros and cons of specific sensor designs, imaging systems, and sample manipulations, provide advice on the choice of technology, and give an outlook into future developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Sadoine
- Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Yuuma Ishikawa
- Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Thomas J. Kleist
- Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Michael M. Wudick
- Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Masayoshi Nakamura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Institute for Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Wolf B. Frommer
- Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Cheng-Hsun Ho
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Author for communication:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Waadt R, Kudla J, Kollist H. Multiparameter in vivo imaging in plants using genetically encoded fluorescent indicator multiplexing. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:537-549. [PMID: 35237819 PMCID: PMC8491039 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biological processes are highly dynamic, and during plant growth, development, and environmental interactions, they occur and influence each other on diverse spatiotemporal scales. Understanding plant physiology on an organismic scale requires analyzing biological processes from various perspectives, down to the cellular and molecular levels. Ideally, such analyses should be conducted on intact and living plant tissues. Fluorescent protein (FP)-based in vivo biosensing using genetically encoded fluorescent indicators (GEFIs) is a state-of-the-art methodology for directly monitoring cellular ion, redox, sugar, hormone, ATP and phosphatidic acid dynamics, and protein kinase activities in plants. The steadily growing number of diverse but technically compatible genetically encoded biosensors, the development of dual-reporting indicators, and recent achievements in plate-reader-based analyses now allow for GEFI multiplexing: the simultaneous recording of multiple GEFIs in a single experiment. This in turn enables in vivo multiparameter analyses: the simultaneous recording of various biological processes in living organisms. Here, we provide an update on currently established direct FP-based biosensors in plants, discuss their functional principles, and highlight important biological findings accomplished by employing various approaches of GEFI-based multiplexing. We also discuss challenges and provide advice for FP-based biosensor analyses in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Waadt
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster 48149, Germany
- Author for communication:
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu L, Gao H, Li S, Han Z, Li B. Calcium signaling networks mediate nitrate sensing and responses in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1938441. [PMID: 34180337 PMCID: PMC8330996 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1938441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate signaling integrates and coordinates the expression of a wide range of genes, metabolic pathways and ultimately, plant growth and development. Calcium signaling is proved to be involved in the primary nitrate response pathway. However, it is much less understood how calcium signaling mediates nitrate sensing and responses from the extracellular space to cytoplasm, then to the nucleus. In this review, we describe how transceptor-channel complex (cyclic nucleotide-gated channel protein 15 interacting with nitrate transceptor, CNGC15-NRT1.1), calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs, CBL1, CBL9), CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs), phospholipase C (PLC) and calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs, also CPKs), acting as key players, complete a potential backbone of the nitrate-signaling pathway, from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. NRT1.1 together with CBL1/9-CIPK23 and CBL-CIPK8 links the NO3- signaling to cytoplasmic and nuclear regulators and triggers downstream NO3- responses. PLCs and inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate (IP3) connect NO3- signaling and cytoplasmic Ca2+ signature. CPK10/30/32 fill the gap between NRT1.1 and NIN-like protein (NLP) transcription factors. The arabidopsis nitrate regulated1 (ANR1) is induced from the endosome by the Ca2+-CPKs-NLPs signaling pathway activated by the unphosphorylated form of NRT1.1 (NRT1.1 T101A) at high nitrate condition. Understanding how calcium signaling interconnects the upstream nitrate sensor complex with downstream multiple sensors of the nitrate-signaling pathway is key to completing the nutrient-growth regulatory networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Huanhuan Gao
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Shaoxuan Li
- Fruit & Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Han
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pivato M, Ballottari M. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cellular compartments and their contribution to intracellular calcium signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5312-5335. [PMID: 34077536 PMCID: PMC8318260 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)-dependent signalling plays a well-characterized role in the response to different environmental stimuli, in both plant and animal cells. In the model organism for green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Ca2+ signals were reported to have a crucial role in different physiological processes, such as stress responses, photosynthesis, and flagella functions. Recent reports identified the underlying components of the Ca2+ signalling machinery at the level of specific subcellular compartments and reported in vivo imaging of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in response to environmental stimuli. The characterization of these Ca2+-related mechanisms and proteins in C. reinhardtii is providing knowledge on how microalgae can perceive and respond to environmental stimuli, but also on how this Ca2+ signalling machinery has evolved. Here, we review current knowledge on the cellular mechanisms underlying the generation, shaping, and decoding of Ca2+ signals in C. reinhardtii, providing an overview of the known and possible molecular players involved in the Ca2+ signalling of its different subcellular compartments. The advanced toolkits recently developed to measure time-resolved Ca2+ signalling in living C. reinhardtii cells are also discussed, suggesting how they can improve the study of the role of Ca2+ signals in the cellular response of microalgae to environmental stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pivato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Ballottari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vigani G, Costa A. Harnessing the new emerging imaging technologies to uncover the role of Ca 2+ signalling in plant nutrient homeostasis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2885-2901. [PMID: 31286524 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Increasing crop yields by using ecofriendly practices is of high priority to tackle problems regarding food security and malnutrition worldwide. A sustainable crop production requires a limited use of fertilizer and the employment of plant varieties with improved ability to acquire nutrients from soil. To reach these goals, the scientific community aims to understand plant nutrients homeostasis by deciphering the nutrient sensing and signalling mechanisms of plants. Several lines of evidence about the involvement of Ca2+ as the signal of an impaired nutrient availability have been reported. Ca2+ signalling is a tightly regulated process that requires specific protein toolkits to perceive external stimuli and to induce the specific responses in the plant needed to survive. Here, we summarize both older and recent findings concerning the involvement of Ca2+ signalling in the homeostasis of nutrients. In this review, we present new emerging technologies, based on the use of genetically encoded Ca2+ sensors and advanced microscopy, which offer the chance to perform in planta analyses of Ca2+ dynamics at cellular resolution. The harnessing of these technologies with different genetic backgrounds and subjected to different nutritional stresses will provide important insights to the still little-known mechanisms of nutrient sensing in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Vigani
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, 10135, Italy
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Costa A, Navazio L, Szabo I. The contribution of organelles to plant intracellular Calcium signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4996169. [PMID: 29767757 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is among the most important intracellular messengers in living organisms. Understanding of the players and dynamics of Ca2+ signalling pathways in plants may help to unravel the molecular basis of their exceptional flexibility to respond and to adapt to different stimuli. In the present review we focus on new tools that have recently revolutionized our view of organellar Ca2+ signalling as well as on the current knowledge regarding the pathways mediating Ca2+ fluxes across intracellular membranes. The contribution of organelles and cellular subcompartments to the orchestrated response via Ca2+ signalling within a cell is also discussed, underlining the fact that one of the greatest challenges in the field is the elucidation of how influx and efflux Ca2+ transporters/channels are regulated in a concerted manner to translate specific information into a Ca2+ signature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi, Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Via Orto Botanico, Padova, Italy
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi, Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Via Orto Botanico, Padova, Italy
- Institute of Neurosciences, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. Bassi, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Walia A, Waadt R, Jones AM. Genetically Encoded Biosensors in Plants: Pathways to Discovery. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:497-524. [PMID: 29719164 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded biosensors that directly interact with a molecule of interest were first introduced more than 20 years ago with fusion proteins that served as fluorescent indicators for calcium ions. Since then, the technology has matured into a diverse array of biosensors that have been deployed to improve our spatiotemporal understanding of molecules whose dynamics have profound influence on plant physiology and development. In this review, we address several types of biosensors with a focus on genetically encoded calcium indicators, which are now the most diverse and advanced group of biosensors. We then consider the discoveries in plant biology made by using biosensors for calcium, pH, reactive oxygen species, redox conditions, primary metabolites, phytohormones, and nutrients. These discoveries were dependent on the engineering, characterization, and optimization required to develop a successful biosensor; they were also dependent on the methodological developments required to express, detect, and analyze the readout of such biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Walia
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom;
| | - Rainer Waadt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Alexander M Jones
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kudla J, Becker D, Grill E, Hedrich R, Hippler M, Kummer U, Parniske M, Romeis T, Schumacher K. Advances and current challenges in calcium signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:414-431. [PMID: 29332310 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Content Summary 414 I. Introduction 415 II. Ca2+ importer and exporter in plants 415 III. The Ca2+ decoding toolkit in plants 415 IV. Mechanisms of Ca2+ signal decoding 417 V. Immediate Ca2+ signaling in the regulation of ion transport 418 VI. Ca2+ signal integration into long-term ABA responses 419 VII Integration of Ca2+ and hormone signaling through dynamic complex modulation of the CCaMK/CYCLOPS complex 420 VIII Ca2+ signaling in mitochondria and chloroplasts 422 IX A view beyond recent advances in Ca2+ imaging 423 X Modeling approaches in Ca2+ signaling 424 XI Conclusions: Ca2+ signaling a still young blooming field of plant research 424 Acknowledgements 425 ORCID 425 References 425 SUMMARY: Temporally and spatially defined changes in Ca2+ concentration in distinct compartments of cells represent a universal information code in plants. Recently, it has become evident that Ca2+ signals not only govern intracellular regulation but also appear to contribute to long distance or even organismic signal propagation and physiological response regulation. Ca2+ signals are shaped by an intimate interplay of channels and transporters, and during past years important contributing individual components have been identified and characterized. Ca2+ signals are translated by an elaborate toolkit of Ca2+ -binding proteins, many of which function as Ca2+ sensors, into defined downstream responses. Intriguing progress has been achieved in identifying specific modules that interconnect Ca2+ decoding proteins and protein kinases with downstream target effectors, and in characterizing molecular details of these processes. In this review, we reflect on recent major advances in our understanding of Ca2+ signaling and cover emerging concepts and existing open questions that should be informative also for scientists that are currently entering this field of ever-increasing breath and impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7/8, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Becker
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Erwin Grill
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 4, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7/8, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ursula Kummer
- Department of Modeling of Biological Processes, COS Heidelberg/Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Parniske
- Institute of Genetics, Biocenter University of Munich (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 4, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tina Romeis
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Endoplasmic reticulum-localized CCX2 is required for osmotolerance by regulating ER and cytosolic Ca 2+ dynamics in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:3966-3971. [PMID: 29581277 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720422115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ signals in plant cells are important for adaptive responses to environmental stresses. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis CATION/Ca2+ EXCHANGER2 (CCX2), encoding a putative cation/Ca2+ exchanger that localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is strongly induced by salt and osmotic stresses. Compared with the WT, AtCCX2 loss-of-function mutant was less tolerant to osmotic stress and displayed the most noteworthy phenotypes (less root/shoot growth) during salt stress. Conversely, AtCCX2 gain-of-function mutants were more tolerant to osmotic stress. In addition, AtCCX2 partially suppresses the Ca2+ sensitivity of K667 yeast triple mutant, characterized by Ca2+ uptake deficiency. Remarkably, Cameleon Ca2+ sensors revealed that the absence of AtCCX2 activity results in decreased cytosolic and increased ER Ca2+ concentrations in comparison with both WT and the gain-of-function mutants. This was observed in both salt and nonsalt osmotic stress conditions. It appears that AtCCX2 is directly involved in the control of Ca2+ fluxes between the ER and the cytosol, which plays a key role in the ability of plants to cope with osmotic stresses. To our knowledge, Atccx2 is unique as a plant mutant to show a measured alteration in ER Ca2+ concentrations. In this study, we identified the ER-localized AtCCX2 as a pivotal player in the regulation of ER Ca2+ dynamics that heavily influence plant growth upon salt and osmotic stress.
Collapse
|
13
|
Doccula FG, Luoni L, Behera S, Bonza MC, Costa A. In Vivo Analysis of Calcium Levels and Glutathione Redox Status in Arabidopsis Epidermal Leaf Cells Infected with the Hypersensitive Response-Inducing Bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato AvrB (PstAvrB). Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1743:125-141. [PMID: 29332292 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7668-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants react to the attack of pathogen microorganisms by mounting appropriate and efficient downstream defense responses often involving a form of localized cell death called hypersensitive response (HR).Here we describe an innovative and noninvasive protocol based on in vivo bioimaging technique coupled with utilization of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors that allows to monitor and analyze intracellular calcium (Ca2+) dynamics and changes of the glutathione redox status taking place in plant organs during plant interaction with the HR-inducing bacteria Pseudomonas syringae (PstAvrB).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Luoni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Waadt R, Krebs M, Kudla J, Schumacher K. Multiparameter imaging of calcium and abscisic acid and high-resolution quantitative calcium measurements using R-GECO1-mTurquoise in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:303-320. [PMID: 28850185 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Calcium signals occur in specific spatio-temporal patterns in response to various stimuli and are coordinated with, for example, hormonal signals, for physiological and developmental adaptations. Quantification of calcium together with other signalling molecules is required for correlative analyses and to decipher downstream calcium-decoding mechanisms. Simultaneous in vivo imaging of calcium and abscisic acid has been performed here to investigate the interdependence of the respective signalling processes in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Advanced ratiometric genetically encoded calcium indicators have been generated and in vivo calcium calibration protocols were established to determine absolute calcium concentration changes in response to auxin and ATP. In roots, abscisic acid induced long-term basal calcium concentration increases, while auxin triggered rapid signals in the elongation zone. The advanced ratiometric calcium indicator R-GECO1-mTurquoise exhibited an increased calcium signal resolution compared to commonly used Förster resonance energy transfer-based indicators. Quantitative calcium measurements in Arabidopsis root tips using R-GECO1-mTurquoise revealed detailed maps of absolute calcium concentration changes in response to auxin and ATP. Calcium calibration protocols using R-GECO1-mTurquoise enabled high-resolution quantitative imaging of resting cytosolic calcium concentrations and their dynamic changes that revealed distinct hormonal and ATP responses in roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Waadt
- Entwicklungsbilogie der Pflanzen, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Melanie Krebs
- Entwicklungsbilogie der Pflanzen, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Entwicklungsbilogie der Pflanzen, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Candeo A, Doccula FG, Valentini G, Bassi A, Costa A. Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy Quantifies Calcium Oscillations in Root Hairs of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1161-1172. [PMID: 28379562 PMCID: PMC6383626 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Calcium oscillations play a role in the regulation of the development of tip-growing plant cells. Using optical microscopy, calcium oscillations have been observed in a few systems (e.g. pollen tubes, fungal hyphae and algal rhizoids). High-resolution, non-phototoxic and rapid imaging methods are required to study the calcium oscillation in root hairs. We show that light sheet fluorescence microscopy is optimal to image growing root hairs of Arabidopsis thaliana and to follow their oscillatory tip-focused calcium gradient. We describe a protocol for performing live imaging of root hairs in seedlings expressing the cytosol-localized ratiometric calcium indicator Yellow Cameleon 3.6. Using this protocol, we measured the calcium gradient in a large number of root hairs. We characterized their calcium oscillations and correlated them with the rate of hair growth. The method was then used to screen the effect of auxin on the properties of the growing root hairs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Candeo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio G. Doccula
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Valentini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Bassi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alex Costa
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Costa A, Luoni L, Marrano CA, Hashimoto K, Köster P, Giacometti S, De Michelis MI, Kudla J, Bonza MC. Ca2+-dependent phosphoregulation of the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase ACA8 modulates stimulus-induced calcium signatures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3215-3230. [PMID: 28531251 PMCID: PMC5853299 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ signals are transient, hence, upon a stimulus-induced increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, cells have to re-establish resting Ca2+ levels. Ca2+ extrusion is operated by a wealth of transporters, such as Ca2+ pumps and Ca2+/H+ antiporters, which often require a rise in Ca2+ concentration to be activated. Here, we report a regulatory fine-tuning mechanism of the Arabidopsis thaliana plasma membrane-localized Ca2+-ATPase isoform ACA8 that is mediated by calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) and CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) complexes. We show that two CIPKs (CIPK9 and CIPK14) are able to interact with ACA8 in vivo and phosphorylate it in vitro. Transient co-overexpression of ACA8 with CIPK9 and the plasma membrane Ca2+ sensor CBL1 in tobacco leaf cells influences nuclear Ca2+ dynamics, specifically reducing the height of the second peak of the wound-induced Ca2+ transient. Stimulus-induced Ca2+ transients in mature leaves and seedlings of an aca8 T-DNA insertion line exhibit altered dynamics when compared with the wild type. Altogether our results identify ACA8 as a prominent in vivo regulator of cellular Ca2+ dynamics and reveal the existence of a Ca2+-dependent CBL-CIPK-mediated regulatory feedback mechanism, which crucially functions in the termination of Ca2+ signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Luoni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Köster
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Maria Ida De Michelis
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Behera S, Long Y, Schmitz-Thom I, Wang XP, Zhang C, Li H, Steinhorst L, Manishankar P, Ren XL, Offenborn JN, Wu WH, Kudla J, Wang Y. Two spatially and temporally distinct Ca 2+ signals convey Arabidopsis thaliana responses to K + deficiency. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:739-750. [PMID: 27579668 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In plants, potassium (K+ ) homeostasis is tightly regulated and established against a concentration gradient to the environment. Despite the identification of Ca2+ -regulated kinases as modulators of K+ channels, the immediate signaling and adaptation mechanisms of plants to low-K+ conditions are only partially understood. To assess the occurrence and role of Ca2+ signals in Arabidopsis thaliana roots, we employed ratiometric analyses of Ca2+ dynamics in plants expressing the Ca2+ reporter YC3.6 in combination with patch-clamp analyses of root cells and two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) analyses in Xenopus laevis oocytes. K+ deficiency triggers two successive and distinct Ca2+ signals in roots exhibiting spatial and temporal specificity. A transient primary Ca2+ signature arose within 1 min in the postmeristematic stelar tissue of the elongation zone, while a secondary Ca2+ response occurred after several hours as sustained Ca2+ elevation in defined tissues of the elongation and root hair differentiation zones. Patch-clamp and TEVC analyses revealed Ca2+ dependence of the activation of the K+ channel AKT1 by the CBL1-CIPK23 Ca2+ sensor-kinase complex. Together, these findings identify a critical role of cell group-specific Ca2+ signaling in low K+ responses and indicate an essential and direct role of Ca2+ signals for AKT1 K+ channel activation in roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smrutisanjita Behera
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Yu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SKLPPB), College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Centre (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ina Schmitz-Thom
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Xue-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SKLPPB), College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Centre (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SKLPPB), College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Centre (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Leonie Steinhorst
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Prabha Manishankar
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Xiao-Ling Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SKLPPB), College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Centre (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jan Niklas Offenborn
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Wei-Hua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SKLPPB), College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Centre (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SKLPPB), College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Centre (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SKLPPB), College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Centre (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|