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Wang L, Zhao Z, Li H, Pei D, Ma Q, Huang Z, Wang H, Xiao L. Genome-Wide Identification and Molecular Evolutionary History of the Whirly Family Genes in Brassica napus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2243. [PMID: 39204679 PMCID: PMC11359715 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Whirly transcription factors are unique to plants, playing pivotal roles in managing leaf senescence and DNA repair. While present in various species, their identification in Brassica napus L. (B. napus) and their differences during hybridization and polyploidy has been elusive. Addressing this, our study delves into the functional and evolutionary aspects of the Whirly gene family during the emergence of B. napus, applying bioinformatics and comparative genomics. We identified six Whirly genes in B. napus. In Brassica rapa L. (B. rapa), three Whirly genes were identified, while four were found in Brassica oleracea L. (B. oleracea). The results show that the identified Whirly genes not only have homology but also share the same chromosomal positions. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Whirly genes in monocots and dicots exhibit high conservation. In the evolutionary process, the Whirly gene family in B. napus experienced events of intron/exon loss. Collinearity insights point to intense purifying selection post-duplication. Promoter regions housed diverse cis-acting elements linked to photoresponse, anaerobic initiation, and methyl jasmonate responsiveness. Notably, elements tied to abscisic acid signaling and meristem expression were prominent in diploid ancestors but subdued in tetraploid B. napus. Tissue-specific expression unveiled analogous patterns within subfamily genes. Subsequent qRT-PCR analysis spotlighted BnAWHY1b's potential significance in abiotic stress response, particularly drought. These findings can be used as theoretical foundations to understand the functions and effects of the Whirly gene family in B. napus, providing references for the molecular mechanism of gene evolution between this species and its diploid ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining 810016, China
- Key Laboratory of Spring Rapeseed Genetic Improvement of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
- Qinghai Spring Rape Engineering Research Center, Xining 810016, China
| | - Zhi Zhao
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining 810016, China
- Key Laboratory of Spring Rapeseed Genetic Improvement of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
- Qinghai Spring Rape Engineering Research Center, Xining 810016, China
| | - Huaxin Li
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining 810016, China
- Key Laboratory of Spring Rapeseed Genetic Improvement of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
- Qinghai Spring Rape Engineering Research Center, Xining 810016, China
| | - Damei Pei
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining 810016, China
- Key Laboratory of Spring Rapeseed Genetic Improvement of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
- Qinghai Spring Rape Engineering Research Center, Xining 810016, China
| | - Qianru Ma
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining 810016, China
- Key Laboratory of Spring Rapeseed Genetic Improvement of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
- Qinghai Spring Rape Engineering Research Center, Xining 810016, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics and Evolution, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining 810016, China
- Key Laboratory of Spring Rapeseed Genetic Improvement of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
- Qinghai Spring Rape Engineering Research Center, Xining 810016, China
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Muti RM, Barrett CF, Sinn BT. Evolution of Whirly1 in the angiosperms: sequence, splicing, and expression in a clade of early transitional mycoheterotrophic orchids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1241515. [PMID: 39006962 PMCID: PMC11239579 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1241515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The plastid-targeted transcription factor Whirly1 (WHY1) has been implicated in chloroplast biogenesis, plastid genome stability, and fungal defense response, which together represent characteristics of interest for the study of autotrophic losses across the angiosperms. While gene loss in the plastid and nuclear genomes has been well studied in mycoheterotrophic plants, the evolution of the molecular mechanisms impacting genome stability is completely unknown. Here, we characterize the evolution of WHY1 in four early transitional mycoheterotrophic orchid species in the genus Corallorhiza by synthesizing the results of phylogenetic, transcriptomic, and comparative genomic analyses with WHY1 genomic sequences sampled from 21 orders of angiosperms. We found an increased number of non-canonical WHY1 isoforms assembled from all but the greenest Corallorhiza species, including intron retention in some isoforms. Within Corallorhiza, phylotranscriptomic analyses revealed the presence of tissue-specific differential expression of WHY1 in only the most photosynthetically capable species and a coincident increase in the number of non-canonical WHY1 isoforms assembled from fully mycoheterotrophic species. Gene- and codon-level tests of WHY1 selective regimes did not infer significant signal of either relaxed selection or episodic diversifying selection in Corallorhiza but did so for relaxed selection in the late-stage full mycoheterotrophic orchids Epipogium aphyllum and Gastrodia elata. Additionally, nucleotide substitutions that most likely impact the function of WHY1, such as nonsense mutations, were only observed in late-stage mycoheterotrophs. We propose that our findings suggest that splicing and expression changes may precede the selective shifts we inferred for late-stage mycoheterotrophic species, which therefore does not support a primary role for WHY1 in the transition to mycoheterotrophy in the Orchidaceae. Taken together, this study provides the most comprehensive view of WHY1 evolution across the angiosperms to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Muti
- Department of Biology and Earth Science, Otterbein University, Westerville, OH, United States
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Craig F. Barrett
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Brandon T. Sinn
- Department of Biology and Earth Science, Otterbein University, Westerville, OH, United States
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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Javed T, Wang W, Yang B, Shen L, Sun T, Gao SJ, Zhang S. Pathogenesis related-1 proteins in plant defense: regulation and functional diversity. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38719539 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2344583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Climate change-related environmental stresses can negatively impact crop productivity and pose a threat to sustainable agriculture. Plants have a remarkable innate ability to detect a broad array of environmental cues, including stresses that trigger stress-induced regulatory networks and signaling pathways. Transcriptional activation of plant pathogenesis related-1 (PR-1) proteins was first identified as an integral component of systemic acquired resistance in response to stress. Consistent with their central role in immune defense, overexpression of PR-1s in diverse plant species is frequently used as a marker for salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense responses. Recent advances demonstrated how virulence effectors, SA signaling cascades, and epigenetic modifications modulate PR-1 expression in response to environmental stresses. We and others showed that transcriptional regulatory networks involving PR-1s could be used to improve plant resilience to stress. Together, the results of these studies have re-energized the field and provided long-awaited insights into a possible function of PR-1s under extreme environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Javed
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, China
| | - Benpeng Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Linbo Shen
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - San-Ji Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, China
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K. Raval P, MacLeod AI, Gould SB. A molecular atlas of plastid and mitochondrial proteins reveals organellar remodeling during plant evolutionary transitions from algae to angiosperms. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002608. [PMID: 38713727 PMCID: PMC11135702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Algae and plants carry 2 organelles of endosymbiotic origin that have been co-evolving in their host cells for more than a billion years. The biology of plastids and mitochondria can differ significantly across major lineages and organelle changes likely accompanied the adaptation to new ecological niches such as the terrestrial habitat. Based on organelle proteome data and the genomes of 168 phototrophic (Archaeplastida) versus a broad range of 518 non-phototrophic eukaryotes, we screened for changes in plastid and mitochondrial biology across 1 billion years of evolution. Taking into account 331,571 protein families (or orthogroups), we identify 31,625 protein families that are unique to primary plastid-bearing eukaryotes. The 1,906 and 825 protein families are predicted to operate in plastids and mitochondria, respectively. Tracing the evolutionary history of these protein families through evolutionary time uncovers the significant remodeling the organelles experienced from algae to land plants. The analyses of gained orthogroups identifies molecular changes of organelle biology that connect to the diversification of major lineages and facilitated major transitions from chlorophytes en route to the global greening and origin of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth K. Raval
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander I. MacLeod
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven B. Gould
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Liu H, Wang X, Yang W, Liu W, Wang Y, Wang Q, Zhao Y. Identification of Whirly transcription factors in Triticeae species and functional analysis of TaWHY1-7D in response to osmotic stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1297228. [PMID: 38116153 PMCID: PMC10728677 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1297228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Osmotic stress poses a threat to the production and quality of crops. Whirly transcription factors have been investigated to enhance stress tolerance. In this study, a total of 18 Whirly genes were identified from six Triticeae species, which were classified into Whirly1 and Whirly2. The exon-intron structure, conserved motif, chromosomal location, collinearity, and regulatory network of Whirly genes were also analyzed. Real-time PCR results indicated that TaWHY1 genes exhibited higher expression levels in leaf sheaths and leaves during the seedling stage, while TaWHY2 genes were predominantly expressed in roots. Under PEG stress, the expression levels of TaWHY1-7A, TaWHY2-6A, TaWHY2-6B, and TaWHY2-6D were increased, TaWHY1-7D was reduced, and TaWHY1-4A had no significant change. All TaWHY genes were significantly up-regulated in response to NaCl stress treatment. In addition, TaWHY1-7A and TaWHY1-7D mainly enhanced the tolerance to oxidative stress in yeast cells. TaWHY2s mainly improved NaCl stress tolerance and were sensitive to oxidative stress in yeast cells. All TaWHYs slightly improved the yeast tolerance to d-sorbitol stress. The heterologous expression of TaWHY1-7D greatly improved drought and salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. In conclusion, these results provide the foundation for further functional study of Whirly genes aimed at improving osmotic stress tolerance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Liu
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- College of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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Chen C, Ma Y, Zuo L, Xiao Y, Jiang Y, Gao J. The CALCINEURIN B-LIKE 4/CBL-INTERACTING PROTEIN 3 module degrades repressor JAZ5 during rose petal senescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1605-1620. [PMID: 37403193 PMCID: PMC10517193 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Flower senescence is genetically regulated and developmentally controlled. The phytohormone ethylene induces flower senescence in rose (Rosa hybrida), but the underlying signaling network is not well understood. Given that calcium regulates senescence in animals and plants, we explored the role of calcium in petal senescence. Here, we report that the expression of calcineurin B-like protein 4 (RhCBL4), which encodes a calcium receptor, is induced by senescence and ethylene signaling in rose petals. RhCBL4 interacts with CBL-interacting protein kinase 3 (RhCIPK3), and both positively regulate petal senescence. Furthermore, we determined that RhCIPK3 interacts with the jasmonic acid response repressor jasmonate ZIM-domain 5 (RhJAZ5). RhCIPK3 phosphorylates RhJAZ5 and promotes its degradation in the presence of ethylene. Our results reveal that the RhCBL4-RhCIPK3-RhJAZ5 module mediates ethylene-regulated petal senescence. These findings provide insights into flower senescence, which may facilitate innovations in postharvest technology for extending rose flower longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanxing Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lanxin Zuo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunhe Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Taylor RE, Waterworth W, West CE, Foyer CH. WHIRLY proteins maintain seed longevity by effects on seed oxygen signalling during imbibition. Biochem J 2023; 480:941-956. [PMID: 37351567 PMCID: PMC10422932 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The WHIRLY (WHY) family of DNA/RNA binding proteins fulfil multiple but poorly characterised functions in plants. We analysed WHY protein functions in the Arabidopsis Atwhy1, Atwhy3, Atwhy1why3 single and double mutants and wild type controls. The Atwhy3 and Atwhy1why3 double mutants showed a significant delay in flowering, having more siliques per plant but with fewer seeds per silique than the wild type. While germination was similar in the unaged high-quality seeds of all lines, significant decreases in vigour and viability were observed in the aged mutant seeds compared with the wild type. Imbibition of unaged high-quality seeds was characterised by large increases in transcripts that encode proteins involved in oxygen sensing and responses to hypoxia. Seed aging resulted in a disruption of the imbibition-induced transcriptome profile such that transcripts encoding RNA metabolism and processing became the most abundant components of the imbibition signature. The imbibition-related profile of the Atwhy1why3 mutant seeds, was characterised by decreased expression of hypoxia-related and oxygen metabolism genes even in the absence of aging. Seed aging further decreased the abundance of hypoxia-related and oxygen metabolism transcripts relative to the wild type. These findings suggest that the WHY1 and WHY3 proteins regulate the imbibition-induced responses to oxygen availability and hypoxia. Loss of WHY1 and WHY3 functions decreases the ability of Arabidopsis seeds to resist the adverse effects of seed aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Taylor
- The Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Wanda Waterworth
- The Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Christopher E West
- The Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Christine H. Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, U.K
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Mendapara I, Modha K, Patel S, Parekh V, Patel R, Chauhan D, Bardhan K, Siddiqui MH, Alamri S, Rahman MA. Characterization of CcTFL1 Governing Plant Architecture in Pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112168. [PMID: 37299147 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth habits are among the essential adaptive traits acted upon by evolution during plant speciation. They have brought remarkable changes in the morphology and physiology of plants. Inflorescence architecture varies greatly between wild relatives and cultivars of pigeon pea. The present study isolated the CcTFL1 (Terminal Flowering Locus 1) locus using six varieties showing determinate (DT) and indeterminate (IDT) growth habits. Multiple alignments of CcTFL1 sequences revealed the presence of InDel, which describes a 10 bp deletion in DT varieties. At the same time, IDT varieties showed no deletion. InDel altered the translation start point in DT varieties, resulting in the shortening of exon 1. This InDel was validated in ten varieties of cultivated species and three wild relatives differing in growth habits. The predicted protein structure showed the absence of 27 amino acids in DT varieties, which was reflected in mutant CcTFL1 by the absence of two α-helices, a connecting loop, and shortened β-sheet. By subsequent motif analysis, it was found that the wild-type protein had a phosphorylation site for protein kinase C, but the mutant protein did not. In silico analysis revealed that the InDel-driven deletion of amino acids spans, containing a phosphorylation site for kinase protein, may have resulted in the non-functionality of the CcTFL1 protein, rendering the determinate growth habit. This characterization of the CcTFL1 locus could be used to modulate growth habits through genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Mendapara
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396 450, Gujarat, India
| | - Kaushal Modha
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396 450, Gujarat, India
| | - Sunayan Patel
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University Campus, Bharuch 392 012, Gujarat, India
| | - Vipulkumar Parekh
- Department of Basic Science and Humanities, College of Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396 450, Gujarat, India
| | - Ritesh Patel
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396 450, Gujarat, India
| | - Digvijay Chauhan
- Pulses and Castor Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396 450, Gujarat, India
| | - Kirti Bardhan
- Department of Basic Science and Humanities, College of Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari 396 450, Gujarat, India
| | - Manzer H Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alamri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Atikur Rahman
- Grassland & Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Republic of Korea
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UPL5 modulates WHY2 protein distribution in a Kub-site dependent ubiquitination in response to [Ca2+]cyt-induced leaf senescence. iScience 2023; 26:106216. [PMID: 36994183 PMCID: PMC10040967 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The translocation of proteins between various compartments of cells is the simplest and most direct way of an/retrograde communication. However, the mechanism of protein trafficking is far understood. In this study, we showed that the alteration of WHY2 protein abundance in various compartments of cells was dependent on a HECT-type ubiquitin E3 ligase UPL5 interacting with WHY2 in the cytoplasm, plastid, and nucleus, as well as mitochondrion to selectively ubiquitinate various Kub-sites (Kub 45 and Kub 227) of WHY2. Plastid genome stability can be maintained by the UPL5-WHY2 module, accompany by the alteration of photosystem activity and senescence-associated gene expression. In addition, the specificity of UPL5 ubiquitinating various Kub-sites of WHY2 was responded to cold or CaCl2 stress, in a dose [Ca2+]cyt-dependent manner. This demonstrates the integration of the UPL5 ubiquitination with the regulation of WHY2 distribution and retrograde communication between organelle and nuclear events of leaf senescence.
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Taylor RE, West CE, Foyer CH. WHIRLY protein functions in plants. Food Energy Secur 2023; 12:e379. [PMID: 38440693 PMCID: PMC10909546 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental stresses pose a significant threat to food security. Understanding the function of proteins that regulate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses is therefore pivotal in developing strategies for crop improvement. The WHIRLY (WHY) family of DNA-binding proteins are important in this regard because they fulfil a portfolio of important functions in organelles and nuclei. The WHY1 and WHY2 proteins function as transcription factors in the nucleus regulating phytohormone synthesis and associated growth and stress responses, as well as fulfilling crucial roles in DNA and RNA metabolism in plastids and mitochondria. WHY1, WHY2 (and WHY3 proteins in Arabidopsis) maintain organelle genome stability and serve as auxiliary factors for homologous recombination and double-strand break repair. Our understanding of WHY protein functions has greatly increased in recent years, as has our knowledge of the flexibility of their localization and overlap of functions but there is no review of the topic in the literature. Our aim in this review was therefore to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic, discussing WHY protein functions in nuclei and organelles and highlighting roles in plant development and stress responses. In particular, we consider areas of uncertainty such as the flexible localization of WHY proteins in terms of retrograde signalling connecting mitochondria, plastids, and the nucleus. Moreover, we identify WHY proteins as important targets in plant breeding programmes designed to increase stress tolerance and the sustainability of crop yield in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Taylor
- Faculty of Biological SciencesThe Centre for Plant SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Christopher E. West
- Faculty of Biological SciencesThe Centre for Plant SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Christine H. Foyer
- School of BiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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Nitrate availability controls translocation of the transcription factor NAC075 for cell-type-specific reprogramming of root growth. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2638-2651.e6. [PMID: 36473460 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant root architecture flexibly adapts to changing nitrate (NO3-) availability in the soil; however, the underlying molecular mechanism of this adaptive development remains under-studied. To explore the regulation of NO3--mediated root growth, we screened for low-nitrate-resistant mutant (lonr) and identified mutants that were defective in the NAC transcription factor NAC075 (lonr1) as being less sensitive to low NO3- in terms of primary root growth. We show that NAC075 is a mobile transcription factor relocating from the root stele tissues to the endodermis based on NO3- availability. Under low-NO3- availability, the kinase CBL-interacting protein kinase 1 (CIPK1) is activated, and it phosphorylates NAC075, restricting its movement from the stele, which leads to the transcriptional regulation of downstream target WRKY53, consequently leading to adapted root architecture. Our work thus identifies an adaptive mechanism involving translocation of transcription factor based on nutrient availability and leading to cell-specific reprogramming of plant root growth.
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Griffin JHC, Toledo-Ortiz G. Plant photoreceptors and their signalling components in chloroplastic anterograde and retrograde communication. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7126-7138. [PMID: 35640572 PMCID: PMC9675593 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The red phytochrome and blue cryptochrome plant photoreceptors play essential roles in promoting genome-wide changes in nuclear and chloroplastic gene expression for photomorphogenesis, plastid development, and greening. While their importance in anterograde signalling has been long recognized, the molecular mechanisms involved remain under active investigation. More recently, the intertwining of the light signalling cascades with the retrograde signals for the optimization of chloroplast functions has been acknowledged. Advances in the field support the participation of phytochromes, cryptochromes, and key light-modulated transcription factors, including HY5 and the PIFs, in the regulation of chloroplastic biochemical pathways that produce retrograde signals, including the tetrapyrroles and the chloroplastic MEP-isoprenoids. Interestingly, in a feedback loop, the photoreceptors and their signalling components are targets themselves of these retrograde signals, aimed at optimizing photomorphogenesis to the status of the chloroplasts, with GUN proteins functioning at the convergence points. High light and shade are also conditions where the photoreceptors tune growth responses to chloroplast functions. Interestingly, photoreceptors and retrograde signals also converge in the modulation of dual-localized proteins (chloroplastic/nuclear) including WHIRLY and HEMERA/pTAC12, whose functions are required for the optimization of photosynthetic activities in changing environments and are proposed to act themselves as retrograde signals.
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Ruan Q, Wang Y, Xu H, Wang B, Zhu X, Wei B, Wei X. Genome-wide identification, phylogenetic, and expression analysis under abiotic stress conditions of Whirly (WHY) gene family in Medicago sativa L. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18676. [PMID: 36333411 PMCID: PMC9636397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The WHY family is a group of plant-specific transcription factors, that can bind to single-stranded DNA molecules and play a variety of functions in plant nuclei and organelles, participating in the regulation of plant leaf senescence. It has been identified and analyzed in many species, however, the systematic identification and analysis of the WHY genes family have not yet been reported in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Therefore, to explore the function of alfalfa the WHY genes, and 10 MsWHY genes were identified and further characterized their evolutionary relationship and expression patterns by analyzing the recently published genome of alfalfa. Comprehensive analysis of the chromosome location, physicochemical properties of the protein, evolutionary relationship, conserved motifs, and responses to abiotic stresses of the WHY gene family in alfalfa using bioinformatics methods. The results showed that 10 MsWHY genes were distributed on 10 chromosomes, and collinearity analysis showed that many MsWHYs might be derived from segmental duplications, and these genes are under purifying selection. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the WHY gene family of alfalfa can be divided into four subfamilies: I-IV subfamily, and approximately all the WHY genes within the same subfamily share similar gene structures. The 10 MsWHY gene family members contained 10 motifs, of which motif 2 and motif 4 are the conserved motifs shared by these genes. Furthermore, the analysis of cis-regulatory elements indicated that regulatory elements related to transcription, cell cycle, development, hormone, and stress response are abundant in the promoter sequence of the MsWHY genes. Real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated that MsWHYs gene expression is induced by drought, salt, and methyl jasmonate. The present study serves as a basic foundation for future functional studies on the alfalfa WHY family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ruan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Haoyu Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Baoqiang Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Bochuang Wei
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiaohong Wei
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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Qiu Z, Chen D, Teng L, Guan P, Yu G, Zhang P, Song J, Zeng Q, Zhu L. OsWHY1 Interacts with OsTRX z and is Essential for Early Chloroplast Development in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:50. [PMID: 36208371 PMCID: PMC9547768 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
WHIRLY (WHY) family proteins, a small family of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding proteins, are widely found in plants and have multiple functions to regulate plant growth and development. However, WHY in rice has received less attention. In this study, we continued our previous study on OsTRX z that is important for chloroplast development. OsTRX z was discovered to interact with OsWHY1, which was confirmed using yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, and BiFC assays. Subsequently, the oswhy1 mutants were obtained by CRISPR/Cas9, which exhibited an albino phenotype and died after the three-leaf stage. Consistent with this albino phenotype, low amounts of Chl a, Chl b, and Car were detected in the oswhy1-1 mutant. Moreover, the oswhy1-1 mutant had chloroplasts with disrupted architecture and no stacked grana and thylakoid membranes. Subcellular localization showed that the OsWHY1-GFP fusion protein was targeted to the chloroplast. What's more, OsWHY1 was found to be preferentially expressed in young leaves and was involved in chloroplast RNA editing and splicing. Mutation of OsWHY1 significantly affected the expression of chloroplast and ribosome development-related and chlorophyll synthesis-related genes. In conclusion, OsWHY1 contributes to early chloroplast development and normal seedling survival in rice. These results will further elucidate the molecular mechanism of chloroplast development and expand our understanding of WHY1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhennan Qiu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Functional Biological Resources Development and Utilization in Universities, College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China.
| | - Dongdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Linhong Teng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Functional Biological Resources Development and Utilization in Universities, College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Peiyan Guan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Functional Biological Resources Development and Utilization in Universities, College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Guoping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Peiliang Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Functional Biological Resources Development and Utilization in Universities, College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Jian Song
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Functional Biological Resources Development and Utilization in Universities, College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Qiangcheng Zeng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Functional Biological Resources Development and Utilization in Universities, College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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Muñoz-Díaz E, Sáez-Vásquez J. Nuclear dynamics: Formation of bodies and trafficking in plant nuclei. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:984163. [PMID: 36082296 PMCID: PMC9445803 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.984163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The existence of the nucleus distinguishes prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Apart from containing most of the genetic material, the nucleus possesses several nuclear bodies composed of protein and RNA molecules. The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane, regulating the trafficking of molecules in- and outwards. Here, we investigate the composition and function of the different plant nuclear bodies and molecular clues involved in nuclear trafficking. The behavior of the nucleolus, Cajal bodies, dicing bodies, nuclear speckles, cyclophilin-containing bodies, photobodies and DNA damage foci is analyzed in response to different abiotic stresses. Furthermore, we research the literature to collect the different protein localization signals that rule nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. These signals include the different types of nuclear localization signals (NLSs) for nuclear import, and the nuclear export signals (NESs) for nuclear export. In contrast to these unidirectional-movement signals, the existence of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling signals (NSSs) allows bidirectional movement through the nuclear envelope. Likewise, nucleolar signals are also described, which mainly include the nucleolar localization signals (NoLSs) controlling nucleolar import. In contrast, few examples of nucleolar export signals, called nucleoplasmic localization signals (NpLSs) or nucleolar export signals (NoESs), have been reported. The existence of consensus sequences for these localization signals led to the generation of prediction tools, allowing the detection of these signals from an amino acid sequence. Additionally, the effect of high temperatures as well as different post-translational modifications in nuclear and nucleolar import and export is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Muñoz-Díaz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, Perpignan, France
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, Perpignan, France
| | - Julio Sáez-Vásquez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, Perpignan, France
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, Perpignan, France
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The Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Gene Whirly ( Why1) with a Strong Pathogen-Induced Promoter from Vitis pseudoreticulata Enhances Resistance to Phytophthora capsici. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148052. [PMID: 35887401 PMCID: PMC9315732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitis vinifera plants are disease-susceptible while Vitis pseudoreticulata plants are disease-resistant; however, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the single-stranded DNA- and RNA-binding protein gene Whirly (VvWhy1 and VpWhy1) were cloned from V. vinifera "Cabernet Sauvignon" and V. pseudoreticulata "HD1". VvWhy1 and VpWhy1 promoter sequences (pVv and pVp) were also isolated; however, the identity of the promoter sequences was far lower than that between the Why1 coding sequences (CDSs). Both Why1 gene sequences had seven exons and six introns, and they had a C-terminal Whirly conserved domain and N-terminal chloroplast transit peptide, which was then verified to be chloroplast localization. Transcriptional expression showed that VpWhy1 was strongly induced by Plasmopara viticola, while VvWhy1 showed a low expression level. Further, the GUS activity indicated pVp had high activity involved in response to Phytophthora capsici infection. In addition, Nicotiana benthamiana transiently expressing pVp::VvWhy1 and pVp::VpWhy1 enhanced the P. capsici resistance. Moreover, Why1, PR1 and PR10 were upregulated in pVp transgenic N. benthamiana leaves. This research presented a novel insight into disease resistance mechanism that pVp promoted the transcription of Why1, which subsequently regulated the expression of PR1 and PR10, further enhancing the resistance to P. capsici.
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Huang D, Lan W, Ma W, Huang R, Lin W, Li M, Chen CY, Wu K, Miao Y. WHIRLY1 recruits the histone deacetylase HDA15 repressing leaf senescence and flowering in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1411-1429. [PMID: 35510566 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is controlled by a complex regulatory network in which robustness is ensured by the activity of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators. However, how these coordinate the process of leaf senescence remains poorly understood. We found that WHIRLY1 interacts with Histone Deacetylase (HDA)15, a Reduced Potassium Dependence3 (RPD3)/HDA1-type HDA, by using green fluorescent protein-nanotrap-mass spectrum assays. The development-dependent interaction between WHIRLY1 and HDA15 was further confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays and co-immunoprecipitation assays in Arabidopsis. Multi-omics genome-wide transcriptome and H3K9 acetylome enrichment analysis showed that HDA15 delays leaf senescence and flowering by repressing the expression of the positive regulators of leaf senescence and flowering, such as LOX2 and LARP1C, and reducing H3K9ac levels at these loci; WHIRLY1 and HDA15 co-target to the region near the transcription start site of a subset of nutrient recycling-related genes (e.g., Glutathione S-transferases 10, non-coding RNA, and photosystem II protein D1 synthesizer attenuator PDIL1-2), as well as WRKY53 and ELF4, and co-repress their expression by removing H3K9 acetylation. Our study revealed a key transcription regulatory node of nutrient recycling and senescence-associated genes involved in leaf senescence and flowering via the recruitment of HDA15 by the single-stranded DNA/RNA-binding protein WHIRLY1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei Lan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Weibo Ma
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Rulin Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenfang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mengsi Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chia-Yang Chen
- Institute of Botany, College of Life Sciences, Taiwan University, Taibei, 106, China
| | - Keqiang Wu
- Institute of Botany, College of Life Sciences, Taiwan University, Taibei, 106, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Zhou Q, Zhao M, Xing F, Mao G, Wang Y, Dai Y, Niu M, Yuan H. Identification and Expression Analysis of CAMTA Genes in Tea Plant Reveal Their Complex Regulatory Role in Stress Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:910768. [PMID: 35712571 PMCID: PMC9196129 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.910768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin-binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) are evolutionarily conserved transcription factors and have multi-functions in plant development and stress response. However, identification and functional analysis of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) CAMTA genes (CsCAMTAs) are still lacking. Here, five CsCAMTAs were identified from tea plant genomic database. Their gene structures were similar except CsCAMTA2, and protein domains were conserved. Phylogenetic relationship classified the CsCAMTAs into three groups, CsCAMTA2 was in group I, and CsCAMTA1, 3 and CsCAMTA4, 5 were, respectively, in groups II and III. Analysis showed that stress and phytohormone response-related cis-elements were distributed in the promoters of CsCAMTA genes. Expression analysis showed that CsCAMTAs were differentially expressed in different organs and under various stress treatments of tea plants. Three-hundred and four hundred-one positive co-expressed genes of CsCAMTAs were identified under cold and drought, respectively. CsCAMTAs and their co-expressed genes constituted five independent co-expression networks. KEGG enrichment analysis of CsCAMTAs and the co-expressed genes revealed that hormone regulation, transcriptional regulation, and protein processing-related pathways were enriched under cold treatment, while pathways like hormone metabolism, lipid metabolism, and carbon metabolism were enriched under drought treatment. Protein interaction network analysis suggested that CsCAMTAs could bind (G/A/C)CGCG(C/G/T) or (A/C)CGTGT cis element in the target gene promoters, and transcriptional regulation might be the main way of CsCAMTA-mediated functional regulation. The study establishes a foundation for further function studies of CsCAMTA genes in stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tea Deep-Processing, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tea Deep-Processing, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Feng Xing
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tea Deep-Processing, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Guangzhi Mao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tea Deep-Processing, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yijia Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tea Deep-Processing, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yafeng Dai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tea Deep-Processing, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Minghui Niu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tea Deep-Processing, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tea Deep-Processing, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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Lan W, Zheng S, Yang P, Qiu Y, Xu Y, Miao Y. Establishment of a Landscape of UPL5-Ubiquitinated on Multiple Subcellular Components of Leaf Senescence Cell in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5754. [PMID: 35628561 PMCID: PMC9145402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Catabolism of macromolecules is a major event in senescent cells, especially involving proteolysis of organelles and abnormally aggregated proteins, circulation of nutrients, and precise control of intracellular environmental balance. Proteasomes are distributed in the nucleus and cytoplasm; however, proteasomes in organelles are limited. In this study, multi-omics proteomic analyses of ubiquitinated proteins enriched by using antibody against "di-Gly-Lys" via a free labeling were used to investigate the global changes of protein levels and ubiquitination modification levels of upl5 mutant relative to wild-type plant; subcellular localization analysis of UPL5 was found to be located in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and plastid within the cell; and the direct lysine site patterns of UPL5 were screened by the H89R substitution in the tagged ubiquitinated assay. It suggests that UPL5 acting as a candidate of organelle E3 ligase either in the nucleus or cytoplasm or plastid modifies numerous targets related to nuclear transcription and plastid photosynthesis involving in Ca2+ and hormone signaling pathway in plant senescence and in response to (a)biotic stress protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (W.L.); (S.Z.); (P.Y.); (Y.Q.); (Y.X.)
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20
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Yang F, Miao Y, Liu Y, Botella JR, Li W, Li K, Song CP. Function of Protein Kinases in Leaf Senescence of Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:864215. [PMID: 35548290 PMCID: PMC9083415 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.864215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is an evolutionarily acquired process and it is critical for plant fitness. During senescence, macromolecules and nutrients are disassembled and relocated to actively growing organs. Plant leaf senescence process can be triggered by developmental cues and environmental factors, proper regulation of this process is essential to improve crop yield. Protein kinases are enzymes that modify their substrates activities by changing the conformation, stability, and localization of those proteins, to play a crucial role in the leaf senescence process. Impressive progress has been made in understanding the role of different protein kinases in leaf senescence recently. This review focuses on the recent progresses in plant leaf senescence-related kinases. We summarize the current understanding of the function of kinases on senescence signal perception and transduction, to help us better understand how the orderly senescence degeneration process is regulated by kinases, and how the kinase functions in the intricate integration of environmental signals and leaf age information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuchen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jose R. Botella
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Weiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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21
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Krupinska K, Desel C, Frank S, Hensel G. WHIRLIES Are Multifunctional DNA-Binding Proteins With Impact on Plant Development and Stress Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:880423. [PMID: 35528945 PMCID: PMC9070903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.880423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
WHIRLIES are plant-specific proteins binding to DNA in plastids, mitochondria, and nucleus. They have been identified as significant components of nucleoids in the organelles where they regulate the structure of the nucleoids and diverse DNA-associated processes. WHIRLIES also fulfil roles in the nucleus by interacting with telomers and various transcription factors, among them members of the WRKY family. While most plants have two WHIRLY proteins, additional WHIRLY proteins evolved by gene duplication in some dicot families. All WHIRLY proteins share a conserved WHIRLY domain responsible for ssDNA binding. Structural analyses revealed that WHIRLY proteins form tetramers and higher-order complexes upon binding to DNA. An outstanding feature is the parallel localization of WHIRLY proteins in two or three cell compartments. Because they translocate from organelles to the nucleus, WHIRLY proteins are excellent candidates for transducing signals between organelles and nucleus to allow for coordinated activities of the different genomes. Developmental cues and environmental factors control the expression of WHIRLY genes. Mutants and plants with a reduced abundance of WHIRLY proteins gave insight into their multiple functionalities. In chloroplasts, a reduction of the WHIRLY level leads to changes in replication, transcription, RNA processing, and DNA repair. Furthermore, chloroplast development, ribosome formation, and photosynthesis are impaired in monocots. In mitochondria, a low level of WHIRLIES coincides with a reduced number of cristae and a low rate of respiration. The WHIRLY proteins are involved in the plants' resistance toward abiotic and biotic stress. Plants with low levels of WHIRLIES show reduced responsiveness toward diverse environmental factors, such as light and drought. Consequently, because such plants are impaired in acclimation, they accumulate reactive oxygen species under stress conditions. In contrast, several plant species overexpressing WHIRLIES were shown to have a higher resistance toward stress and pathogen attacks. By their multiple interactions with organelle proteins and nuclear transcription factors maybe a comma can be inserted here? and their participation in organelle-nucleus communication, WHIRLY proteins are proposed to serve plant development and stress resistance by coordinating processes at different levels. It is proposed that the multifunctionality of WHIRLY proteins is linked to the plasticity of land plants that develop and function in a continuously changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Desel
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susann Frank
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Centre for Plant Genome Engineering, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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22
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WHIRLY1 functions in the nucleus to regulate barley leaf development and associated metabolite profiles. Biochem J 2022; 479:641-659. [PMID: 35212355 PMCID: PMC9022988 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The WHIRLY (WHY) DNA/RNA binding proteins fulfil multiple but poorly characterised functions in leaf development. Here, we show that WHY1 transcript levels were highest in the bases of 7-day old barley leaves. Immunogold labelling revealed that the WHY1 protein was more abundant in the nuclei than the proplastids of the leaf bases. To identify transcripts associated with leaf development we conducted hierarchical clustering of differentially abundant transcripts along the developmental gradient of wild-type leaves. Similarly, metabolite profiling was employed to identify metabolites exhibiting a developmental gradient. A comparative analysis of transcripts and metabolites in barley lines (W1–1 and W1–7) lacking WHY1, which show delayed greening compared with the wild type revealed that the transcript profile of leaf development was largely unchanged in W1–1 and W1–7 leaves. However, there were differences in levels of several transcripts encoding transcription factors associated with chloroplast development. These include a barley homologue of the Arabidopsis GATA transcription factor that regulates stomatal development, greening and chloroplast development, NAC1; two transcripts with similarity to Arabidopsis GLK1 and two transcripts encoding ARF transcriptions factors with functions in leaf morphogenesis and development. Chloroplast proteins were less abundant in the W1–1 and W1–7 leaves than the wild type. The levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites and GABA were significantly lower in WHY1 knockdown leaves than the wild type. This study provides evidence that WHY1 is localised in the nuclei of leaf bases, contributing the regulation of nuclear-encoded transcripts that regulate chloroplast development.
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Zareen S, Ali A, Lim CJ, Khan HA, Park J, Xu ZY, Yun DJ. The Transcriptional Corepressor HOS15 Mediates Dark-Induced Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:828264. [PMID: 35283908 PMCID: PMC8914473 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.828264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple endogenous and environmental signals regulate the intricate and highly complex processes driving leaf senescence in plants. A number of genes have been identified in a variety of plant species, including Arabidopsis, which influence leaf senescence. Previously, we have shown that HOS15 is a multifunctional protein that regulates several physiological processes, including plant growth and development under adverse environmental conditions. HOS15 has also been reported to form a chromatin remodeling complex with PWR and HDA9 and to regulate the chromatin structure of numerous genes. However, unlike PWR and HDA9, the involvement of HOS15 in leaf senescence is yet to be identified. Here, we report that HOS15, together with PWR and HDA9, promotes leaf senescence via transcriptional regulation of SAG12/29, senescence marker genes, and CAB1/RCBS1A, photosynthesis-related genes. The expression of ORE1, SAG12, and SAG29 was downregulated in hos15-2 plants, whereas the expression of photosynthesis-related genes, CAB1 and RCBS1A, was upregulated. HOS15 also promoted senescence through dark stress, as its mutation led to a much greener phenotype than that of the WT. Phenotypes of double and triple mutants of HOS15 with PWR and HDA9 produced phenotypes similar to those of a single hos15-2. In line with this observation, the expression levels of NPX1, APG9, and WRKY57 were significantly elevated in hos15-2 and hos15/pwr, hos15/hda9, and hos15/pwr/hda9 mutants compared to those in the WT. Surprisingly, the total H3 acetylation level decreased in age-dependent manner and under dark stress in WT; however, it remained the same in hos15-2 plants regardless of dark stress, suggesting that dark-induced deacetylation requires functional HOS15. More interestingly, the promoters of APG9, NPX1, and WRKY57 were hyperacetylated in hos15-2 plants compared to those in WT plants. Our data reveal that HOS15 acts as a positive regulator and works in the same repressor complex with PWR and HDA9 to promote leaf senescence through aging and dark stress by repressing NPX1, APG9, and WRKY57 acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Zareen
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Akhtar Ali
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Chae Jin Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Haris Ali Khan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junghoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Zheng-Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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24
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Xiong E, Cao D, Qu C, Zhao P, Wu Z, Yin D, Zhao Q, Gong F. Multilocation proteins in organelle communication: Based on protein-protein interactions. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e386. [PMID: 35229068 PMCID: PMC8861329 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) plays a crucial role in most biological processes, including signal transduction and cell apoptosis. Importantly, the knowledge of PPIs can be useful for identification of multimeric protein complexes and elucidation of uncharacterized protein functions. Arabidopsis thaliana, the best-characterized dicotyledonous plant, the steadily increasing amount of information on the levels of its proteome and signaling pathways is progressively enabling more researchers to construct models for cellular processes for the plant, which in turn encourages more experimental data to be generated. In this study, we performed an overview analysis of the 10 major organelles and their associated proteins of the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsis thaliana via PPI network, and found that PPI may play an important role in organelle communication. Further, multilocation proteins, especially phosphorylation-related multilocation proteins, can function as a "needle and thread" via PPIs and play an important role in organelle communication. Similar results were obtained in a monocotyledonous model crop, rice. Furthermore, we provide a research strategy for multilocation proteins by LOPIT technique, proteomics, and bioinformatics analysis and also describe their potential role in the field of plant science. The results provide a new view that the phosphorylation-related multilocation proteins play an important role in organelle communication and provide new insight into PPIs and novel directions for proteomic research. The research of phosphorylation-related multilocation proteins may promote the development of organelle communication and provide an important theoretical basis for plant responses to external stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhui Xiong
- College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Di Cao
- College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Chengxin Qu
- College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhaokun Wu
- College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Dongmei Yin
- College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Quanzhi Zhao
- College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Fangping Gong
- College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
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25
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Ren Y, Li M, Wang W, Lan W, Schenke D, Cai D, Miao Y. MicroRNA840 (MIR840) accelerates leaf senescence by targeting the overlapping 3'UTRs of PPR and WHIRLY3 in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:126-143. [PMID: 34724261 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs negatively regulate gene expression by promoting target mRNA cleavage and/or impairing its translation, thereby playing a crucial role in plant development and environmental stress responses. In Arabidopsis, the MIR840 gene is located within the overlapping 3'UTR of the PPR and WHIRLY3 (WHY3) genes, both being predicted targets of miR840* and miR840, the short maturation products of MIR840. Gain- and loss-of-function of MIR840 in Arabidopsis resulted in opposite senescence phenotypes. The highest expression levels of the MIR840 precursor transcript pre-miR840 were observed at senescence initiation, and pre-miR840 expression is significantly correlated with a reduction in PPR, but not WHY3, transcript levels. Although a reduction of transcript level of PPR, but not WHY3 transcript levels were not significantly affected by MIR840 overexpression, its protein levels were strongly reduced. Mutating the cleavage sites or replacing the target sequences abolishes the miR840*/miR840-mediated degradation of PPR transcripts and accumulation of WHY3 protein. In support for this, concurrent knockdown of both PPR and WHY3 in wild-type plants resulted in a senescence phenotype resembling that of the MIR840-overexpressing plant. This indicates that both PRR and WHY3 are targets in the MIR840-mediated senescence pathway. Moreover, single knockout mutants of PPR and WHY3 show a convergent upregulated subset of senescence-associated genes, which are also found among those induced by MIR840 overexpression. Our data provide evidence for a regulatory role of MIR840 in plant senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Ren
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mengsi Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wanzhen Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei Lan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dirk Schenke
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daguang Cai
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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26
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Ma Y, Chen Q, He J, Cao J, Liu Z, Wang J, Yang Y. The kinase CIPK14 functions as a negative regulator of plant immune responses to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 312:111017. [PMID: 34620426 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a critical second messenger in plants, Ca2+ is involved in numerous biological processes including biotic and abiotic stress responses. The CBL-interacting protein kinases, known as CIPKs, are essential components in Ca2+-mediated signal transduction pathways. Here, we found that CIPK14 plays a role in the process of regulating immune response in Arabidopsis. The CIPK14 loss-of-function mutants exhibited enhanced resistance to the P. syringae, whereas CIPK14 overexpression plants were more susceptible to bacterial pathogen. Enhanced resistance in cipk14 mutants were accompanied by increased accumulation of SA and elevated expression of defense marker genes (PR1, EDS1, EDS5, ICS1). Overexpression of CIPK14 suppressed Pst DC3000, Pst DC3000 hrcC and flg22 induced generation of ROS and callose deposition. As compared with wild type plants, the expression levels of MPK3/6-dependent PTI marker genes (FRK1, CYP81F2, WAK2, FOX) were up-regulated in cipk14 mutants but down-regulated in CIPK14 overexpression plants after flg22 and elf18 treatment. Additionally, both loss-of-function and gain-of-function of CIPK14 significantly altered the phosphorylation status of MPK3/6 under flg22 treatment, suggesting that CIPK14 is a general modulator of plant immunity at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Taken together, our results uncover that CIPK14 acts as a negative regulator in plant immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiahan He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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27
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Ma X, Li Y, Gai WX, Li C, Gong ZH. The CaCIPK3 gene positively regulates drought tolerance in pepper. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:216. [PMID: 34593788 PMCID: PMC8484583 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is a major agricultural problem restricting the growth, development, and productivity of plants. Calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) and CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) significantly influence the plant response to different stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms of CBL-CIPK in the drought stress response of pepper are still unknown. Here, the function of CaCIPK3 in the regulation of drought stress in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was explored. Transcriptomic data and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that CaCIPK3 participates in the response to multiple stresses. Knockdown of CaCIPK3 in pepper increased the sensitivity to mannitol and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Transient overexpression of CaCIPK3 improved drought tolerance by enhancing the activities of the antioxidant system and positively regulating jasmonate (JA)-related genes. Ectopic expression of CaCIPK3 in tomato also improved drought and MeJA resistance. As the CaCIPK3-interacting partner, CaCBL2 positively influenced drought resistance. Additionally, CaWRKY1 and CaWRKY41 directly bound the CaCIPK3 promoter to influence its expression. This study shows that CaCIPK3 acts as a positive regulator in drought stress resistance via the CBL-CIPK network to regulate MeJA signaling and the antioxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Xian Gai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Chuang Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China.
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28
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Kachroo P, Burch-Smith TM, Grant M. An Emerging Role for Chloroplasts in Disease and Defense. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:423-445. [PMID: 34432508 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-115813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are key players in plant immune signaling, contributing to not only de novo synthesis of defensive phytohormones but also the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species following activation of pattern recognition receptors or resistance (R) proteins. The local hypersensitive response (HR) elicited by R proteins is underpinned by chloroplast-generated reactive oxygen species. HR-induced lipid peroxidation generates important chloroplast-derived signaling lipids essential to the establishment of systemic immunity. As a consequence of this pivotal role in immunity, pathogens deploy effector complements that directly or indirectly target chloroplasts to attenuate chloroplast immunity (CI). Our review summarizes the current knowledge of CI signaling and highlights common pathogen chloroplast targets and virulence strategies. We address emerging insights into chloroplast retrograde signaling in immune responses and gaps in our knowledge, including the importance of understanding chloroplast heterogeneity and chloroplast involvement in intraorganellular interactions in host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK;
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29
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Guo Y, Ren G, Zhang K, Li Z, Miao Y, Guo H. Leaf senescence: progression, regulation, and application. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:5. [PMID: 37789484 PMCID: PMC10509828 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence, the last stage of leaf development, is a type of postmitotic senescence and is characterized by the functional transition from nutrient assimilation to nutrient remobilization which is essential for plants' fitness. The initiation and progression of leaf senescence are regulated by a variety of internal and external factors such as age, phytohormones, and environmental stresses. Significant breakthroughs in dissecting the molecular mechanisms underpinning leaf senescence have benefited from the identification of senescence-altered mutants through forward genetic screening and functional assessment of hundreds of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) via reverse genetic research in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in crop plants. Leaf senescence involves highly complex genetic programs that are tightly tuned by multiple layers of regulation, including chromatin and transcription regulation, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational regulation. Due to the significant impact of leaf senescence on photosynthesis, nutrient remobilization, stress responses, and productivity, much effort has been made in devising strategies based on known senescence regulatory mechanisms to manipulate the initiation and progression of leaf senescence, aiming for higher yield, better quality, or improved horticultural performance in crop plants. This review aims to provide an overview of leaf senescence and discuss recent advances in multi-dimensional regulation of leaf senescence from genetic and molecular network perspectives. We also put forward the key issues that need to be addressed, including the nature of leaf age, functional stay-green trait, coordination between different regulatory pathways, source-sink relationship and nutrient remobilization, as well as translational researches on leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Guodong Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
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30
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Marti L, Savatin DV, Gigli-Bisceglia N, de Turris V, Cervone F, De Lorenzo G. The intracellular ROS accumulation in elicitor-induced immunity requires the multiple organelle-targeted Arabidopsis NPK1-related protein kinases. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:931-947. [PMID: 33314180 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recognition at the plasma membrane of danger signals (elicitors) belonging to the classes of the microbe/pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns is a key event in pathogen sensing by plants and is associated with a rapid activation of immune responses. Different cellular compartments, including plasma membrane, chloroplasts, nuclei and mitochondria, are involved in the immune cellular program. However, how pathogen sensing is transmitted throughout the cell remains largely to be uncovered. Arabidopsis NPK1-related Proteins (ANPs) are mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases previously shown to have a role in immunity. In this article, we studied the in vivo intracellular dynamics of ANP1- and ANP3-GFP fusions and found that under basal physiological conditions both proteins are present in the cytosol, while ANP3 is also localized in mitochondria. After elicitor perception, both proteins are present also in the plastids and nuclei, revealing a localization pattern that is so far unique. The N-terminal region of the protein kinases is responsible for their localization in mitochondria and plastids. Moreover, we found that the localization of ANPs coincides with the sites of elicitor-induced ROS accumulation and that plants lacking ANP function do not accumulate intracellular ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Marti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Felice Cervone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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31
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Genome-Wide Analysis of Ribosomal Protein GhRPS6 and Its Role in Cotton Verticillium Wilt Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041795. [PMID: 33670294 PMCID: PMC7918698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is threatening the world’s cotton production. The pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae can survive in the soil in the form of microsclerotia for a long time, colonize through the root of cotton, and invade into vascular bundles, causing yellowing and wilting of cotton leaves, and in serious cases, leading to plant death. Breeding resistant varieties is the most economical and effective method to control Verticillium wilt. In previous studies, proteomic analysis was carried out on different cotton varieties inoculated with V. dahliae strain Vd080. It was found that GhRPS6 was phosphorylated after inoculation, and the phosphorylation level in resistant cultivars was 1.5 times than that in susceptible cultivars. In this study, knockdown of GhRPS6 expression results in the reduction of SA and JA content, and suppresses a series of defensive response, enhancing cotton plants susceptibility to V. dahliae. Overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic plants was found to be more resistant to V. dahliae. Further, serines at 237 and 240 were mutated to phenylalanine, respectively and jointly. The transgenic Arabidopsis plants demonstrated that seri-237 compromised the plant resistance to V. dahliae. Subcellular localization in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that GhRPS6 was localized in the nucleus. Additionally, the pathogen inoculation and phosphorylation site mutation did not change its localization. These results indicate that GhRPS6 is a potential molecular target for improving resistance to Verticillium wilt in cotton. This lays a foundation for breeding disease-resistant varieties.
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Luo J, Havé M, Clément G, Tellier F, Balliau T, Launay-Avon A, Guérard F, Zivy M, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Integrating multiple omics to identify common and specific molecular changes occurring in Arabidopsis under chronic nitrate and sulfate limitations. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6471-6490. [PMID: 32687580 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants have fundamental dependences on nitrogen and sulfur and frequently have to cope with chronic limitations when their supply is sub-optimal. This study aimed at characterizing the metabolomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic changes occurring in Arabidopsis leaves under chronic nitrate (Low-N) and chronic sulfate (Low-S) limitations in order to compare their effects, determine interconnections, and examine strategies of adaptation. Metabolite profiling globally revealed opposite effects of Low-S and Low-N on carbohydrate and amino acid accumulations, whilst proteomic data showed that both treatments resulted in increases in catabolic processes, stimulation of mitochondrial and cytosolic metabolism, and decreases in chloroplast metabolism. Lower abundances of ribosomal proteins and translation factors under Low-N and Low-S corresponded with growth limitation. At the transcript level, the major and specific effect of Low-N was the enhancement of expression of defence and immunity genes. The main effect of chronic Low-S was a decrease in transcripts of genes involved in cell division, DNA replication, and cytoskeleton, and an increase in the expression of autophagy genes. This was consistent with a role of target-of-rapamycin kinase in the control of plant metabolism and cell growth and division under chronic Low-S. In addition, Low-S decreased the expression of several NLP transcription factors, which are master actors in nitrate sensing. Finally, both the transcriptome and proteome data indicated that Low-S repressed glucosinolate synthesis, and that Low-N exacerbated glucosinolate degradation. This showed the importance of glucosinolate as buffering molecules for N and S management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Marien Havé
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Gilles Clément
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Frédérique Tellier
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Thierry Balliau
- UMR GQE- le Moulon, INRAE, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexandra Launay-Avon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université d'Évry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Florence Guérard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université d'Évry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Michel Zivy
- UMR GQE- le Moulon, INRAE, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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High-throughput sequencing reveals the molecular mechanisms determining the stay-green characteristic in soybeans. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Zhuang K, Wang J, Jiao B, Chen C, Zhang J, Ma N, Meng Q. WHIRLY1 maintains leaf photosynthetic capacity in tomato by regulating the expression of RbcS1 under chilling stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3653-3663. [PMID: 32189001 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco, which consists of eight large subunits (RBCLs) and eight small subunits (RBCSs), is a major photosynthetic enzyme that is sensitive to chilling stress. However, it is largely unclear how plants maintain high Rubisco content under low temperature conditions. Here, we report that tomato WHIRLY1 (SlWHY1) positively regulates the Rubisco level under chilling stress by directly binding to the promoter region of SlRbcS1, resulting in the activation of SlRbcS1 expression. SlRbcS1-overexpressing lines had higher Rubisco contents and were more resistant to chilling stress compared with the wild type. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that, among the five RbcS genes, only SlRbcS1 expression is up-regulated by chilling treatment. These results indicate that SlWHIRLY1 specifically enhances the levels of SlRbcS1 and confers tolerance to chilling stress. The amino acid sequence of SlRBCS1 shows 92.67% identity with those of another two RBCS proteins and three residues are specifically found in SlRBCS1. However, mutation of these residues to alanine in SlRBCS1 does not influence its function during cold adaptation. Thus, we conclude that high levels of Rubisco, but not the specific residues in SlRBCS1, play important roles in tolerance to chilling stress in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, Shandong, China
| | - Jieyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, Shandong, China
| | - Baozhen Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, Shandong, China
| | - Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, Shandong, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, Shandong, China
| | - Nana Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, Shandong, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, Shandong, China
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35
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Zheng Q, Chen Y, Jia X, Wang Y, Wu T, Xu X, Han Z, Zhang Z, Zhang X. MicroRNA156 (miR156) Negatively Impacts Mg-Protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX) Biosynthesis and Its Plastid-Nucleus Retrograde Signaling in Apple. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9050653. [PMID: 32455854 PMCID: PMC7285031 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plastid-nucleus retrograde signaling (PNRS) play essential roles in regulating nuclear gene expression during plant growth and development. Excessive reactive oxygen species can trigger PNRS. We previously reported that in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) seedlings, the expression of microRNA156 (miR156) was significantly low in the adult phase, which was accompanied by high levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation in chloroplasts. However, it was unclear whether adult-phase-specific chloroplast H2O2 may induce PNRS and affect miR156 expression, or miR156 triggers adult phase PNRS during the ontogenesis. In this paper, we examined the relationship between miR156 levels and six PNRS components in juvenile and adult phase leaves from 'Zisai Pearl'×'Red Fuji' hybrids. We found that PNRS generated by singlet oxygen (1O2), the photosynthetic redox state, methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP), SAL1-3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphate (PAP) and WHIRLY1 were not involved. The accumulation of Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX), the expression of the synthetic genes MdGUN5 and MdGUN6, and Mg-Proto IX PNRS related nuclear genes increased with ontogenesis. These changes were negatively correlated with miR156 expression. Manipulating Mg-Proto IX synthesis with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or gabaculine did not affect miR156 expression in vitro shoots. In contrast, modulating miR156 expression via MdGGT1 or MdMIR156a6 transgenesis led to changes in Mg-Proto IX contents and the corresponding gene expressions. It was concluded that the Mg-Proto IX PNRS was regulated downstream of miR156 regardless of adult-phase-specific plastid H2O2 accumulation. The findings may facilitate the understanding of the mechanism of ontogenesis in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Zheng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (T.W.); (X.X.); (Z.H.)
| | - Yakun Chen
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (T.W.); (X.X.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xiaolin Jia
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (T.W.); (X.X.); (Z.H.)
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (T.W.); (X.X.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (T.W.); (X.X.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (T.W.); (X.X.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Horticulture College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (T.W.); (X.X.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (X.Z.)
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36
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CBL–CIPK module-mediated phosphoregulation: facts and hypothesis. Biochem J 2020; 477:853-871. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling is a versatile signaling network in plant and employs very efficient signal decoders to transduce the encoded message. The CBL–CIPK module is one of the sensor-relay decoders that have probably evolved with the acclimatization of land plant. The CBLs are unique proteins with non-canonical Ca2+ sensing EF-hands, N-terminal localization motif and a C-terminal phosphorylation motif. The partner CIPKs are Ser/Thr kinases with kinase and regulatory domains. Phosphorylation plays a major role in the functioning of the module. As the module has a functional kinase to transduce signal, it employs phosphorylation as a preferred mode for modulation of targets as well as its interaction with CBL. We analyze the data on the substrate regulation by the module from the perspective of substrate phosphorylation. We have also predicted some of the probable sites in the identified substrates that may be the target of the CIPK mediated phosphorylation. In addition, phosphatases have been implicated in reversing the CIPK mediated phosphorylation of substrates. Therefore, we have also presented the role of phosphatases in the modulation of the CBL–CIPK and its targets. We present here an overview of the phosphoregulation mechanism of the CBL–CIPK module.
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Doll J, Muth M, Riester L, Nebel S, Bresson J, Lee HC, Zentgraf U. Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY25 Transcription Factor Mediates Oxidative Stress Tolerance and Regulates Senescence in a Redox-Dependent Manner. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1734. [PMID: 32038695 PMCID: PMC6989604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is the last developmental step in plant life and is accompanied by a massive change in gene expression implying a strong participation of transcriptional regulators. In the past decade, the WRKY53 transcription factor was disclosed to be a central node of a complex regulatory network of leaf senescence and to underlie a tight multi-layer control of expression, activity and protein stability. Here, we identify WRKY25 as a redox-sensitive up-stream regulatory factor of WRKY53 expression. Under non-oxidizing conditions, WRKY25 binds to a specific W-box in the WRKY53 promoter and acts as a positive regulator of WRKY53 expression in a transient expression system using Arabidopsis protoplasts, whereas oxidizing conditions dampened the action of WRKY25. However, overexpression of WRKY25 did not accelerate senescence but increased lifespan of Arabidopsis plants, whereas the knock-out of the gene resulted in the opposite phenotype, indicating a more complex regulatory function of WRKY25 within the WRKY subnetwork of senescence regulation. In addition, overexpression of WRKY25 mediated higher tolerance to oxidative stress and the intracellular H2O2 level is lower in WRKY25 overexpressing plants and higher in wrky25 mutants compared to wildtype plants suggesting that WRKY25 is also involved in controlling intracellular redox conditions. Consistently, WRKY25 overexpressers had higher and wrky mutants lower H2O2 scavenging capacity. Like already shown for WRKY53, MEKK1 positively influenced the activation potential of WRKY25 on the WRKY53 promoter. Taken together, WRKY53, WRKY25, MEKK1 and H2O2 interplay with each other in a complex network. As H2O2 signaling molecule participates in many stress responses, WRKK25 acts most likely as integrators of environmental signals into senescence regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ulrike Zentgraf
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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38
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Foyer CH, Baker A, Wright M, Sparkes IA, Mhamdi A, Schippers JHM, Van Breusegem F. On the move: redox-dependent protein relocation in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:620-631. [PMID: 31421053 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentation of proteins and processes is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells. The growth and development of organisms is critically dependent on the accurate sorting of proteins within cells. The mechanisms by which cytosol-synthesized proteins are delivered to the membranes and membrane compartments have been extensively characterized. However, the protein complement of any given compartment is not precisely fixed and some proteins can move between compartments in response to metabolic or environmental triggers. The mechanisms and processes that mediate such relocation events are largely uncharacterized. Many proteins can in addition perform multiple functions, catalysing alternative reactions or performing structural, non-enzymatic functions. These alternative functions can be equally important functions in each cellular compartment. Such proteins are generally not dual-targeted proteins in the classic sense of having targeting sequences that direct de novo synthesized proteins to specific cellular locations. We propose that redox post-translational modifications (PTMs) can control the compartmentation of many such proteins, including antioxidant and/or redox-associated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alison Baker
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Megan Wright
- The Astbury Centre for Structural Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Imogen A Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jos H M Schippers
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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39
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Gratz R, Brumbarova T, Ivanov R, Trofimov K, Tünnermann L, Ochoa-Fernandez R, Blomeier T, Meiser J, Weidtkamp-Peters S, Zurbriggen MD, Bauer P. Phospho-mutant activity assays provide evidence for alternative phospho-regulation pathways of the transcription factor FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:250-267. [PMID: 31487399 PMCID: PMC6916400 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The key basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor in iron (Fe) uptake, FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (FIT), is controlled by multiple signaling pathways, important to adjust Fe acquisition to growth and environmental constraints. FIT protein exists in active and inactive protein pools, and phosphorylation of serine Ser272 in the C-terminus, a regulatory domain of FIT, provides a trigger for FIT activation. Here, we use phospho-mutant activity assays and study phospho-mimicking and phospho-dead mutations of three additional predicted phosphorylation sites, namely at Ser221 and at tyrosines Tyr238 and Tyr278, besides Ser 272. Phospho-mutations at these sites affect FIT activities in yeast, plant, and mammalian cells. The diverse array of cellular phenotypes is seen at the level of cellular localization, nuclear mobility, homodimerization, and dimerization with the FIT-activating partner bHLH039, promoter transactivation, and protein stability. Phospho-mimicking Tyr mutations of FIT disturb fit mutant plant complementation. Taken together, we provide evidence that FIT is activated through Ser and deactivated through Tyr site phosphorylation. We therefore propose that FIT activity is regulated by alternative phosphorylation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Gratz
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tzvetina Brumbarova
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biosciences-Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Rumen Ivanov
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biosciences-Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Ksenia Trofimov
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Tünnermann
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rocio Ochoa-Fernandez
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Blomeier
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Meiser
- Department of Biosciences-Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | | | - Matias D Zurbriggen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra Bauer
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biosciences-Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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40
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Zhuang K, Gao Y, Liu Z, Diao P, Sui N, Meng Q, Meng C, Kong F. WHIRLY1 Regulates HSP21.5A Expression to Promote Thermotolerance in Tomato. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:169-177. [PMID: 31596474 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress poses a major threat to plant productivity and crop yields. The induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) by heat shock factors is a principal defense response of plants exposed to heat stress. In this study, we identified and analyzed the heat stress-induced Whirly1 (SlWHY1) gene in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We generated various SlWHY1-overexpressing (OE) and SlWHY1-RNA interference (RNAi) lines to investigate the role of WHIRLY1 in thermotolerance. Compared with the wild type (WT), the OE lines showed less wilting, as reflected by their increased membrane stability and soluble sugar content and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation under heat stress. By contrast, RNAi lines with inhibited SlWHY1 expression showed the opposite phenotype and corresponding physiological indices under heat stress. The heat-induced gene SlHSP21.5A, encoding an endoplasmic reticulum-localized HSP, was upregulated in the OE lines and downregulated in the RNAi lines compared with the WT. RNAi-mediated inhibition of SlHSP21.5A expression also resulted in reduced membrane stability and soluble sugar content and increased ROS accumulation under heat stress compared with the WT. SlWHY1 binds to the elicitor response element-like element in the promoter of SlHSP21.5A to activate its transcription. These findings suggest that SlWHY1 promotes thermotolerance in tomato by regulating SlHSP21.5A expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yangyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhuangbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Pengfei Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chen Meng
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Fanying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
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41
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Zentgraf U, Doll J. Arabidopsis WRKY53, a Node of Multi-Layer Regulation in the Network of Senescence. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E578. [PMID: 31817659 PMCID: PMC6963213 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is an integral part of plant development aiming at the remobilization of nutrients and minerals out of the senescing tissue into developing parts of the plant. Sequential as well as monocarpic senescence maximize the usage of nitrogen, mineral, and carbon resources for plant growth and the sake of the next generation. However, stress-induced premature senescence functions as an exit strategy to guarantee offspring under long-lasting unfavorable conditions. In order to coordinate this complex developmental program with all kinds of environmental input signals, complex regulatory cues have to be in place. Major changes in the transcriptome imply important roles for transcription factors. Among all transcription factor families in plants, the NAC and WRKY factors appear to play central roles in senescence regulation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of WRKY factors with a special focus on WRKY53. In contrast to a holistic multi-omics view we want to exemplify the complexity of the network structure by summarizing the multilayer regulation of WRKY53 of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Zentgraf
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
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42
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Lin W, Huang D, Shi X, Deng B, Ren Y, Lin W, Miao Y. H 2O 2 as a Feedback Signal on Dual-Located WHIRLY1 Associates with Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121585. [PMID: 31817716 PMCID: PMC6952816 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence, either as a natural stage of development or as an induced process under stress conditions, incorporates multiple intricate signaling pathways. At the cellular level, retrograde signals have been considered as important players during the initiation and progression of senescence in both animals and plants. The plant-specific single-strand DNA-binding protein WHIRLY1 (WHY1), a repressor of leaf natural senescence, is dually located in both nucleus and plastids. Despite many years of studies, the myth about its dual location and the underlying functional implications remain elusive. Here, we provide further evidence in Arabidopsis showing that alteration in WHY1 allocation between the nucleus and chloroplast causes perturbation in H2O2 homeostasis, resulting in adverse plant senescence phenotypes. The knockout of WHY1 increased H2O2 content at 37 days post-germination, coincident with an early leaf senescence phenotype, which can be rescued by ectopic expression of the nuclear isoform (nWHY1), but not by the plastid isoform (pWHY1). Instead, accumulated pWHY1 greatly provoked H2O2 in cells. On the other hand, exogenous H2O2 treatment induced a substantial plastid accumulation of WHY1 proteins and at the same time reduced the nuclear isoforms. This H2O2-induced loss of nucleus WHY1 isoform was accompanied by enhanced enrichments of histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) and recruitment of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) globally, and specifically at the promoter of the senescence-related transcription factor WRKY53, which in turn activated WRKY53 transcription and led to a senescence phenotype. Thus, the distribution of WHY1 organelle isoforms and the feedback of H2O2 intervene in a circularly integrated regulatory network during plant senescence in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Miao
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0591-86392987
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43
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Ahmad S, Guo Y. Signal Transduction in Leaf Senescence: Progress and Perspective. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8100405. [PMID: 31658600 PMCID: PMC6843215 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a degenerative process that is genetically controlled and involves nutrient remobilization prior to the death of leaf tissues. Age is a key developmental determinant of the process along with other senescence inducing factors. At the cellular level, different hormones, signaling molecules, and transcription factors contribute to the regulation of senescence. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the complexity of the senescence process with primary focuses on perception and transduction of senescence signals as well as downstream regulatory events. Future directions in this field and potential applications of related techniques in crop improvement will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmad
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Plant Breeding & Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Food & Agriculture, Tarnab, Peshawar P.O. Box 446, Pakistan.
| | - Yongfeng Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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Leister D. Piecing the Puzzle Together: The Central Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Redox Hubs in Chloroplast Retrograde Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1206-1219. [PMID: 29092621 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox regulation are established components of chloroplast-nucleus retrograde signaling. Recent Advances: In recent years, a complex array of putative retrograde signaling molecules and novel signaling pathways have emerged, including various metabolites, chloroplast translation, mobile transcription factors, calcium, and links to the unfolded protein response. This critical mass of information now permits us to fit individual pieces into a larger picture and outline a few important stimuli and pathways. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we summarize how ROS and redox hubs directly (e.g., via hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]) and indirectly (e.g., by triggering the production of signaling metabolites) regulate chloroplast retrograde signaling. Indeed, evidence is accumulating that most of the presumptive signaling metabolites so far identified are produced directly by ROS (such as β-cyclocitral) or indirectly by redox- or ROS-mediated regulation of key enzymes in metabolic pathways, ultimately leading to the accumulation of certain precursors (e.g., methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate) with signal function. Of the ROS generated in the chloroplast, only H2O2 is likely to leave the organelle, and recent results suggest that efficient and specific transfer of information via H2O2 occurs through physical association of chloroplasts with the nucleus. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The impact of ROS and redox regulation on chloroplast-nucleus communication is even greater than previously thought, and it can be expected that further instances of control of retrograde signaling by ROS/redox regulation will be revealed in future, perhaps including the basis for the enigmatic GUN response and translation-dependent signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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45
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Zhuang K, Kong F, Zhang S, Meng C, Yang M, Liu Z, Wang Y, Ma N, Meng Q. Whirly1 enhances tolerance to chilling stress in tomato via protection of photosystem II and regulation of starch degradation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1998-2012. [PMID: 30307037 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the chilling response involves decreased photosynthetic capacity and increased starch accumulation in chloroplasts. However, the mechanisms that modulate these processes remain unclear. We found that the SlWHY1 gene is significantly induced by chilling stress (4°C) in tomato. Three SlWHY1 overexpression (OE) lines grew better than the wild type (WT) under chilling stress; the OE plants retained intact photosynthetic grana lamellae and showed enhanced hydrolysis of starch. By contrast, RNAi lines that inhibited SlWHY1 were more affected than the corresponding WT cultivar. Their grana lamellae were damaged and starch content increased. The psbA gene encodes the key photosystem II (PSII) protein D1. We show that SlWHY1 binds to the upstream region (A/GTTACCCT/A) of SlpsbA and enhances the de novo synthesis of D1 in chloroplasts. Additionally, SlWHY1 regulates the expression of the starch-degrading enzyme α-amylase (SlAMY3-L) and the starch synthesis-related enzyme isoamylase gene (SlISA2) in the nucleus, thus modulating the starch content in chloroplasts. We demonstrate that SlWHY1 enhances the resistance of tomato to chilling stress by maintaining the function of PSII and degrading starch. Thus, overexpression of WHY1 may be an effective strategy for enhancing resistance to chilling stress of chilling-sensitive crops in agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Fanying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Chen Meng
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Minmin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Zhuangbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Nana Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
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Higuera JJ, Garrido-Gala J, Lekhbou A, Arjona-Girona I, Amil-Ruiz F, Mercado JA, Pliego-Alfaro F, Muñoz-Blanco J, López-Herrera CJ, Caballero JL. The Strawberry FaWRKY1 Transcription Factor Negatively Regulates Resistance to Colletotrichum acutatum in Fruit Upon Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:480. [PMID: 31057583 PMCID: PMC6482226 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) is a major food crop worldwide, due to the flavor, aroma and health benefits of the fruit, but its productivity and quality are seriously limited by a large variety of phytopathogens, including Colletotrichum spp. So far, key factors regulating strawberry immune response remain unknown. The FaWRKY1 gene has been previously proposed as an important element mediating defense responses in strawberry to Colletotrichum acutatum. To get further insight into the functional role that FaWRKY1 plays in the defense mechanism, Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation was used both to silence and overexpress the FaWRKY1 gene in strawberry fruits (Fragaria ×ananassa cv. Primoris), which were later analyzed upon C. acutatum inoculation. Susceptibility tests were performed after pathogen infection comparing the severity of disease between the two agroinfiltrated opposite halves of the same fruit, one half bearing a construct either for FaWRKY1 overexpression or RNAi-mediated silencing and the other half bearing the empty vector, as control. The severity of tissue damage was monitored and found to be visibly reduced at five days after pathogen inoculation in the fruit half where FaWRKY1 was transiently silenced compared to that of the opposite control half and statistical analysis corroborated a significant reduction in disease susceptibility. Contrarily, a similar level of susceptibility was found when FaWRKY1 overexpression and control fruit samples, was compared. These results unravel a negative regulatory role of FaWRKY1 in resistance to the phytopathogenic fungus C. acutatum in strawberry fruit and contrast with the previous role described for this gene in Arabidopsis as positive regulator of resistance against the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae. Based on previous results, a tentative working model for WRKY75 like genes after pathogen infection is proposed and the expression pattern of potential downstream FaWRKY1 target genes was also analyzed in strawberry fruit upon C. acutatum infection. Our results highlight that FaWRKY1 might display different function according to species, plant tissue and/or type of pathogen and underline the intricate FaWRKY1 responsive defense regulatory mechanism taking place in strawberry against this important crop pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Higuera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Garrido-Gala
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ayman Lekhbou
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isabel Arjona-Girona
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Amil-Ruiz
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Servicio Central de Apoyo a la Investigación (SCAI), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José A. Mercado
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos J. López-Herrera
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - José L. Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- *Correspondence: José L. Caballero,
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Sharma M, Bennewitz B, Klösgen RB. Rather rule than exception? How to evaluate the relevance of dual protein targeting to mitochondria and chloroplasts. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 138:335-343. [PMID: 29946965 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Dual targeting of a nuclearly encoded protein into two different cell organelles is an exceptional event in eukaryotic cells. Yet, the frequency of such dual targeting is remarkably high in case of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the two endosymbiotic organelles of plant cells. In most instances, it is mediated by "ambiguous" transit peptides, which recognize both organelles as the target. A number of different approaches including in silico, in organello as well as both transient and stable in vivo assays are established to determine the targeting specificity of such transit peptides. In this review, we will describe and compare these approaches and discuss the potential role of this unusual targeting process. Furthermore, we will present a hypothetical scenario how dual targeting might have arisen during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Sharma
- Institute of Biology - Plant Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Bationa Bennewitz
- Institute of Biology - Plant Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ralf Bernd Klösgen
- Institute of Biology - Plant Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Oelmüller R. Sensing environmental and developmental signals via cellooligomers. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 229:1-6. [PMID: 30005268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Roots respond to a cocktail of chemicals from microbes in the rhizosphere. Infochemicals in nmol concentrations activate receptor-mediated signal pathways, which reprogram the plant responses to environmental changes. The microbial signals have to pass the cell wall to activate pattern recognition receptors at the surface of the plant plasma membrane. The structure of the cell wall is not only a barrier for the signaling molecules, but also changes permanently during growth and development, as well as in response to microbial attacks or abiotic stress. Recently, cellooligomers (COMs) were identified as novel chemical mediators in Arabidopsis thaliana, which inform the cell about the alterations in and around the cell wall. They can be of microbial and plant origin and represent novel invasion patterns (Cook et al., 2015). COMs initiate Ca2+-dependent signaling events that reprogram the cell and adjust the expression and metabolite profiles as well as innate immunity in response to changes in their rhizosphere environment and the state of the cell wall. COMs operate synergistically with other signals or their recognition machineries and activates local and systemic responses in the entire plant. They also adjust the performance of the areal parts of the plant to signals perceived by the roots. Here, I summarize our current knowledge about COMs and propose strategies for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias-Schleiden-Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburgerstr. 159, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
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Foyer CH. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative signaling and the regulation of photosynthesis. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 154:134-142. [PMID: 30283160 PMCID: PMC6105748 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions, in which electrons move from a donor to an acceptor, are the functional heart of photosynthesis. It is not surprising therefore that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in abundance by photosynthesis, providing a plethora of redox signals as well as functioning as essential regulators of energy and metabolic fluxes. Chloroplasts are equipped with an elaborate and multifaceted protective network that allows photosynthesis to function with high productivity even in resource-limited natural environments. This includes numerous antioxidants with overlapping functions that provide enormous flexibility in redox control. ROS are an integral part of the repertoire of chloroplast signals that are transferred to the nucleus to convey essential information concerning redox pressure within the electron transport chain. Current evidence suggests that there is specificity in the gene-expression profiles triggered by the different ROS signals, so that singlet oxygen triggers programs related to over excitation of photosystem (PS) II while superoxide and hydrogen peroxide promote the expression of other suites of genes that may serve to alleviate electron pressure on the reducing side of PSI. Not all chloroplasts are equal in their signaling functions, with some sub-populations appearing to have better contacts/access to the nucleus than others to promote genetic and epigenetic responses. While the concept that light-induced increases in ROS result in damage to PSII and photoinhibition is embedded in the photosynthesis literature, there is little consensus concerning the extent to which such oxidative damage happens in nature. Slowly reversible decreases in photosynthetic capacity are not necessarily the result of light-induced damage to PSII reaction centers.
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Guan Z, Wang W, Yu X, Lin W, Miao Y. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Coregulation of CIPK14 and WHIRLY1/3 Mediated Pale Yellowing of Leaves in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2231. [PMID: 30065159 PMCID: PMC6121582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pale yellowing of leaf variegation is observed in the mutant Arabidopsis lines Calcineurin B-Like-Interacting Protein Kinase14 (CIPK14) overexpression (oeCIPK14) and double-knockout WHIRLY1/WHIRLY3 (why1/3). Further, the relative distribution of WHIRLY1 (WHY1) protein between plastids and the nucleus is affected by the phosphorylation of WHY1 by CIPK14. To elucidate the coregulation of CIPK14 and WHIRLY1/WHIRLY3-mediated pale yellowing of leaves, a differential proteomic analysis was conducted between the oeCIPK14 variegated (oeCIPK14-var) line, why1/3 variegated (why1/3-var) line, and wild type (WT). More than 800 protein spots were resolved on each gel, and 67 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS). Of these 67 proteins, 34 DAPs were in the oeCIPK14-var line and 33 DAPs were in the why1/3-var line compared to the WT. Five overlapping proteins were differentially expressed in both the oeCIPK14-var and why1/3-var lines: ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit-related protein 3 (ClpR3), Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large chain (RBCL), Beta-amylase 3 (BAM3), Ribosome-recycling factor (RRF), and Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain (RBCS). Bioinformatics analysis showed that most of the DAPs are involved in photosynthesis, defense and antioxidation pathways, protein metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, malate biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and transcription. Thus, in the why1/3-var and oeCIPK14-var lines, there was a decrease in the photosystem parameters, including the content of chlorophyll, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS II) (Fv/Fm), and electron transport rates (ETRs), but there was an increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Both mutants showed high sensitivity to intense light. Based on the annotation of the DAPs from both why1/3-var and oeCIPK14-var lines, we conclude that the CIPK14 phosphorylation-mediated WHY1 deficiency in plastids is related to the impairment of protein metabolism, leading to chloroplast dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Guan
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wanzhen Wang
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xingle Yu
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wenfang Lin
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ying Miao
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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