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Amato A, Proia P, Alioto A, Rossi C, Pagliaro A, Ragonese P, Schirò G, Salemi G, Caldarella R, Vasto S, Nowak R, Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Musumeci G, Baldassano S. High-intensity interval training improves bone remodeling, lipid profile, and physical function in multiple sclerosis patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16195. [PMID: 39003295 PMCID: PMC11246443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease due to an autoimmune chronic inflammatory response, yet the etiology is currently not completely understood. It is already known that physical activity plays an essential role in improving quality of life, especially in neuropathological conditions. The study was aimed to investigate the possible benefits of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in bone and lipid metabolism markers, and neuromotor abilities in MS patients. 130 participants were recruited; 16 subjects with MS met the inclusion criteria and were included in the data analysis. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: a Control group (CG) (34.88 ± 4.45 yrs) that didn't perform any physical activity and the Exercise group (EG) (36.20 ± 7.80 yrs) that performed HIIT protocol. The training program was conducted remotely by a kinesiologist. It was performed three times a week for 8 weeks. At the beginning (T0) and the end of the study (T1) physical function tests, bone remodelling markers, and lipid markers analyses were performed. After 8 weeks of training the wall squat (s) (T0 = 27.18 ± 4.21; T1 = 41.68 ± 5.38, p ≤ 0.01) and Time Up and Go test (s) (T0 = 7.65 ± 0.43; T1 = 6.34 ± 0.38 p ≤ 0.01) performances improved; lipid markers analysis showed a decrease in Total (mg/dl) (T0 = 187.22 ± 15.73; T1 = 173.44 ± 13.03, p ≤ 0.05) and LDL (mg/dl) (T0 = 108 ± 21.08; T1 = 95.02 ± 17.99, p < 0.05) cholesterol levels. Additionally, the levels of osteocalcin (µg/L), a marker of bone formation increased (T0 = 20.88 ± 4.22; T1 = 23.66 ± 6.24, p < 0.05), 25-OH Vitamin D (µg/L) improved after 8 weeks (T0 = 21.11 ± 7.11; T1 = 27.66 ± 7.59, p < 0.05). HIIT had an effect on lower limb strength and gait control, improved bone formation, and lipid management, in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Amato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia No 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Patrizia Proia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Anna Alioto
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carlo Rossi
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Pagliaro
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Ragonese
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Salemi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia Caldarella
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, "P. Giaccone" University Hospital, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sonya Vasto
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Robert Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza St, 70-240, Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 1 Unii Lubelskiej St, 71-242, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia No 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
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He K, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Li D, Wang S, Liu Q. Cholesterol Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 38842175 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2024.0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Cholesterol plays a crucial role in the brain, where it is highly concentrated and tightly regulated to support normal brain functions. It serves as a vital component of cell membranes, ensuring their integrity, and acts as a key regulator of various brain processes. Dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain has been linked to impaired brain function and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Recent Advances: A significant advancement has been the identification of astrocyte-derived apoliprotein E as a key regulator of de novo cholesterol biosynthesis in neurons, providing insights into how extracellular signals influence neuronal cholesterol levels. In addition, the development of antibody-based therapies, particularly for AD, presents promising opportunities for therapeutic interventions. Critical Issues: Despite significant research, the association between cholesterol and neurodegenerative diseases remains inconclusive. It is crucial to distinguish between plasma cholesterol and brain cholesterol, as these pools are relatively independent. This differentiation should be considered when evaluating statin-based treatment approaches. Furthermore, assessing not only the total cholesterol content in the brain but also its distribution among different types of brain cells is essential. Future Direction: Establishing a causal link between changes in brain/plasma cholesterol levels and the onset of brain dysfunction/neurodegenerative diseases remains a key objective. In addition, conducting cell-specific analyses of cholesterol homeostasis in various types of brain cells under pathological conditions will enhance our understanding of cholesterol metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases. Manipulating cholesterol levels to restore homeostasis may represent a novel approach for alleviating neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dingfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Misicka E, Huang Y, Loomis S, Sadhu N, Fisher E, Gafson A, Runz H, Tsai E, Jia X, Herman A, Bronson PG, Bhangale T, Briggs FB. Adaptive and Innate Immunity Are Key Drivers of Age at Onset of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurol Genet 2024; 10:e200159. [PMID: 38817245 PMCID: PMC11139017 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Multiple sclerosis (MS) age at onset (AAO) is a clinical predictor of long-term disease outcomes, independent of disease duration. Little is known about the genetic and biological mechanisms underlying age of first symptoms. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to investigate associations between individual genetic variation and the MS AAO phenotype. Methods The study population was comprised participants with MS in 6 clinical trials: ADVANCE (N = 655; relapsing-remitting [RR] MS), ASCEND (N = 555; secondary-progressive [SP] MS), DECIDE (N = 1,017; RRMS), OPERA1 (N = 581; RRMS), OPERA2 (N = 577; RRMS), and ORATORIO (N = 529; primary-progressive [PP] MS). Altogether, 3,905 persons with MS of European ancestry were analyzed. GWAS were conducted for MS AAO in each trial using linear additive models controlling for sex and 10 principal components. Resultant summary statistics across the 6 trials were then meta-analyzed, for a total of 8.3 × 10-6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across all trials after quality control and filtering for heterogeneity. Gene-based tests of associations, pathway enrichment analyses, and Mendelian randomization analyses for select exposures were also performed. Results Four lead SNPs within 2 loci were identified (p < 5 × 10-8), including a) 3 SNPs in the major histocompatibility complex and their effects were independent of HLA-DRB1*15:01 and b) a LOC105375167 variant on chromosome 7. At the gene level, the top association was HLA-C (p = 1.2 × 10-7), which plays an important role in antiviral immunity. Functional annotation revealed the enrichment of pathways related to T-cell receptor signaling, autoimmunity, and the complement cascade. Mendelian randomization analyses suggested a link between both earlier age at puberty and shorter telomere length and earlier AAO, while there was no evidence for a role for either body mass index or vitamin D levels. Discussion Two genetic loci associated with MS AAO were identified, and functional annotation demonstrated an enrichment of genes involved in adaptive and complement immunity. There was also evidence supporting a link with age at puberty and telomere length. The findings suggest that AAO in MS is multifactorial, and the factors driving onset of symptoms overlap with those influencing MS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Misicka
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Yunfeng Huang
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Stephanie Loomis
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Nilanjana Sadhu
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Elizabeth Fisher
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Arie Gafson
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Heiko Runz
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Ellen Tsai
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Xiaoming Jia
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Ann Herman
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Paola G Bronson
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Tushar Bhangale
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Farren B Briggs
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
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Vural G, Gumusyayla S, Karakoyunlu Eren F, Barakli S, Demir Unal E, Neselioglu S, Erel O. Relationship between pattern reversal visual evoked potential P100 wave latency and dysfunctional HDL in patients with multiple sclerosis subjected to an optic neuritis attack: A case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37115. [PMID: 38335440 PMCID: PMC10860982 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis frequently occurs during the clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS). In this condition, demyelination of the optic nerve occurs, which electrophysiologically causes a delay in P100 wave latency. Sensitive cholesterol homeostasis is critical for the formation of the myelin sheath and for myelin to become functionally mature. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) becomes dysfunctional under oxidative stress and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MS. In this study, HDL levels of MS patients suffering from optic neuritis were compared with those of healthy individuals, and the relationship between pattern reversal visual evoked potential (PRVEP) P100 wave latency and HDL levels in patients with optic neuritis attacks was analyzed. PRVEP studies were performed in patients with MS who had an episode of optic neuritis, and P100 wave latencies were measured. Peripheral blood samples were collected from healthy participants and patients. Lipid levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and paraoxonase (PON) activities were measured, and the MPO/PON ratio was then calculated. The lipid profiles and dysfunctional HDL levels in the healthy and patient groups were compared. Finally, the relationship between these parameters and the PRVEP-P100 wave latency was examined. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly higher in the patient group (P = .044; P = .038, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in HDL levels between groups (P = .659). The distribution of MPO values was similar between groups (P = .452). PON values were significantly lower, whereas the MPO/PON ratios were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (P = .025; P = .028, respectively). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the elevated MPO/PON ratio, representing dysfunctional HDL, and both the mean and maximum PRVEP-P100 wave latencies (P < .001, R = 0.690; P < .001, R = 0.815, respectively). A dysfunctional form of HDL may lead to poor deactivation of remyelination-limiting factors and may ultimately be associated with poor outcomes in optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonul Vural
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Neurology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sadiye Gumusyayla
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Neurology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Serdar Barakli
- Department of Neurology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Neurology, Sungurlu State Hospital, Corum, Turkey
| | - Esra Demir Unal
- Department of Neurology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Neurology, Yenimahalle Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salim Neselioglu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
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Vigne S, Pot C. Implication of Oxysterols and Phytosterols in Aging and Human Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:231-260. [PMID: 38036883 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is easily oxidized and can be transformed into numerous oxidation products, among which oxysterols. Phytosterols are plant sterols related to cholesterol. Both oxysterols and phytosterols can have an impact on human health and diseases.Cholesterol is a member of the sterol family that plays essential roles in biological processes, including cell membrane stability and myelin formation. Cholesterol can be metabolized into several molecules including bile acids, hormones, and oxysterols. On the other hand, phytosterols are plant-derived compounds structurally related to cholesterol, which can also have an impact on human health. Here, we review the current knowledge about the role of oxysterols and phytosterols on human health and focus on the impact of their pathways on diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), vascular diseases, and cancer in both experimental models and human studies. We will first discuss the implications of oxysterols and then of phytosterols in different human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Vigne
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Alrouji M, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Mahammadawy AKAA, Al-Gareeb AI, Saad HM, Batiha GES. The potential role of cholesterol in Parkinson's disease neuropathology: perpetrator or victim. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:3781-3794. [PMID: 37428278 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by deposition of α-synuclein and aggregation of Lewy bodies. Cholesterol is involved with PD neuropathology in bidirectional ways that could be protective or harmful. Thus, the objective of the present review was to verify the potential role of cholesterol in PD neuropathology. Deregulation of ion channels and receptors induced by cholesterol alteration suggests a possible mechanism for the neuroprotective effects of cholesterol against PD development. However, high serum cholesterol level increases PD risk indirectly by 27-hydroxycholesterol which induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Besides, hypercholesterolemia triggers the accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages and immune cells leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines with progression of neuroinflammation subsequently. Additionally, cholesterol increases aggregation of α-synuclein and induces degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DN) in the substantia nigra (SN). Hypercholesterolemia may lead to cellular Ca2+ overload causing synaptic and the development of neurodegeneration. In conclusion, cholesterol has bidirectional effects on PD neuropathology and might be protective or harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alrouji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, M.B.Ch.B, FRCP; Box, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | | | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, M.B.Ch.B, FRCP; Box, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matrouh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Al Beheira, 22511, Egypt.
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Almramhi MM, Finan C, Storm CS, Schmidt AF, Kia DA, Coneys R, Chopade S, Hingorani AD, Wood NW. Exploring the Role of Plasma Lipids and Statin Interventions on Multiple Sclerosis Risk and Severity: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Neurology 2023; 101:e1729-e1740. [PMID: 37657941 PMCID: PMC10624499 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There has been considerable interest in statins because of their pleiotropic effects beyond their lipid-lowering properties. Many of these pleiotropic effects are predominantly ascribed to Rho small guanosine triphosphatases (Rho GTPases) proteins. We aimed to genetically investigate the role of lipids and statin interventions on multiple sclerosis (MS) risk and severity. METHOD We used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate (1) the causal role of genetically mimic both cholesterol-dependent (through low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and cholesterol biosynthesis pathway) and cholesterol-independent (through Rho GTPases) effects of statins on MS risk and MS severity, (2) the causal link between lipids (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] and triglycerides [TG]) levels and MS risk and severity, and (3) the reverse causation between lipid fractions and MS risk. We used summary statistics from the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium (GLGC), eQTLGen Consortium, and the International MS Genetics Consortium (IMSGC) for lipids, expression quantitative trait loci, and MS, respectively (GLGC: n = 188,577; eQTLGen: n = 31,684; IMSGC (MS risk): n = 41,505; IMSGC (MS severity): n = 7,069). RESULTS The results of MR using the inverse-variance weighted method show that genetically predicted RAC2, a member of cholesterol-independent pathway (OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.78-0.95], p-value 3.80E-03), is implicated causally in reducing MS risk. We found no evidence for the causal role of LDL-C and the member of cholesterol biosynthesis pathway on MS risk. The MR results also show that lifelong higher HDL-C (OR 1.14 [95% CI 1.04-1.26], p-value 7.94E-03) increases MS risk but TG was not. Furthermore, we found no evidence for the causal role of lipids and genetically mimicked statins on MS severity. There is no evidence of reverse causation between MS risk and lipids. DISCUSSION Evidence from this study suggests that RAC2 is a genetic modifier of MS risk. Because RAC2 has been reported to mediate some of the pleiotropic effects of statins, we suggest that statins may reduce MS risk through a cholesterol-independent pathway (that is, RAC2-related mechanism(s)). MR analyses also support a causal effect of HDL-C on MS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Almramhi
- From the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.M.A., C.S.S., D.A.K., R.R.C., N.W.W.), University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Technology (M.M.A.), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), Faculty of Population Health, and Health Data Research UK London (A.D.H.), University College London; British Heart Foundation University College London Research Accelerator (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), United Kingdom; and Department of Cardiology (C.F., A.F.S.), Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chris Finan
- From the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.M.A., C.S.S., D.A.K., R.R.C., N.W.W.), University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Technology (M.M.A.), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), Faculty of Population Health, and Health Data Research UK London (A.D.H.), University College London; British Heart Foundation University College London Research Accelerator (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), United Kingdom; and Department of Cardiology (C.F., A.F.S.), Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine S Storm
- From the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.M.A., C.S.S., D.A.K., R.R.C., N.W.W.), University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Technology (M.M.A.), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), Faculty of Population Health, and Health Data Research UK London (A.D.H.), University College London; British Heart Foundation University College London Research Accelerator (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), United Kingdom; and Department of Cardiology (C.F., A.F.S.), Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Amand F Schmidt
- From the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.M.A., C.S.S., D.A.K., R.R.C., N.W.W.), University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Technology (M.M.A.), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), Faculty of Population Health, and Health Data Research UK London (A.D.H.), University College London; British Heart Foundation University College London Research Accelerator (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), United Kingdom; and Department of Cardiology (C.F., A.F.S.), Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Demis A Kia
- From the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.M.A., C.S.S., D.A.K., R.R.C., N.W.W.), University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Technology (M.M.A.), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), Faculty of Population Health, and Health Data Research UK London (A.D.H.), University College London; British Heart Foundation University College London Research Accelerator (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), United Kingdom; and Department of Cardiology (C.F., A.F.S.), Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel Coneys
- From the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.M.A., C.S.S., D.A.K., R.R.C., N.W.W.), University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Technology (M.M.A.), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), Faculty of Population Health, and Health Data Research UK London (A.D.H.), University College London; British Heart Foundation University College London Research Accelerator (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), United Kingdom; and Department of Cardiology (C.F., A.F.S.), Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sandesh Chopade
- From the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.M.A., C.S.S., D.A.K., R.R.C., N.W.W.), University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Technology (M.M.A.), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), Faculty of Population Health, and Health Data Research UK London (A.D.H.), University College London; British Heart Foundation University College London Research Accelerator (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), United Kingdom; and Department of Cardiology (C.F., A.F.S.), Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- From the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.M.A., C.S.S., D.A.K., R.R.C., N.W.W.), University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Technology (M.M.A.), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), Faculty of Population Health, and Health Data Research UK London (A.D.H.), University College London; British Heart Foundation University College London Research Accelerator (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), United Kingdom; and Department of Cardiology (C.F., A.F.S.), Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nick W Wood
- From the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.M.A., C.S.S., D.A.K., R.R.C., N.W.W.), University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Technology (M.M.A.), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Institute of Cardiovascular Science (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), Faculty of Population Health, and Health Data Research UK London (A.D.H.), University College London; British Heart Foundation University College London Research Accelerator (C.F., A.F.S., S.C., A.D.H.), United Kingdom; and Department of Cardiology (C.F., A.F.S.), Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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8
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Koca N, Seferoğlu M. Effects of disease-modifying therapies on lipid parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 77:104876. [PMID: 37423049 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol and lipids are essential components of nerve cells. Myelin synthesis and stabilization is a cholesterol-dependent process. It has been shown in several studies that high plasma cholesterol levels may be associated with clinical deterioration in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). There is scarce information about the effects of disease-modifying treatment (DMTs) on lipid profile. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of DMTs on plasma lipid profiles in MS patients. METHOD The records of 380 MS patients who were still under follow-up were analyzed in terms of age, sex, disease duration, EDSS scores, serum lipid levels, and used DMTs. The data of patients receiving Interferon (n = 53), Glatiramer acetate (n = 25), Fingolimod (n = 44), Teriflunomide (n = 24), Dimethyl fumarate (n = 7) and Ocrelizumab (n = 14) were compared with the data of control group (n = 53). RESULTS A total of 220 patients, 157 women, and 63 men, were included in the study. The average age of the participants in the study was 39.83 ± 10.21 years, mean disease duration was 8.45 ± 6.56 years, and the EDSS score was 2.25 ± 1.97. Although, Lipid parameters were higher in MS patients using Fingolimod the difference cannot reach the statistical significance. CONCLUSION No significant relationship was found between the DMTs that MS patients had been using for the last six months and their cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizameddin Koca
- University of Health Sciences, Bursa Sehir Training & Research Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Meral Seferoğlu
- University of Health Sciences, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, Bursa, Turkey
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9
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Saad HM, Batiha GES. The potential therapeutic effect of statins in multiple sclerosis: beneficial or detrimental effects. Inflammopharmacology 2023:10.1007/s10787-023-01240-x. [PMID: 37160526 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive disabling disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination and neuronal injury. Dyslipidemia is observed as one of the imperative risk factors involved in MS neuropathology. Also, chronic inflammation in MS predisposes to the progress of dyslipidemia. Therefore, treatment of dyslipidemia in MS by statins may attenuate dyslipidemia-induced MS and avert MS-induced metabolic changes. Therefore, the present review aimed to elucidate the possible effects of statins on the pathogenesis and outcomes of MS. Statins adversely affect the cognitive function in MS by decreasing brain cholesterol CoQ10, which is necessary for the regulation of neuronal mitochondrial function. However, statins could be beneficial in MS by shifting the immune response from pro-inflammatory Th17 to an anti-inflammatory regulatory T cell (Treg). The protective effect of statins against MS is related to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects with modulation of fibrinogen and growth factors. In conclusion, the effects of statins on MS neuropathology seem to be conflicting, as statins seem to be protective in the acute phase of MS through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, statins lead to detrimental effects in the chronic phase of MS by reducing brain cholesterol and inhibiting the remyelination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Professor in Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, M. B. Ch. B, FRCP, Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Professor in Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, M. B. Ch. B, FRCP, Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matrouh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
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10
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Cholesterol pathway biomarkers are associated with neuropsychological measures in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 69:104374. [PMID: 36403378 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment (CI) is frequent in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and is linked to neurodegeneration. Cholesterol pathway biomarkers (CPB) are associated with blood-brain barrier breakdown, lesions, and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). CPB could influence CI. METHODS This cross-sectional study (n = 163) included 74 relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS), 48 progressive MS (P-MS) and 41 healthy control (HC) subjects. The assessed physical disability and cognitive measures were: Nine-hole Peg Test (NHPT), Timed 25-Foot Walk, Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test-3, and Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen. CPB panel included plasma total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the apolipoproteins (Apo), ApoA-I, ApoA-II, ApoB, ApoC-II and ApoE. Disability and cognitive measures were assessed as dependent variables in regression analyzes with age, sex, body mass index, years of education, HC vs. RR-MS vs. P-MS status, CPB, and a HC vs. RR-MS vs. P-MS status × CPB interaction term as predictors. RESULTS SDMT was associated with the interaction terms for HDL-C (p = 0.045), ApoA-I (p = 0.032), ApoB (p = 0.032), TC/HDL-C (p = 0.013), and ApoB/ApoA-I (p = 0.008) ratios. CPB associations of SDMT were not abrogated upon adjusting for brain parenchymal volume. NHPT performance was associated with the interaction terms for TC (p = 0.047), LDL-C (p = 0.017), ApoB (p = 0.001), HDL-C (p = 0.035), ApoA-I (p = 0.032), ApoC-II (p = 0.049) and ApoE (p = 0.037), TC/HDL-C (p < 0.001), and ApoB/ApoA-I ratios (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The LDL to HDL proportion is associated with SDMT and NHPT in MS. The findings are consistent with a potential role for CPB in CI.
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11
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Ferret-Sena V, Capela C, Macedo A, Salgado AV, Derudas B, Staels B, Sena A. Fingolimod treatment modulates PPARγ and CD36 gene expression in women with multiple sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1077381. [PMID: 36590913 PMCID: PMC9797671 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1077381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod is an oral immunomodulatory drug used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) that may change lipid metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are transcription factors that regulate lipoprotein metabolism and immune functions and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of MS. CD36 is a scavenger receptor whose transcription is PPAR regulated. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether fingolimod treatment modifies PPAR and CD36 gene expression as part of its action mechanisms. Serum lipoprotein profiles and PPAR and CD36 gene expression levels in peripheral leukocytes were analysed in 17 female MS patients before and at 6 and 12 months after fingolimod treatment initiation. Clinical data during the follow-up period of treatment were obtained. We found that fingolimod treatment increased HDL-Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein E levels and leukocyte PPARγ and CD36 gene expression. No correlations were found between lipid levels and variations in PPARγ and CD36 gene expression. PPARγ and CD36 variations were significantly correlated during therapy and in patients free of relapse and stable disease. Our results suggest that PPARγ and CD36-mediated processes may contribute to the mechanisms of action of fingolimod in MS. Further studies are required to explore the relation of the PPARγ/CD36 pathway to the clinical efficacy of the drug and its involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Ferret-Sena
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos Capela
- Departamento de Neurologia, Hospital Santo António dos Capuchos, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Macedo
- Keypoint Consultora Científica, Algés, Portugal,Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina (DCBM), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Bruno Derudas
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Armando Sena
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, Portugal,Departamento de Neurologia, Hospital Santo António dos Capuchos, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal,*Correspondence: Armando Sena,
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12
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Evangelopoulos ME, Koutsis G, Boufidou F, Markianos M. Cholesterol levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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13
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Hammel G, Zivkovic S, Ayazi M, Ren Y. Consequences and mechanisms of myelin debris uptake and processing by cells in the central nervous system. Cell Immunol 2022; 380:104591. [PMID: 36030093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders and trauma involving changes to the neuronal myelin sheath have long been a topic of great interest. One common pathological change in these diseases is the generation of myelin debris resulting from the breakdown of the myelin sheath. Myelin debris contains many inflammatory and neurotoxic factors that inhibit remyelination and make its clearance a prerequisite for healing in CNS disorders. Many professional and semiprofessional phagocytes participate in the clearance of myelin debris in the CNS. These cells use various mechanisms for the uptake of myelin debris, and each cell type produces its own unique set of pathologic consequences resulting from the debris uptake. Examining these cells' phagocytosis of myelin debris will contribute to a more complete understanding of CNS disease pathogenesis and help us conceptualize how the necessary clearance of myelin debris must be balanced with the detrimental consequences brought about by its clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hammel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Sandra Zivkovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Maryam Ayazi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
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14
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Cholesterol-induced robust Ca oscillation in astrocytes required for survival and lipid droplet formation in high-cholesterol condition. iScience 2022; 25:105138. [PMID: 36185358 PMCID: PMC9523397 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol, one of the major cell membrane components, stabilizes membrane fluidity and regulates signal transduction. Beside its canonical roles, cholesterol has been reported to directly activate signaling pathways such as hedgehog (Hh). We recently found that astrocytes, one of the glial cells, respond to Hh pathway stimulation by Ca signaling. These notions led us to test if extracellularly applied cholesterol triggers Ca signaling in astrocytes. Here, we found that cholesterol application induces robust Ca oscillation only in astrocytes with different properties from the Hh-induced Ca response. The Ca oscillation has a long delay which corresponds to the onset of cholesterol accumulation in the plasma membrane. Blockade of the Ca oscillation resulted in enhancement of astrocytic cell death and disturbance of lipid droplet formation, implying a possibility that the cholesterol-induced Ca oscillation plays important roles in astrocytic survival and cholesterol handling under pathological conditions of cholesterol load such as demyelination. Robust Ca oscillation by cholesterol in astrocytes but not in neurons and microglia Cholesterol-induced Ca oscillation relates to membrane cholesterol accumulation The Ca oscillation is driven via the PLC-IP3 signaling pathway Ca oscillation inhibition leads to astrocytic death and lipid droplet malformation
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15
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A Scoping Review on Body Fluid Biomarkers for Prognosis and Disease Activity in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091430. [PMID: 36143216 PMCID: PMC9501898 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, presenting with different clinical forms, including clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), which is a first clinical episode suggestive of demyelination. Several molecules have been proposed as prognostic biomarkers in MS. We aimed to perform a scoping review of the potential use of prognostic biomarkers in MS clinical practice. We searched MEDLINE up to 25 November 2021 for review articles assessing body fluid biomarkers for prognostic purposes, including any type of biomarkers, cell types and tissues. Original articles were obtained to confirm and detail the data reported by the review authors. We evaluated the reliability of the biomarkers based on the sample size used by various studies. Fifty-two review articles were included. We identified 110 molecules proposed as prognostic biomarkers. Only six studies had an adequate sample size to explore the risk of conversion from CIS to MS. These confirm the role of oligoclonal bands, immunoglobulin free light chain and chitinase CHI3L1 in CSF and of serum vitamin D in the prediction of conversion from CIS to clinically definite MS. Other prognostic markers are not yet explored in adequately powered samples. Serum and CSF levels of neurofilaments represent a promising biomarker.
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16
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Lorincz B, Jury EC, Vrablik M, Ramanathan M, Uher T. The role of cholesterol metabolism in multiple sclerosis: From molecular pathophysiology to radiological and clinical disease activity. Autoimmun Rev 2022; 21:103088. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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17
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Vigne S, Duc D, Peter B, Rebeaud J, Yersin Y, Ruiz F, Bressoud V, Collet TH, Pot C. Lowering blood cholesterol does not affect neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:42. [PMID: 35130916 PMCID: PMC8822860 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling disease of the central nervous system (CNS) commonly affecting young adults. There is increasing evidence that environmental factors are important in the development and course of MS. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) which comprises dyslipidemia has been associated with a worse outcome in MS disease. Furthermore, the lipid-lowering drug class of statins has been proposed to improve MS disease course. However, cholesterol is also rate-limiting for myelin biogenesis and promotes remyelination in MS animal models. Thus, the impact of circulating blood cholesterol levels during the disease remains debated and controversial. Methods We assessed the role of circulating cholesterol on the murine model of MS, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) disease using two different approaches: (1) the mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia induced by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) deficiency, and (2) the use of the monoclonal anti-PCSK9 neutralizing antibody alirocumab, which reduces LDLr degradation and consequently lowers blood levels of cholesterol. Results Elevated blood cholesterol levels induced by LDLr deficiency did not worsen clinical symptoms of mice during EAE. In addition, we observed that the anti-PCSK9 antibody alirocumab did not influence EAE disease course, nor modulate the immune response in EAE. Conclusions These findings suggest that blood cholesterol level has no direct role in neuro-inflammatory diseases and that the previously shown protective effects of statins in MS are not related to circulating cholesterol. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02409-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Vigne
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Donovan Duc
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Peter
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Rebeaud
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Yersin
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florian Ruiz
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Valentine Bressoud
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tinh-Hai Collet
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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18
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Poli G, Leoni V, Biasi F, Canzoneri F, Risso D, Menta R. Oxysterols: From redox bench to industry. Redox Biol 2022; 49:102220. [PMID: 34968886 PMCID: PMC8717233 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more attention is nowadays given to the possible translational application of a great number of biochemical and biological findings with the involved molecules. This is also the case of cholesterol oxidation products, redox molecules over the last years deeply investigated for their implication in human pathophysiology. Oxysterols of non-enzymatic origin, the excessive increase of which in biological fluids and tissues is of toxicological relevance for their marked pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory properties, are increasingly applied in clinical biochemistry as molecular markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of several human and veterinary diseases. Conversely, oxysterols of enzymatic origin, the production of which is commonly under physiological regulation, could be considered and tested as promising pharmaceutical agents because of their antiviral, pro-osteogenic and antiadipogenic properties of some of them. Very recently, the quantification of oxysterols of non-enzymatic origin has been adopted in a systematic way to evaluate, monitor and improve the quality of cholesterol-based food ingredients, that are prone to auto-oxidation, as well as their industrial processing and the packaging and the shelf life of the finished food products. The growing translational value of oxysterols is here reviewed in its present and upcoming applications in various industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Poli
- Unit of General Pathology and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Desio, ASST Brianza, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiorella Biasi
- Unit of General Pathology and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Davide Risso
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Ferrero Group, 12051, Alba, CN, Italy
| | - Roberto Menta
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Ferrero Group, 12051, Alba, CN, Italy
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19
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Carbogno-Barnabe V, Łabuz-Roszak B. THE ROLE OF DIET IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2022; 75:2131-2135. [PMID: 36256941 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202209115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by chronic inflammation associated with autoimmune damage to myelin and axons leading to neurodegeneration. Although the etiology is not fully understood, some factors that increase the risk of disease have been identified. One of the key elements of multidisciplinary approach to the management of MS is a properly balanced diet, e.g. Swank diet. Its main assumption is to reduce the supply of animal fats in favor of fats of plant origin, which contain polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3. One of the factors influencing the course of the disease is vitamin D deficiency. In 80-90% it is synthesized by exposure to the sun, while the other 10-20% may be supplied with ingested food. Although elevated plasma homocysteine levels have been demonstrated in MS patients, there is no need to modify the supply of B vitamins. Further studies are necessary to show the correlation between the supply of B vitamins and the course of the disease. Due to the antioxidant effect, it is recommended to include products that are sources of vitamin A, E and C, glutathione, coenzyme Q10. It is also beneficial to include compounds from the polyphenol group: quercetin, resveratrol and curcumin. Through proper nutrition model it is also possible to reduce side effects of applied medications, such as constipation, what improves patients' quality of life. Diet therapy is a key element supporting pharmacotherapy in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Carbogno-Barnabe
- DOCTORAL SCHOOL, FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES IN KATOWICE, MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SILESIA, KATOWICE, POLAND
| | - Beata Łabuz-Roszak
- DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY, INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF OPOLE, OPOLE, POLAND
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20
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Gezmis H, Mayda Domac F, Ormeci B, Uyanik H, Doran T, Keles EC, Kirac D. ε 2 , ε 3 , and ε 4 variants of ApoE; rs2228570 (VDR), rs4588 and rs7041 (VDBP) polymorphisms in patients with multiple sclerosis: A case-control study in Turkish population. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14801. [PMID: 34486787 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative disease characterized by autoimmune demyelination in the central nervous system. Yet, underlined genetics or environmental markers are still controversial. The impact of vitamin D and cholesterol on disease activity has been phrased by many studies; however, the data available for the Turkish population are very limited. This study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D-related polymorphisms (VDBP and VDR) and cholesterol-related variants of ApoE on Turkish MS patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total DNAs were extracted from peripheral blood samples of 51 MS patients and 50 healthy volunteers. rs4588 and rs7041 polymorphisms of VDBP, rs2228570 of VDR, as well as ε2, ε3, and ε4 variants of ApoE, were investigated by RT-PCR. Biochemical parameters which thought to be associated with MS were also measured. Results were evaluated statistically. RESULTS Homozygous mutant genotype and G allele of rs2228570 in VDR, as well as heterozygous genotype of rs4588 in VDBP, were found statistically high in patients. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-C levels were found significantly high, whereas HDL-C and vitamin D levels were low in patients. An association was found between rs4588 variation and high triglyceride levels. Similar correlations were found between ε2 genotype and low LDL-C level; ε3 genotype and higher LDL-C. Gender, triglyceride, HDL-C, and AA genotype in rs4588 had a significant effect on MS progression. CONCLUSION The variations of rs2228570 and rs4588, vitamin D deficiency, and biological parameters related to cholesterol metabolism may be associated with MS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazal Gezmis
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fusun Mayda Domac
- Department of Neurology, University of Health Sciences, Erenkoy Mental and Nervous Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Ormeci
- Department of Neurology, Yeditepe University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Handan Uyanik
- Department of Neurology, Yeditepe University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tansu Doran
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Cigdem Keles
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Kirac
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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Hardoňová M, Šiarnik P, Siváková M, Suchá B, Vlček M, Imrich R, Turčáni P, Havranová A, Rádiková Ž, Žitňanová I, Dean Z, Penesová A, Kollár B. Autonomic Nervous System Function in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Sclerosis: Association With Lipid Levels and Insulin Resistance. Physiol Res 2021; 70:875-882. [PMID: 34717060 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) disorders are common in multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies showed differences in insulin resistance (IR) and lipoprotein levels in MS subjects compared to controls. Lipolysis caused by increased sympathetic activity could be one of the possible linking mechanisms leading to dyslipidemia in MS. Our study aimed to evaluate ANS activity in the context of glucose and lipid metabolism in people with MS. We prospectively measured short-term heart rate variability (HRV), fasting lipoprotein concentrations, and calculated IR indices based on plasma glucose and insulin levels during oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) in 32 patients with MS and 29 healthy controls matched for age, sex and body mass index in our study. There was no significant difference in HRV parameters and lipoprotein levels between MS and controls. A significant positive correlation was found between low/high-frequency power ratio (LF/HF) and triglycerides (r=0.413, p=0.021) in MS subjects but not in controls. A significantly lower whole-body insulin sensitivity index (ISIMat) was found in patients with MS compared to the control group (7.3±3.7 vs. 9.8±5.6, p=0.041). No significant correlations were found between LF/HF and IR parameters. In MS subjects, the positive correlation of LF/HF with triglycerides could reflect the effects of sympathetic activity on lipolysis. Positive correlations of sympathetic activity with increased lipoprotein levels could rather reflect processes associated with immune system activation/inflammation, than processes involved in glucose homeostasis maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hardoňová
- 1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Slovakia.
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22
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van Rensburg SJ, van Toorn R, Erasmus RT, Hattingh C, Johannes C, Moremi KE, Kemp MC, Engel-Hills P, Kotze MJ. Pathology-supported genetic testing as a method for disability prevention in multiple sclerosis (MS). Part I. Targeting a metabolic model rather than autoimmunity. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1151-1167. [PMID: 33909200 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00711-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Review (Part I), we investigate the scientific evidence that multiple sclerosis (MS) is caused by the death of oligodendrocytes, the cells that synthesize myelin, due to a lack of biochemical and nutritional factors involved in mitochondrial energy production in these cells. In MS, damage to the myelin sheaths surrounding nerve axons causes disruption of signal transmission from the brain to peripheral organs, which may lead to disability. However, the extent of disability is not deterred by the use of MS medication, which is based on the autoimmune hypothesis of MS. Rather, disability is associated with the loss of brain volume, which is related to the loss of grey and white matter. A pathology-supported genetic testing (PSGT) method, developed for personalized assessment and treatment to prevent brain volume loss and disability progression in MS is discussed. This involves identification of MS-related pathogenic pathways underpinned by genetic variation and lifestyle risk factors that may converge into biochemical abnormalities associated with adverse expanded disability status scale (EDSS) outcomes and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings during patient follow-up. A Metabolic Model is presented which hypothesizes that disability may be prevented or reversed when oligodendrocytes are protected by nutritional reserve. Evidence for the validity of the Metabolic Model may be evaluated in consecutive test cases following the PSGT method. In Part II of this Review, two cases are presented that describe the PSGT procedures and the clinical outcomes of these individuals diagnosed with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J van Rensburg
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Ronald van Toorn
- Department of Pediatric Medicine and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rajiv T Erasmus
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Coenraad Hattingh
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Clint Johannes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kelebogile E Moremi
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Merlisa C Kemp
- Department of Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Penelope Engel-Hills
- Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maritha J Kotze
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa
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23
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van Rensburg SJ, Hattingh C, Johannes C, Moremi KE, Peeters AV, van Heerden CJ, Erasmus RT, Zemlin AE, Kemp MC, Jaftha M, Khine AA, Potocnik FCV, Whati L, Engel-Hills P, van Toorn R, Kotze MJ. Pathology-supported genetic testing as a method for disability prevention in multiple sclerosis (MS). Part II. Insights from two MS cases. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1169-1181. [PMID: 33710528 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In Part I of this Review we evaluated the scientific evidence for a Metabolic Model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Part II outlines the implementation of an adaptive pathology-supported genetic testing (PSGT) algorithm aimed at preventing/reversing disability in two illustrative MS cases, starting with a questionnaire-based risk assessment, including family history and lifestyle factors. Measurement of iron, vitamin B12, vitamin D, cholesterol and homocysteine levels identified biochemical deficits in both cases. Case 1, after following the PSGT program for 15 years, had an expanded disability status scale (EDSS) of 2.0 (no neurological sequelae) together with preserved brain volume on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A novel form of iron deficiency was identified in Case 1, as biochemical testing at each hospital submission due to MS symptoms showed low serum iron, ferritin and transferrin saturation, while hematological status and erythrocyte sedimentation rate measurement of systemic inflammation remained normal. Case 2 was unable to walk unaided until her EDSS improved from 6.5 to 4.0 over 12 months after implementation of the PSGT program, with amelioration of her suboptimal biochemical markers and changes to her diet and lifestyle, allowing her to regain independence. Genotype-phenotype correlation using a pathway panel of functional single nucleotide variants (SNVs) to facilitate clinical interpretation of whole exome sequencing (WES), elucidated the underlying metabolic pathways related to the biochemical deficits. A cure for MS will remain an elusive goal if separated from nutritional support required for production and maintenance of myelin, which can only be achieved by a lifelong investment in wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J van Rensburg
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Coenraad Hattingh
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Clint Johannes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kelebogile E Moremi
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Armand V Peeters
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carel J van Heerden
- Central Analytical Facility (CAF), DNA Sequencing Unit, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Rajiv T Erasmus
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Annalise E Zemlin
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Merlisa C Kemp
- Department of Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mariaan Jaftha
- Department of Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Aye Aye Khine
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Felix C V Potocnik
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lindiwe Whati
- Genetic Care Centre, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Penelope Engel-Hills
- Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ronald van Toorn
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maritha J Kotze
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa
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24
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Vejux A, Ghzaiel I, Nury T, Schneider V, Charrière K, Sghaier R, Zarrouk A, Leoni V, Moreau T, Lizard G. Oxysterols and multiple sclerosis: Physiopathology, evolutive biomarkers and therapeutic strategy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 210:105870. [PMID: 33684483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. Dysfunction of the immune system leads to lesions that cause motor, sensory, cognitive, visual and/or sphincter disturbances. In the long term, these disorders can progress towards an irreversible handicap. The diagnosis takes time because there are no specific criteria to diagnose multiple sclerosis. To realize the diagnosis, a combination of clinical, biological, and radiological arguments is therefore required. Hence, there is a need to identify multiple sclerosis biomarkers. Some biomarkers target immunity through the detection of oligoclonal bands, the measurement of the IgG index and cytokines. During the physiopathological process, the blood-brain barrier can be broken, and this event can be identified by measuring metalloproteinase activity and diffusion of gadolinium in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging. Markers of demyelination and of astrocyte and microglial activity may also be of interest as well as markers of neuronal damage and mitochondrial status. The measurement of different lipids in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid can also provide suitable information. These different lipids include fatty acids, fatty acid peroxidation products, phospholipids as well as oxidized derivatives of cholesterol (oxysterols). Oxysterols could constitute new biomarkers providing information on the form of multiple sclerosis, the outcome of the disease and the answer to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vejux
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, Dijon, France.
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, Dijon, France; Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS "Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health", University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Nury
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Vincent Schneider
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, Dijon, France; University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Dijon, France
| | - Karine Charrière
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 1431, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Randa Sghaier
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS "Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health", University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Varese, ASST-Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Thibault Moreau
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, Dijon, France; University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, Dijon, France.
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25
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Samadi A, Sabuncuoglu S, Samadi M, Isikhan SY, Chirumbolo S, Peana M, Lay I, Yalcinkaya A, Bjørklund G. A Comprehensive Review on Oxysterols and Related Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:110-136. [PMID: 32175830 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200316142659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present review aims to provide a complete and comprehensive summary of current literature relevant to oxysterols and related diseases. Oxidation of cholesterol leads to the formation of a large number of oxidized products, generally known as oxysterols. They are intermediates in the biosynthesis of bile acids, steroid hormones, and 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3. Although oxysterols are considered as metabolic intermediates, there is a growing body of evidence that many of them are bioactive, and their absence or excess may be part of the cause of a disease phenotype. These compounds derive from either enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol. This study provides comprehensive information about the structures, formation, and types of oxysterols even when involved in certain disease states, focusing on their effects on metabolism and linkages with these diseases. The role of specific oxysterols as mediators in various disorders, such as degenerative (age-related) and cancer-related disorders, has now become clearer. Oxysterol levels may be employed as suitable markers for the diagnosis of specific diseases or in predicting the incidence rate of diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, lung cancer, breast cancer, and infertility. However, further investigations may be required to confirm these mentioned possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Samadi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Suna Sabuncuoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahshid Samadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Selen Yilmaz Isikhan
- Vocational Higher School of Social Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Peana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Incilay Lay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Yalcinkaya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
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26
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Pineda-Torra I, Siddique S, Waddington KE, Farrell R, Jury EC. Disrupted Lipid Metabolism in Multiple Sclerosis: A Role for Liver X Receptors? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:639757. [PMID: 33927692 PMCID: PMC8076792 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.639757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease driven by autoimmune, inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes leading to neuronal demyelination and subsequent degeneration. Systemic lipid metabolism is disturbed in people with MS, and lipid metabolic pathways are crucial to the protective process of remyelination. The lipid-activated transcription factors liver X receptors (LXRs) are important integrators of lipid metabolism and immunity. Consequently, there is a strong interest in targeting these receptors in a number of metabolic and inflammatory diseases, including MS. We have reviewed the evidence for involvement of LXR-driven lipid metabolism in the dysfunction of peripheral and brain-resident immune cells in MS, focusing on human studies, both the relapsing remitting and progressive phases of the disease are discussed. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of modulating the activity of these receptors with existing pharmacological agents and highlight important areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Pineda-Torra
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth C. Jury, ; Inés Pineda-Torra,
| | - Sherrice Siddique
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty E. Waddington
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Farrell
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology and National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C. Jury
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth C. Jury, ; Inés Pineda-Torra,
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27
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Lipidomic UPLC-MS/MS Profiles of Normal-Appearing White Matter Differentiate Primary and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10090366. [PMID: 32911763 PMCID: PMC7569864 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative inflammatory disease where an autoimmune response to components of the central nervous system leads to a loss of myelin and subsequent neurological deterioration. People with MS can develop primary or secondary progressive disease (PPMS, SPMS) and differentiation of the specific differences in the pathogenesis of these two courses, at the molecular level, is currently unclear. Recently, lipidomics studies using human biofluids, mainly plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, have highlighted a possible role for lipids in the initiation and progression of MS. However, there is a lack of lipidomics studies in MS on CNS tissues, such as normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), where local inflammation initially occurs. Herein, we developed an untargeted reverse phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (RP-UPLC-TOF MSE)-based workflow, in combination with multivariate and univariate statistical analysis, to assess significant differences in lipid profiles in brain NAWM from post-mortem cases of PPMS, SPMS and controls. Groups of eight control, nine PPMS and seven SPMS NAWM samples were used. Correlation analysis of the identified lipids by RP-UPLC-TOF MSE was undertaken to remove those lipids that correlated with age, gender and post-mortem interval as confounding factors. We demonstrate that there is a significantly altered lipid profile of control cases compared with MS cases and that progressive disease, PPMS and SPMS, can be differentiated on the basis of the lipidome of NAWM with good sensitivity, specificity and prediction accuracy based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that the most altered lipid pathways between PPMS and SPMS were glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycerophosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor synthesis and linoleic acid metabolism. Further understanding of the impact of these lipid alterations described herein associated with progression will provide an increased understanding of the mechanisms underpinning progression and highlight possible new therapeutic targets.
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28
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Dietary influence on central nervous system myelin production, injury, and regeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Rádiková Ž, Penesová A, Vlček M, Havranová A, Siváková M, Šiarnik P, Žitňanová I, Imrich R, Turčáni P, Kollár B. Lipoprotein profiling in early multiple sclerosis patients: effect of chronic inflammation? Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:49. [PMID: 32178676 PMCID: PMC7076999 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory cytokines contribute to proatherogenic changes in lipid metabolism by reduction of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, impairment of its antiinflammatory and antioxidant functions. Therefore, the protective actions of HDL-C can be limited in chronic inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to assess the association between lipoprotein subfractions and inflammatory status in early stages of multiple sclerosis. Methods Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Lipoprint© System was used for lipoprotein profile analysis in 19 newly diagnosed MS patients, and in matched 19 healthy controls. Serum levels of interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IL-13, IL-17, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ and TNF-α were measured by multiplex bead assay. Results Concentrations of the measured cytokines and lipoprotein subclasses were comparable between MS patients and controls. Male, but not female MS patients had significantly higher total HDL-C and small HDL-C subfraction than healthy controls. Large HDL-C negatively correlated with all measured cytokines except IL-17 in MS but not in controls. Intermediate HDL-C subfractions correlated positively with all measured cytokines except G-CSF in MS females but not in MS males or controls. Conclusion Our results of higher HDL-C and mainly its small HDL-C subfraction suggest that male MS patients are at higher risk of atherosclerosis and the subtle dyslipidemia is present in early stages of the disease. The correlations between specific HDL-C subfractions and the inflammatory cytokines demonstrate mutual links between systemic inflammation and lipid metabolism in MS. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT 03052595 Registered on Feb 14, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žofia Rádiková
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Adela Penesová
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Vlček
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Havranová
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Siváková
- 1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Šiarnik
- 1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ingrid Žitňanová
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Richard Imrich
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Turčáni
- 1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Kollár
- 1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Cho EB, Cho HJ, Choi M, Seok JM, Shin HY, Kim BJ, Min JH. Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high triglycerides lipid profile in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Associations with disease activity and disability. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 40:101981. [PMID: 32045867 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered lipid metabolism is a feature of systemic autoimmune diseases. Dyslipidemia is associated with the disease activity and progression in patients with multiple sclerosis. However, in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), changes in the lipid profile and the associations between specific lipid levels and disease activity/disability are unknown. METHODS Serum samples (N = 148) were collected from 53 patients with aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-positive NMOSD when they were not treated with lipid lowering agents. Fasting lipid (total cholesterol, triglyceride [TG], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) levels were compared between 39 patients with NMOSD, not taking steroids, and 142 age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched healthy controls. In addition, we analyzed the differences in the lipid profile between attack and remission samples and the associations between lipid profiles and clinical outcome in all 148 samples from 53 patients. The generalized estimating equation was used. RESULTS Patients with NMOSD showed lower HDL-C and higher TG levels compared to healthy controls (p = 0.017 and p < 0.001, respectively). HDL-C level was significantly lower during attack than remission (β = -7.851; p = 0.035), and TG level had positive correlation with EDSS scores (β = 0.014; p = 0.002) regardless of disease activity status. However, enhanced lesions on magnetic resonance imaging were not associated with lipid profiles. CONCLUSION Dyslipidemia with low HDL-C and high TG correlated disease activity and disability in AQP4-positive NMOSD. It remains to be elucidated whether altered lipid metabolism contributes to deleterious immune response, possibly through inflammation, or is secondary to neurological disability in NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bin Cho
- Department of Neurology, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Cho
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Misong Choi
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Myoung Seok
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Young Shin
- Center for Health Promotion, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hong Min
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Wu K, Wen L, Duan R, Li Y, Yao Y, Jing L, Jia Y, Teng J, He Q. Triglyceride Level Is an Independent Risk Factor in First-Attacked Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders Patients. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1230. [PMID: 31824407 PMCID: PMC6881454 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate prospective associations between triglyceride (TG) level and prognosis of first-attacked patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Methods: This retrospective study included 196 patients newly diagnosed with NMOSD from June 2014 to December 2018. Data of clinical parameters, including age of onset, sex, BMI, blood lipid levels, anti-aquaporin-4 status, serum glucose level, therapy regimens, comorbidities, initial Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), relapses, and outcomes were collected. We used logistic regression models to examine the associations among relevant clinical factors and outcomes, and statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 23.0 software. Results: Compared with the high TG group, residual EDSS was relatively lower in the normal TG group (median 1.0 vs. 2.0, P = 0.002). In the univariate analysis, TG level was positively correlated with outcomes (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.18-2.60, P = 0.005) and relapses (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.07-2.31, P = 0.02). Our stratified analysis suggested that patients with normal BMI (OR 4.90, 95% CI 2.10-11.44, P = 0.001) were closely correlated with poor recovery owing to increased TG level. In the multivariate analysis, a statistically significant association still existed between TG level and outcomes (OR 3.44, 95% CI 1.02-11.64; P = 0.040) after adjusting for various variables. Conclusions: In first-attacked NMOSD patients, TG level was positively associated with poor recovery. Early monitoring and treatment of elevated TG level in NMOSD patients are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaimin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - LuLu Wen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ranran Duan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaobing Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lijun Jing
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Jia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junfang Teng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qianyi He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Bo M, Arru G, Niegowska M, Erre GL, Manchia PA, Sechi LA. Association between Lipoprotein Levels and Humoral Reactivity to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Multiple Sclerosis, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E423. [PMID: 31597322 PMCID: PMC6843567 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors such as bacterial infections may play an important role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an obligate pathogen of ruminants able to use the host's cholesterol for survival into macrophages and has been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through a molecular mimicry mechanism. Here, we aimed at investigating the correlation between humoral reactivity against MAP and serum lipoprotein levels in subjects at T1DM risk (rT1DM) grouped by geographical background and in patients affected by MS or RA. Our results showed significant differences in HDL, LDL/VLDL and Total Cholesterol (TC) levels between patients and healthy controls (p < 0.0001). Patients positive to anti-MAP Abs (MAP+) had lower HDL levels in comparison with Abs negative (MAP-) subjects, while opposite trends were found for LDL/VLDL concentrations (p < 0.05). TC levels varied between MAP+ and MAP- patients in all three assessed diseases. These findings suggest the implication of anti-MAP Abs in fluctuations of lipoprotein levels highlighting a possible link with cardiovascular disease. Further studies will be needed to confirm these results in larger groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giannina Arru
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Magdalena Niegowska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Gian Luca Erre
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, UOC di Reumatologia, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | | | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Blumenfeld Kan S, Staun-Ram E, Golan D, Miller A. HDL-cholesterol elevation associated with fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate therapies in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2019; 5:2055217319882720. [PMID: 31662882 PMCID: PMC6794658 DOI: 10.1177/2055217319882720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) display altered lipoproteins levels and function, which seem to affect disease risk and progress. Whether disease-modifying therapies affect the lipoprotein profile in PwMS has scarcely been studied. OBJECTIVE The study aims to assess whether fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) affect lipoproteins in PwMS. METHODS We compared retrospectively the blood lipoprotein levels of 29 fingolimod-treated and 41 DMF-treated patients before and after 3 and 12 months of therapy. Patients treated with cholesterol-reducing medications were not included. Data on weight change and disease activity during 1-year follow-up were obtained. RESULTS HDL level, HDL/LDL ratio and HDL/total cholesterol ratio were increased in both treatment groups after 3 months' therapy and sustained, with no change in LDL or triglycerides. While at baseline only 26% of patients met the recommended minimum of HDL 60 mg/dl, after 3 months' therapy, 43% of fingolimod-treated and 47% of DMF-treated patients reached the recommended level. The majority of patients had no weight reduction. CONCLUSIONS Fingolimod and DMF therapies are associated with a specific increase in HDL in PwMS. Further studies are required to validate these findings and their potential implication as biomarker of reduced inflammatory state and/or reduced risk of neurodegeneration or cardiovascular comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Blumenfeld Kan
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - E Staun-Ram
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Neuroimmunology Unit & Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - D Golan
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Neuroimmunology Unit & Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Miller
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Neuroimmunology Unit & Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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Malaguti M, Cardenia V, Rodriguez-Estrada MT, Hrelia S. Nutraceuticals and physical activity: Their role on oxysterols-mediated neurodegeneration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105430. [PMID: 31325497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the contribution of oxysterols to the onset and development of some of the major neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) has been scientifically asserted, being mainly related to altered brain cholesterol homeostasis. To counteract oxysterol induced inflammation at neuronal level, one possible intervention approach is the administration of some nutrients and/or plant secondary metabolites. On the other hand, the pleiotropic beneficial effects of physical activity seem to play an important role on prevention and counteraction of neurodegenerative diseases, through the modulation of oxysterol homeostasis and the prevention of demyelination. The present review provides a picture of the promising role of nutraceuticals and physical activity on oxysterol-mediated neurodegeneration, pointing out also the different in vitro and in vivo aspects that need to be further investigated for a better understanding of the association of these three counterparts and their overall effect on people at increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Malaguti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Rimini, 47921, Italy.
| | - Vladimiro Cardenia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences DISAFA, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Rimini, 47921, Italy
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Toghi M, Bitarafan S, Kasmaei HD, Ghafouri-Fard S. Bifidobacteria: A probable missing puzzle piece in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 36:101378. [PMID: 31487552 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immunopathogenesis is not fully understood. In the recent years, the role of gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of this disorder has been highlighted. Bifidobacteria as a component of gut microbiome might also be involved in MS pathogenesis. Being emerged in early days after birth, bifidobacteria have a prominent role in immune system maturation and function. Some factors like mode of delivery, breast feeding, mother's blood group and her secretory state and also environmental factors could influence its level in the early infancy, which may remain throughout lifetime. In this review, we discussed possible immunopathogenic link between the bifidobacteria and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Toghi
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Bitarafan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Delavar Kasmaei
- Department of Neurology, Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Murali N, Browne RW, Fellows Maxwell K, Bodziak ML, Jakimovski D, Hagemeier J, Bergsland N, Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R, Ramanathan M. Cholesterol and neurodegeneration: longitudinal changes in serum cholesterol biomarkers are associated with new lesions and gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis over 5 years of follow-up. Eur J Neurol 2019; 27:188-e4. [PMID: 31369181 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cholesterol is an important structural component of myelin and essential for brain homeostasis. Our objective was to investigate whether longitudinal changes in cholesterol biomarkers are associated with neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS This prospective, longitudinal study (n = 154) included 41 healthy controls, 76 relapsing-remitting MS subjects and 37 progressive MS subjects. Neurological examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging and blood samples were obtained at baseline and at 5-year follow-up visits. Cholesterol biomarkers measured included plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the apolipoproteins ApoA-I, Apo-II, ApoB, ApoC-II and ApoE. Key cholesterol pathway single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped. RESULTS Greater percentage increases in HDL-C and ApoA-I levels were associated with a lower rate of gray matter and cortical volume loss. Greater percentage increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with increases in new T2 lesions. The percentage increases in HDL-C (P = 0.032) and ApoA-I (P = 0.007) were smaller in patients with relapsing-remitting MS at baseline who converted to secondary progressive MS during the 5-year follow-up period. Changes in HDL-C and ApoA-I were associated with lipoprotein lipase rs328 genotype status. CONCLUSIONS Increases in HDL-C and ApoA-I have protective associations with magnetic resonance imaging measures of neurodegeneration in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Murali
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - R W Browne
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - K Fellows Maxwell
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M L Bodziak
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - D Jakimovski
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - J Hagemeier
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - N Bergsland
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - R Zivadinov
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M Ramanathan
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Miller ED, Dziedzic A, Saluk-Bijak J, Bijak M. A Review of Various Antioxidant Compounds and their Potential Utility as Complementary Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071528. [PMID: 31284389 PMCID: PMC6682972 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The etiology of this multifactorial disease has not been clearly defined. Conventional medical treatment of MS has progressed, but is still based on symptomatic treatment. One of the key factors in the pathogenesis of MS is oxidative stress, enhancing inflammation and neurodegeneration. In MS, both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are formed in the CNS mainly by activated macrophages and microglia structures, which can lead to demyelination and axon disruption. The course of MS is associated with the secretion of many inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators, including cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, INF-γ) and chemokines (MIP-1a, MCP-1, IP10). The early stage of MS (RRMS) lasts about 10 years, and is dominated by inflammatory processes, whereas the chronic stage is associated with neurodegenerative axon and neuron loss. Since oxidative damage has been known to be involved in inflammatory and autoimmune-mediated processes, antioxidant therapy could contribute to the reduction or even prevention of the progression of MS. Further research is needed in order to establish new aims for novel treatment and provide possible benefits to MS patients. The present review examines the roles of oxidative stress and non-pharmacological anti-oxidative therapies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Dorota Miller
- Department of Physical Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Pl. Hallera 1, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
- Neurorehabilitation Ward, General Hospital no III, Milionowa 14, 90-001 Lodz, Poland
| | - Angela Dziedzic
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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Fellows Maxwell K, Wahls T, Browne RW, Rubenstein L, Bisht B, Chenard CA, Snetselaar L, Weinstock-Guttman B, Ramanathan M. Lipid profile is associated with decreased fatigue in individuals with progressive multiple sclerosis following a diet-based intervention: Results from a pilot study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218075. [PMID: 31211794 PMCID: PMC6581256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate associations between lipid profiles and fatigue in a cohort of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients on a diet-based multimodal intervention. Methods This pilot study included 18 progressive MS patients who participated in a prospective longitudinal study of fatigue following a diet-based multimodal intervention that included exercise, neuromuscular electrical stimulation and stress reduction. The diet recommended high intake of vegetables and fruits, encouraged consumption of animal and plant protein and excluded foods with gluten-containing grains, dairy and eggs. Fatigue was measured on the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) at baseline and every 3 months for 12 months. A lipid profile consisting of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) was obtained on fasting blood samples at baseline and 12 months. Results FSS scores decreased from a baseline of 5.51 (95% CI: 4.86, 6.16) to a mean of 3.03 (95% CI: 2.23, 3.82) at 12 months (p < 0.001). At 12 months, increases in HDL-C (mean change: +6.0 mg/dl; 95% CI: 0.3, 12.0; p = 0.049) and decreases in BMI (mean change: -2.6 kg/m2; 95% CI: -3.6, -2.5; p < 0.001), LDL-C (mean change: -10.4 mg/dl; 95% CI:-19.7, -1.2; p = 0.029), TG (mean change: -29.2 mg/dl; 95% CI: -44.3, -14.2; p = 0.001), TG to HDL-C ratio (mean change: -0.6; 95% CI: -1.0, -0.3; p = 0.002) and TC to HDL-C ratio (mean change:-0.6; 95% CI: -1.0, -0.3; p = 0.003) were observed compared to baseline. Improvements in FSS were associated with increases in HDL-C (β = -0.05; 95% CI: -0.1, -0.0004; p = 0.048) and changes in TC (p = 0.005) from baseline to 12 months. Conclusions Lipid profile variables are associated with improvements in fatigue in progressive MS patients on a diet-based multimodal intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Fellows Maxwell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Terry Wahls
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Richard W. Browne
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Linda Rubenstein
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Babita Bisht
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Chenard
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Linda Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Murali Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Eshaghi A, Kievit RA, Prados F, Sudre CH, Nicholas J, Cardoso MJ, Chan D, Nicholas R, Ourselin S, Greenwood J, Thompson AJ, Alexander DC, Barkhof F, Chataway J, Ciccarelli O. Applying causal models to explore the mechanism of action of simvastatin in progressive multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11020-11027. [PMID: 31072935 PMCID: PMC6561162 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818978116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mode of action of drugs is a challenge with conventional methods in clinical trials. Here, we aimed to explore whether simvastatin effects on brain atrophy and disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) are mediated by reducing cholesterol or are independent of cholesterol. We applied structural equation models to the MS-STAT trial in which 140 patients with SPMS were randomized to receive placebo or simvastatin. At baseline, after 1 and 2 years, patients underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging; their cognitive and physical disability were assessed on the block design test and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and serum total cholesterol levels were measured. We calculated the percentage brain volume change (brain atrophy). We compared two models to select the most likely one: a cholesterol-dependent model with a cholesterol-independent model. The cholesterol-independent model was the most likely option. When we deconstructed the total treatment effect into indirect effects, which were mediated by brain atrophy, and direct effects, simvastatin had a direct effect (independent of serum cholesterol) on both the EDSS, which explained 69% of the overall treatment effect on EDSS, and brain atrophy, which, in turn, was responsible for 31% of the total treatment effect on EDSS [β = -0.037; 95% credible interval (CI) = -0.075, -0.010]. This suggests that simvastatin's beneficial effects in MS are independent of its effect on lowering peripheral cholesterol levels, implicating a role for upstream intermediate metabolites of the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Importantly, it demonstrates that computational models can elucidate the causal architecture underlying treatment effects in clinical trials of progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Eshaghi
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1B 5EH, United Kingdom;
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Rogier A Kievit
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, United Kingdom
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - Ferran Prados
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1B 5EH, United Kingdom
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, UCL Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona 08018, Spain
| | - Carole H Sudre
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
- UCL Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Nicholas
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - M Jorge Cardoso
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis Chan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Nicholas
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Ourselin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - John Greenwood
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Thompson
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1B 5EH, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London W1T 7DN, United Kingdom
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1B 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel C Alexander
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1B 5EH, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London W1T 7DN, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Medisch Centrum, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Chataway
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1B 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1B 5EH, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London W1T 7DN, United Kingdom
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Gene expression in oligodendrocytes during remyelination reveals cholesterol homeostasis as a therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10130-10139. [PMID: 31040210 PMCID: PMC6525478 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821306116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regional differences in neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia exist in the brain during health, and regional differences in the transcriptome may occur for each cell type during neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is multifocal, and regional differences in the astrocyte transcriptome occur in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS model. MS and EAE are characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage, with minimal remyelination. Here, RNA-sequencing analysis of MS tissues from six brain regions suggested a focus on oligodendrocyte lineage cells (OLCs) in corpus callosum. Olig1-RiboTag mice were used to determine the translatome of OLCs in vivo in corpus callosum during the remyelination phase of a chronic cuprizone model with axonal damage. Cholesterol-synthesis gene pathways dominated as the top up-regulated pathways in OLCs during remyelination. In EAE, remyelination was induced with estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) ligand treatment, and up-regulation of cholesterol-synthesis gene expression was again observed in OLCs. ERβ-ligand treatment in the cuprizone model further increased cholesterol synthesis gene expression and enhanced remyelination. Conditional KOs of ERβ in OLCs demonstrated that increased cholesterol-synthesis gene expression in OLCs was mediated by direct effects in both models. To address this direct effect, ChIP assays showed binding of ERβ to the putative estrogen-response element of a key cholesterol-synthesis gene (Fdps). As fetal OLCs are exposed in utero to high levels of estrogens in maternal blood, we discuss how remyelinating properties of estrogen treatment in adults during injury may recapitulate normal developmental myelination through targeting cholesterol homeostasis in OLCs.
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Nutrient Composition Comparison between the Low Saturated Fat Swank Diet for Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030616. [PMID: 30871265 PMCID: PMC6470969 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an incurable degenerative disease that attacks the central nervous system. Roy Swank proposed a low saturated fat diet to treat MS around 1950 and showed delayed disease progression in his patients. However, there is insufficient evidence to recommend this diet for MS and default dietary recommendations are the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). This study assessed the nutritional adequacy of seven-day menus developed by Swank and their compliance with the DGA; menus were modeled for comparison with the DGA Healthy US-Style Eating Pattern (HEP) for males and females 31⁻50 years. Swank recommended dietary supplements corrected menu shortfalls in vitamins D, E, calcium, folate and iron but not dietary fiber, potassium and choline. Healthy Eating Index-2015 score for Swank menus (93.2/100) indicated good compliance with the DGA. Nutritional adequacy of the Swank modeled diet was similar to HEP for 17 vitamins and minerals (Mean Adequacy Ratios ≥94%) with similar shortfall nutrients except magnesium (HEP males) and dietary fiber (Swank males). Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 scores for Swank male (90/110) and female (88/110) model diets were similar to HEP. Swank menus have similar nutritional adequacy as HEP. Inclusion of foods high in dietary fiber, potassium and choline may be advised as well as selection of foods to reduce sodium below the Tolerable Upper Intake Level.
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Wahls TL, Chenard CA, Snetselaar LG. Review of Two Popular Eating Plans within the Multiple Sclerosis Community: Low Saturated Fat and Modified Paleolithic. Nutrients 2019; 11:E352. [PMID: 30736445 PMCID: PMC6412750 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown but epidemiologic evidence suggests this immune-mediated, neurodegenerative condition is the result of a complex interaction between genes and lifetime environmental exposures. Diet choices are modifiable environmental factors that may influence MS disease activity. Two diets promoted for MS, low saturated fat Swank and modified Paleolithic Wahls Elimination (WahlsElim), are currently being investigated for their effect on MS-related fatigue and quality of life (NCT02914964). Dr. Swank theorized restriction of saturated fat would reduce vascular dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS). Dr. Wahls initially theorized that detailed guidance to increase intake of specific foodstuffs would facilitate increased intake of nutrients key to neuronal health (Wahls™ diet). Dr. Wahls further theorized restriction of lectins would reduce intestinal permeability and CNS inflammation (WahlsElim version). The purpose of this paper is to review the published research of the low saturated fat (Swank) and the modified Paleolithic (Wahls™) diets and the rationale for the structure of the Swank diet and low lectin version of the Wahls™ diet (WahlsElim) being investigated in the clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Wahls
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Catherine A Chenard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Linda G Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Sena A, Macedo A, Ferret-Sena V, Capela C, Pedrosa R. Serum Lipoprotein Profile Is Associated With Protective Effects of Oral Contraceptive Use on Multiple Sclerosis Severity: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Neurol 2019; 10:60. [PMID: 30787904 PMCID: PMC6373519 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mechanisms underlying the influence of sex hormones in multiple sclerosis (MS) are uncertain. Sex steroids interact with cholesterol metabolism and the serum lipid profile has been associated with the severity of the disease. We hypothesized that the putative associations between lipoprotein metabolism and MS could be modulated by sex steroids exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate whether oral contraceptives (OC) use changes the lipoprotein profile associated with disability in patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods: Clinical data was collected from 133 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) women with a mean of 6.5 years of disease duration and prior to the start of disease-modifying therapies. Patients who were using OC after disease onset (DO) (OC+, n = 57) were compared to those who never used OC or discontinued its intake before DO (OC-, n = 76). In both cohorts of subjects, the associations between the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism, and plasma lipid levels, and the annualized relapse rate (RR), the Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS), and the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) were evaluated using a hierarchic multiple regression analysis after adjustment for confounders. Results: Low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were associated with higher EDSS (p = 0.010) and MSSS (p = 0.024) in the whole studied cohort. In E3/E3 phenotype carriers (73.7%), EDSS and MSSS were lower in OC+ in comparison with OC- subgroup of patients (p < 0.01). LDL and total cholesterol were associated with EDSS (p = 0.005 and p = 0.043, respectively), and LDL and the triglyceride/high density lipoprotein ratio with MSSS (p = 0.011 and p = 0.048, respectively) in OC+ patients. In OC- subgroup of patients, ApoE levels were associated with EDSS (p = 0.012) and MSSS (p = 0.031). No significant interactions between the lipid variables or OC use and RR were observed. Conclusions: Serum lipid profile is associated with protective effects of OC use on disability of RRMS patients. Lipoprotein metabolism may be involved in the modulatory effects of sex steroids on the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Sena
- Centro de Investigação Multidisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal.,Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Neurociências, Serviço de Neurologia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa-Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Macedo
- Keypoint, Consultora Científica, Algés, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina (DCBM), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Véronique Ferret-Sena
- Centro de Investigação Multidisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos Capela
- Departamento de Neurociências, Serviço de Neurologia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa-Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Pedrosa
- Departamento de Neurociências, Serviço de Neurologia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa-Central, Lisbon, Portugal
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Lipoprotein markers associated with disability from multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17026. [PMID: 30451923 PMCID: PMC6242870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered lipid metabolism is a feature of chronic inflammatory disorders. Increased plasma lipids and lipoproteins have been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) disease activity. Our objective was to characterise the specific lipids and associated plasma lipoproteins increased in MS and to test for an association with disability. Plasma samples were collected from 27 RRMS patients (median EDSS, 1.5, range 1–7) and 31 healthy controls. Concentrations of lipids within lipoprotein sub-classes were determined from NMR spectra. Plasma cytokines were measured using the MesoScale Discovery V-PLEX kit. Associations were tested using multivariate linear regression. Differences between the patient and volunteer groups were found for lipids within VLDL and HDL lipoprotein sub-fractions (p < 0.05). Multivariate regression demonstrated a high correlation between lipids within VLDL sub-classes and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (p < 0.05). An optimal model for EDSS included free cholesterol carried by VLDL-2, gender and age (R2 = 0.38, p < 0.05). Free cholesterol carried by VLDL-2 was highly correlated with plasma cytokines CCL-17 and IL-7 (R2 = 0.78, p < 0.0001). These results highlight relationships between disability, inflammatory responses and systemic lipid metabolism in RRMS. Altered lipid metabolism with systemic inflammation may contribute to immune activation.
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45
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Ďurfinová M, Procházková Ľ, Petrleničová D, Bystrická Z, Orešanská K, Kuračka Ľ, Líška B. Cholesterol level correlate with disability score in patients with relapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:304-307. [PMID: 30339921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterised by demyelination. There are many environmental factors that can affect the progression of this disease. It is necessary to better understand the impact of these factors in MS pathogenesis and progression. OBJECTIVE Present study investigates the relationship of total cholesterol serum levels and other parameters contributing to cardiovascular risk - homocysteine and serum lipid parameters (triglycerides, HDL, LDL) - with the progression of MS (EDSS score). METHODS The study involved 169 patients diagnosed with MS. Total homocysteine levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Serum lipid parameters were measured with enzymatic kits. RESULTS There was no difference observed between homocysteine levels in MS patients and controls. Dyslipidaemia seems to be associated with MS progression, particularly in women with relapsing-remitting form of MS. CONCLUSION Positive correlation of total and LDL cholesterol with disability score in patients with relapsing-remitting form of MS suggests that lipid parameters could have a negative effect on the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ďurfinová
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, SK-81108 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ľ Procházková
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Limbová 5, SK-83305 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - D Petrleničová
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Limbová 5, SK-83305 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Z Bystrická
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, SK-81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - K Orešanská
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, SK-81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľ Kuračka
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, SK-81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - B Líška
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, SK-81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Lötsch J, Schiffmann S, Schmitz K, Brunkhorst R, Lerch F, Ferreiros N, Wicker S, Tegeder I, Geisslinger G, Ultsch A. Machine-learning based lipid mediator serum concentration patterns allow identification of multiple sclerosis patients with high accuracy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14884. [PMID: 30291263 PMCID: PMC6173715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on increasing evidence suggesting that MS pathology involves alterations in bioactive lipid metabolism, the present analysis was aimed at generating a complex serum lipid-biomarker. Using unsupervised machine-learning, implemented as emergent self-organizing maps of neuronal networks, swarm intelligence and Minimum Curvilinear Embedding, a cluster structure was found in the input data space comprising serum concentrations of d = 43 different lipid-markers of various classes. The structure coincided largely with the clinical diagnosis, indicating that the data provide a basis for the creation of a biomarker (classifier). This was subsequently assessed using supervised machine-learning, implemented as random forests and computed ABC analysis-based feature selection. Bayesian statistics-based biomarker creation was used to map the diagnostic classes of either MS patients (n = 102) or healthy subjects (n = 301). Eight lipid-markers passed the feature selection and comprised GluCerC16, LPA20:4, HETE15S, LacCerC24:1, C16Sphinganine, biopterin and the endocannabinoids PEA and OEA. A complex classifier or biomarker was developed that predicted MS at a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of approximately 95% in training and test data sets, respectively. The present successful application of serum lipid marker concentrations to MS data is encouraging for further efforts to establish an MS biomarker based on serum lipidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Lötsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology - Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology - Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katja Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Brunkhorst
- Department of Neurology, Goethe-University Hospital, Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian Lerch
- DataBionics Research Group, University of Marburg, Hans - Meerwein - Straße 22, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreiros
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabine Wicker
- Occupational Health Service, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology - Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alfred Ultsch
- DataBionics Research Group, University of Marburg, Hans - Meerwein - Straße 22, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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Bezine M, Maatoug S, Ben Khalifa R, Debbabi M, Zarrouk A, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ, Nury T, Samadi M, Vejux A, de Sèze J, Moreau T, Kharrat R, El Ayeb M, Lizard G. Modulation of Kv3.1b potassium channel level and intracellular potassium concentration in 158N murine oligodendrocytes and BV-2 murine microglial cells treated with 7-ketocholesterol, 24S-hydroxycholesterol or tetracosanoic acid (C24:0). Biochimie 2018; 153:56-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Moccia M, Albero R, Lanzillo R, Saccà F, De Rosa A, Russo CV, Carotenuto A, Palladino R, Brescia Morra V. Cardiovascular profile improvement during Natalizumab treatment. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:981-986. [PMID: 29256149 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular comorbidities are associated with the risk of MS progression. Thus, we aim to measure variations of cardiovascular risk factors during Natalizumab treatment and their possible clinical associations. Seventy-one relapsing-remitting MS patients treated with Natalizumab were followed-up during a 12.9 ± 6.2 months. Cardiovascular risk factors were recorded on first and last study visits: systolic blood pressure, uric acid, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides. EDSS progression and relapse occurrence were recorded. At multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models, the population presented with a significant reduction of total cholesterol (Coeff = -7.340; 95%CI = -13.152--1.527; p = 0.013), and of HDL cholesterol (Coeff = -3.473; 95%CI = -6.333--0.613; p = 0.017), and a non-significant reduction of LDL cholesterol (Coeff = -1.872; 95%CI = -8.481-0.736; p = 0.053), and of triglycerides (Coeff = -8.815; 95%CI = -34.011-5.380; p = 0.094). Uric acid levels increased during the study period (Coeff = 0.159; 95%CI = 0.212-0.340; p = 0.038). No significant associations were found with clinical outcomes. Serum lipids decreased and anti-oxidant uric acid increased during Natalizumab treatment. These biomarkers need to be further explored in relation to clinical outcomes on larger cohorts with longer follow-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Moccia
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5 - Building 17, Ground floor, Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberto Albero
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5 - Building 17, Ground floor, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Lanzillo
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5 - Building 17, Ground floor, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Saccà
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5 - Building 17, Ground floor, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna De Rosa
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5 - Building 17, Ground floor, Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia Valeria Russo
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5 - Building 17, Ground floor, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Carotenuto
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5 - Building 17, Ground floor, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Palladino
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
- Department of Public Health, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Brescia Morra
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5 - Building 17, Ground floor, Naples, Italy
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Metabolic Dysfunction and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061639. [PMID: 29865151 PMCID: PMC6032172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) probably caused, in most cases, by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. This review first summarizes some clinical, epidemiological and pathological characteristics of MS. Then, the involvement of biochemical pathways is discussed in the development and repair of the CNS lesions and the immune dysfunction in the disease. Finally, the potential roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) in MS are discussed. It is suggested that metabolic mechanisms modulated by PPAR provide a window to integrate the systemic and neurological events underlying the pathogenesis of the disease. In conclusion, the reviewed data highlight molecular avenues of understanding MS that may open new targets for improved therapies and preventive strategies for the disease.
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Penesová A, Dean Z, Kollár B, Havranová A, Imrich R, Vlček M, Rádiková Ž. Nutritional intervention as an essential part of multiple sclerosis treatment? Physiol Res 2018; 67:521-533. [PMID: 29750884 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. In addition to the genetic, epigenetic and immunological components, various other factors, e.g. unhealthy dietary habits, play a role in the MS pathogenesis. Dietary intervention is a highly appealing approach, as it presents a simple and relatively low risk method to potentially improve outcomes in patients with brain disorders in order to achieve remission and improvement of clinical status, well-being and life expectancy of patients with MS. The importance of saturated fat intake restriction for the clinical status improvement of MS patients was pointed for the first time in 1950s. Recently, decreased risk of first clinical diagnosis of CNS demyelination associated with higher intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids particularly originating from fish was reported. Only few clinical trials have been performed to address the question of the role of dietary intervention, such is e.g. low saturated fat diet in MS treatment. This review summarizes current knowledge about the effect of different dietary approaches (diets low in saturated fat and dietary supplements such as fish oil, lipoic acid, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, seeds oils, high fiber diet, vitamin D, etc.) on neurological signs, patient's well-being, physical and inflammatory status. So far the results are not conclusive, therefore much more research is needed to confirm and to understand the effectiveness of these dietary interventions in the long term and well defined studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Penesová
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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