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Oestreicher N, Bourdineaud JP, Vélot C. Mutagenic effects of a commercial glyphosate-based herbicide formulation on the soil filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans depending on the mode of exposure. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 892:503708. [PMID: 37973298 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are the most used pesticides worldwide. This widespread dissemination raises the question of non-target effects on a wide range of organisms, including soil micro-organisms. Despite a large body of scientific studies reporting the harmful effects of GBHs, the health and environmental safety of glyphosate and its commercial formulations remains controversial. In particular, contradictory results have been obtained on the possible genotoxicity of these herbicides depending on the organisms or biological systems tested, the modes and durations of exposure and the sensitivity of the detection technique used. We previously showed that the well-characterized soil filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans was highly affected by a commercial GBH formulation containing 450 g/L of glyphosate (R450), even when used at doses far below the agricultural application rate. In the present study, we analysed the possible mutagenicity of R450 in A. nidulans by screening for specific mutants after different modes of exposure to the herbicide. R450 was found to exert a mutagenic effect only after repeated exposure during growth on agar-medium, and depending on the metabolic status of the tested strain. The nature of some mutants and their ability to tolerate the herbicide better than did the wild-type strain suggested that their emergence may reflect an adaptive response of the fungus to offset the herbicide effects. The use of a non-selective molecular approach, the quantitative random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-qPCR), showed that R450 could also exert a mutagenic effect after a one-shot overnight exposure during growth in liquid culture. However, this effect was subtle and no longer detectable when the fungus had previously been repeatedly exposed to the herbicide on a solid medium. This indicated an elevation of the sensitivity threshold of A. nidulans to the R450 mutagenicity, and thus confirmed the adaptive capacity of the fungus to the herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Oestreicher
- Laboratory VEAC, University Paris-Saclay, Faculty of Sciences, Bât. 350, Avenue Jean Perrin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bourdineaud
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5234, Laboratory of Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christian Vélot
- Laboratory VEAC, University Paris-Saclay, Faculty of Sciences, Bât. 350, Avenue Jean Perrin, 91405 Orsay, France.
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2
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Ke T, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Santamaria A, Rocha JBT, Bowman AB, Chen W, Aschner M. Epigenetics and Methylmercury-Induced Neurotoxicity, Evidence from Experimental Studies. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11010072. [PMID: 36668798 PMCID: PMC9860901 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
MeHg is an environmental neurotoxin that can adversely affect the development of the nervous system. The molecular integrity of chromatin in the nucleus is an important target of MeHg. Low levels of MeHg trigger epigenetic mechanisms that may be involved in long-lasting and transgenerational neurotoxicity after exposure. Emerging evidence has shown that these mechanisms include histone modification, siRNA, and DNA methylation. The MeHg-induced inhibition of neurodifferentiation and neurogenesis are mechanistically associated with epigenetic alterations in critical genes, such as neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Further, MeHg exposure has been shown to alter the activity and/or expression of the upstream regulators of chromatin structure, including histone deacetylases (HDACs) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMTs), which may trigger permanent alterations in histone modifications and DNA methylation. MeHg-exposure also alters several species of miRNA that are associated with neurodevelopment. Genetic studies in the C. elegans model of MeHg-induced toxicity proposes a potential interplay between exogenous RNAi and antioxidant defense. In this review, we discuss the molecular basis for MeHg exposure-induced alterations in chromatin structure and the roles of histone modifications, siRNA, and DNA methylation in MeHg-induced neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Alexey A. Tinkov
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, 150003 Yaroslavl, Russia
- Department of Medical Elementology, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly V. Skalny
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Medical Elementology, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores/Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Joao B. T. Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Aaron B. Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (M.A.)
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Baines C, Lerebours A, Thomas F, Fort J, Kreitsberg R, Gentes S, Meitern R, Saks L, Ujvari B, Giraudeau M, Sepp T. Linking pollution and cancer in aquatic environments: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 149:106391. [PMID: 33515955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the interconnectedness of aquatic ecosystems through the highly effective marine and atmospheric transport routes, all aquatic ecosystems are potentially vulnerable to pollution. Whilst links between pollution and increased mortality of wild animals have now been firmly established, the next steps should be to focus on specific physiological pathways and pathologies that link pollution to wildlife health deterioration. One of the pollution-induced pathologies that should be at the centre of attention in ecological and evolutionary research is cancer, as anthropogenic contamination has resulted in a rapid increase of oncogenic substances in natural habitats. Whilst wildlife cancer research is an emerging research topic, systematic reviews of the many case studies published over the recent decades are scarce. This research direction would (1) provide a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms connecting anthropogenic pollution to oncogenic processes in non-model organisms (reducing the current bias towards human and lab-animal studies in cancer research), and (2) allow us to better predict the vulnerability of different wild populations to oncogenic contamination. This article combines the information available within the scientific literature about cancer occurrences in aquatic and semi-aquatic species. For the first aim, we use available knowledge from aquatic species to suggest physiological mechanisms that link pollution and cancer, including main metabolic detoxification pathways, oxidative damage effects, infections, and changes to the microbiome. For the second aim, we determine which types of aquatic animals are more vulnerable to pollution-induced cancer, which types of pollution are mainly associated with cancer in aquatic ecosystems, and which types of cancer pollution causes. We also discuss the role of migration in exposing aquatic and semi-aquatic animals to different oncogenic pollutants. Finally, we suggest novel research avenues, including experimental approaches, analysis of the effects of pollutant cocktails and long-term chronic exposure to lower levels of pollutants, and the use of already published databases of gene expression levels in animals from differently polluted habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Baines
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Adelaide Lerebours
- LIttoral, ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR7266, CNRS Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17042 La Rochelle Cedex, France
| | - Frederic Thomas
- CREEC/CREES, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 6450134394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 6450134394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jerome Fort
- LIttoral, ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR7266, CNRS Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17042 La Rochelle Cedex, France
| | - Randel Kreitsberg
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sophie Gentes
- LIttoral, ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR7266, CNRS Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17042 La Rochelle Cedex, France
| | - Richard Meitern
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lauri Saks
- Estonian Marine Institute, Universty of Tartu, Mäealuse 14, 12618 Tallinn, Harju County, Estonia
| | - Beata Ujvari
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- LIttoral, ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR7266, CNRS Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17042 La Rochelle Cedex, France; CREEC/CREES, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 6450134394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 6450134394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Tuul Sepp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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Shankar P, Dashner-Titus EJ, Truong L, Hayward K, Hudson LG, Tanguay RL. Developmental toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to uranium: A comparison with lead, cadmium, and iron. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116097. [PMID: 33246768 PMCID: PMC7785642 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Populations of plants and animals, including humans, living in close proximity to abandoned uranium mine sites are vulnerable to uranium exposure through drainage into nearby waterways, soil accumulation, and blowing dust from surface soils. Little is known about how the environmental impact of uranium exposure alters the health of human populations in proximity to mine sites, so we used developmental zebrafish (Danio rerio) to investigate uranium toxicity. Fish are a sensitive target for modeling uranium toxicity, and previous studies report altered reproductive capacity, enhanced DNA damage, and gene expression changes in fish exposed to uranium. In our study, dechorionated zebrafish embryos were exposed to a concentration range of uranyl acetate (UA) from 0 to 3000 μg/L for body burden measurements and developmental toxicity assessments. Uranium was taken up in a concentration-dependent manner by 48 and 120 h post fertilization (hpf)-zebrafish without evidence of bioaccumulation. Exposure to UA was not associated with teratogenic outcomes or 24 hpf behavioral effects, but larvae at 120 hpf exhibited a significant hypoactive photomotor response associated with exposure to 3 μg/L UA which suggested potential neurotoxicity. To our knowledge, this is the first time that uranium has been associated with behavioral effects in an aquatic organism. These results were compared to potential metal co-contaminants using the same exposure paradigm. Similar to uranium exposure, lead, cadmium, and iron significantly altered neurobehavioral outcomes in 120-hpf zebrafish without inducing significant teratogenicity. Our study informs concerns about the potential impacts of developmental exposure to uranium on childhood neurobehavioral outcomes. This work also sets the stage for future, environmentally relevant metal mixture studies. Summary Uranium exposure to developing zebrafish causes hypoactive larval swimming behavior similar to the effect of other commonly occurring metals in uranium mine sites. This is the first time that uranium exposure has been associated with altered neurobehavioral effects in any aquatic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prarthana Shankar
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Erica J Dashner-Titus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Lisa Truong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Kimberly Hayward
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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Jindal R, Sinha R, Brar P. Evaluating the protective efficacy of Silybum marianum against deltamethrin induced hepatotoxicity in piscine model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 66:62-68. [PMID: 30605873 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the known facts of deltamethrin toxicity in aquaculture, efforts have been made to ameliorate its toxicity with supplementation of Silybum marianum plant extract in Cyprinus carpio. For validating its efficacy, standard techniques of histopathology, anti-oxidant profile and RAPD-PCR were used. By performing acute toxicity bioassay, 96 h LC50 of the pesticide to C. carpio was determined and was found to be 2 μg/L. Histopathological alterations were comprised of nuclear alterations, vacuolisation and oedema in the hepatocytes. Chronic exposure to the toxicant induced significant changes in antioxidant defense system (CAT, SOD, GSH and GST levels), lipid peroxidation being prominent. Diet supplementation with silymarin appeared to modulate the oxidative stress, histopathological alterations and genotoxic damage caused by the pesticide in the fish. RAPD-PCR studies revealed deltamethrin induced toxicity and its effective amelioration in form of restoration of bands which were lost in toxicant exposed DNA profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Jindal
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Reshma Sinha
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prabhjeet Brar
- Aquatic Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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6
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Patnaik R, Padhy RN. Comparative study on toxicity of methylmercury chloride and methylmercury hydroxide to the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:20606-20614. [PMID: 29752667 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Toxicities of methylmercury chloride (CH3HgCl) and methylmercury hydroxide (CH3HgOH) to cultured neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y in vitro are evaluated. This is the comparative study between two methylmercury compounds to find out the extent of toxicity of these compounds are toxic to SH-SY5Y cell line. Both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity experiments were carried out to find out the more toxic compound. For cytotoxicity study, four staining assay methods independently with trypan blue (TB), acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and neutral red (NR) were used and the comet assay method was done for genotoxicity study. The obtained toxicity data were used for probit analysis. In cytotoxicity, CH3HgCl had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value in each assay method as 3 mg/L invariably; LC25 values were in the range 7.41 to 10.23 mg/L, and LC50 values were 14.79 to 15.48 mg/L; while LC75 values were 20.89 to 26.91 mg/L. Moreover, LC100 value was 30 mg/L, known from comet assay experiments for CH3HgCl. Similarly for CH3HgOH, the MIC value in each assay method was invariably 3 mg/L, the LC25 values were in the range 12.58 to 16.59 mg/L, and LC50 values were 19.49 to 23.44 mg/L; LC75 values were 27.54 to 30.90 mg/L and LC100 value was 42 mg/L in each assay done for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies. Computed DNA fragmentation indices in comet assays were 98.6 ± 0.57 30 mg/L with CH3HgCl and 76 ± 5.29 30 mg/L with CH3HgOH. This study clearly indicated that methylmercury chloride is more toxic than methylmercury hydroxide to SH-SY5Y cell line. Toxicity of Hg had been quantified with in vitro cultured human neuroblastoma cell line; since it has neurotoxic effects, its neural evaluation has implications in environmental health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree Patnaik
- Central Research Laboratory, IMS and Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
| | - Rabindra N Padhy
- Central Research Laboratory, IMS and Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India.
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Bourdineaud JP, Šrut M, Štambuk A, Tkalec M, Brèthes D, Malarić K, Klobučar GI.V. Electromagnetic fields at a mobile phone frequency (900 MHz) trigger the onset of general stress response along with DNA modifications in Eisenia fetida earthworms. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2017; 68:142-152. [DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Eisenia fetida earthworms were exposed to electromagnetic field (EMF) at a mobile phone frequency (900 MHz) and at field levels ranging from 10 to 120 V m-1 for a period of two hours (corresponding to specific absorption rates ranging from 0.13 to 9.33 mW kg-1). Potential effects of longer exposure (four hours), field modulation, and a recovery period of 24 h after two hours of exposure were addressed at the field level of 23 V m-1. All exposure treatments induced significant DNA modifications as assessed by a quantitative random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR. Even after 24 h of recovery following a two hour-exposure, the number of probe hybridisation sites displayed a significant two-fold decrease as compared to untreated control earthworms, implying a loss of hybridisation sites and a persistent genotoxic effect of EMF. Expression of genes involved in the response to general stress (HSP70 encoding the 70 kDa heat shock protein, and MEKK1 involved in signal transduction), oxidative stress (CAT, encoding catalase), and chemical and immune defence (LYS, encoding lysenin, and MYD, encoding a myeloid differentiation factor) were up-regulated after exposure to 10 and modulated 23 V m-1 field levels. Western blots showing an increased quantity of HSP70 and MTCO1 proteins confirmed this stress response. HSP70 and LYS genes were up-regulated after 24 h of recovery following a two hour-exposure, meaning that the effect of EMF exposure lasted for hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Bourdineaud
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Laboratory, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5234, 2, rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Maja Šrut
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Anamaria Štambuk
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Mirta Tkalec
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Daniel Brèthes
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Krešimir Malarić
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Göran I .V. Klobučar
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb , Croatia
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Annamalai SK, Arunachalam KD. Uranium ( 238U) bioaccumulation and its persuaded alterations on hematological, serological and histological parameters in freshwater fish Pangasius sutchi. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 52:262-275. [PMID: 28477471 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The early biomarkers for the hematological, serological and histological alterations due to the effect of ½ and ¼ LC50 of 238U in different organs in freshwater fish Pangasius sutchi for water-borne 238U accumulation was investigated. The toxicological data due to 238U accumulation on the hematological parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and hematocrit (Hct) to evaluate the oxygen carrying capacity has been indicated as the secondary response of the organisms. The biomarkers of liver damage were determined as by Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), γ-Glutamyl Transferase (γ-GT). Similarly, the renal biomarkers of kidney damage were accessed by creatinine, uric acid, triglycerides, and cholesterol. The decrease in hemoglobin in the experimental group due to disturbed synthesis of hemoglobin was directly proportional to the concentration and exposure duration of 238U. The histological studies proved that liver and gills are the target organ for 238U toxicity. The extensive histological lesions were observed in various tissues due to oxidative stress by the accumulation of 238U, and the 238U toxicity in the organs was in the order of Gills<liver<brain<muscle. This study can be useful indicators of 238U toxicity to assess fish health in Uranium (238U) biomonitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathesh Kumar Annamalai
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203 India
| | - Kantha D Arunachalam
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203 India.
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Song Y, Salbu B, Teien HC, Evensen Ø, Lind OC, Rosseland BO, Tollefsen KE. Hepatic transcriptional responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to gamma radiation and depleted uranium singly and in combination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 562:270-279. [PMID: 27100007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Radionuclides are a special group of substances posing both radiological and chemical hazards to organisms. As a preliminary approach to understand the combined effects of radionuclides, exposure studies were designed using gamma radiation (Gamma) and depleted uranium (DU) as stressors, representing a combination of radiological (radiation) and chemical (metal) exposure. Juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were exposed to 70mGy external Gamma dose delivered over the first 5h of a 48h period (14mGy/h), 0.25mg/L DU were exposed continuously for 48h and the combination of the two stressors (Combi). Water and tissue concentrations of U were determined to assess the exposure quality and DU bioaccumulation. Hepatic gene expression changes were determined using microarrays in combination with quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Effects at the higher physiological levels were determined as plasma glucose (general stress) and hepatic histological changes. The results show that bioaccumulation of DU was observed after both single DU and the combined exposure. Global transcriptional analysis showed that 3122, 2303 and 3460 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly regulated by exposure to gamma, DU and Combi, respectively. Among these, 349 genes were commonly regulated by all treatments, while the majority was found to be treatment-specific. Functional analysis of DEGs revealed that the stressors displayed similar mode of action (MoA) across treatments such as induction of oxidative stress, DNA damage and disturbance of oxidative phosphorylation, but also stressor-specific mechanisms such as cellular stress and injury, metabolic disorder, programmed cell death, immune response. No changes in plasma glucose level as an indicator of general stress and hepatic histological changes were observed. Although no direct linkage was successfully established between molecular responses and adverse effects at the organism level, the study has enhanced the understanding of the MoA of single radionuclides and mixtures of these.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Song
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Brit Salbu
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Hans-Christian Teien
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lind
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Bjørn Olav Rosseland
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management (INA), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
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10
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Ng CYP, Cheng SH, Yu KN. Hormetic effect induced by depleted uranium in zebrafish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 175:184-191. [PMID: 27060238 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present work studied the hormetic effect induced by uranium (U) in embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio) using apoptosis as the biological endpoint. Hormetic effect is characterized by biphasic dose-response relationships showing a low-dose stimulation and a high-dose inhibition. Embryos were dechorionated at 4h post fertilization (hpf), and were then exposed to 10 or 100μg/l depleted uranium (DU) in uranyl acetate solutions from 5 to 6 hpf. For exposures to 10μg/l DU, the amounts of apoptotic signals in the embryos were significantly increased at 20 hpf but were significantly decreased at 24 hpf, which demonstrated the presence of U-induced hormesis. For exposures to 100μg/l DU, the amounts of apoptotic signals in the embryos were significantly increased at 20, 24 and 30 hpf. Hormetic effect was not shown but its occurrence between 30 and 48 hpf could not be ruled out. In conclusion, hormetic effect could be induced in zebrafish embryos in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y P Ng
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - S H Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - K N Yu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Dedeh A, Ciutat A, Lecroart P, Treguer-Delapierre M, Bourdineaud JP. Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles trigger DNA alterations and modify the bioturbation activity of tubificidae worms exposed through the sediment. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:322-31. [PMID: 26618487 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1071444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To address the impact of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) in freshwater ecosystems, aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex were exposed through the sediment to a low dose (0.52 mg of 8 nm in size of CdS NPs/kg) for 20 days using microcosms. Cadmium (Cd) was released from the CdS NPs-contaminated sediment to the water column, and during this period the average concentrations of Cd in the filtered water fraction were 0.026 ± 0.006 µg/L in presence of oligochaetes. Similar experiments with microparticular CdS and cadmium chloride (CdCl2) were simultaneously performed for comparative purposes. CdS NPs exposure triggered various effects on Tubifex worms compared to control, microsized and ionic reference, including modification of genome composition as assessed using RAPD-PCR genotoxicity tests. Bioaccumulation levels showed that CdS NPs were less bioavailable than CdCl2 to oligochaetes and reached 0.08 ± 0.01 µg Cd/g for CdS NPs exposure versus 0.76 ± 0.3 µg Cd/g for CdCl2 exposure (fresh weight). CdS NPs altered worm's behavior by decreasing significantly the bioturbation activity as assessed after the exposure period using conservative fluorescent particulate tracers. This study demonstrated the high potential harm of the CdS nanoparticular form despite its lower bioavailability for Tubifex worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Dedeh
- a University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR EPOC 5805, Arcachon Marine Station, Place du Dr Peyneau , 33120 Arcachon , France
| | - Aurélie Ciutat
- a University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR EPOC 5805, Arcachon Marine Station, Place du Dr Peyneau , 33120 Arcachon , France
| | - Pascal Lecroart
- b University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR EPOC 5805, Bâtiment B18, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire , 33615 Pessac , France
| | - Mona Treguer-Delapierre
- c University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UPR 9048, Institute of Chemistry of Condensed Matter of Bordeaux, 87, Avenue du Docteur Schweitzer , 33600 Pessac , France , and
| | - Jean-Paul Bourdineaud
- a University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR EPOC 5805, Arcachon Marine Station, Place du Dr Peyneau , 33120 Arcachon , France .,d CRIIGEN , Paris , France
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Baurand PE, Capelli N, de Vaufleury A. Genotoxicity assessment of pesticides on terrestrial snail embryos by analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA profiles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 298:320-7. [PMID: 26160746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study explores the relevance of coupling Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and a High-Resolution capillary electrophoresis System (HRS) method for assessing the genotoxic potential of the wide variety commercial formulations of pesticides. Using this technique, the genotoxic potential of a glyphosate-based herbicide (Roundup Flash(®) (RU)) and two fungicide formulations based on tebuconazole and copper (Corail(®) and Bordeaux mixture (BM), respectively) was evaluated on terrestrial snail embryos. Clutches of Cantareus aspersus were exposed during their entire embryonic development to a range of concentration around the EC50 values (based on hatching success) for each compound tested. Three primers were used for the RAPD amplifications of pesticides samples. RAPD-HRS revealed concentration-dependent modifications in profiles generated with the three primers in RU(®)-exposed embryos from 30 mg/L glyphosate. For Corail(®)-exposed embryos, only two of the three primers were able to show alterations in profiles from 0.05 mg/L tebuconazole. For BM-exposed embryos, no signs of genotoxicity were observed. All changes observed in amplification profiles have been detected at concentrations lower than the recommended doses for vineyard field applications. Our study demonstrates the efficiency of coupling RAPD and HRS to efficiently screen the effect of pesticide formulations on DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Emmanuel Baurand
- Chrono-Environment, UMR 6249 University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté/CNRS, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Nicolas Capelli
- Chrono-Environment, UMR 6249 University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté/CNRS, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Annette de Vaufleury
- Chrono-Environment, UMR 6249 University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté/CNRS, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France; Department of Health Safety Environment, Avenue Des Rives du Lac, BP179, 70003 Vesoul Cedex, France
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Parisot F, Bourdineaud JP, Plaire D, Adam-Guillermin C, Alonzo F. DNA alterations and effects on growth and reproduction in Daphnia magna during chronic exposure to gamma radiation over three successive generations. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 163:27-36. [PMID: 25840277 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined chronic effects of external Cs-137 gamma radiation on Daphnia magna exposed over three successive generations (F0, F1 and F2) to environmentally relevant dose rates (ranging from 0.007 to 35.4 mGy h(-1)). Investigated endpoints included survival, growth, reproduction and DNA alterations quantified using random-amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). Results demonstrated that radiation effects on survival, growth and reproduction increased in severity from generation F0 to generation F2. Mortality after 21 days at 35.4 mGy h(-1) increased from 20% in F0 to 30% in F2. Growth was affected by a slight reduction in maximum length at 35.4 mGy h(-1) in F0 and by reductions of 5 and 13% in growth rate, respectively, at 4.70 and 35.4 mGy h(-1) in F2. Reproduction was affected by a reduction of 19% in 21 day-fecundity at 35.4 mGy h(-1) in F0 and by a delay of 1.9 days in brood release as low as 0.070 mGy h(-1) in F2. In parallel, DNA alterations became significant at decreasing dose rates over the course of F0 (from 4.70 mGy h(-1) at hatching to 0.007 mGy h(-1) after ∼21 days) and from F0 to F2 (0.070 mGy h(-1) at hatching to 0.007 mGy h(-1) after ∼21 days), demonstrating their rapid accumulation in F0 daphnids and their transmission to offspring generations. Transiently more efficient DNA repair leading to some recovery at the organism level was suggested in F1, with no effect on survival, a slight reduction of 12% in 21 day-fecundity at 35.4 mGy h(-1) and DNA alterations significant at highest dose rates only. The study improved our understanding of long term responses to low doses of radiation at the molecular and organismic levels in a non-human species for a better radioprotection of aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Parisot
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV/SERIS/LECO, Cadarache, St Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bourdineaud
- UMR 5805 EPOC - OASU, Station marine d'Arcachon, Université Bordeaux 1, Arcachon 33120, France
| | - Delphine Plaire
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV/SERIS/LECO, Cadarache, St Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France
| | - Christelle Adam-Guillermin
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV/SERIS/LECO, Cadarache, St Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France
| | - Frédéric Alonzo
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV/SERIS/LECO, Cadarache, St Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France.
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Šrut M, Štambuk A, Bourdineaud JP, Klobučar GIV. Zebrafish genome instability after exposure to model genotoxicants. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:887-902. [PMID: 25702168 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sublethal exposure to environmental genotoxicants may impact genome integrity in affected organisms. It is therefore necessary to develop tools to measure the extent and longevity of genotoxicant-induced DNA damage, and choose appropriate model organisms for biomonitoring. To this end, markers of DNA damage were measured in zebrafish larvae and adults following exposure to model genotoxicants (benzo[a]pyrene and ethyl methanesulfonate). Specifically, we assessed primary DNA damage and the existence of potentially persistent genomic alterations through application of the comet assay, quantitative random amplified polymorphic DNA (qRAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) assays. Furthermore, expression of genes involved in DNA repair, oxidative stress response and xenobiotic metabolism was evaluated as well. Additionally, the AFLP method was applied to adult specimens 1 year after larval exposure to the genotoxicants to evaluate the longevity of the observed DNA alterations. Large numbers of DNA alterations were detected in larval DNA using the comet assay, qRAPD and AFLP, demonstrating that zebrafish larvae are a sensitive model for revealing genotoxic effects. Furthermore, some of these genomic alterations persisted into adulthood, indicating the formation of stable genomic modifications. qRAPD and AFLP methods proved to be highly sensitive to genotoxic effects, even in cases when the comet assay indicated a lack of significant damage. These results thus support the use of zebrafish larvae as a sensitive model for monitoring the impact of genotoxic insult and give evidence of the longevity of genomic modifications induced by genotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Šrut
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia,
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Augustine S, Pereira S, Floriani M, Camilleri V, Kooijman SALM, Gagnaire B, Adam-Guillermin C. Effects of chronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of waterborne depleted uranium on the digestive tract of zebrafish, Danio rerio. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 142:45-53. [PMID: 25633624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Uranium is a naturally occurring element, but activities linked to the nuclear fuel cycle can increase background levels in the surrounding waters. For this reason it is important to understand how this affects organisms residing in the water column. The objective of this study was to assess histopathological effects of uranium on the gut wall of a widely used model organism: zebrafish, Danio rerio. To this end we exposed zebrafish to 84 and 420 nM depleted uranium for over a month and then examined the histology of intestines of exposed individuals compared to controls. The gut wall of individuals exposed to 84 and 420 nM of uranium had large regions of degraded mucosa. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy microanalysis (EDX) we found that uranium induced a decrease in the amount of calcium containing mitochondrial matrix granules per mitochondria. This is suggestive of perturbations to cellular metabolism and more specifically to cellular calcium homeostasis. TEM-EDX of the gut wall tissue further showed that some uranium was internalized in the nucleus of epithelial cells in the 420 nM treatment. Fluorescent in situ hybridization using specific probes to detect all eubacteria was performed on frozen sections of 6 individual fish in the 84 nM and 420 nM treatments. Bacterial colonization of the gut of individuals in the 420 nM seemed to differ from that of the controls and 84 nM individuals. We suggest that host-microbiota interactions are potentially disturbed in response to uranium induced stress. The damage induced by waterborne uranium to the gut wall did not seem to depend on the concentration of uranium in the media. We measure whole body residues of uranium at the end of the experiment and compute the mean dose rate absorbed for each condition. We discuss why effects might be uncoupled from external concentration and highlight that it is not so much the external concentration but the dynamics of internalization which are important players in the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starrlight Augustine
- Institut de Radioprotection et Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV, SERIS, LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France
| | - Sandrine Pereira
- Institut de Radioprotection et Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV, SERIS, LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France; CRCL, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286 Equipe de Radiobiologie, Cheney A- 1er étage, 28 Rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Magali Floriani
- Institut de Radioprotection et Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV, SERIS, LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France
| | - Virginie Camilleri
- Institut de Radioprotection et Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV, SERIS, LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France
| | | | - Béatrice Gagnaire
- Institut de Radioprotection et Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV, SERIS, LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France.
| | - Christelle Adam-Guillermin
- Institut de Radioprotection et Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV, SERIS, LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France
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Dedeh A, Ciutat A, Tran D, Bourdineaud JP. DNA alterations triggered by environmentally relevant polymetallic concentrations in marine clams Ruditapes philippinarum and polychaete worms Hediste diversicolor. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 67:651-658. [PMID: 24998356 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We exposed marine clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) and aquatic worms (Hediste diversicolor) to environmentally relevant concentrations of two metal mixtures each containing three divalent metals [(C₁ in µg/L) cadmium (Cd) 1, mercury (Hg) 0.1, and lead (Pb) 4] and [C₂ in µg/L) Cd 17, Hg 1.1, and Pb 55]. Animals collected in the Arcachon Bay were exposed for 8 days in microcosms made up of a mixed biotope consisting of a water column and natural marine sediment both taken up from the Arcachon Bay. Bioaccumulation analysis showed a significant increase of Cd, Hg, and Pb in clams, particularly at C₂ concentration in the water column reaching, in soft body, 2.3 ± 0.3 µg Cd/g, 0.7 ± 0.2 µg Hg/g, and 45 µg Pb/g dry weight (dw). DNA alterations and upregulation of the cox1 mitochondrial gene were also observed in clam gill after exposure to the metal blend. For worms exposed to the C₂ metal blend, DNA alterations and significant increase of Cd and Hg concentrations were observed reaching 0.5 ± 0.1 µg Cd/g and 2 ± 0.6 µg Hg/g dw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Dedeh
- CNRS, UMR EPOC 5805, University of Bordeaux, Arcachon Marine Station, Place du Dr Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France,
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Song Y, Salbu B, Teien HC, Sørlie Heier L, Rosseland BO, Høgåsen T, Tollefsen KE. Hepatic transcriptomic profiling reveals early toxicological mechanisms of uranium in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). BMC Genomics 2014; 15:694. [PMID: 25145280 PMCID: PMC4148957 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uranium (U) is a naturally occurring radionuclide that has been found in the aquatic environment due to anthropogenic activities. Exposure to U may pose risk to aquatic organisms due to its radiological and chemical toxicity. The present study aimed to characterize the chemical toxicity of U in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using depleted uranium (DU) as a test model. The fish were exposed to three environmentally relevant concentrations of DU (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg U/L) for 48 h. Hepatic transcriptional responses were studied using microarrays in combination with quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Plasma variables and chromosomal damages were also studied to link transcriptional responses to potential physiological changes at higher levels. RESULTS The microarray gene expression analysis identified 847, 891 and 766 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the liver of salmon after 48 h exposure to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L DU, respectively. These DEGs were associated with known gene ontology functions such as generation of precursor metabolites and energy, carbohydrate metabolic process and cellular homeostasis. The salmon DEGs were then mapped to mammalian orthologs and subjected to protein-protein network and pathway analysis. The results showed that various toxicity pathways involved in mitochondrial functions, oxidative stress, nuclear receptor signaling, organ damage were commonly affected by all DU concentrations. Eight genes representative of several key pathways were further verified using qPCR No significant formation of micronuclei in the red blood cells or alterations of plasma stress variables were identified. CONCLUSION The current study suggested that the mitochondrion may be a key target of U chemical toxicity in salmon. The induction of oxidative stress and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation may be two potential modes of action (MoA) of DU. These MoAs may subsequently lead to downstream events such as apoptosis, DNA repair, hypoxia signaling and immune response. The early toxicological mechanisms of U chemical toxicity in salmon has for the first time been systematically profiled. However, no other physiological changes were observed. Future efforts to link transcriptional responses to adverse effects have been outlined as important for understanding of potential risk to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Song
- Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), P,O, Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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Plaire D, Bourdineaud JP, Alonzo A, Camilleri V, Garcia-Sanchez L, Adam-Guillermin C, Alonzo F. Transmission of DNA damage and increasing reprotoxic effects over two generations of Daphnia magna exposed to uranium. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 158:231-43. [PMID: 24035969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the mechanisms involved in the transgenerational increase in Daphnia magna sensitivity to waterborne depleted uranium (DU) under controlled laboratory conditions. Daphnids were exposed to concentrations ranging from 2 to 50 μg L(-1) over two successive generations. Genotoxic effects were assessed using random amplified polymorphic DNA and real time PCR (RAPD-PCR). Effects on life history (survival, fecundity and somatic growth) were monitored from hatching to release of brood 5. Different exposure regimes were tested to investigate the specific sensitivity of various life stages to DU. When daphnids were exposed continuously or from hatching to deposition of brood 5, results demonstrated that DNA damage accumulated in females and were transmitted to offspring in parallel with an increase in severity of effects on life history across generations. When daphnids were exposed during the embryo stage only, DU exposure induced transient DNA damage which was repaired after neonates were returned to a clean medium. Effects on life history remained visible after hatching and did not significantly increase in severity across generations. The present results suggest that DNA damage might be an early indicator of future effects on life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Plaire
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV, SERIS, LECO, Cadarache, France
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