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Oshikawa S, Naoe A, Moriya T, Hasegawa Y, Nakasato M, Ogawa Y, Wakabayashi H, Itoh A, Takeda-Kimura Y, Miyazaki S, Kawaide H, Toyomasu T. Gibberellin-biosynthetic ent-kaurene synthases in higher plants do not require their non-catalytic domains for the catalysis. Biochem J 2024; 481:779-791. [PMID: 38829839 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20240162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
ent-Kaurene is a biosynthetic intermediate diterpene of phytohormone gibberellins, and is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl diphosphate via ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CDP). The successive cyclization is catalyzed by two distinct diterpene synthases, ent-CDP synthase (ent-CPS) and ent-kaurene synthase (KS). Homologs of these diterpene synthase genes have been reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of specialized-metabolic diterpenoids for defense in several plant species, including rice (Oryza sativa). These diterpene synthases consist of three domains, αβγ domains. Active sites of ent-CPS exist at the interface of β and γ domain, while those of KS are located within the α domain. We herein carried out domain-deletion experiments using several KSs and KS like enzymes (KSLs) to obtain insights into the roles of domains other than active-site domains. As previously reported in taxadiene synthase, deletion of γ or βγ domains drastically decreased activities of specialized-metabolic OsKSL5, OsKSL8, OsKSL7 and OsKSL10 in O. sativa. However, unexpectedly, only α domains of several gibberellin-biosynthetic KSs, including OsKS1 in O. sativa, AtKS in Arabidopsis thaliana, TaKS in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and BdKS1 in Brachypodium distachyon, retained their original functions. Additionally, the specialized-metabolic OsKSL4, which is closely related to OsKS1, also functioned without its βγ domains. Domain-swapping experiments showed that replacing βγ domains in OsKSL7 with those from other KS/KSLs retained the OsKSL7 activity. Moreover, deletion of βγ domains of bifunctional PpCPS/KS in moss (Physcomitrella patens) drastically impaired its KS-related activity. Thus, we demonstrate that monofunctional gibberellin-biosynthetic KSs are the unique diterpene synthases that retain their functions without βγ domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Oshikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Ayaka Naoe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoka Moriya
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Yuto Hasegawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Momoko Nakasato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Yuga Ogawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Wakabayashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Itoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Yuri Takeda-Kimura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Sho Miyazaki
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaide
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Toyomasu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
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Garg A, Srivastava P, Verma PC, Ghosh S. ApCPS2 contributes to medicinal diterpenoid biosynthesis and defense against insect herbivore in Andrographis paniculata. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 342:112046. [PMID: 38395069 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) spatiotemporally produces medicinally-important ent-labdane-related diterpenoids (ent-LRDs); andrographolide (AD), 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (DDAD), neoandrographolide (NAD). ApCPS1 and ApCPS2, the ent-copalyl pyrophosphate (ent-CPP)-producing class II diterpene synthases (diTPSs) were identified, but their contributions to ent-CPP precursor supply for ent-LRD biosynthesis were not well understood. Here, we characterized ApCPS4, an additional ent-CPP-forming diTPS. Further, we elucidated in planta function of the ent-CPP-producing diTPSs (ApCPS1,2,4) by integrating transcript-metabolite co-profiles, biochemical analysis and gene functional characterization. ApCPS1,2,4 localized to the plastids, where diterpenoid biosynthesis occurs in plants, but ApCPS1,2,4 transcript expression patterns and ent-LRD contents revealed a strong correlation of ApCPS2 expression and ent-LRD accumulation in kalmegh. ApCPS1,2,4 upstream sequences differentially activated β-glucuronidase (GUS) in Arabidopsis and transiently-transformed kalmegh. Similar to higher expression of ApCPS1 in kalmegh stem, ApCPS1 upstream sequence activated GUS in stem/hypocotyl of Arabidopsis and kalmegh. However, ApCPS2,4 upstream sequences weakly activated GUS expression in Arabidopsis, which was not well correlated with ApCPS2,4 transcript expression in kalmegh tissues. Whereas, ApCPS2,4 upstream sequences could activate GUS expression at a considerable level in kalmegh leaf and roots/calyx, respectively, suggesting the involvement of transcriptional regulator(s) of ApCPS2,4 that might participate in kalmegh-specific diterpenoid pathway. Interestingly, ApCPS2-silenced kalmegh showed a drastic reduction in AD, DDAD and NAD contents and compromised defense against insect herbivore Spodoptera litura. However, ent-LRD contents and herbivore defense in ApCPS1 or ApCPS4-silenced plants remained largely unaltered. Overall, these results suggested an important role of ApCPS2 in producing ent-CPP for medicinal ent-LRD biosynthesis and defense against insect herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Garg
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Payal Srivastava
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Praveen Chandra Verma
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Dong Y, Wei Z, Zhang W, Li J, Han M, Bai H, Li H, Shi L. LaMYC7, a positive regulator of linalool and caryophyllene biosynthesis, confers plant resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae044. [PMID: 38623075 PMCID: PMC11017519 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Linalool and caryophyllene are the main monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds in lavender; however, the genes regulating their biosynthesis still remain many unknowns. Here, we identified LaMYC7, a positive regulator of linalool and caryophyllene biosynthesis, confers plant resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. LaMYC7 was highly expressed in glandular trichomes, and LaMYC7 overexpression could significantly increase the linalool and caryophyllene contents and reduce susceptibility to P. syringae in Nicotiana. In addition, the linalool possessed antimicrobial activity against P. syringae growth and acted dose-dependently. Further analysis demonstrated that LaMYC7 directly bound to the promoter region of LaTPS76, which encodes the terpene synthase (TPS) for caryophyllene biosynthesis, and that LaTPS76 was highly expressed in glandular trichomes. Notably, the LaMYC7 promoter contained hormone and stress-responsive regulatory elements and responded to various treatments, including ultraviolet, low temperature, salt, drought, methyl jasmonate, and P. syringae infection treatments. Under these treatments, the changes in the linalool and caryophyllene contents were similar to those in LaMYC7 transcript abundance. Based on the results, LaMYC7 could respond to P. syringae infection in addition to being involved in linalool and caryophyllene biosynthesis. Thus, the MYC transcription factor gene LaMYC7 can be used in the breeding of high-yielding linalool and caryophyllene lavender varieties with pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ziling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingrui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Meixian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongtong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
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Wang A, Liu J, Huang L. Comparative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome in Different Tissue Sites of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. Molecules 2024; 29:1075. [PMID: 38474587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The resinous stem of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg is the sole legally authorized source of agarwood in China. However, whether other tissue parts can be potential substitutes for agarwood requires further investigation. In this study, we conducted metabolic analysis and transcriptome sequencing of six distinct tissues (root, stem, leaf, seed, husk, and callus) of A. sinensis to investigate the variations in metabolite distribution characteristics and transcriptome data across different tissues. A total of 331 differential metabolites were identified by chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), of which 22.96% were terpenoids. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RNA sequencing were enriched in sesquiterpene synthesis via the mevalonate pathway. The present study establishes a solid foundation for exploring potential alternatives to agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Bhargav P, Chaurasia S, Kumar A, Srivastava G, Pant Y, Chanotiya CS, Ghosh S. Unraveling the terpene synthase family and characterization of BsTPS2 contributing to (S)-( +)-linalool biosynthesis in Boswellia. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:219-236. [PMID: 37898975 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Boswellia tree bark exudes oleo-gum resin in response to wounding, which is rich in terpene volatiles. But, the molecular and biochemical basis of wound-induced formation of resin volatiles remains poorly understood. Here, we combined RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and metabolite analysis to unravel the terpene synthase (TPS) family contributing to wound-induced biosynthesis of resin volatiles in B. serrata, an economically-important Boswellia species. The analysis of large-scale RNA-seq data of bark and leaf samples representing more than 600 million sequencing reads led to the identification of 32 TPSs, which were classified based on phylogenetic relationship into various TPSs families found in angiosperm species such as TPS-a, b, c, e/f, and g. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis of bark samples collected at 0-24 h post-wounding shortlisted 14 BsTPSs that showed wound-induced transcriptional upregulation in bark, suggesting their important role in wound-induced biosynthesis of resin volatiles. Biochemical characterization of a bark preferentially-expressed and wound-inducible TPS (BsTPS2) in vitro and in planta assays revealed its involvement in resin terpene biosynthesis. Bacterially-expressed recombinant BsTPS2 catalyzed the conversion of GPP and FPP into (S)-( +)-linalool and (E)-(-)-nerolidol, respectively, in vitro assays. However, BsTPS2 expression in Nicotiana benthamiana found that BsTPS2 is a plastidial linalool synthase. In contrast, cytosolic expression of BsTPS2 did not form any product. Overall, the present work unraveled a suite of TPSs that potentially contributed to the biosynthesis of resin volatiles in Boswellia and biochemically characterized BsTPS2, which is involved in wound-induced biosynthesis of (S)-( +)-linalool, a monoterpene resin volatile with a known role in plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravesh Bhargav
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Seema Chaurasia
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Aashish Kumar
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Gaurav Srivastava
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Yatish Pant
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Phytochemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Chandan Singh Chanotiya
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Phytochemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Yang Z, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zhang X, Liu G, Zhao Q, Bao Z, Ma F. Volatile secondary metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveals distinct regulation mechanism of aroma biosynthesis in Syringa oblata and S. vulgaris. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:965-973. [PMID: 36889235 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lilacs have high ornamental value due to their strong aroma. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms of aroma biosynthesis and metabolism in lilac were largely unclear. In this study, two varieties with distinct aroma, Syringa oblata 'Zi Kui' (faint aroma) and Syringa vulgaris 'Li Fei' (strong aroma), were used for exploring the regulation mechanism of aroma difference. Via GC-MS analysis, a total of 43 volatile components were identified. Terpene volatiles was the most abundant volatiles constituting the aroma of two varieties. Notably, 3 volatile secondary metabolites were unique in 'Zi Kui' and 30 volatile secondary metabolites were unique in 'Li Fei'. Then, a transcriptome analysis was performed to clarify the regulation mechanism of aroma metabolism difference between these two varieties, and identified 6411 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Interestingly, ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis genes were significantly enriched in DEGs. We further conducted a correlation analysis between the volatile metabolome and transcriptome and found that TPS, GGPPS, and HMGS genes might be the key contributors to the differences in floral fragrance composition between the two lilac varieties. Our study improves the understanding in the regulation mechanism of Lilac aroma and would help improve the aroma of ornamental crops by metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Yang
- Weifang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261071, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Weifang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261071, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Weifang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261071, Shandong, China
| | - Genzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Qingzhu Zhao
- Weifang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261071, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhilong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Fangfang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Khatri P, Chen L, Rajcan I, Dhaubhadel S. Functional characterization of Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene family in soybean (Glycine max). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285698. [PMID: 37186600 PMCID: PMC10184913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) is the first key cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway. It belongs to the CYP73 family of P450 superfamily, and catalyzes the conversion of trans-cinnamic acid to p-coumaric acid. Since p-coumaric acid serves as the precursor for the synthesis of a wide variety of metabolites involved in plant development and stress resistance, alteration in the expression of soybean C4H genes is expected to affect the downstream metabolite levels, and its ability to respond to stress. In this study, we identified four C4H genes in the soybean genome that are distributed into both class I and class II CYP73 family. GmC4H2, GmC4H14 and GmC4H20 displayed tissue- and developmental stage-specific gene expression patterns with their transcript accumulation at the highest level in root tissues. GmC4H10 appears to be a pseudogene as its transcript was not detected in any soybean tissues. Furthermore, protein homology modelling revealed substrate docking only for GmC4H2, GmC4H14 and GmC4H20. To demonstrate the function of GmC4Hs, we modified a cloning vector for the heterologous expression of P450s in yeast, and used it for microsomal protein production and enzyme assay. Our results confirmed that GmC4H2, GmC4H14 and GmC4H20 contain the ability to hydroxylate trans-cinnamic acid with varying efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Khatri
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ling Chen
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Istvan Rajcan
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Dhaubhadel
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Anthocyanins, Carotenoids and Chlorophylls in Edible Plant Leaves Unveiled by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131924. [PMID: 35804744 PMCID: PMC9265259 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural pigments are a quite relevant group of molecules that are widely distributed in nature, possessing a significant role in our daily lives. Besides their colors, natural pigments are currently recognized as having relevant biological properties associated with health benefits, such as anti-tumor, anti-atherogenicity, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory activities, among others. Some of these compounds are easily associated with specific fruits (such as blueberries with anthocyanins, red pitaya with betalain or tomato with lycopene), vegetables (carrots with carotenoids), plant leaves (chlorophylls in green leaves or carotenoids in yellow and red autumn leaves) and even the muscle tissue of vertebrates (such as myoglobin). Despite being less popular as natural pigment sources, edible plant leaves possess a high variety of chlorophylls, as well as a high variety of carotenoids and anthocyanins. The purpose of this review is to critically analyze the whole workflow employed to identify and quantify the most common natural pigments (anthocyanin, carotenoids and chlorophylls) in edible plant leaves using tandem mass spectrometry. Across the literature there, is a lack of consistency in the methods used to extract and analyze these compounds, and this review aims to surpass this issue. Additionally, mass spectrometry has stood out in the context of metabolomics, currently being a widely employed technique in this field. For the three pigments classes, the following steps will be scrutinized: (i) sample pre-preparation, including the solvents and extraction conditions; (ii) details of the chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry experiments (iii) pigment identification and quantification.
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Zhang B, Wang Z, Han X, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhang J, Zhao H, Tang J, Luo K, Zhai Z, Zhou J, Liu P, He W, Luo H, Yu S, Gao Q, Zhang L, Li D. The chromosome-scale assembly of endive (Cichorium endivia) genome provides insights into the sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis. Genomics 2022; 114:110400. [PMID: 35691507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endive (Cichorium endivia L.) is a leafy vegetable in the Asteraceae family. Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) in endive leaves bring a bitter taste that varies between varieties. Despite their importance in breeding varieties with unique flavours, sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis pathways in endive are poorly understood. We assembled a chromosome-scale endive genome of 641 Mb with a contig N50 of 5.16 Mb and annotated 46,711 protein-coding genes. Several gene families, especially terpene synthases (TPS) genes, expanded significantly in the C. endivia genome. STLs biosynthesis-related genes and TPS genes in more bitter varieties have shown a higher level of expression, which could be attributed to genomic variations. Our results penetrate the origin and diversity of bitter taste and facilitate the molecular breeding of endive varieties with unique bitter tastes. The high-quality endive assembly would provide a reference genome for studying the evolution and diversity of Asteraceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Xiangyang Han
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Xue Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Hong Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Jinfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Kangsheng Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Zhaodong Zhai
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Pangyuan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Weiming He
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Shuancang Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Dayong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Beijing 100097, PR China.
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10
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SOUZA FDCDA, SILVA EP, AGUIAR JPL. Vitamin characterization and volatile composition of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (HBK) McVaugh, Myrtaceae) at different maturation stages. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.27120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Muchlinski A, Jia M, Tiedge K, Fell JS, Pelot KA, Chew L, Davisson D, Chen Y, Siegel J, Lovell JT, Zerbe P. Cytochrome P450-catalyzed biosynthesis of furanoditerpenoids in the bioenergy crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1053-1068. [PMID: 34514645 PMCID: PMC9292899 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Specialized diterpenoid metabolites are important mediators of plant-environment interactions in monocot crops. To understand metabolite functions in plant environmental adaptation that ultimately can enable crop improvement strategies, a deeper knowledge of the underlying species-specific biosynthetic pathways is required. Here, we report the genomics-enabled discovery of five cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP71Z25-CYP71Z29) that form previously unknown furanoditerpenoids in the monocot bioenergy crop Panicum virgatum (switchgrass). Combinatorial pathway reconstruction showed that CYP71Z25-CYP71Z29 catalyze furan ring addition directly to primary diterpene alcohol intermediates derived from distinct class II diterpene synthase products. Transcriptional co-expression patterns and the presence of select diterpenoids in switchgrass roots support the occurrence of P450-derived furanoditerpenoids in planta. Integrating molecular dynamics, structural analysis and targeted mutagenesis identified active site determinants that contribute to the distinct catalytic specificities underlying the broad substrate promiscuity of CYP71Z25-CYP71Z29 for native and non-native diterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Muchlinski
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
- Present address:
Firmenich Inc.4767 Nexus Center Dr.San DiegoCalifornia9212USA
| | - Meirong Jia
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
- Present address:
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural ProductsInstitute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100050China
| | - Kira Tiedge
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Jason S. Fell
- Genome CenterUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Kyle A. Pelot
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Lisl Chew
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Danielle Davisson
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Justin Siegel
- Genome CenterUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular MedicineUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - John T. Lovell
- Genome Sequencing CenterHudson Alpha Institute for BiotechnologyHuntsvilleAlabama35806USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
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12
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Liang J, An T, Zhu JX, Chen S, Zhu JH, Peters RJ, Yu R, Zi J. Mining of the Catharanthus roseus Genome Leads to Identification of a Biosynthetic Gene Cluster for Fungicidal Sesquiterpenes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2709-2716. [PMID: 34644092 PMCID: PMC8627374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) from microbial genomes has been proven to be a powerful approach to the discovery of new natural products. However, such a genome mining approach to the discovery of bioactive plant metabolites has been muted. The plant BGCs characterized to date encode pathways for antibiotics important in plant defense against microbial pathogens, providing a means to discover such phytoalexins by mining plant genomes. Here is reported the discovery and characterization of a minimal BGC from the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus, consisting of an adjacent pair of genes encoding a terpene synthase (CrTPS18) and cytochrome P450 (CYP71D349). These two enzymes act sequentially, with CrTPS18 acting as a sesquiterpene synthase, producing 5-epi-jinkoheremol (1), which CYP71D349 further hydroxylates to debneyol (2). Infection studies with maize revealed that 1 and 2 exhibit more potent fungicidal activity than validamycin. Accordingly, this study demonstrates that characterization of such cryptic plant BGCs is a promising strategy for the discovery of potential agrochemical leads. Moreover, despite the observed absence of 1 and 2 in C. roseus, the observed transcriptional regulation is consistent with their differential fungicidal activity, suggesting that such conditional coexpression may be sufficient to drive BGC assembly in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincai Liang
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medic, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tianyue An
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medic, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian-Xun Zhu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medic, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medic, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medic, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Reuben J. Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
- Jiachen Zi – Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medic, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; ; Rongmin Yu – Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medic, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; ; Reuben J. Peters – Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States;
| | - Rongmin Yu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medic, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Jiachen Zi – Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medic, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; ; Rongmin Yu – Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medic, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; ; Reuben J. Peters – Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States;
| | - Jiachen Zi
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medic, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Jiachen Zi – Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medic, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; ; Rongmin Yu – Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medic, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; ; Reuben J. Peters – Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States;
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13
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Gao K, Zha WL, Zhu JX, Zheng C, Zi JC. A review: biosynthesis of plant-derived labdane-related diterpenoids. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:666-674. [PMID: 34561077 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived labdane-related diterpenoids (LRDs) represent a large group of terpenoids. LRDs possess either a labdane-type bicyclic core structure or more complex ring systems derived from labdane-type skeletons, such as abietane, pimarane, kaurane, etc. Due to their various pharmaceutical activities and unique properties, many of LRDs have been widely used in pharmaceutical, food and perfume industries. Biosynthesis of various LRDs has been extensively studied, leading to characterization of a large number of new biosynthetic enzymes. The biosynthetic pathways of important LRDs and the relevant enzymes (especially diterpene synthases and cytochrome P450 enzymes) were summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wen-Long Zha
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian-Xun Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China.
| | - Jia-Chen Zi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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14
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Itoh A, Nakazato S, Wakabayashi H, Hamano A, Shenton MR, Miyamoto K, Mitsuhashi W, Okada K, Toyomasu T. Functional kaurene-synthase-like diterpene synthases lacking a gamma domain are widely present in Oryza and related species. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1945-1952. [PMID: 34244709 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Various diterpene synthases have been functionally identified in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa). These are the homologs of ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CDP) synthase and ent-kaurene synthase (KS) that are responsible for the biosynthesis of gibberellins, diterpenoid phytohormones. We isolated a cDNA encoding full-length OsKSL12, a previously uncharacterized KS like (KSL) enzyme that consists of a β-domain and an α-domain with an active center, but lacks an N-terminal γ-domain. Functional analysis using a bacterial expression system showed that recombinant OsKSL12 converted ent-CDP into ent-manool or ent-13-epi-manool. Comparative genomics revealed that functional OsKSL12 homologs exist in diverse wild species in the Oryzeae- Oryza nivara (Oryza rufipogon), Oryza coarctata, Oryza granulata, Leersia perrieri and Leersia tisseranti. KSL12 homologs in O. granulata, L. perrieri and L. tisseranti preferentially reacted with GGDP rather than ent-CDP, resulting in geranyllinalool rather than ent-manool or ent-13-epi-manool as the main product, meaning that KSL12 functionally diversified during evolution in the Oryzeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Itoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shinta Nakazato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | | | - Ayame Hamano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | | | - Koji Miyamoto
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Wataru Mitsuhashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Toyomasu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
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15
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Liang J, Shen Q, Wang L, Liu J, Fu J, Zhao L, Xu M, Peters RJ, Wang Q. Rice contains a biosynthetic gene cluster associated with production of the casbane-type diterpenoid phytoalexin ent-10-oxodepressin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:85-93. [PMID: 33892515 PMCID: PMC9044444 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diterpenoids play important roles in rice microbial disease resistance as phytoalexins, as well as acting in allelopathy and abiotic stress responses. Recently, the casbane-type phytoalexin ent-10-oxodepressin was identified in rice, but its biosynthesis has not yet been elucidated. Here ent-10-oxodepressin biosynthesis was investigated via co-expression analysis and biochemical characterisation, with use of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology for genetic analysis. The results identified a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) on rice chromosome 7 (c7BGC), containing the relevant ent-casbene synthase (OsECBS), and four cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes from the CYP71Z subfamily. Three of these CYPs were shown to act on ent-casbene, with CYP71Z2 able to produce a keto group at carbon-5 (C5), while the closely related paralogues CYP71Z21 and CYP71Z22 both readily produce a keto group at C10. Together these C5 and C10 oxidases can elaborate ent-casbene to ent-10-oxodepressin (5,10-diketo-ent-casbene). OsECBS knockout lines no longer produce casbane-type diterpenoids and exhibit impaired resistance to the rice fungal blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Elucidation of ent-10-oxodepressin biosynthesis and the associated c7BGC provides not only a potential target for molecular breeding, but also, gives the intriguing parallels to the independently assembled BGCs for casbene-derived diterpenoids in the Euphorbiaceae, further insight into plant BGC evolution, as discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Qinqin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jingye Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Le Zhao
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Meimei Xu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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16
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Profiling of Volatile Compounds and Associated Gene Expression in Two Anthurium Cultivars and Their F1 Hybrid Progenies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26102902. [PMID: 34068329 PMCID: PMC8153298 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthurium is an important ornamental crop in the world market and its floral scent can enhance its ornamental value. To date, studies of the components and formation mechanism of the floral scent of Anthurium are relatively few. In this study, the scent profiles of two Anthurium varieties were measured by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). There were 32 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identified in Anthurium ‘Mystral’, and the most abundant compound was eucalyptol (57.5%). Extremely small amounts of VOCs were detected in Anthurium ‘Alabama’. Compared with A. ‘Alabama’, most genes related to floral scent synthesis exhibited a higher expression in A.‘Mystral’, including AaDXS, AaDXR, AaMDS, AaHDS, AaTPS, AaDAHPS, AaADT2, AaPAL1, and AaPAL2. In order to produce new varieties of Anthurium with fragrance, 454 progenies of two crossbred combinations of A. ‘Mystral’ and A. ‘Alabama’ were obtained. Four F1 generation plants with different floral scent intensities were selected for further study. The major components of floral scent in the progenies were similar to that of the parental A.‘Mystral’ plant. The expression patterns of genes related to floral scent synthesis were consistent with the relative contents of different types of VOCs. This study revealed the profiles of volatile compounds and associated gene expression in two Anthurium cultivars and their F1 hybrids, which provided a basis for the floral scent inheritance of Anthurium andraeanum.
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17
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Hu Z, Liu X, Tian M, Ma Y, Jin B, Gao W, Cui G, Guo J, Huang L. Recent progress and new perspectives for diterpenoid biosynthesis in medicinal plants. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2971-2997. [PMID: 33938025 DOI: 10.1002/med.21816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diterpenoids, including more than 18,000 compounds, represent an important class of metabolites that encompass both phytohormones and some industrially relevant compounds. These molecules with complex, diverse structures and physiological activities, have high value in the pharmaceutical industry. Most medicinal diterpenoids are extracted from plants. Major advances in understanding the biosynthetic pathways of these active compounds are providing unprecedented opportunities for the industrial production of diterpenoids by metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. Here, we summarize recent developments in the field of diterpenoid biosynthesis from medicinal herbs. An overview of the pathways and known biosynthetic enzymes is presented. In particular, we look at the main findings from the past decade and review recent progress in the biosynthesis of different groups of ringed compounds. We also discuss diterpenoid production using synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies, and draw on new technologies and discoveries to bring together many components into a useful framework for diterpenoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Mei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical, Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Kitaoka N, Zhang J, Oyagbenro RK, Brown B, Wu Y, Yang B, Li Z, Peters RJ. Interdependent evolution of biosynthetic gene clusters for momilactone production in rice. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:290-305. [PMID: 33793769 PMCID: PMC8136919 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants can contain biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that nominally resemble those found in microbes. However, while horizontal gene transmission is often observed in microbes, plants are limited to vertical gene transmission, implying that their BGCs may exhibit distinct inheritance patterns. Rice (Oryza sativa) contains two unlinked BGCs involved in diterpenoid phytoalexin metabolism, with one clearly required for momilactone biosynthesis, while the other is associated with production of phytocassanes. Here, in the process of elucidating momilactone biosynthesis, genetic evidence was found demonstrating a role for a cytochrome P450 (CYP) from the other "phytocassane" BGC. This CYP76M8 acts after the CYP99A2/3 from the "momilactone" BGC, producing a hemiacetal intermediate that is oxidized to the eponymous lactone by a short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase also from this BGC. Thus, the "momilactone" BGC is not only incomplete, but also fractured by the need for CYP76M8 to act in between steps catalyzed by enzymes from this BGC. Moreover, as supported by similar activity observed with orthologs from the momilactone-producing wild-rice species Oryza punctata, the presence of CYP76M8 in the other "phytocassane" BGC indicates interdependent evolution of these two BGCs, highlighting the distinct nature of BGC assembly in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kitaoka
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Juan Zhang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
- State Key Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Richard K Oyagbenro
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Benjamin Brown
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Yisheng Wu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132
| | - Zhaohu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Authors for correspondence: ,
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
- Authors for correspondence: ,
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19
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Ricigliano VA, Sica VP, Knowles SL, Diette N, Howarth DG, Oberlies NH. Bioactive diterpenoid metabolism and cytotoxic activities of genetically transformed Euphorbia lathyris roots. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 179:112504. [PMID: 32980713 PMCID: PMC7863580 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants in the genus Euphorbia produce a wide variety of pharmacologically active diterpenoids with anticancer, multidrug resistance reversal, and antiviral properties. Some are the primary industrial source of ingenol mebutate, which is approved for treatment of the precancerous skin condition actinic keratosis. Similar to other high value phytochemicals, Euphorbia diterpenoids accumulate at low concentrations in planta and chemical synthesis produces similarly low yields. We established genetically transformed root cultures of Euphorbia lathryis as a strategy to gain greater access to diterpenoids from this genus. Transformed roots produced via stem explant infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 15834 recapitulated the metabolite profiles of field-grown plant roots and aerial tissues. Several putative diterpenoids were present in transformed roots, including ingenol and closely related structures, indicating that root cultures are a promising approach to Euphorbia-specific diterpenoid production. Treatment with methyl jasmonate led to a significant, albeit transient increase in mRNA levels of early diterpenoid biosynthetic enzymes (farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, and casbene synthase), suggesting that elicitation could prove useful in future pathway characterization and metabolic engineering efforts. We also show the potential of transformed E. lathyris root cultures for natural product drug discovery applications by measuring their cytotoxic activities using a panel of human carcinoma cell lines derived from prostate, cervix, breast, and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A Ricigliano
- USDA-ARS, Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research, Baton Rouge, LA, 70820, USA.
| | - Vincent P Sica
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Sonja L Knowles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Nicole Diette
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80227, USA; Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80227, USA
| | - Dianella G Howarth
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
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Evolution of Labdane-Related Diterpene Synthases in Cereals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 61:1850-1859. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are labdane-related diterpenoid phytohormones that regulate various aspects of higher plant growth. A biosynthetic intermediate of GAs is ent-kaurene, a tetra-cyclic diterpene that is produced through successive cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate catalyzed by the two distinct monofunctional diterpene synthases—ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (ent-CPS) and ent-kaurene synthase (KS). Various homologous genes of the two diterpene synthases have been identified in cereals, including rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays), and are believed to have been derived from GA biosynthetic ent-CPS and KS genes through duplication and neofunctionalization. They play roles in specialized metabolism, giving rise to diverse labdane-related diterpenoids for defense because a variety of diterpene synthases generate diverse carbon-skeleton structures. This review mainly describes the diterpene synthase homologs that have been identified and characterized in rice, wheat and maize and shows the evolutionary history of various homologs in rice inferred by comparative genomics studies using wild rice species, such as Oryza rufipogon and Oryza brachyantha. In addition, we introduce labdane-related diterpene synthases in bryophytes and gymnosperms to illuminate the macroscopic evolutionary history of diterpene synthases in the plant kingdom—bifunctional enzymes possessing both CPS and KS activities are present in bryophytes; gymnosperms possess monofunctional CPS and KS responsible for GA biosynthesis and also possess bifunctional diterpene synthases facilitating specialized metabolism for defense.
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Yang Z, Li Y, Gao F, Jin W, Li S, Kimani S, Yang S, Bao T, Gao X, Wang L. MYB21 interacts with MYC2 to control the expression of terpene synthase genes in flowers of Freesia hybrida and Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4140-4158. [PMID: 32275056 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously, linalool was found to be the most abundant component among the cocktail of volatiles released from flowers of Freesia hybrida. Linalool formation is catalysed by monoterpene synthase TPS1. However, the regulatory network developmentally modulating the expression of the TPS1 gene in Freesia hybrida remains unexplored. In this study, three regulatory genes, FhMYB21L1, FhMYB21L2, and FhMYC2, were screened from 52 candidates. Two MYB transcription factor genes were synchronously expressed with FhTPS1 and could activate its expression significantly when overexpressed, and the binding of FhMYB21L2 to the MYBCORE sites in the FhTPS1 promoter was further confirmed, indicating a direct role in activation. FhMYC2 showed an inverse expression pattern compared with FhTPS1; its expression led to a decreased binding of FhMYB21 to the FhTPS1 promoter to reduce its activation capacity when co-expressed, suggesting a role for an MYB-bHLH complex in the regulation of the FhTPS1 gene. In Arabidopsis, both MYB21 and MYC2 regulators were shown to activate the expression of sesquiterpene synthase genes, and the regulatory roles of AtMYB21 and AtMYC2 in the expression of the linalool synthase gene were also confirmed, implying conserved functions of the MYB-bHLH complex in these two evolutionarily divergent plants. Moreover, the expression ratio between MYB21 and MYC2 orthologues might be a determinant factor in floral linalool emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yueqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengzhan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shadrack Kimani
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya
| | - Song Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Bao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biology Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Karunanithi PS, Berrios DI, Wang S, Davis J, Shen T, Fiehn O, Maloof JN, Zerbe P. The foxtail millet (Setaria italica) terpene synthase gene family. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:781-800. [PMID: 32282967 PMCID: PMC7497057 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoid metabolism plays vital roles in stress defense and the environmental adaptation of monocot crops. Here, we describe the identification of the terpene synthase (TPS) gene family of the panicoid food and bioenergy model crop foxtail millet (Setaria italica). The diploid S. italica genome contains 32 TPS genes, 17 of which were biochemically characterized in this study. Unlike other thus far investigated grasses, S. italica contains TPSs producing all three ent-, (+)- and syn-copalyl pyrophosphate stereoisomers that naturally occur as central building blocks in the biosynthesis of distinct monocot diterpenoids. Conversion of these intermediates by the promiscuous TPS SiTPS8 yielded different diterpenoid scaffolds. Additionally, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP99A17), which genomically clustered with SiTPS8, catalyzes the C19 hydroxylation of SiTPS8 products to generate the corresponding diterpene alcohols. The presence of syntenic orthologs to about 19% of the S. italica TPSs in related grasses supports a common ancestry of selected pathway branches. Among the identified enzyme products, abietadien-19-ol, syn-pimara-7,15-dien-19-ol and germacrene-d-4-ol were detectable in planta, and gene expression analysis of the biosynthetic TPSs showed distinct and, albeit moderately, inducible expression patterns in response to biotic and abiotic stress. In vitro growth-inhibiting activity of abietadien-19-ol and syn-pimara-7,15-dien-19-ol against Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium subglutinans may indicate pathogen defensive functions, whereas the low antifungal efficacy of tested sesquiterpenoids supports other bioactivities. Together, these findings expand the known chemical space of monocot terpenoid metabolism to enable further investigations of terpenoid-mediated stress resilience in these agriculturally important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema S. Karunanithi
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - David I. Berrios
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - Sadira Wang
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - John Davis
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - Tong Shen
- West Coast Metabolomics CenterUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics CenterUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - Julin N. Maloof
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
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Tiedge K, Muchlinski A, Zerbe P. Genomics-enabled analysis of specialized metabolism in bioenergy crops: current progress and challenges. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2020; 5:ysaa005. [PMID: 32995549 PMCID: PMC7445794 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce a staggering diversity of specialized small molecule metabolites that play vital roles in mediating environmental interactions and stress adaptation. This chemical diversity derives from dynamic biosynthetic pathway networks that are often species-specific and operate under tight spatiotemporal and environmental control. A growing divide between demand and environmental challenges in food and bioenergy crop production has intensified research on these complex metabolite networks and their contribution to crop fitness. High-throughput omics technologies provide access to ever-increasing data resources for investigating plant metabolism. However, the efficiency of using such system-wide data to decode the gene and enzyme functions controlling specialized metabolism has remained limited; due largely to the recalcitrance of many plants to genetic approaches and the lack of 'user-friendly' biochemical tools for studying the diverse enzyme classes involved in specialized metabolism. With emphasis on terpenoid metabolism in the bioenergy crop switchgrass as an example, this review aims to illustrate current advances and challenges in the application of DNA synthesis and synthetic biology tools for accelerating the functional discovery of genes, enzymes and pathways in plant specialized metabolism. These technologies have accelerated knowledge development on the biosynthesis and physiological roles of diverse metabolite networks across many ecologically and economically important plant species and can provide resources for application to precision breeding and natural product metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Tiedge
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew Muchlinski
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Alterations in the methylome of the stromal tumour microenvironment signal the presence and severity of prostate cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:48. [PMID: 32188493 PMCID: PMC7081708 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer changes the phenotype of cells within the stromal microenvironment, including fibroblasts, which in turn promote tumour progression. Functional changes in prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) coincide with alterations in DNA methylation levels at loci-specific regulatory regions. Yet, it is not clear how these methylation changes compare across CAFs from different patients. Therefore, we examined the consistency and prognostic significance of genome-wide DNA methylation profiles between CAFs from patients with different grades of primary prostate cancer. Results We used Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChips to evaluate genome-wide DNA methylation profiles from 18 matched CAFs and non-malignant prostate tissue fibroblasts (NPFs) from men with moderate to high grade prostate cancer, as well as five unmatched benign prostate tissue fibroblasts (BPFs) from men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. We identified two sets of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in patient CAFs. One set of DMRs reproducibly differed between CAFs and fibroblasts from non-malignant tissue (NPFs and BPFs). Indeed, more than 1200 DMRs consistently changed in CAFs from every patient, regardless of tumour grade. The second set of DMRs varied between CAFs according to the severity of the tumour. Notably, hypomethylation of the EDARADD promoter occurred specifically in CAFs from high-grade tumours and correlated with increased transcript abundance and increased EDARADD staining in patient tissue. Across multiple cohorts, tumours with low EDARADD DNA methylation and high EDARADD mRNA expression were consistently associated with adverse clinical features and shorter recurrence free survival. Conclusions We identified a large set of DMRs that are commonly shared across CAFs regardless of tumour grade and outcome, demonstrating highly consistent epigenome changes in the prostate tumour microenvironment. Additionally, we found that CAFs from aggressive prostate cancers have discrete methylation differences compared to CAFs from moderate risk prostate cancer. Together, our data demonstrates that the methylome of the tumour microenvironment reflects both the presence and the severity of the prostate cancer and, therefore, may provide diagnostic and prognostic potential.
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Ding Y, Murphy KM, Poretsky E, Mafu S, Yang B, Char SN, Christensen SA, Saldivar E, Wu M, Wang Q, Ji L, Schmitz RJ, Kremling KA, Buckler ES, Shen Z, Briggs SP, Bohlmann J, Sher A, Castro-Falcon G, Hughes CC, Huffaker A, Zerbe P, Schmelz EA. Multiple genes recruited from hormone pathways partition maize diterpenoid defences. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:1043-1056. [PMID: 31527844 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Duplication and divergence of primary pathway genes underlie the evolution of plant specialized metabolism; however, mechanisms partitioning parallel hormone and defence pathways are often speculative. For example, the primary pathway intermediate ent-kaurene is essential for gibberellin biosynthesis and is also a proposed precursor for maize antibiotics. By integrating transcriptional coregulation patterns, genome-wide association studies, combinatorial enzyme assays, proteomics and targeted mutant analyses, we show that maize kauralexin biosynthesis proceeds via the positional isomer ent-isokaurene formed by a diterpene synthase pair recruited from gibberellin metabolism. The oxygenation and subsequent desaturation of ent-isokaurene by three promiscuous cytochrome P450s and a new steroid 5α reductase indirectly yields predominant ent-kaurene-associated antibiotics required for Fusarium stalk rot resistance. The divergence and differential expression of pathway branches derived from multiple duplicated hormone-metabolic genes minimizes dysregulation of primary metabolism via the circuitous biosynthesis of ent-kaurene-related antibiotics without the production of growth hormone precursors during defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezhang Ding
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katherine M Murphy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Elly Poretsky
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sibongile Mafu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Si Nian Char
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Evan Saldivar
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mengxi Wu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lexiang Ji
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Karl A Kremling
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Edward S Buckler
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven P Briggs
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew Sher
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Castro-Falcon
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chambers C Hughes
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Ito Y, Ito T, Yamashiro K, Mineshiba F, Hirai K, Omori K, Yamamoto T, Takashiba S. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of abietic acid on cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. Odontology 2019; 108:57-65. [PMID: 31520265 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries is a type of oral microbiome dysbiosis and biofilm infection that affects oral and systemic conditions. For healthy life expectancy, natural bacteriostatic products are ideal for daily and lifetime use as anti-oral infection agents. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of abietic acid, a diterpene derived from pine rosin, on the in vitro growth of cariogenic bacterial species, Streptococcus mutans. The effective minimum inhibitory concentration of abietic acid was determined through observation of S. mutans growth, acidification, and biofilm formation. The inhibitory effects of abietic acid on the bacterial membrane were investigated through the use of in situ viability analysis and scanning electron microscopic analysis. Cytotoxicity of abietic acid was also examined in the context of several human cell lines using tetrazolium reduction assay. Abietic acid was found to inhibit key bacterial growth hallmarks such as colony forming ability, adenosine triphosphate activity (both planktonic and biofilm), acid production, and biofilm formation. Abietic acid was identified as bacteriostatic, and this compound caused minimal damage to the bacterial membrane. This action was different from that of povidone-iodine or cetylpyridinium chloride. Additionally, abietic acid was significantly less cytotoxic compared to povidone-iodine, and it exerted lower toxicity towards epithelial cells and fibroblasts compared to that against monocytic cells. These data suggest that abietic acid may prove useful as an antibacterial and antibiofilm agent for controlling S. mutans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ito
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamashiro
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Fumi Mineshiba
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Kimito Hirai
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Omori
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Shogo Takashiba
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
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Karunanithi PS, Dhanota P, Addison JB, Tong S, Fiehn O, Zerbe P. Functional characterization of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP71AU87 indicates a role in marrubiin biosynthesis in the medicinal plant Marrubium vulgare. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:114. [PMID: 30909879 PMCID: PMC6434833 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) is a medicinal plant whose signature bioactive compounds, marrubiin and related furanoid diterpenoid lactones, have potential applications for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and type II diabetes. Lack of scalable plant cultivation and the complex metabolite profile of M. vulgare limit access to marrubiin via extraction from plant biomass. Knowledge of the marrubiin-biosynthetic enzymes can enable the development of metabolic engineering platforms for marrubiin production. We previously identified two diterpene synthases, MvCPS1 and MvELS, that act sequentially to form 9,13-epoxy-labd-14-ene. Conversion of 9,13-epoxy-labd-14-ene by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) enzymes can be hypothesized to facilitate key functional modification reactions in the formation of marrubiin and related compounds. RESULTS Mining a M. vulgare leaf transcriptome database identified 95 full-length P450 candidates. Cloning and functional analysis of select P450 candidates showing high transcript abundance revealed a member of the CYP71 family, CYP71AU87, that catalyzed the hydroxylation of 9,13-epoxy-labd-14-ene to yield two isomeric products, 9,13-epoxy labd-14-ene-18-ol and 9,13-epoxy labd-14-ene-19-ol, as verified by GC-MS and NMR analysis. Additional transient Nicotiana benthamiana co-expression assays of CYP71AU87 with different diterpene synthase pairs suggested that CYP71AU87 is specific to the sequential MvCPS1 and MvELS product 9,13-epoxy-labd-14-ene. Although the P450 products were not detectable in planta, high levels of CYP71AU87 gene expression in marrubiin-accumulating tissues supported a role in the formation of marrubiin and related diterpenoids in M. vulgare. CONCLUSIONS In a sequential reaction with the diterpene synthase pair MvCPS1 and MvELS, CYP71AU87 forms the isomeric products 9,13-epoxy labd-14-ene-18/19-ol as probable intermediates in marrubiin biosynthesis. Although its metabolic relevance in planta will necessitate further genetic studies, identification of the CYP71AU87 catalytic activity expands our knowledge of the functional landscape of plant P450 enzymes involved in specialized diterpenoid metabolism and can provide a resource for the formulation of marrubiin and related bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema S. Karunanithi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
| | - Puja Dhanota
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
| | - J. Bennett Addison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Shen Tong
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
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Tissue-Specific Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes for Terpenoid and Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in the Medicinal Plant Ferula assafoetida. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:807-816. [PMID: 30679248 PMCID: PMC6404600 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ferula assafoetida is a medicinal plant of the Apiaceae family that has traditionally been used for its therapeutic value. Particularly, terpenoid and phenylpropanoid metabolites, major components of the root-derived oleo-gum-resin, exhibit anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities, thus offering a resource for potential therapeutic lead compounds. However, genes and enzymes for terpenoid and coumarin-type phenylpropanoid metabolism have thus far remained uncharacterized in F. assafoetida. Comparative de novo transcriptome analysis of roots, leaves, stems, and flowers was combined with computational annotation to identify candidate genes with probable roles in terpenoid and coumarin biosynthesis. Gene network analysis showed a high abundance of predicted terpenoid- and phenylpropanoid-metabolic pathway genes in flowers. These findings offer a deeper insight into natural product biosynthesis in F. assafoetida and provide genomic resources for exploiting the medicinal potential of this rare plant.
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Karunanithi PS, Zerbe P. Terpene Synthases as Metabolic Gatekeepers in the Evolution of Plant Terpenoid Chemical Diversity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1166. [PMID: 31632418 PMCID: PMC6779861 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids comprise tens of thousands of small molecule natural products that are widely distributed across all domains of life. Plants produce by far the largest array of terpenoids with various roles in development and chemical ecology. Driven by selective pressure to adapt to their specific ecological niche, individual species form only a fraction of the myriad plant terpenoids, typically representing unique metabolite blends. Terpene synthase (TPS) enzymes are the gatekeepers in generating terpenoid diversity by catalyzing complex carbocation-driven cyclization, rearrangement, and elimination reactions that enable the transformation of a few acyclic prenyl diphosphate substrates into a vast chemical library of hydrocarbon and, for a few enzymes, oxygenated terpene scaffolds. The seven currently defined clades (a-h) forming the plant TPS family evolved from ancestral triterpene synthase- and prenyl transferase-type enzymes through repeated events of gene duplication and subsequent loss, gain, or fusion of protein domains and further functional diversification. Lineage-specific expansion of these TPS clades led to variable family sizes that may range from a single TPS gene to families of more than 100 members that may further function as part of modular metabolic networks to maximize the number of possible products. Accompanying gene family expansion, the TPS family shows a profound functional plasticity, where minor active site alterations can dramatically impact product outcome, thus enabling the emergence of new functions with minimal investment in evolving new enzymes. This article reviews current knowledge on the functional diversity and molecular evolution of the plant TPS family that underlies the chemical diversity of bioactive terpenoids across the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema S Karunanithi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Pelot KA, Chen R, Hagelthorn DM, Young CA, Addison JB, Muchlinski A, Tholl D, Zerbe P. Functional Diversity of Diterpene Synthases in the Biofuel Crop Switchgrass. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:54-71. [PMID: 30008447 PMCID: PMC6130043 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Diterpenoids constitute a diverse class of metabolites with critical functions in plant development, defense, and ecological adaptation. Major monocot crops, such as maize (Zea mays) and rice (Oryza sativa), deploy diverse blends of specialized diterpenoids as core components of biotic and abiotic stress resilience. Here, we describe the genome-wide identification and functional characterization of stress-related diterpene synthases (diTPSs) in the dedicated bioenergy crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Mining of the allotetraploid switchgrass genome identified an expansive diTPS family of 31 members, and biochemical analysis of 11 diTPSs revealed a modular metabolic network producing a diverse array of diterpenoid metabolites. In addition to ent-copalyl diphosphate (CPP) and ent-kaurene synthases predictably involved in gibberellin biosynthesis, we identified syn-CPP and ent-labda-13-en-8-ol diphosphate (LPP) synthases as well as two diTPSs forming (+)-labda-8,13E-dienyl diphosphate (8,13-CPP) and ent-neo-cis-trans-clerodienyl diphosphate (CT-CLPP) scaffolds not observed previously in plants. Structure-guided mutagenesis of the (+)-8,13-CPP and ent-neo-CT-CLPP synthases revealed residue substitutions in the active sites that altered product outcome, representing potential neofunctionalization events that occurred during diversification of the switchgrass diTPS family. The conversion of ent-CPP, ent-LPP, syn-CPP, and ent-neo-CT-CLPP by promiscuous diTPSs further yielded distinct labdane-type diterpene olefins and alcohols. Of these metabolites, the formation of 9β-hydroxy-syn-pimar-15-ene and the expression of the corresponding genes were induced in roots and leaves in response to oxidative stress and ultraviolet irradiation, indicating their possible roles in abiotic stress adaptation. Together, these findings expand the known chemical space of diterpenoid metabolism in monocot crops toward systematically investigating and ultimately improving stress resilience traits in crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Pelot
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Ruibing Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - David M Hagelthorn
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Cari A Young
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - J Bennett Addison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Andrew Muchlinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Zhou JY, Sun K, Chen F, Yuan J, Li X, Dai CC. Endophytic Pseudomonas induces metabolic flux changes that enhance medicinal sesquiterpenoid accumulation in Atractylodes lancea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 130:473-481. [PMID: 30081324 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial endophyte Pseudomonas fluorescens ALEB7B significantly enhances photosynthate accumulations in Atractylodes lancea. These carbohydrates are preferentially used by the host plant to synthesize secondary metabolites, rather than to increase plant biomass accumulation. Mechanisms underlying the allocation of endophyte-increased carbohydrate in different plant metabolic processes are largely unknown. We have studied how P. fluorescens ALEB7B enhances photosynthate accumulation and how bacterial elicitors regulate metabolic flux and increase medicinal sesquiterpenoid formation in A. lancea using the sterile tissue culture plantlets. P. fluorescens ALEB7B enhances plant photosynthate accumulation by synthesizing and secreting indole-3-acetic acid, which has been demonstrated using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The increased endogenous indole-3-acetic acid promotes plant root development and then assimilation. Increased carbohydrates provide the material basis for the formations of terpenoid hydrocarbon scaffolds, which has been proved using gas chromatography analysis. Further, protein and polysaccharide elicitors secreted by P. fluorescens ALEB7B have been separated and purified from the bacterial fermentation broth, which have been applied to A. lancea plantlets. Both elicitors can stimulate the conversions of terpenoid hydrocarbon scaffolds to oxygenous sesquiterpenoids, the active medicinal ingredients in A. lancea, by triggering the oxidative burst in planta. Moreover, this study separates an ABC transporter substrate-binding protein from protein elicitors secreted by P. fluorescens ALEB7B with an ÄKTA Prime Plus Purifier System and firstly shows that this protein is essential to induce oxygenous sesquiterpenoid accumulation in A. lancea. This study provides new perspectives for mechanisms of medicinal oxygenous terpenoid synthesis, which has important reference values to the cultivation of medicinal plants that have terpenoids as their active ingredients, such as Artemisia annua and Taxus chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu High Quality Rice R & D Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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Gao F, Liu B, Li M, Gao X, Fang Q, Liu C, Ding H, Wang L, Gao X. Identification and characterization of terpene synthase genes accounting for volatile terpene emissions in flowers of Freesia x hybrida. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4249-4265. [PMID: 29901784 PMCID: PMC6093421 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of flower scents was a crucial event in biological evolution, providing olfactory signals by which plants can attract pollinators. In this study, bioinformatics, metabolomics, and biochemical and molecular methodologies were integrated to investigate the candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of volatile components in two cultivars of Freesia x hybrida, Red River® and Ambiance, which release different categories of compounds. We found that terpene synthase (TPS) genes were the pivotal genes determining spatiotemporal release of volatile compounds in both cultivars. Eight FhTPS genes were isolated and six were found to be functional: FhTPS1 was a single-product enzyme catalyzing the formation of linalool, whereas the other four FhTPS proteins were multi-product enzymes, among which FhTPS4, FhTPS6, and FhTPS7 could recognize geranyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate simultaneously. The FhTPS enzymatic products closely matched the volatile terpenes emitted from flowers, and significant correlations were found between release of volatile terpenes and FhTPS gene expression. Graphical models based on these results are proposed that summarize the biosynthesis of Freesia floral volatile terpenes. The characterization of FhTPS genes paves the way to decipher their roles in the speciation and fitness of Freesia, and this knowledge could also be used to introduce or enhance scent in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Baofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Correspondence: or
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Characterization of diterpene synthase genes in the wild rice species Oryza brachyatha provides evolutionary insight into rice phytoalexin biosynthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1221-1227. [PMID: 30005875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa; Os) produces a variety of labdane-related diterpenoids; not only phytohormone gibberellins (GAs) but also phytoalexins for defense including phytocassanes, momilactones and oryzalexins. Their carbon skeleton diterpenes are constructed from geranylgeranyl diphosphate via ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CDP) or its diastereomer syn-CDP. These two-step reactions are successively catalyzed by homologs of the two diterpene synthases, ent-CDP synthase (ent-CPS) and ent-kaurene synthase (KS) that are responsible for the biosynthesis of GAs; e.g. OsCPS4 and OsKSL8 that are involved in the biosynthesis of oryzalexin S, a rice phytoalexin. Oryza brachyantha (Ob) is the most distant wild rice species from Os among the Oryza genus. We previously reported that the Ob genome contains ObCPS_11g, ObKSL8-a, ObKSL8-b and ObKSL8-c for specialized metabolism at a locus similar to the OsKSL8 locus on chromosome 11. These Ob genes are closely related to OsCPS4 and OsKSL8, respectively. We herein characterize the diterpene synthase genes in Ob, using functional analyses and expression analysis. Recombinant OsKSL8 and ObKSL8-a showed the same in vitro function when syn-CDP or normal-CDP were used as substrates. Nonetheless, our results suggest that Ob produces normal-CDP-related diterpenoid phytoalexins, presumably via ObKSL8-a, while Os produces a syn-CDP-related phytoalexin, oryzalexin S, via OsKSL8. This difference must be due to the kinds of CPS that are present in each species; Os has OsCPS4 encoding syn-CPS, while Ob has ObCPS_11g encoding normal-CPS. Thus, we propose the evolutionary history underlying oryzalexin S biosynthesis: the gain of a syn-CPS was a critical event allowing the biosynthesis of oryzalexin S.
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Rusdi NA, Goh HH, Sabri S, Ramzi AB, Mohd Noor N, Baharum SN. Functional Characterisation of New Sesquiterpene Synthase from the Malaysian Herbal Plant, Polygonum Minus. Molecules 2018; 23:E1370. [PMID: 29882808 PMCID: PMC6100370 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygonum minus (syn. Persicaria minor) is a herbal plant that is well known for producing sesquiterpenes, which contribute to its flavour and fragrance. This study describes the cloning and functional characterisation of PmSTPS1 and PmSTPS2, two sesquiterpene synthase genes that were identified from P. minus transcriptome data mining. The full-length sequences of the PmSTPS1 and PmSTPS2 genes were expressed in the E. coli pQE-2 expression vector. The sizes of PmSTPS1 and PmSTPS2 were 1098 bp and 1967 bp, respectively, with open reading frames (ORF) of 1047 and 1695 bp and encoding polypeptides of 348 and 564 amino acids, respectively. The proteins consist of three conserved motifs, namely, Asp-rich substrate binding (DDxxD), metal binding residues (NSE/DTE), and cytoplasmic ER retention (RxR), as well as the terpene synthase family N-terminal domain and C-terminal metal-binding domain. From the in vitro enzyme assays, using the farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) substrate, the PmSTPS1 enzyme produced multiple acyclic sesquiterpenes of β-farnesene, α-farnesene, and farnesol, while the PmSTPS2 enzyme produced an additional nerolidol as a final product. The results confirmed the roles of PmSTPS1 and PmSTPS2 in the biosynthesis pathway of P. minus, to produce aromatic sesquiterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Azizun Rusdi
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600 UKM, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institutes for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Hoe-Han Goh
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600 UKM, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Bazli Ramzi
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600 UKM, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Normah Mohd Noor
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600 UKM, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Syarul Nataqain Baharum
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600 UKM, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Mafu S, Ding Y, Murphy KM, Yaacoobi O, Addison JB, Wang Q, Shen Z, Briggs SP, Bohlmann J, Castro-Falcon G, Hughes CC, Betsiashvili M, Huffaker A, Schmelz EA, Zerbe P. Discovery, Biosynthesis and Stress-Related Accumulation of Dolabradiene-Derived Defenses in Maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2677-2690. [PMID: 29475898 PMCID: PMC5884620 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a major component of maize (Zea mays) chemical defenses that mediate responses to herbivores, pathogens, and other environmental challenges. Here, we describe the biosynthesis and elicited production of a class of maize diterpenoids, named dolabralexins. Dolabralexin biosynthesis involves the sequential activity of two diterpene synthases, ENT-COPALYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (ZmAN2) and KAURENE SYNTHASE-LIKE4 (ZmKSL4). Together, ZmAN2 and ZmKSL4 form the diterpene hydrocarbon dolabradiene. In addition, we biochemically characterized a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, ZmCYP71Z16, which catalyzes the oxygenation of dolabradiene to yield the epoxides 15,16-epoxydolabrene (epoxydolabrene) and 3β-hydroxy-15,16-epoxydolabrene (epoxydolabranol). The absence of dolabradiene and epoxydolabranol in Zman2 mutants under elicited conditions confirmed the in vivo biosynthetic requirement of ZmAN2. Combined mass spectrometry and NMR experiments demonstrated that much of the epoxydolabranol is further converted into 3β,15,16-trihydroxydolabrene (trihydroxydolabrene). Metabolite profiling of field-grown maize root tissues indicated that dolabralexin biosynthesis is widespread across common maize cultivars, with trihydroxydolabrene as the predominant diterpenoid. Oxidative stress induced dolabralexin accumulation and transcript expression of ZmAN2 and ZmKSL4 in root tissues, and metabolite and transcript accumulation were up-regulated in response to elicitation with the fungal pathogens Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum Consistently, epoxydolabranol significantly inhibited the growth of both pathogens in vitro at 10 µg mL-1, while trihydroxydolabrene-mediated inhibition was specific to Fverticillioides These findings suggest that dolabralexins have defense-related roles in maize stress interactions and expand the known chemical space of diterpenoid defenses as genetic targets for understanding and ultimately improving maize resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibongile Mafu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Yezhang Ding
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Katherine M Murphy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Omar Yaacoobi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - J Bennett Addison
- Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Agronomy and Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Steven P Briggs
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Gabriel Castro-Falcon
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Chambers C Hughes
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Mariam Betsiashvili
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California
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36
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Su P, Guan H, Zhao Y, Tong Y, Xu M, Zhang Y, Hu T, Yang J, Cheng Q, Gao L, Liu Y, Zhou J, Peters RJ, Huang L, Gao W. Identification and functional characterization of diterpene synthases for triptolide biosynthesis from Tripterygium wilfordii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:50-65. [PMID: 29086455 PMCID: PMC5848467 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii, which has long been used as a medicinal plant, exhibits impressive and effective anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and anti-tumor activities. The main active ingredients are diterpenoids and triterpenoids, such as triptolide and celastrol, respectively. A major challenge to harnessing these natural products is that they are found in very low amounts in planta. Access has been further limited by the lack of knowledge regarding their underlying biosynthetic pathways, particularly for the abeo-abietane tri-epoxide lactone triptolide. Here suspension cell cultures of T. wilfordii were found to produce triptolide in an inducible fashion, with feeding studies indicating that miltiradiene is the relevant abietane olefin precursor. Subsequently, transcriptome data were used to identify eight putative (di)terpene synthases that were then characterized for their potential involvement in triptolide biosynthesis. This included not only biochemical studies which revealed the expected presence of class II diterpene cyclases that produce the intermediate copalyl diphosphate (CPP), along with the more surprising finding of an atypical class I (di)terpene synthase that acts on CPP to produce the abietane olefin miltiradiene, but also their subcellular localization and, critically, genetic analysis. In particular, RNA interference targeting either both of the CPP synthases, TwTPS7v2 and TwTPS9v2, or the subsequently acting miltiradiene synthase, TwTPS27v2, led to decreased production of triptolide. Importantly, these results then both confirm that miltiradiene is the relevant precursor and the relevance of the identified diterpene synthases, enabling future studies of the biosynthesis of this important bioactive natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Su
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuru Tong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meimei Xu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Linhui Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Reuben J. Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- For correspondence: Luqi Huang (), Wei Gao ()
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- For correspondence: Luqi Huang (), Wei Gao ()
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Ye Z, Yamazaki K, Minoda H, Miyamoto K, Miyazaki S, Kawaide H, Yajima A, Nojiri H, Yamane H, Okada K. In planta functions of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes in the phytocassane biosynthetic gene cluster on rice chromosome 2. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 82:1021-1030. [PMID: 29157132 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1398067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In response to environmental stressors such as blast fungal infections, rice produces phytoalexins, an antimicrobial diterpenoid compound. Together with momilactones, phytocassanes are among the major diterpenoid phytoalexins. The biosynthetic genes of diterpenoid phytoalexin are organized on the chromosome in functional gene clusters, comprising diterpene cyclase, dehydrogenase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes. Their functions have been studied extensively using in vitro enzyme assay systems. Specifically, P450 genes (CYP71Z6, Z7; CYP76M5, M6, M7, M8) on rice chromosome 2 have multifunctional activities associated with ent-copalyl diphosphate-related diterpene hydrocarbons, but the in planta contribution of these genes to diterpenoid phytoalexin production remains unknown. Here, we characterized cyp71z7 T-DNA mutant and CYP76M7/M8 RNAi lines to find that potential phytoalexin intermediates accumulated in these P450-suppressed rice plants. The results suggested that in planta, CYP71Z7 is responsible for C2-hydroxylation of phytocassanes and that CYP76M7/M8 is involved in C11α-hydroxylation of 3-hydroxy-cassadiene. Based on these results, we proposed potential routes of phytocassane biosynthesis in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfeng Ye
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Japan
| | - Kohei Yamazaki
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Japan
| | - Hiromi Minoda
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Japan
| | - Koji Miyamoto
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Japan.,b Department of Bioscience , Teikyo University , Utsunomiya , Japan
| | - Sho Miyazaki
- c Graduate School of Agriculture , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Fuchu , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaide
- c Graduate School of Agriculture , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Fuchu , Japan
| | - Arata Yajima
- d Department of Chemistry for Agriculture and Life Sciences , Tokyo University of Agriculture , Setagaya-ku , Japan
| | - Hideaki Nojiri
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Japan
| | - Hisakazu Yamane
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Japan.,b Department of Bioscience , Teikyo University , Utsunomiya , Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Japan
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38
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Arakawa N, Aluwihare LI, Simpson AJ, Soong R, Stephens BM, Lane-Coplen D. Carotenoids are the likely precursor of a significant fraction of marine dissolved organic matter. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602976. [PMID: 28959723 PMCID: PMC5617377 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The ocean's biota sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in part by producing dissolved organic matter (DOM) that persists in the ocean for millennia. This long-term accumulation of carbon may be facilitated by abiotic and biotic production of chemical structures that resist degradation, consequently contributing disproportionately to refractory DOM. Compounds that are selectively preserved in seawater were identified in solid-phase extracted DOM (PPL-DOM) using comprehensive gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). These molecules contained cyclic head groups that were linked to isoprenoid tails, and their overall structures closely resembled carotenoid degradation products (CDP). The origin of these compounds in PPL-DOM was further confirmed with an in vitro β-carotene photooxidation experiment that generated water-soluble CDP with similar structural characteristics. The molecular-level identification linked at least 10% of PPL-DOM carbon, and thus 4% of total DOM carbon, to CDP. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of experimental CDP and environmental PPL-DOM overlapped considerably, which indicated that even a greater proportion of PPL-DOM was likely composed of CDP. The CDP-rich DOM fraction was depleted in radiocarbon (14C age > 1500 years), a finding that supports the possible long-term accumulation of CDP in seawater. By linking a specific class of widespread biochemicals to refractory DOM, this work provides a foundation for future studies that aim to examine how persistent DOM forms in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Arakawa
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093–0244, USA
| | - Lihini I. Aluwihare
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093–0244, USA
| | - Andre J. Simpson
- Environmental Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Brandon M. Stephens
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093–0244, USA
| | - Daniel Lane-Coplen
- Environmental Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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39
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Jia M, Zhou K, Tufts S, Schulte S, Peters RJ. A Pair of Residues That Interactively Affect Diterpene Synthase Product Outcome. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:862-867. [PMID: 28170228 PMCID: PMC5360158 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
labdane-related diterpenoids (LRDs) are an important superfamily
of natural products whose structural diversity critically depends
on the hydrocarbon skeletal structures generated, in large part, by
class I diterpene synthases. In the plant kingdom, where the LRDs
are predominantly found, the relevant class I diterpene synthases
are clearly derived from the ent-kaurene synthase
(KS) required in all land plants for phytohormone biosynthesis and,
hence, are often termed KS-like (KSL). Previous work, initiated by
the distinct function of two alleles of a KSL from rice, OsKSL5, identified
a single residue switch with a profound effect on not only OsKSL5
product outcome but also that of land plant KSs more broadly, specifically,
replacement of a key isoleucine with threonine, which interrupts formation
of the tetracyclic ent-isokaurene at the tricyclic
stage, leading to production of ent-pimaradiene instead.
Here, further studies of these alleles led to discovery of another,
nearby residue that tunes product outcome. Substitution for this newly
identified residue is additionally shown to exert an epistatic effect
in KSs, altering product distribution only if combined with replacement
of the key isoleucine. On the other hand, this pair of residues was
found to exert additive effects on the product outcome mediated by
distantly related KSLs from the eudicot castor bean. Accordingly,
it was possible to use a rational combination of substitutions for
this pair of residues to engineer significantly increased (dominant)
selectivity for novel 8α-hydroxy-ent-pimar-15-ene
product outcome in the KS from the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana, demonstrating the utility of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Jia
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Ke Zhou
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Samuel Tufts
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Samuel Schulte
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Reuben J. Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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40
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Pelot KA, Mitchell R, Kwon M, Hagelthorn LM, Wardman JF, Chiang A, Bohlmann J, Ro DK, Zerbe P. Biosynthesis of the psychotropic plant diterpene salvinorin A: Discovery and characterization of the Salvia divinorum clerodienyl diphosphate synthase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:885-897. [PMID: 27865008 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Salvia divinorum commonly known as diviner's sage, is an ethnomedicinal plant of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Salvia divinorum is rich in clerodane-type diterpenoids, which accumulate predominantly in leaf glandular trichomes. The main bioactive metabolite, salvinorin A, is the first non-nitrogenous natural compound known to function as an opioid-receptor agonist, and is undergoing clinical trials for potential use in treating neuropsychiatric diseases and drug addictions. We report here the discovery and functional characterization of two S. divinorum diterpene synthases (diTPSs), the ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) synthase SdCPS1, and the clerodienyl diphosphate (CLPP) synthase SdCPS2. Mining of leaf- and trichome-specific transcriptomes revealed five diTPSs, two of which are class II diTPSs (SdCPS1-2) and three are class I enzymes (SdKSL1-3). Of the class II diTPSs, transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana identified SdCPS1 as an ent-CPP synthase, which is prevalent in roots and, together with SdKSL1, exhibits a possible dual role in general and specialized metabolism. In vivo co-expression and in vitro assays combined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis identified SdCPS2 as a CLPP synthase. A role of SdCPS2 in catalyzing the committed step in salvinorin A biosynthesis is supported by its biochemical function, trichome-specific expression and absence of additional class II diTPSs in S. divinorum. Structure-guided mutagenesis revealed four catalytic residues that enabled the re-programming of SdCPS2 activity to afford four distinct products, thus advancing our understanding of how neo-functionalization events have shaped the array of different class II diTPS functions in plants, and may promote synthetic biology platforms for a broader spectrum of diterpenoid bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Pelot
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rod Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Lynne M Hagelthorn
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jacob F Wardman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Angela Chiang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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41
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Xu M, Hillwig ML, Tiernan MS, Peters RJ. Probing Labdane-Related Diterpenoid Biosynthesis in the Fungal Genus Aspergillus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:328-333. [PMID: 28140586 PMCID: PMC5330306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While terpenoid production is generally associated with plants, a variety of fungi contain operons predicted to lead to such biosynthesis. Notably, fungi contain a number of cyclases characteristic of labdane-related diterpenoid metabolism, which have not been much explored. These also are often found near cytochrome P450 (CYP) mono-oxygenases that presumably further decorate the ensuing diterpene, suggesting that these fungi might produce more elaborate diterpenoids. To probe the functional diversity of such biosynthetic capacity, an investigation of the phylogenetically diverse cyclases and associated CYPs from the fungal genus Aspergillus was undertaken, revealing their ability to produce isopimaradiene-derived diterpenoids. Intriguingly, labdane-related diterpenoid biosynthetic genes are largely found in plant-associated fungi, hinting that these natural products may play a role in such interactions. Accordingly, it is hypothesized here that isopimarane production may assist the plant-saprophytic lifestyle of Aspergillus fungi.
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42
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Christensen U, Vazquez-Albacete D, Søgaard KM, Hobel T, Nielsen MT, Harrison SJ, Hansen AH, Møller BL, Seppälä S, Nørholm MHH. De-bugging and maximizing plant cytochrome P450 production in Escherichia coli with C-terminal GFP fusions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4103-4113. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Nanda S, Mohanty JN, Mishra R, Joshi RK. Metabolic Engineering of Phenylpropanoids in Plants. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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Nett RS, Dickschat JS, Peters RJ. Labeling Studies Clarify the Committed Step in Bacterial Gibberellin Biosynthesis. Org Lett 2016; 18:5974-5977. [PMID: 27934361 PMCID: PMC5139915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved gibberellin phytohormone biosynthesis independently of plants and fungi. Through 13C-labeling and NMR analysis, the mechanistically unusual "B" ring contraction catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 (CYP114), which is the committed step in gibberellin biosynthesis, was shown to occur via oxidative extrusion of carbon-7 from ent-kaurenoic acid in bacteria. This is identical to the convergently evolved chemical transformation in plants and fungi, suggesting a common semipinacol rearrangement mechanism potentially guided by carbon-4α carboxylate proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Nett
- Roy
J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institut
für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Reuben J. Peters
- Roy
J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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45
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Testone G, Mele G, Di Giacomo E, Gonnella M, Renna M, Tenore GC, Nicolodi C, Frugis G, Iannelli MA, Arnesi G, Schiappa A, Giannino D. Insights into the Sesquiterpenoid Pathway by Metabolic Profiling and De novo Transcriptome Assembly of Stem-Chicory ( Cichorium intybus Cultigroup "Catalogna"). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1676. [PMID: 27877190 PMCID: PMC5099503 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Stem-chicory of the "Catalogna" group is a vegetable consumed for bitter-flavored stems. Type and levels of bitter sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) participate in conferring bitterness in vegetables. The content of lactucin-and lactucopocrin-like STLs was higher in "Molfettese" than "Galatina" landrace stalks, regardless of the cultivation sites, consistently with bitterness scores and gustative differences. The "Galatina" transcriptome assembly resulted in 58,872 unigenes, 77% of which were annotated, paving the way to molecular investigation of the STL pathway. Comparative transcriptome analysis allowed the identification of 69,352 SNPs and of 1640 differentially expressed genes that maintained the pattern independently of the site. Enrichment analyses revealed that 4 out of 29 unigenes were up-regulated in "Molfettese" vs "Galatina" within the sesquiterpenoid pathway. The expression of two germacrene A -synthase (GAS) and one -oxidase (GAO) genes of the costunolide branch correlated positively with the contents of lactucin-like molecules, supporting that STL biosynthesis regulation occurs at the transcriptional level. Finally, 46 genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) maintained a differential expression pattern between the two varieties regardless of the growth site; correlation analyses among TFs, GAS, GAO gene expressions and STLs contents suggest that one MYB and one bHLH may act in the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Testone
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mele
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Giacomo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | - Maria Gonnella
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research CouncilBari, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Renna
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research CouncilBari, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of BariBari, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Chiara Nicolodi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Frugis
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Donato Giannino
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
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46
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Characterization and evolutionary analysis of ent-kaurene synthase like genes from the wild rice species Oryza rufipogon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:402-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Mafu S, Fischer E, Addison JB, Riberio Barbosana I, Zerbe P. Substitution of Two Active-Site Residues Alters C9-Hydroxylation in a Class II Diterpene Synthase. Chembiochem 2016; 17:2304-2307. [PMID: 27735121 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diterpenes form a vast and diverse class of natural products of both ecological and economic importance. Class II diterpene synthase (diTPS) enzymes control the committed biosynthetic reactions underlying diterpene chemical diversity. Homology modelling with site-directed mutagenesis identified two active-site residues in the horehound (Marrubium vulgare) class II diTPS peregrinol diphosphate synthase (MvCPS1); residue substitutions abolished the unique MvCPS1-catalysed water-capture reaction at C9 and redirected enzyme activity toward formation of an alternative product, halima-5(10),13-dienyl diphosphate. These findings contributed new insight into the steric interactions that govern diTPS-catalysed regiospecific oxygenation reactions and highlight the feasibility of diTPS engineering to provide a broader spectrum of bioactive diterpene natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibongile Mafu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Emil Fischer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Present address: The Scripps Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - J Bennett Addison
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Isabel Riberio Barbosana
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Present address: Federal University of Ceara, Mister Hull Avenue, 60455-760, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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48
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Miyamoto K, Fujita M, Shenton MR, Akashi S, Sugawara C, Sakai A, Horie K, Hasegawa M, Kawaide H, Mitsuhashi W, Nojiri H, Yamane H, Kurata N, Okada K, Toyomasu T. Evolutionary trajectory of phytoalexin biosynthetic gene clusters in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:293-304. [PMID: 27133567 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants frequently possess operon-like gene clusters for specialized metabolism. Cultivated rice, Oryza sativa, produces antimicrobial diterpene phytoalexins represented by phytocassanes and momilactones, and the majority of their biosynthetic genes are clustered on chromosomes 2 and 4, respectively. These labdane-related diterpene phytoalexins are biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl diphosphate via ent-copalyl diphosphate or syn-copalyl diphosphate. The two gene clusters consist of genes encoding diterpene synthases and chemical-modification enzymes including P450s. In contrast, genes for the biosynthesis of gibberellins, which are labdane-related phytohormones, are scattered throughout the rice genome similar to other plant genomes. The mechanism of operon-like gene cluster formation remains undefined despite previous studies in other plant species. Here we show an evolutionary insight into the rice gene clusters by a comparison with wild Oryza species. Comparative genomics and biochemical studies using wild rice species from the AA genome lineage, including Oryza barthii, Oryza glumaepatula, Oryza meridionalis and the progenitor of Asian cultivated rice Oryza rufipogon indicate that gene clustering for biosynthesis of momilactones and phytocassanes had already been accomplished before the domestication of rice. Similar studies using the species Oryza punctata from the BB genome lineage, the distant FF genome lineage species Oryza brachyantha and an outgroup species Leersia perrieri suggest that the phytocassane biosynthetic gene cluster was present in the common ancestor of the Oryza species despite the different locations, directions and numbers of their member genes. However, the momilactone biosynthetic gene cluster evolved within Oryza before the divergence of the BB genome via assembly of ancestral genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Miyamoto
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Toyosatodai 1-1, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8551, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Matthew R Shenton
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Shota Akashi
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chizu Sugawara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-cho 1-23, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan
| | - Arisa Sakai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-cho 1-23, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Horie
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Morifumi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami-machi Chuo 3-21-1, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaide
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Wataru Mitsuhashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-cho 1-23, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nojiri
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Yamane
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Toyosatodai 1-1, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8551, Japan
| | - Nori Kurata
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Tomonobu Toyomasu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-cho 1-23, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan.
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49
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Guzzetti D, Lebrun A, Subileau M, Grousseau E, Dubreucq E, Drone J. A Catalytically Competent Terpene Synthase Inferred Using Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction Strategy. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Guzzetti
- Ingénierie
des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, UMR IATE, SupAgro/INRA/CIRAD/UM, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélien Lebrun
- Laboratoire
de
Mesures Physiques, Place Eugène
Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Maeva Subileau
- Ingénierie
des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, UMR IATE, SupAgro/INRA/CIRAD/UM, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Estelle Grousseau
- Ingénierie
des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, UMR IATE, SupAgro/INRA/CIRAD/UM, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Dubreucq
- Ingénierie
des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, UMR IATE, SupAgro/INRA/CIRAD/UM, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Jullien Drone
- Ingénierie
des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, UMR IATE, SupAgro/INRA/CIRAD/UM, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
- École Nationale
Supérieure de Chimie Montpellier, 8 Rue de l′École Normale, 34296 Montpellier, France
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50
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Lipko A, Swiezewska E. Isoprenoid generating systems in plants - A handy toolbox how to assess contribution of the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways to the biosynthetic process. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:70-92. [PMID: 27133788 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids comprise an astonishingly diverse group of metabolites with numerous potential and actual applications in medicine, agriculture and the chemical industry. Generation of efficient platforms producing isoprenoids is a target of numerous laboratories. Such efforts are generally enhanced if the native biosynthetic routes can be identified, and if the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the biosynthesis of the compound(s) of interest can be determined. In this review a critical summary of the techniques applied to establish the contribution of the two alternative routes of isoprenoid production operating in plant cells, the mevalonate and methylerythritol pathways, with a focus on their co-operation (cross-talk) is presented. Special attention has been paid to methodological aspects of the referred studies, in order to give the reader a deeper understanding for the nuances of these powerful techniques. This review has been designed as an organized toolbox, which might offer the researchers comments useful both for project design and for interpretation of results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Lipko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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