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de Siqueira WN, de França EJ, Pereira DR, Lima MDV, Silva HAMF, Sá JLF, de Araújo HDA, Melo AMMDA. Toxicity and genotoxicity of domestic sewage sludge in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:69343-69353. [PMID: 34296413 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Waste produced in homes is one of the main sources of pollutants in freshwater ecosystems. Therefore, it is imperative to implement methodologies that aid in environmental monitoring procedures. The use of organisms as biomonitors has grown increasingly prevalent as they are models that provide data that can be adequately evaluated. In this work, we investigated the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects caused by domestic sewage sludge through an analysis of biomarkers in the mollusk Biomphalaria glabrata. For the tests, increasing concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 500 mg L-1 of domestic sewage sludge were standardized, in addition to control groups. Assays were performed after the mollusks were exposed to the domestic sewage sludge in acute (48 h) and chronic (15 d) manner. Toxicity tests were performed with embryonic and adult snails. The cytoplasmic and nuclear changes were analyzed in the hemocyte cells. Lastly, genotoxic damage was analyzed using the comet assay. Adult snails and embryos of B. glabrata showed no significant morphological changes. Domestic sludge caused deleterious effects on mollusks as confirmed after cell genotoxicity tests. Therefore, based on the results obtained from the analysis of B. glabrata hemocytes, we can affirm that domestic sewage sludge causes genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on mollusk cells. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the mollusk Biomphalaria glabrata can be used as a good low-cost alternative to assist in the biomonitoring of freshwater environments. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Williams Nascimento de Siqueira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
- Serviço de Monitoração Ambiental, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rêgo, s/n, Recife, PE, 50780-901, Brazil.
| | - Elvis Joacir de França
- Serviço de Monitoração Ambiental, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Dewson Rocha Pereira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maíra de Vasconcelos Lima
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Serviço de Monitoração Ambiental, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - José Luís Ferreira Sá
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Torres-González OR, Sánchez-Hernández IM, Flores-Soto ME, Chaparro-Huerta V, Soria-Fregozo C, Hernández-García L, Padilla-Camberos E, Flores-Fernández JM. Landfill Leachate from an Urban Solid Waste Storage System Produces Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity in Pre-Adolescent and Young Adults Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111029. [PMID: 34769555 PMCID: PMC8583563 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic molecules, as well as environmental pollutants that can cause harm to ecosystems and living beings. The micronucleus test in peripheral blood erythrocytes was used to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of exposure to a landfill leachate from an outdoor solid waste storage system on Wistar strain rats at different developmental stages, pre-adolescents and young adults, and the heavy metal content of the leachate was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Contents of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and lead in the landfill leachate were outside the allowable international standards, and the exposure to the landfill leachate caused genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on Wistar rats, where the pre-adolescent animals were more susceptible to the toxics contained in the landfill leachate than young adults. Heavy metals contained in landfill leachate, individually or synergically with other molecules can be responsible for clastogenic and cytotoxic effects that can be harmful to humans and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ricardo Torres-González
- Unit of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco, A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (O.R.T.-G.); (I.M.S.-H.)
| | - Ivan Moisés Sánchez-Hernández
- Unit of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco, A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (O.R.T.-G.); (I.M.S.-H.)
| | - Mario Eduardo Flores-Soto
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (M.E.F.-S.); (V.C.-H.)
| | - Verónica Chaparro-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (M.E.F.-S.); (V.C.-H.)
| | - Cesar Soria-Fregozo
- Laboratorio Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y de la Vida, Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno 47460, Mexico;
| | - Laura Hernández-García
- Department of Research and Innovation, Universidad Tecnológica de Oriental, Oriental 75020, Mexico;
| | - Eduardo Padilla-Camberos
- Unit of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco, A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (O.R.T.-G.); (I.M.S.-H.)
- Correspondence: (E.P.-C.); (J.M.F.-F.); Tel.: +52-(33)-3345-5200 (ext. 1640) (E.P.-C.); +1-(825)-993-1702 (J.M.F.-F.)
| | - José Miguel Flores-Fernández
- Department of Research and Innovation, Universidad Tecnológica de Oriental, Oriental 75020, Mexico;
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, 204 Brain and Aging Research Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada
- Correspondence: (E.P.-C.); (J.M.F.-F.); Tel.: +52-(33)-3345-5200 (ext. 1640) (E.P.-C.); +1-(825)-993-1702 (J.M.F.-F.)
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Souza PMS, Sommaggio LRD, Marin-Morales MA, Morales AR. PBAT biodegradable mulch films: Study of ecotoxicological impacts using Allium cepa, Lactuca sativa and HepG2/C3A cell culture. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:126985. [PMID: 32445994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable mulch films are an alternative to polyethylene films used in agriculture for weed control, improving crop productivity. This change could minimize the residue production and costs related to the final disposal. Nevertheless, the environmental safety of these biodegradable products is scarcely investigated. In this work, samples of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-PBAT mulch films, with and without UV stabilizer additives, were prepared. Aqueous extracts of soil samples, where mulch films were disposed, were investigated using bioassays with Lactuca sativa, Allium cepa, and cell culture HepG2/C3A. As PBAT is expected to suffer photodegradation and biodegradation, soil samples mixed with films before and after these processes were evaluated. Soil aqueous extracts promoted root grown (mainly hypocotyl) of L. sativa, probably due to presence of nutrients. So, to evaluate toxicity potential, in this case it was necessary to use aqueous extract prepared with soil instead of ultrapure water as the control. After doing this analysis it was observed that no adverse impacts due to PBAT films occurred. No chromosomal abnormalities were observed in A. cepa bioassay for any of tested samples. The absence of genotoxic potential was confirmed by comet assay and micronucleus test using human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2/C3A. These results showed that the soil did not induce damage to the tested organisms, before and after degradation of PBAT films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Moraes Sinohara Souza
- Department of Materials Engineering and Bioprocess, School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Rita Morales
- Department of Materials Engineering and Bioprocess, School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Singh G, Pankaj U, Ajayakumar PV, Verma RK. Phytoremediation of sewage sludge by Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk. grown under soil amended with varying levels of sewage sludge. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 22:540-550. [PMID: 31738576 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1687422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge used as agriculture fertilizers contains a conspicuous amount of potentially toxic metals. In order to prevent the contamination in the food chain, there is an urgent need for the development of sewage sludge clean up technology. The use of non-food, multi-harvest aromatic crops for phytoremediation of sewage sludge has many benefits. Besides the eco-friendly approach, plant biomass generated can be used to extract economically important essential oil free of heavy metals. Cymbopogon martinii was grown in soil (s) amended with different ratios of sewage sludge (ss), that is, 100s:0ss (control), 80s:20ss, 60s:40ss, 40s:60ss, 20s:80ss, and 0s:100ss. The experiment was conducted in a plastic sack under an open environment for 1 year and harvesting was done thrice. Plant growth and essential oil yield were significantly increased with the increasing dose of sewage sludge. Accumulation of toxic metal (Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni) and micronutrient (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) increased significantly in the shoot tissues confirmed by estimation of bioaccumulation and bioconcentration, and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalyses. Soil enzyme activities were significantly improved with the plant growth period and increased doses of sludge. Results showed C. martinii acts as hyper-accumulator and thus could be used for phytoremediation of sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetu Singh
- Department of Soil Science, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Umesh Pankaj
- Department of Soil Science, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - P V Ajayakumar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Verma
- Department of Soil Science, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
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Sommaggio LRD, Mazzeo DEC, Pamplona-Silva MT, Marin-Morales MA. Evaluation of the potential agricultural use of biostimulated sewage sludge using mammalian cell culture assays. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:10-15. [PMID: 29427809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the bioremediation processes, biostimulation is an effective methodology for the decontamination of organic waste by the addition of agents that stimulate the indigenous microbiota development. Rice hull is a biostimulating agent that promotes the aeration of edaphic systems and stimulates the aerobiotic activity of soil microorganisms. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the bioremediation and biostimulation processes in reducing the toxicity of sewage sludge (SS) and to evaluate its possible application in agriculture using cytotoxic and genotoxic assays in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). SS of domestic origin was tested as both the pure product (PSS) and mixed with soil (S) and with a stimulating agent, such as rice hull (RH), in different proportions (SS + S and SS + S + RH); we also examined different remediation periods (3 months - T1 and 6 months - T2). For the PSS sample, a significant induction of micronucleus (MN) in T2 was observed with nuclear buds in all of the periods assessed, and we observed the presence of more than one alteration per cell (MN and nuclear bud) in T1 and T2. The PSS sample caused genotoxic effects in the HepG2 cells even after being bioremediated. For the samples containing soil and/or rice hull, no toxic effects were observed in the test system used. Therefore, the addition of SS to agricultural soils should be conducted with caution, and it is important that the SS undergoes a remediation process, such as bioremediation and biostimulation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Roberta Deroldo Sommaggio
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. 24-A, 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Dânia Elisa Christofoletti Mazzeo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, 14800-060, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Tereza Pamplona-Silva
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. 24-A, 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. 24-A, 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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Mazzeo DEC, Casado M, Piña B, Marin-Morales MA. Detoxification of sewage sludge by natural attenuation and implications for its use as a fertilizer on agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:978-985. [PMID: 27593435 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sewage Sludges (SS) from wastewater treatment systems constitute a potential alternative to agricultural fertilizers. However, their use is limited by the presence of toxic substances that may represent significant hazards for the environment and for human health. To test the potential of natural processes to attenuate their putative toxic activities, actual SS samples from domestic sewage were buried in holes in a pollution-free environment for different periods of time, up to one year. Aqueous and organic extracts were obtained after each period of natural attenuation, and their respective toxicity was tested for estrogenic and dioxin-like activity by yeast-based bioassays (ER-RYA and AhR-RYA, respectively) and for general toxicity and teratogenicity in zebrafish embryos. Dioxin-like activity was also tested in zebrafish embryos by monitoring the induction of the marker gene cyp1a. Whereas the results showed essentially no estrogenic activity, both dioxin-like activity and embryotoxicity were observed in the initial samples, decreasing significantly after six months of attenuation. Chemical analysis of toxic SS samples showed the presence of low levels of dioxins and furans, and relatively high levels of m- and p-cresol, at concentrations that only partially justify the observed biological effects. Our data indicates the presence of largely uncharacterized hydrophilic compounds with high biological activity in SS, constituting a potential risk of groundwater pollution upon their disposal into the environment. It also shows that this potential impact may be significantly mitigated by attenuation protocols, as the one presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Casado
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Av. 24-A, 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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Pereira SFL, Gonçalves AL, Moreira FC, Silva TFCV, Vilar VJP, Pires JCM. Nitrogen Removal from Landfill Leachate by Microalgae. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1926. [PMID: 27869676 PMCID: PMC5133922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Landfill leachates result from the degradation of solid residues in sanitary landfills, thus presenting a high variability in terms of composition. Normally, these effluents are characterized by high ammoniacal-nitrogen (N-NH₄⁺) concentrations, high chemical oxygen demands and low phosphorus concentrations. The development of effective treatment strategies becomes difficult, posing a serious problem to the environment. Phycoremediation appears to be a suitable alternative for the treatment of landfill leachates. In this study, the potential of Chlorella vulgaris for biomass production and nutrients (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) removal from different compositions of a landfill leachate was evaluated. Since microalgae also require phosphorus for their growth, different loads of this nutrient were evaluated, giving the following N:P ratios: 12:1, 23:1 and 35:1. The results have shown that C. vulgaris was able to grow in the different leachate compositions assessed. However, microalgal growth was higher in the cultures presenting the lowest N-NH₄⁺ concentration. In terms of nutrients uptake, an effective removal of N-NH₄⁺ and phosphorus was observed in all the experiments, especially in those supplied with phosphorus. Nevertheless, N-NO₃- removal was considered almost negligible. These promising results constitute important findings in the development of a bioremediation technology for the treatment of landfill leachates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio F L Pereira
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente e Energia (LEPABE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana L Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente e Energia (LEPABE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Francisca C Moreira
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Tânia F C V Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vítor J P Vilar
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José C M Pires
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente e Energia (LEPABE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Mazzeo DEC, Fernandes TCC, Marin-Morales MA. Attesting the efficiency of monitored natural attenuation in the detoxification of sewage sludge by means of genotoxic and mutagenic bioassays. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:508-515. [PMID: 27570212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A viable alternative to the use of sewage sludge (SS) would be using it as a reconditioner of agricultural soils, due to its high content of organic matter and nutrients. However, this solution may contaminate the soil, since SS may contain toxic substances. Monitored natural attenuation is a process that can be used in the decontamination of SS before its disposal into the environment. The effectiveness of the natural attenuation of a domestic SS was evaluated over 12 months by assays of Salmonella/microsome and micronucleus (MN) in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). Mutagenic activity was observed for the Salmonella strain TA 100, with S9, for the extracts from periods 0-6 months of natural attenuation. Genotoxic effects were observed in HepG2 cells, for 0 and 2 months, in almost all tested concentrations. Comparing obtained data by MN test to chemical analyses, it is possible to observe a coincidence between the induction of MN and the quantity of the m- and p-cresol, since these compounds were present in the initial SS and after 2 months of natural attenuation, decreasing their concentrations in samples from 6 to 12 months. The positive results obtained with Salmonella/microsome (from 6 months) suggest a combined action of other substances in SS. These results indicated that this SS, in the earlier periods tested, is potentially genotoxic and mutagenic and that its disposal can lead to severe environmental problems. Thus, the use of the studied SS as reconditioner requires pre-processing for over than 6 months of natural attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Av. 24-A, 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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Ghosh P, Gupta A, Thakur IS. Combined chemical and toxicological evaluation of leachate from municipal solid waste landfill sites of Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:9148-58. [PMID: 25578612 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, landfill leachate of three landfill sites of Delhi, India, was toxico-chemically analyzed for human risk assessment. Raw leachate samples were collected from the municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills of Delhi lacking liner systems. Samples were characterized with relatively low concentrations of heavy metals while the organic component exceeded the upper permissible limit by up to 158 times. Qualitative analysis showed the presence of numerous xenobiotics belonging to the group of halogenated aliphatic and aromatic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters, and other emerging contaminants. Quantitative analysis of PAHs showed that the benzo(a)pyrene-toxic equivalence quotient (BaP-TEQ) ranged from 41.22 to 285.557 ng L(-1). The human risk assessment methodology employed to evaluate the potential adverse effects of PAHs showed that the cancer risk level was lower than the designated acceptable risk of 10(-6). However, significant cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of leachates on HepG2 cell line was observed with MTT EC50 value ranging from 11.58 to 20.44 % and statistically significant DNA damage. Thus, although the leachates contained low concentrations of PAHs with proven carcinogenic potential, but the mixture of contaminants present in leachates are toxic enough to cause synergistic or additive cytotoxicity and genotoxicity and affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Ghosh
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India,
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Akintunde JK, Oboh G. Depletion of cellular adenosine triphosphate and hepatocellular damage in rat after subchronic exposure to leachate from anthropogenic recycling site. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 34:1083-95. [PMID: 25645823 DOI: 10.1177/0960327115569809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the major hazards arising from recycling sites is the generation of leachate containing mixed metal. This study evaluated the toxic effects of leachate obtained from Elewi Odo municipal auto-battery recycling site (EOMABRSL) on male liver functions using hepatic indices and biomarker of cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in rat via the oral route. Concentrations of heavy metals analysis showed that lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium, manganese, and iron were 1.5-, 2-, 2.5-, 1.36-, 19.61-, and 8.89-folds, respectively, higher than acceptable limits set by regulatory authority World Health Organization. Copper, zinc, and cobalt were 5.9-, 300-, and 1.02-folds, respectively, lower than permissible limits. The EOMABRSL was administered at 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% concentrations to adult male rats for 60 days. Following exposure, plasma and livers were collected for several biochemistry assays. Exposure of animals to EOMABRSL resulted in 27.51, 28.14, 63.93, 28.42, and 40.16% increase in aspartate aminotransferase activity, whereas it elevated alanine aminotransferase activity by 5.35, 22.33, 88.68, 183.02, and 193.08%, respectively, when compared with the control. Similarly, γ-glutamyl transferase activity increased by 111.22, 114.19, 122.96, 573.14, and 437.02%, respectively, when compared with the control. EOMABRSL administration significantly decreased catalase activity and reduced glutathione level and superoxide dismutase with concomitant increase in malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels. Also, significant (p < 0.05) decrease in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (marker of cellular ATP) was observed. Taken together, the hepatotoxicity of EOMABRSL could be due to the depletion of LDH and induction of oxidative damage, which may suggest possible health hazards in subjects with occupational or environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Akintunde
- Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Phytomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry Unit, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
| | - G Oboh
- Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Phytomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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da Silva VHP, de Moura CFG, Ribeiro FAP, Cesar A, Pereira CDS, Silva MJD, Vilegas W, Ribeiro DA. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity induced by municipal effluent in multiple organs of Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13069-13080. [PMID: 24996946 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in multiple organs of rats induced by municipal effluent released by submarine outfall in city of Santos. A total of 20 male Wistar rats were exposed to effluents by drinking water ad libitum at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, and 100 % for 30 days. Microscopic analysis revealed severe lesions such as necrosis and hemorrhagic areas in liver and kidney from animals exposed to effluent at 50 and 100 % concentration. DNA damage in peripheral blood, liver, and kidney cells were detected by comet assay at higher concentrations of effluent. Moreover, a decrease DNA repair capacity was detected in liver cells. Significant statistical differences (p<0.05) for micronucleated cells from liver were noticed at 50 % concentration of effluent. Taken together, our results demonstrate that municipal effluent is able to induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in multiple organs of Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Pereira da Silva
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Av. Ana Costa 95, 11060-001, Santos, SP, Brazil
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12
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Garaj-Vrhovac V, Oreščanin V, Gajski G, Gerić M, Ruk D, Kollar R, Radić Brkanac S, Cvjetko P. Toxicological characterization of the landfill leachate prior/after chemical and electrochemical treatment: a study on human and plant cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:939-945. [PMID: 23790829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this research, toxicological safety of two newly developed methods for the treatment of landfill leachate from the Piškornica (Croatia) sanitary landfill was investigated. Chemical treatment procedure combined chemical precipitation with CaO followed by coagulation with ferric chloride and final adsorption by clinoptilolite. Electrochemical treatment approach included pretreatment with ozone followed by electrooxidation/electrocoagulation and final polishing by microwave irradiation. Cell viability of untreated/treated landfill leachate was examined using fluorescence microscopy. Cytotoxic effect of the original leachate was obtained for both exposure periods (4 and 24 h) while treated samples showed no cytotoxic effect even after prolonged exposure time. The potential DNA damage of the untreated/treated landfill leachate was evaluated by the comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay using either human or plant cells. The original leachate exhibited significantly higher comet assay parameters compared to negative control after 24 h exposure. On the contrary, there was no significant difference between negative control and chemically/electrochemically treated leachate for any of the parameters tested. There was also no significant increase in either CBMN assay parameter compared to the negative control following the exposure of the lymphocytes to the chemically or electrochemically treated landfill leachate for both exposure periods while the original sample showed significantly higher number of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds for both exposure times. Results suggest that both methods are suitable for the treatment of such complex waste effluent due to high removal efficiency of all measured parameters and toxicological safety of the treated effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Toufexi E, Tsarpali V, Efthimiou I, Vidali MS, Vlastos D, Dailianis S. Environmental and human risk assessment of landfill leachate: an integrated approach with the use of cytotoxic and genotoxic stress indices in mussel and human cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 260:593-601. [PMID: 23811380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates leachate hazardous effects on marine biota and human cells, with the use of a battery of assays, both under in vivo and in vitro conditions. According to the results, mussels exposed for 4 days to 0.01 and 0.1% (v/v) of leachate showed increased levels of DNA damage and micronuclei (MN) frequencies in their hemocytes. Similarly, enhanced levels of DNA damage were also observed in hemocytes treated in vitro with relevant concentrations of leachate, followed by a significant enhancement of both superoxide anions (O₂(-)) and lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde/MDA). On the other hand, human lymphocyte cultures treated with such a low concentrations of leachate (0.1, 0.2 and 1%, v/v), showed increased frequencies of MN formation and large MN size ratio, as well as decreased cell proliferation, as indicated by the use of the cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assay and Cytokinesis Block Proliferation Index (CBPI) respectively. These findings showed the clear-cut genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of leachate on both cellular types, as well as its potential aneugenic activity in human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Toufexi
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, GR 26500 Patras, Greece
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14
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Gajski G, Oreščanin V, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Chemical composition and genotoxicity assessment of sanitary landfill leachate from Rovinj, Croatia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 78:253-259. [PMID: 22177983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chemical analysis and an in vitro approach were performed to assess elemental composition and genotoxic effects of the samples of landfill leachate taken from Lokva Vidotto sanitary landfill the official landfill for Rovinj town, Croatia. Two samples of landfill leachate were collected and analyzed in order to evaluate macro, micro and trace elements by atomic absorption spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and colorimetry. Genotoxicity of sanitary landfill leachate was evaluated in human lymphocytes by the use of the micronucleus test and comet assay. Samples were characterized with relatively low concentrations of heavy metals while organic component level exceeded upper permissible limit up to 39 times. Observed genotoxic effects should be connected with high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, which exceeded permissible limit up to 180 times. Leachate samples of both sanitary landfills increased the frequency of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds. Increase of DNA damage in human lymphocytes was also detected by virtue of measuring comet assay parameters. All parameters showed statistically significant difference compared to negative control. Increased micronucleus and comet assay parameters indicate that both samples of sanitary landfill leachate are genotoxic and could pose environmental and human health risk if discharged to an aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Farombi EO, Akintunde JK, Nzute N, Adedara IA, Arojojoye O. Municipal landfill leachate induces hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:532-41. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711416947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human beings are more often exposed to complex mixtures of hazardous chemicals than single toxicant. The present study investigated the effects of Olushosun municipal landfill leachate (OMLL) from Ojota in Lagos State of Nigeria on hepatic function and some biomarkers of oxidative stress in adult rats. Physicochemical characteristic analysis of OMLL showed that while total alkalinity, total acidity, total hardness, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were 3-fold, 2-fold, 4-fold and 1-fold, respectively, concentrations of heavy metals analysis showed that copper, lead, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt, chromium and mercury were 9-fold, 4-fold, 21-fold, 1320-fold, 7-fold, 5-fold and 4-fold, respectively, higher than acceptable limits by regulatory authorities. The OMLL was administered at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% concentrations to adult male rats for 14 days. Following exposure, serum was collected for serum biochemistry assays and liver was collected to determine the antioxidant status. Exposure of animals to 10, 20, 30 and 40% OMLL resulted in 3%, 31%, 52% and 83% increase in aspartate aminotransferase activity, whereas it elevated alanine aminotransferase activity by 10%, 25%, 30% and 49%, respectively, when compared with the control. While OMLL administration significantly increased catalase activity, a sequential decrease in reduced glutathione level and in superoxide dismutase and glutathione- S-transferase activities with concomitant increase in malondialdehyde level were observed, when compared with the control. Collectively, the hepatotoxicity of OMLL could be due to the induction of oxidative stress and may suggest possible health hazards in subjects with occupational or environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- EO Farombi
- Department of Biochemistry, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - JK Akintunde
- Department of Biochemistry, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - N Nzute
- Department of Biochemistry, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - IA Adedara
- Department of Biochemistry, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - O Arojojoye
- Department of Biochemistry, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Gajski G, Oreščanin V, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Cytogenotoxicity of sewage sludge leachate before and after calcium oxide-based solidification in human lymphocytes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:1408-1415. [PMID: 21514671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Present study aimed to establish the chemical composition of sewage sludge leachate before/after calcium oxide-based solidification using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The other aim was to determine leachate effects on human lymphocyte and DNA integrity in vitro using a battery of bioassays (DNA diffusion assay, micronucleus test and comet assay) to determine effects of those complex mixtures of elements on cell and DNA integrity. EDXRF showed that nickel concentration in the leachate of untreated sludge was 18.5 times higher than the upper permissible limit for inert waste landfills. Other elements were kept below the permissible values. After sludge solidification, leachate concentrations of Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb dropped 1.6, 2.7, 37, 5.9, 3.2, 7.8, and 2.6 times, respectively. Untreated sludge leachate was cytogenotoxic to lymphocytes, and may lead to adverse effects on the exposed human populations, but calcium oxide-based solidification reduced these effects in significant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Garaj-Vrhovac V, Orescanin V, Ruk D, Gajski G. In vitro assessment of genotoxic effects of electric arc furnace dust on human lymphocytes using the alkaline comet assay. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2009; 44:279-287. [PMID: 19132591 DOI: 10.1080/10934520802597986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In vitro genotoxic effects of leachates of electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) on human peripheral lymphocytes, assessed prior and following the treatment with a strong alkaline solution were investigated using the alkaline comet assay. Prior and following the treatment, lymphocytes were incubated with leachate of EAFD for 6 and 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Negative controls were also included. Mean values of the tail lengths established in the samples treated with the leachate stemming from the original dust for 6 and 24 hours, were 15.70 microm and 16.78 microm, respectively, as compared to 12.33 microm found in the control sample. Slight, but significant increase in the tail length was also found with the dust treated with a strong alkaline solution (13.37 microm and 13.60 microm). In case of high heavy metal concentrations (the extract of the original furnace dust), the incubation period was revealed to be of significance as well. The obtained results lead to the conclusion that alkaline comet assay could be used as a rapid, sensitive and low-cost tool when assessing genotoxicity of various waste materials, such as leachates of the electric arc furnace dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Tewari A, Singh R, Singh NK, Rai UN. Amelioration of municipal sludge by Pistia stratiotes L.: role of antioxidant enzymes in detoxification of metals. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:8715-21. [PMID: 18499446 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pistia stratiotes when exposed to mixture of municipal sludge and effluent accumulated substantial amount of metals in the fronds and roots. With the increase in the metal accumulation by the plants, a reduction in the concentration of metals was found in leachates. The treated plants showed reduced level in chlorophylls but enhanced level of carotenoids and protein. The plant showed a concomitant increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase, guiacol peroxidase and also an enhanced level of lipid peroxidation. The activities were more in the root tissues as compared to frond. Initially a reduced level of cysteine content in roots of sludge treated plant as compared to control was found, but with time duration it increased progressively. The level of non-protein thiols also increased gradually at all the durations in both fronds and roots. Thus, beside the reduction of metals from municipal sludge, the ability of P. stratiotes to combat metal generated damages by induced synthesis of antioxidant enzymes and other metal binding ligands shows its suitability for the phytoremediation of the waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Tewari
- Ecotoxicology and Bioremediation, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India
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Bakare AA, Pandey AK, Bajpayee M, Bhargav D, Chowdhuri DK, Singh KP, Murthy RC, Dhawan A. DNA damage induced in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by industrial solid waste and municipal sludge leachates. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2007; 48:30-7. [PMID: 17163505 DOI: 10.1002/em.20272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of humans to toxic compounds occurs mostly in the form of complex mixtures. Leachates, consisting of mixtures of many chemicals, are a potential risk to human health. In the present study, leachates of solid wastes from a polyfiber factory (PFL), an aeronautical plant (AEL), and a municipal sludge leachate (MSL) were assessed for their ability to induce DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the alkaline Comet assay. The leachates also were examined for their physical and chemical properties. Lymphocytes were incubated with 0.5-15.0% concentrations (pH range 7.1-7.4) of the test leachates for 3 hr at 37 degrees C, and treatment with 1 mM ethyl methanesulfonate served as a positive control. All three leachates induced significant (P < 0.05), concentration-dependent increases in DNA damage compared with the negative control, as measured by increases in Olive tail moment (arbitrary units), tail DNA (%), and tail length (mum). A comparison of these variables among the treatment groups indicated that the MSL induced the most DNA damage. Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry analysis of the leachates indicated that they contained high concentrations of heavy metals, viz. iron, manganese, nickel, zinc, cadmium, chromium, and lead. The individual, synergistic, or antagonistic effects of these chemicals in the leachates may be responsible for the DNA damage. Our data indicate that the ever-increasing amounts of leachates from waste landfill sites have the potential to induce DNA damage and suggest that the exposure of human populations to these leachates may lead to adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adekunle A Bakare
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Sendão MC, Behling EB, dos Santos RA, Antunes LMG, de Lourdes Pires Bianchi M. Comparative effects of acute and subacute lycopene administration on chromosomal aberrations induced by cisplatin in male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1334-9. [PMID: 16600457 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lycopene is a natural carotenoid, free radical scavenger, and presents protective effects by inhibiting oxidative DNA damage. The objective of the current study was to investigate the cytogenetic effects of a single acute and four daily gavage administrations of lycopene, and to examine possible protective effects on chromosomal damage induced by the antitumor drug cisplatin (cDDP) in rat bone marrow cells. The animals were divided into treatment groups, with three lycopene doses in the acute treatment (2, 4, and 6 mg/kg b.w.), three lycopene doses in the subacute treatment (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/kg b.w.) with and without cDDP (5 mg/kg b.w. i.p.), and respective controls. The results indicated that lycopene is neither cytotoxic nor clastogenic when compared with the negative controls (p>0.01). cDDP-treated animals submitted to acute and subacute treatments with different lycopene doses showed a significant reduction (p<0.01) in the number of abnormal metaphases when compared with the animals treated only with cDDP. The protective effects of lycopene on cDDP-induced chromosomal damage may be attributed to its antioxidant activity. These results suggest that this carotenoid may prove useful in reducing some of the toxic effects associated with certain classes of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Cristina Sendão
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências, Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Tewari A, Dhawan A, Gupta SK. DNA damage in bone marrow and blood cells of mice exposed to municipal sludge leachates. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2006; 47:271-6. [PMID: 16470523 DOI: 10.1002/em.20203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Leachates of municipal solid waste from unsecured disposal sites contaminate sources of potable water and affect human health. In the present study, we have used the Comet assay to evaluate the DNA damage in mice exposed to municipal sludge leachates. Ten percent leachates were prepared from municipal sludge obtained from two different disposal drains. Male Swiss albino mice were treated daily with 0.1-0.4 ml of the leachates by oral gavage for 15 days, and the DNA damage was evaluated in bone marrow and blood using Olive tail moment, % tail DNA, and tail length as measures of DNA damage. Physicochemical and metal analysis of the leachates detected the presence of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc, as well as elevated concentrations of sulfate and nitrate. Both of the leachates produced significant dose-responsive increases in DNA damage in both mouse tissues. There were no significant differences in the responses for any of the Comet endpoints between tissues (for the same leachate sample) or between leachate samples (for the same tissue). The results of this study indicate that municipal waste leachates produce DNA damage in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Tewari
- Cell Biology Section, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow 226 001, India
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