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Fernández-Gómez P, Pérez de la Lastra Aranda C, Tosat-Bitrián C, Bueso de Barrio JA, Thompson S, Sot B, Salas G, Somoza Á, Espinosa A, Castellanos M, Palomo V. Nanomedical research and development in Spain: improving the treatment of diseases from the nanoscale. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1191327. [PMID: 37545884 PMCID: PMC10401050 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1191327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The new and unique possibilities that nanomaterials offer have greatly impacted biomedicine, from the treatment and diagnosis of diseases, to the specific and optimized delivery of therapeutic agents. Technological advances in the synthesis, characterization, standardization, and therapeutic performance of nanoparticles have enabled the approval of several nanomedicines and novel applications. Discoveries continue to rise exponentially in all disease areas, from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases. In Spain, there is a substantial net of researchers involved in the development of nanodiagnostics and nanomedicines. In this review, we summarize the state of the art of nanotechnology, focusing on nanoparticles, for the treatment of diseases in Spain (2017-2022), and give a perspective on the future trends and direction that nanomedicine research is taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fernández-Gómez
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez de la Lastra Aranda
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Tosat-Bitrián
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sebastián Thompson
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Sot
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Unidad de Innovación Biomédica, Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapies Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJ UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorka Salas
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Somoza
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Castellanos
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
| | - Valle Palomo
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Ibarra J, Encinas-Basurto D, Almada M, Juárez J, Valdez MA, Barbosa S, Taboada P. Gold Half-Shell-Coated Paclitaxel-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles for the Targeted Chemo-Photothermal Treatment of Cancer. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1390. [PMID: 37512701 PMCID: PMC10384528 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cancer therapies suffer from nonspecificity, drug resistance, and a poor bioavailability, which trigger severe side effects. To overcome these disadvantages, in this study, we designed and evaluated the in vitro potential of paclitaxel-loaded, PLGA-gold, half-shell nanoparticles (PTX-PLGA/Au-HS NPs) conjugated with cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-Phe-Lys) (cyRGDfk) as a targeted chemo-photothermal therapy system in HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. A TEM analysis confirmed the successful gold half-shell structure formation. High-performance liquid chromatography showed an encapsulation efficiency of the paclitaxel inside nanoparticles of more than 90%. In the release study, an initial burst release of about 20% in the first 24 h was observed, followed by a sustained drug release for a period as long as 10 days, reaching values of about 92% and 49% for NPs with and without near infrared laser irradiation. In in vitro cell internalization studies, targeted nanoparticles showed a higher accumulation than nontargeted nanoparticles, possibly through a specific interaction of the cyRGDfk with their homologous receptors, the ανβ3 y ανβ5 integrins on the cell surface. Compared with chemotherapy or photothermal treatment alone, the combined treatment demonstrated a synergistic effect, reducing the cell viability to 23% for the HeLa cells and 31% for the MDA-MB-231 cells. Thus, our results indicate that these multifuncional nanoparticles can be considered to be a promising targeted chemo-photothermal therapy system against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Ibarra
- Departamento de Física, Matemáticas e Ingeniería, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Navojoa, Navojoa 85880, Sonora, Mexico
| | - David Encinas-Basurto
- Departamento de Física, Matemáticas e Ingeniería, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Navojoa, Navojoa 85880, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Mario Almada
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Navojoa, Navojoa 85880, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Josué Juárez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Hermosillo, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Valdez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Hermosillo, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Silvia Barbosa
- Departamento de Física de Partículas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Departamento de Física de Partículas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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Granja A, Lima-Sousa R, Alves CG, de Melo-Diogo D, Nunes C, Sousa CT, Correia IJ, Reis S. Multifunctional targeted solid lipid nanoparticles for combined photothermal therapy and chemotherapy of breast cancer. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 151:213443. [PMID: 37146526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy has emerged as a new promising strategy for the management of cancer, either alone or combined with other therapeutics, such as chemotherapy. The use of nanoparticles for multimodal therapy can improve treatment performance and reduce drug doses and associated side effects. Here we propose the development of a novel multifunctional nanosystem based on solid lipid nanoparticles co-loaded with gold nanorods and mitoxantrone and functionalized with folic acid for dual photothermal therapy and chemotherapy of breast cancer. Nanoparticles were produced using an economically affordable method and presented suitable physicochemical properties for tumor passive accumulation. Upon Near-Infrared irradiation (808 nm, 1.7 W cm-2, 5 min), nanoparticles could effectively mediate a temperature increase of >20 °C. Moreover, exposure to light resulted in an enhanced release of Mitoxantrone. Furthermore, nanoparticles were non-hemolytic and well tolerated by healthy cells even at high concentrations. The active targeting strategy was found to be successful, as shown by the greater accumulation of the functionalized nanoparticles in MCF-7 cells. Finally, the combined effects of chemotherapy, light-induced drug release and photothermal therapy significantly enhanced breast cancer cell death. Overall, these results demonstrate that the developed lipid nanosystem is an efficient vehicle for breast cancer multimodal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Granja
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Lima-Sousa
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cátia G Alves
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Duarte de Melo-Diogo
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia T Sousa
- IFIMUP and Departamento de Física e Astronomia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, M 12 604 - 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ilídio J Correia
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; CIEPQPF - Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Alamdari SG, Amini M, Jalilzadeh N, Baradaran B, Mohammadzadeh R, Mokhtarzadeh A, Oroojalian F. Recent advances in nanoparticle-based photothermal therapy for breast cancer. J Control Release 2022; 349:269-303. [PMID: 35787915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women that is associated with high mortality. Conventional treatments including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, which are not effective enough and have disadvantages such as toxicity and damage to healthy cells. Photothermal therapy (PTT) of cancer cells has been took great attention by researchers in recent years due to the use of light radiation and heat generation at the tumor site, which thermal ablation is considered a minimally invasive method for the treatment of breast cancer. Nanotechnology has opened up a new perspective in the treatment of breast cancer using PTT method. Through NIR light absorption, researchers applied various nanostructures because of their specific nature of penetrating and targeting tumor tissue, increasing the effectiveness of PTT, and combining it with other treatments. If PTT is used with common cancer treatments, it can dramatically increase the effectiveness of treatment and reduce the side effects of other methods. PTT performance can also be improved by hybridizing at least two different nanomaterials. Nanoparticles that intensely absorb light and increase the efficiency of converting light into heat can specifically kill tumors through hyperthermia of cancer cells. One of the main reasons that have increased the efficiency of nanoparticles in PTT is their permeability and durability effect and they can accumulate in tumor tissue. Targeted PTT can be provided by incorporating specific ligands to target receptors expressed on the surface of cancer cells on nanoparticles. These nanoparticles can specifically target cancer cells by maintaining the surface area and increasing penetration. In this study, we briefly introduce the performance of light therapy, application of metal nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, carbon nanoparticles, and hybrid nanoparticles for use in PTT of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sania Ghobadi Alamdari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Jalilzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Technologies, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
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Huang J, Xu Z, Jiang Y, Law WC, Dong B, Zeng X, Ma M, Xu G, Zou J, Yang C. Metal organic framework-coated gold nanorod as an on-demand drug delivery platform for chemo-photothermal cancer therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:219. [PMID: 34281545 PMCID: PMC8287674 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemo-photothermal therapy based on nanoparticles has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, its therapeutic efficacy and application potential are largely subjected to the uncontrollability and biotoxicity of functional nanoplatforms. Herein, a novel biocompatible and biodegradable metal organic framework (MOF), which was constructed by growing crystalline zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 on gold nanoroad (Au@ZIF-8), was designed and fabricated for efficient drug loading and controlled release. Owing to the large surface area and guest-matching pore size of ZIF-8, doxorubicin (DOX) was successfully loaded into the Au@ZIF-8 with a high drug loading efficiency of ~ 37%. Under NIR light or weakly acidic environment, the ZIF-8 layer was quickly degraded, which resulted in an on-demand drug release in tumour site. More importantly, under the irradiation of near infrared (NIR) laser, highly efficient cancer treatment was achieved in both in vitro cell experiment and in vivo tumour-bearing nude mice experiment due to the synergistic effect of photothermal (PTT) therapy and chemotherapy. In addition, the in vivo study revealed the good biocompatibility of Au@ZIF-8. This work robustly suggested that Au@ZIF-8 could be further explored as a drug delivery system for chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Advance Technology of Ceramics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhourui Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yihang Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wing-Cheung Law
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Biqin Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xierong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Advance Technology of Ceramics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Mingze Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Gaixia Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Jizhao Zou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Advance Technology of Ceramics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Chengbin Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Liao S, Yue W, Cai S, Tang Q, Lu W, Huang L, Qi T, Liao J. Improvement of Gold Nanorods in Photothermal Therapy: Recent Progress and Perspective. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:664123. [PMID: 33967809 PMCID: PMC8100678 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a life-threatening disease, and there is a significant need for novel technologies to treat cancer with an effective outcome and low toxicity. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a noninvasive therapeutic tool that transports nanomaterials into tumors, absorbing light energy and converting it into heat, thus killing tumor cells. Gold nanorods (GNRs) have attracted widespread attention in recent years due to their unique optical and electronic properties and potential applications in biological imaging, molecular detection, and drug delivery, especially in the PTT of cancer and other diseases. This review summarizes the recent progress in the synthesis methods and surface functionalization of GNRs for PTT. The current major synthetic methods of GNRs and recently improved measures to reduce toxicity, increase yield, and control particle size and shape are first introduced, followed by various surface functionalization approaches to construct a controlled drug release system, increase cell uptake, and improve pharmacokinetics and tumor-targeting effect, thus enhancing the photothermal effect of killing the tumor. Finally, a brief outlook for the future development of GNRs modification and functionalization in PTT is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuning Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weitong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingxiao Huang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Qi
- Department of Radiation Biology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Deng X, Shao Z, Zhao Y. Solutions to the Drawbacks of Photothermal and Photodynamic Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002504. [PMID: 33552860 PMCID: PMC7856884 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phototherapy such as photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment has been developed quickly over the past few years for its noninvasive nature and high efficiency. However, there are still many drawbacks in phototherapy that prevent it from clinical applications. Thus, scientists have designed different systems to overcome the issues associated with phototherapy, including enhancing the targeting ability of phototherapy, low-temperature photothermal therapy, replacing near-infrared light with other excitation sources, and so on. This article discusses the problems and shortcomings encountered in the development of phototherapy and highlights possible solutions to address them so that phototherapy may become a useful cancer treatment approach in clinical practice. This article aims to give a brief summary about current research advancements in phototherapy research and provides a quick guideline toward future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University21 Nanyang LinkSingapore637371Singapore
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University21 Nanyang LinkSingapore637371Singapore
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Shi X, Perry HL, Wilton-Ely JDET. Strategies for the functionalisation of gold nanorods to reduce toxicity and aid clinical translation. Nanotheranostics 2021; 5:155-165. [PMID: 33564615 PMCID: PMC7868005 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.56432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNRs) show great promise as photothermal therapy agents due to their remarkable ability to convert light into heat. In most cases, gold nanorods are synthesised via a seed-mediated method assisted by surfactants. However, the toxicity of these surfactants, principally cetrimonium ions, has prevented GNRs from being used more widely in vivo. To address this issue, various detoxification and functionalisation approaches have been proposed in recent years to replace or cover surfactant coatings on the gold surface. In this short review, the advantages and limitations of each approach are examined in the context of the recent progress made towards the design of GNRs suitable for use in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L Perry
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - James D E T Wilton-Ely
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
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Wang B, Huang Y. Antitumor effects of targeted killing of tumor-associated macrophages under photothermal conditions. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:299-307. [PMID: 33439377 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy of tumors has become a research hotspot. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant interstitial cells in a tumor's microenvironment. As the concentration of the prepared nanoparticles increased, so their cytotoxicity of intensified. Under photothermal conditions, mAb-CD163/Au inhibited tumor invasion by killing M2 macrophages in vitro. After exposure to near-infrared (NIR) laser, mAb-CD163/Au inhibited tumor growth in vivo. The gold nanoparticles were modified to target M2 macrophages. Under NIR laser irradiation, mAb-CD163/Au achieved antitumor effects by killing M2 macrophages in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
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Song YJ, Jung SY, Kim JH, Park K. Optimization of the Preparation and Characterization of Tannylated-Albumin Nanoagents. Macromol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Xiang J, Zhang S, Zhang G, Li X, Zhang C, Luo J, Yu R, Su Z. Recovery of human serum albumin by dual-mode chromatography from the waste stream of Cohn fraction V supernatant. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461451. [PMID: 32937265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasma fractionation industry is by far the largest protein pharmaceutical provider, but there are still some plasma components in its industrial waste liquid that have not been utilized. This study aimed to develop a simple and efficient method for plasma protein recovery from Cohn fraction V supernatant (FVS), an effluent containing about 40% ethanol. A new affinity chromatography medium was synthesized with a fatty acid ligand. When the medium was applied to recovery of human serum albumin (HSA) from FVS at physiological pH7.4, the process was unsuccessful due to substantial decrease in capacity in the presence of high ethanol concentration. Nevertheless, change of pH from 7.4 to 4.2 emerged an improved adsorption capacity. The carboxyl group of the ligand began to act as cationic ion exchange role. Both HSA and α2HS-glycoprotein were adsorbed by the column, but α2HS-glycoprotein could be eluted by increasing pH from 4.2 to 7.4, while HSA was retained by the column and could only be eluted by addition of fatty acid. Therefore, the adsorption of albumin under pH 4.2 is charge-induced affinity adsorption, not simple ion exchange. The so-called dual-mode adsorption depends not only on the chromatographic medium but also on the separated object and environment. HPSEC showed that the purity of recovered HSA was greater than 98%. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra were consistent with that of the commercial product. Furthermore, the measurement by isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the separated HSA still maintained the binding activities with the ligands of warfarin and naproxen. It is therefore possible to directly recover high-purity and high-quality human serum albumin from the effluent of plasma fractionation industry by one-step chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiang
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiunan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Rong Yu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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12
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Wang G, Wang W, Shangguan E, Gao S, Liu Y. Effects of gold nanoparticle morphologies on interactions with proteins. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110830. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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13
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Zhao Y, Cai C, Liu M, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Fan Z, Ding Z, Zhang H, Wang Z, Han J. Drug-binding albumins forming stabilized nanoparticles for co-delivery of paclitaxel and resveratrol: In vitro/in vivo evaluation and binding properties investigation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:873-882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Ziaaddini V, Saeidifar M, Eslami-Moghadam M, Saberi M, Mozafari M. Improvement of efficacy and decrement cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin anticancer drug using bovine serum albumin nanoparticles: synthesis, characterisation and release behaviour. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:105-111. [PMID: 31935686 PMCID: PMC8676461 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
To sustained release of an anticancer drug, oxaliplatin (OX), a non-toxic and biocompatible nanocarrier based on bovine serum albumin (BSA) were synthesised by desolvation method and characterised using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering. The results showed that the BSA nanoparticles (BSANPs) with a mean magnitude of 187.9 ± 1.2 nm have spherical morphology with a smooth surface and a uniform distribution. Furthermore, OX was loaded onto the BSANPs and the loading was confirmed by FTIR, AFM and FESEM techniques. The percentage of encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were determined by absorption spectroscopy (UV-vis). The drug release studies showed that release of OX from BSANPs exhibited slower release rate. However, the release kinetics followed the first-order kinetic for both of them with the non-Fickian release behaviour. The electrochemical analysis showed stability of OX loaded onto the BSANPs (OX@BSANPs) and confirmed the diffusion mechanism. Furthermore, the results of MTT assay revealed increasing of normal cell viability and cancer cell death in the OX@BSANPs compared to only OX. It was shown that the BSANPs could be safely used as a biocompatible nanocarrier for the sustained release of OX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ziaaddini
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Saeidifar
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran.
| | | | - Mandana Saberi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran
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15
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An organic solvent-free technology for the fabrication of albumin-based paclitaxel nanoparticles for effective cancer therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 183:110394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Villar-Alvarez E, Cambón A, Pardo A, Arellano L, Marcos AV, Pelaz B, Del Pino P, Bouzas Mosquera A, Mosquera VX, Almodlej A, Prieto G, Barbosa S, Taboada P. Combination of light-driven co-delivery of chemodrugs and plasmonic-induced heat for cancer therapeutics using hybrid protein nanocapsules. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:106. [PMID: 31615570 PMCID: PMC6794818 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving the water solubility of hydrophobic drugs, increasing their accumulation in tumor tissue and allowing their simultaneous action by different pathways are essential issues for a successful chemotherapeutic activity in cancer treatment. Considering potential clinical application in the future, it will be promising to achieve such purposes by developing new biocompatible hybrid nanocarriers with multimodal therapeutic activity. RESULTS We designed and characterised a hybrid nanocarrier based on human serum albumin/chitosan nanoparticles (HSA/chitosan NPs) able to encapsulate free docetaxel (DTX) and doxorubicin-modified gold nanorods (DOXO-GNRs) to simultaneously exploit the complementary chemotherapeutic activities of both antineoplasic compounds together with the plasmonic optical properties of the embedded GNRs for plasmonic-based photothermal therapy (PPTT). DOXO was assembled onto GNR surfaces following a layer-by-layer (LbL) coating strategy, which allowed to partially control its release quasi-independently release regarding DTX under the use of near infrared (NIR)-light laser stimulation of GNRs. In vitro cytotoxicity experiments using triple negative breast MDA-MB-231 cancer cells showed that the developed dual drug encapsulation approach produces a strong synergistic toxic effect to tumoral cells compared to the administration of the combined free drugs; additionally, PPTT enhances the cytostatic efficacy allowing cell toxicities close to 90% after a single low irradiation dose and keeping apoptosis as the main cell death mechanism. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that by means of a rational design, a single hybrid nanoconstruct can simultaneously supply complementary therapeutic strategies to treat tumors and, in particular, metastatic breast cancers with good results making use of its stimuli-responsiveness as well as its inherent physico-chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Villar-Alvarez
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - A Cambón
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Pardo
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L Arellano
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A V Marcos
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - B Pelaz
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - P Del Pino
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Bouzas Mosquera
- Departamento de Cirugía Cardíaca, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - V X Mosquera
- Departamento de Cirugía Cardíaca, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - A Almodlej
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - G Prieto
- Grupo de Biofísica e Interfases, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Barbosa
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS) y Agrupación Estratégica de Materiales, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - P Taboada
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS) y Agrupación Estratégica de Materiales, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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17
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Wang X, Kawazoe N, Chen G. Interaction of Immune Cells and Tumor Cells in Gold Nanorod-Gelatin Composite Porous Scaffolds. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1367. [PMID: 31554195 PMCID: PMC6836150 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Composite porous scaffolds prepared by immobilization of photothermal nano-agents into porous scaffold have been used for both cancer therapy and tissue regeneration. However, it is not clear how the host immune cells and ablated tumor cells interact and stimulate each other in the composite scaffolds. In this research, a gold nanorod-incorporated gelatin composite scaffold with controlled spherical large pores and well interconnected small pores was fabricated by using ice particulates as a porogen. The composite porous scaffold was used for investigating the interaction between dendritic cells and photothermally ablated breast tumor cells. The composite scaffold demonstrated excellent photothermal property and the temperature change value could be adjusted by irradiation time and laser power density. The composite scaffold showed excellent photothermal ablation ability towards breast tumor cells. The photothermally ablated tumor cells induced activation of dendritic cells when immature dendritic cells were co-cultured in the composite scaffold. Consequently, the gold nanorod-incorporated gelatin composite porous scaffold should provide a useful platform for simultaneous photothermal-immune ablation of breast tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhui Wang
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Group, Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Naoki Kawazoe
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Group, Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
| | - Guoping Chen
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Group, Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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18
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Bolaños K, Kogan MJ, Araya E. Capping gold nanoparticles with albumin to improve their biomedical properties. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:6387-6406. [PMID: 31496693 PMCID: PMC6691944 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s210992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging field which has created great opportunities either through the creation of new materials or by improving the properties of existing ones. Nanoscale materials with a wide range of applications in areas ranging from engineering to biomedicine have been produced. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have emerged as a therapeutic agent, and are useful for imaging, drug delivery, and photodynamic and photothermal therapy. AuNPs have the advantage of ease of functionalization with therapeutic agents through covalent and ionic binding. Combining AuNPs and other materials can result in nanoplatforms, which can be useful for biomedical applications. Biomaterials such as biomolecules, polymers and proteins can improve the therapeutic properties of nanoparticles, such as their biocompatibility, biodistribution, stability and half-life. Serum albumin is a versatile, non-toxic, stable, and biodegradable protein, in which structural domains and functional groups allow the binding and capping of inorganic nanoparticles. AuNPs coated with albumin have improved properties such as greater compatibility, bioavailability, longer circulation times, lower toxicity, and selective bioaccumulation. In the current article, we review the features of albumin, as well as its interaction with AuNPs, focusing on its biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bolaños
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Quimica Farmacologica y Toxicologica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo J Kogan
- Departamento de Quimica Farmacologica y Toxicologica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eyleen Araya
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Quimica Farmacologica y Toxicologica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Choi WI, Sahu A, Wurm FR, Jo SM. Magnetoliposomes with size controllable insertion of magnetic nanoparticles for efficient targeting of cancer cells. RSC Adv 2019; 9:15053-15060. [PMID: 35516322 PMCID: PMC9064235 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes with embedded magnetic nanoparticles (magnetoliposomes; MLs) are promising nano-platforms for various biomedical applications. The magnetic behavior of MLs depends on the size of embedded magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs); in general, larger MNPs are more advantageous (e.g. increased magnetic signals). However, the insertion of large MNPs into liposome bilayers is constrained by the thickness of the membrane (∼3.4 nm); thus, the incorporation of larger magnetic nanoparticles (>3.4 nm) into liposomes is a major challenge. We developed a solvent-guided approach for the simple and efficient insertion of large MNPs (6 nm or 15 nm) into the liposomal bilayer. MLs with 6 nm MNPs were used for the magnetic field-guided separation of cancer cells by targeting to human epidermal receptor 2 and folate receptor. We also evaluated the nuclear delivery of oligonucleotides by MLs with a cationic lipid formula. The MLs are expected to be versatile nano-platforms for biomedical applications (e.g. disease diagnosis, therapeutics and cell tracking). Cationic magnetoliposomes enable to achieve efficient capture of cells and intracellular delivery of oligonucleotides into nucleus through cancer cell-specific targeting.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Il Choi
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials
- Convergence R&D Division
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology
- Cheongju
- Republic of Korea
| | - Abhishek Sahu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 61005
- Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seong-Min Jo
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
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20
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Gold Nanorods as Theranostic Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy. Nanotheranostics 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29768-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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