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Camacho-Ramírez A, Meléndez-Zamudio M, Cervantes J, Palestino G, Guerra-Contreras A. One-step synthesis of amphiphilic copolymers PDMS- b-PEG using tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane and subsequent study of encapsulation and release of curcumin. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:7076-7089. [PMID: 38817163 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00113c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
A series of amphiphilic block copolymer (BCP) micelles based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were synthesized by a one-step reaction in the presence of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) as a catalyst. The structural composition of PDMS-b-PEG (PR11) and PEG-b-PDMS-b-PEG (PR12) was corroborated by FTIR, 29Si NMR, and TGA. The BCPs were assembled in an aqueous solution, obtaining micelles between 57 and 87 nm in size. PR11 exhibited a higher (2.0 g L-1) critical micelle concentration (CMC) than PR12 (1.5 g L-1) due to the short chain length. The synthesized nano micelles were used to encapsulate curcumin, which is one of three compounds of turmeric plant 'Curcuma longa' with significant biological activities, including antioxidant, chemoprotective, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-depressant properties. The encapsulation efficiency of curcumin was 60% for PR11 and 45% for PR12. Regarding the release study, PR11 delivered 53% curcumin after five days under acidic conditions (pH of 1.2) compared to 43% at a pH of 7.4. The degradation products of curcumin were observed under basic conditions and were more stable at acidic pH. In both situations, the release process is carried out by breaking the silyl-ether bond, allowing the release of curcumin. PR11 showed prolonged release times, so it could be used to reduce ingestion times and simultaneously work as a nanocarrier for other hydrophobic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abygail Camacho-Ramírez
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, Col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato C.P., 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Meléndez-Zamudio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Jorge Cervantes
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, Col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato C.P., 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Gabriela Palestino
- Biopolymers and Nanostructures Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., C.P. 78210, Mexico
| | - Antonio Guerra-Contreras
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, Col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato C.P., 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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2
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Guerassimoff L, Ferrere M, Bossion A, Nicolas J. Stimuli-sensitive polymer prodrug nanocarriers by reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6511-6567. [PMID: 38775004 PMCID: PMC11181997 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01060g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Polymer prodrugs are based on the covalent linkage of therapeutic molecules to a polymer structure which avoids the problems and limitations commonly encountered with traditional drug-loaded nanocarriers in which drugs are just physically entrapped (e.g., burst release, poor drug loadings). In the past few years, reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques have been extensively used to design tailor-made polymer prodrug nanocarriers. This synthesis strategy has received a lot of attention due to the possibility of fine tuning their structural parameters (e.g., polymer nature and macromolecular characteristics, linker nature, physico-chemical properties, functionalization, etc.), to achieve optimized drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy. In particular, adjusting the nature of the drug-polymer linker has enabled the easy synthesis of stimuli-responsive polymer prodrugs for efficient spatiotemporal drug release. In this context, this review article will give an overview of the different stimuli-sensitive polymer prodrug structures designed by RDRP techniques, with a strong focus on the synthesis strategies, the macromolecular architectures and in particular the drug-polymer linker, which governs the drug release kinetics and eventually the therapeutic effect. Their biological evaluations will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Guerassimoff
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France.
| | - Marianne Ferrere
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France.
| | - Amaury Bossion
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France.
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France.
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Chen Q, Jiang Y, Yuan L, Liu L, Zhu X, Chen R, Wang Z, Wu K, Luo H, Ouyang Q. Preparation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Properties of Self-Assembled Nanomicelles of Curcumin-Loaded Amphiphilic Modified Chitosan. Molecules 2024; 29:2693. [PMID: 38893567 PMCID: PMC11173681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (Cur) is a phytochemical with various beneficial properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. However, its hydrophobicity, poor bioavailability, and stability limit its application in many biological approaches. In this study, a novel amphiphilic chitosan wall material was synthesized. The process was carried out via grafting chitosan with succinic anhydride (SA) as a hydrophilic group and deoxycholic acid (DA) as a hydrophobic group; 1H-NMR, FTIR, and XRD were employed to characterize the amphiphilic chitosan (CS-SA-DA). Using a low-cost, inorganic solvent-based procedure, CS-SA-DA was self-assembled to load Cur nanomicelles. This amphiphilic polymer formed self-assembled micelles with a core-shell structure and a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 0.093 mg·mL-1. Cur-loaded nanomicelles were prepared by self-assembly and characterized by the Nano Particle Size Potential Analyzer and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mean particle size of the spherical Cur-loaded micelles was 770 nm. The drug entrapment efficiency and loading capacities were up to 80.80 ± 0.99% and 19.02 ± 0.46%, respectively. The in vitro release profiles of curcumin from micelles showed a constant release of the active drug molecule. Cytotoxicity studies and toxicity tests for zebrafish exhibited the comparable efficacy and safety of this delivery system. Moreover, the results showed that the entrapment of curcumin in micelles improves its stability, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhou Chen
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Research Center of Nano Technology and Application Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Q.C.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Research Center of Nano Technology and Application Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Q.C.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Linlan Yuan
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Research Center of Nano Technology and Application Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Q.C.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Lifen Liu
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Research Center of Nano Technology and Application Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Q.C.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Xufeng Zhu
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Research Center of Nano Technology and Application Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Q.C.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Rimeng Chen
- Zhanjiang Institute for Drug Control, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Kefeng Wu
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Research Center of Nano Technology and Application Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Q.C.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Hui Luo
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Research Center of Nano Technology and Application Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Q.C.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Qianqian Ouyang
- School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Research Center of Nano Technology and Application Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Q.C.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.W.); (H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
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Sinsinbar G, Bindra AK, Liu S, Chia TW, Yoong Eng EC, Loo SY, Lam JH, Schultheis K, Nallani M. Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Nanostructures as a Tunable Delivery Platform: Perspective and Framework for the Future Drug Product Development. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:541-563. [PMID: 38240244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Nanoformulation of active payloads or pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) has always been an area of interest to achieve targeted, sustained, and efficacious delivery. Various delivery platforms have been explored, but loading and delivery of APIs have been challenging because of the chemical and structural properties of these molecules. Polymersomes made from amphiphilic block copolymers (ABCPs) have shown enormous promise as a tunable API delivery platform and confer multifold advantages over lipid-based systems. For example, a COVID booster vaccine comprising polymersomes encapsulating spike protein (ACM-001) has recently completed a Phase I clinical trial and provides a case for developing safe drug products based on ABCP delivery platforms. However, several limitations need to be resolved before they can reach their full potential. In this Perspective, we would like to highlight such aspects requiring further development for translating an ABCP-based delivery platform from a proof of concept to a viable commercial product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sinsinbar
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71 Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, Singapore 638075, Singapore
| | - Anivind Kaur Bindra
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71 Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, Singapore 638075, Singapore
| | - Shaoqiong Liu
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71 Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, Singapore 638075, Singapore
| | - Teck Wan Chia
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71 Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, Singapore 638075, Singapore
| | - Eunice Chia Yoong Eng
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71 Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, Singapore 638075, Singapore
| | - Ser Yue Loo
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71 Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, Singapore 638075, Singapore
| | - Jian Hang Lam
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71 Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, Singapore 638075, Singapore
| | - Katherine Schultheis
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71 Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, Singapore 638075, Singapore
| | - Madhavan Nallani
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71 Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, Singapore 638075, Singapore
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Jin Z, Al Amili M, Guo S. Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Drug Delivery Based on Polymeric Micelles for Precision Cancer Therapy: Strategies and Prospects. Biomedicines 2024; 12:417. [PMID: 38398021 PMCID: PMC10886702 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In clinical practice, drug therapy for cancer is still limited by its inefficiency and high toxicity. For precision therapy, various drug delivery systems, including polymeric micelles self-assembled from amphiphilic polymeric materials, have been developed to achieve tumor-targeting drug delivery. Considering the characteristics of the pathophysiological environment at the drug target site, the design, synthesis, or modification of environmentally responsive polymeric materials has become a crucial strategy for drug-targeted delivery. In comparison to the normal physiological environment, tumors possess a unique microenvironment, characterized by a low pH, high reactive oxygen species concentration, hypoxia, and distinct enzyme systems, providing various stimuli for the environmentally responsive design of polymeric micelles. Polymeric micelles with tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive characteristics have shown significant improvement in precision therapy for cancer treatment. This review mainly outlines the most promising strategies available for exploiting the tumor microenvironment to construct internal stimulus-responsive drug delivery micelles that target tumors and achieve enhanced antitumor efficacy. In addition, the prospects of TME-responsive polymeric micelles for gene therapy and immunotherapy, the most popular current cancer treatments, are also discussed. TME-responsive drug delivery via polymeric micelles will be an efficient and robust approach for developing clinical cancer therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Jin
- Correspondence: (Z.J.); (S.G.)
| | | | - Shengrong Guo
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
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Coldstream JG, Camp PJ, Phillips DJ, Dowding PJ. Polymeric surfactants at liquid-liquid interfaces: Dependence of structural and thermodynamic properties on copolymer architecture. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:054902. [PMID: 38341694 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric surfactants are amphiphilic molecules with two or more different types of monomers. If one type of monomer interacts favorably with a liquid, and another type of monomer interacts favorably with another, immiscible liquid, then polymeric surfactants adsorb at the interface between the two liquids and reduce the interfacial tension. The effects of polymer architecture on the structural and thermodynamic properties of the liquid-liquid interface are studied using molecular simulations. The interface is modeled with a non-additive binary Lennard-Jones fluid in the two-phase region of the phase diagram. Block and gradient copolymer surfactants are represented with coarse-grained, bead-spring models, where each component of the polymer favors one or the other liquid. Gradient copolymers have a greater concentration at the interface than do block copolymers because the gradient copolymers adopt conformations partially aligned with the interface. The interfacial tension is determined as a function of the surface excess of polymeric surfactant. Gradient copolymers are more potent surfactants than block copolymers because the gradient copolymers cross the dividing surface multiple times, effectively acting as multiple individual surfactants. For a given surface excess, the interfacial tension decreases monotonically when changing from a block to a gradient architecture. The coarse-grained simulations are complemented by all-atom simulations of acrylic-acid/styrene copolymers at the chloroform-water interface, which have been studied in experiments. The agreement between the simulations (both coarse-grained and atomistic) and experiments is shown to be excellent, and the molecular-scale structures identified in the simulations help explain the variation of surfactancy with copolymer architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Coldstream
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | - Philip J Camp
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | - Daniel J Phillips
- Infineum UK Ltd., P.O. Box 1, Milton Hill, Abingdon OX13 6BB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Dowding
- Infineum UK Ltd., P.O. Box 1, Milton Hill, Abingdon OX13 6BB, United Kingdom
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de Freitas CF, de Araújo Santos J, Pellosi DS, Caetano W, Batistela VR, Muniz EC. Recent advances of Pluronic-based copolymers functionalization in biomedical applications. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 151:213484. [PMID: 37276691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The design of polymeric biocompatible nanomaterials for biological and medical applications has received special attention in recent years. Among different polymers, the triblock type copolymers (EO)x(PO)y(EO)x or Pluronics® stand out due its favorable characteristics such as biocompatibility, low tissue adhesion, thermosensitivity, and structural capacity to produce different types of macro and nanostructures, e.g. micelles, vesicles, nanocapsules, nanospheres, and hydrogels. However, Pluronic itself is not the "magic bullet" and its functionalization via chemical synthesis following biologically oriented design rules is usually required aiming to improve its properties. Therefore, this paper presents some of the main publications on new methodologies for synthetic modifications and applications of Pluronic-based nanoconstructs in the biomedical field in the last 15 years. In general, the polymer modifications aim to improve physical-chemical properties related to the micellization process or physical entrapment of drug cargo, responsive stimuli, active targeting, thermosensitivity, gelling ability, and hydrogel formation. Among these applications, it can be highlighted the treatment of malignant neoplasms, infectious diseases, wound healing, cellular regeneration, and tissue engineering. Functionalized Pluronic has also been used for various purposes, including medical diagnosis, medical imaging, and even miniaturization, such as the creation of lab-on-a-chip devices. In this context, this review discusses the main scientific contributions to the designing, optimization, and improvement of covalently functionalized Pluronics aiming at new strategies focused on the multiple areas of the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fabiano de Freitas
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Jailson de Araújo Santos
- PhD Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Petrônio Portela, Ininga, Teresina CEP 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Diogo Silva Pellosi
- Laboratory of Hybrid Materials, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, 5790 Colombo Avenue, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vagner Roberto Batistela
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, 5790 Colombo Avenue, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edvani Curti Muniz
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, 5790 Colombo Avenue, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Petronio Portella, Ininga, Teresina CEP 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil.
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Alsehli M, Gauthier M. Unimolecular Micelles from Randomly Grafted Arborescent Copolymers with Different Core Branching Densities: Encapsulation of Doxorubicin and In Vitro Release Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2461. [PMID: 36984340 PMCID: PMC10053569 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A series of amphiphilic arborescent copolymers of generations G1 and G2 with an arborescent poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBG) core and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chain segments in the shell, PBG-g-PEO, were synthesized and evaluated as drug delivery nanocarriers. The PBG building blocks were generated by ring-opening polymerization of γ-benzyl L-glutamic acid N-carboxyanhydride (Glu-NCA) initiated with n-hexylamine. Partial or full deprotection of the benzyl ester groups followed by coupling with PBG chains yielded a comb-branched (arborescent polymer generation zero or G0) PBG structure. Additional cycles of deprotection and grafting provided G1 and G2 arborescent polypeptides. Side chains of poly(ethylene oxide) were then randomly grafted onto the arborescent PBG substrates to produce amphiphilic arborescent copolymers. Control over the branching density of G0PBG was investigated by varying the length and the deprotection level of the linear PBG substrates used in their synthesis. Three G0PBG cores with different branching densities, varying from a compact and dense to a loose and more porous structure, were thus synthesized. These amphiphilic copolymers behaved similar to unimolecular micelles in aqueous solutions, with a unimodal number- and volume-weighted size distributions in dynamic light scattering measurements. It was demonstrated that these biocompatible copolymers can encapsulate hydrophobic drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX) within their hydrophobic core with drug loading efficiencies of 42-65%. Sustained and pH-responsive DOX release was observed from the unimolecular micelles, which suggests that they could be useful as drug nanocarriers for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosa Alsehli
- Department of Chemistry, Taibah University, Medina P.O. Box 344, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mario Gauthier
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Wang Q, Atluri K, Tiwari AK, Babu RJ. Exploring the Application of Micellar Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Nanomedicine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030433. [PMID: 36986532 PMCID: PMC10052155 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Various formulations of polymeric micelles, tiny spherical structures made of polymeric materials, are currently being investigated in preclinical and clinical settings for their potential as nanomedicines. They target specific tissues and prolong circulation in the body, making them promising cancer treatment options. This review focuses on the different types of polymeric materials available to synthesize micelles, as well as the different ways that micelles can be tailored to be responsive to different stimuli. The selection of stimuli-sensitive polymers used in micelle preparation is based on the specific conditions found in the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, clinical trends in using micelles to treat cancer are presented, including what happens to micelles after they are administered. Finally, various cancer drug delivery applications involving micelles are discussed along with their regulatory aspects and future outlooks. As part of this discussion, we will examine current research and development in this field. The challenges and barriers they may have to overcome before they can be widely adopted in clinics will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Keerthi Atluri
- Product Development Department, Alcami Corporation, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - R. Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence:
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Smeltzer SE, Sanders CA, Liu Y, George SR, Amiri C, Gernandt A, Reck B, Cunningham MF. Amphiphilic Block-Random Copolymers: Shedding Light on Aqueous Self-Assembly Behavior. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E. Smeltzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston K7L 3N6, ON, Canada
| | - Connor A. Sanders
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston K7L 3N6, ON, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, ON, Canada
| | - Sean R. George
- BASF Charlotte Technical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina 28273, United States
| | | | | | | | - Michael F. Cunningham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston K7L 3N6, ON, Canada
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Mishra S, Streeter PR. Micelle-Based Nanocarriers for Targeted Delivery of Cargo to Pancreas. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2592:175-184. [PMID: 36507993 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2807-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Innovations in the field of amphiphilic block copolymers have led to the development of a series of attractive polymer-based drug and gene delivery micellar formulations. The amphiphilic block copolymers' low critical micelle concentration (CMC) results in highly stable nanoscale micelles possessing favorable in vivo safety profiles and biocompatibility, making them an excellent carrier choice for the systemic administration of various poorly soluble drugs. These micelles can also be used as an actively targeted drug delivery system. The targeting is achieved by conjugating specific targeting ligand molecules to the micelle surface. The conjugation takes place at the hydrophilic termini of the copolymers, which forms the shell or surface of the nanomicelles. In our lab, we have developed a targeted Pluronic® F127-based nanoformulation to achieve targeting of specific cell types in the pancreas. To achieve active targeting based on the desired end application, we have conjugated several monoclonal antibodies (~150 kDa IgG) reactive to specific cell types in the pancreas by coupling lysine amino groups of the antibody to the p-nitrophenyl carbonate groups generated on the hydrophilic PEO segments of the Pluronic® F127. The resultant targeted nanomicelles demonstrated high binding specificity and targeting efficiency. These nanomicelles can be used to encapsulate and deliver hydrophobic imaging agents and/or water-insoluble therapeutic small molecules to specific pancreatic cell types, enabling the development of diverse tools for use in the diagnosis and/or treatment of pancreas pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mishra
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, OR, USA.
| | - Philip R Streeter
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, OR, USA
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Dikmen Z, Turhan O, Özbal A, Bütün V. In-situ formation of fluorophore cross-linked micellar thick films and usage as drug delivery material for Propranolol HCl. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 279:121452. [PMID: 35667138 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether-block-poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-block-poly[2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] triblock copolymer was synthesized to prepare self-assembled micron sized films via a novel approach named as "phase separated micellar self assembly method". Liquid-air interface self assembly method via slow solvent evaporation was used to obtain micellar films. Cross-linking of polymer films was carried out by diffusion of fluorophore cross-linker into polymer solution from subphase. In-situ micellar formation was triggered via driven forces such as molecular interactions and slow evaporation of solvent. Thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole based cross-linker fluorophores containing alkali subphases were used to prepare highly fluorescent cross-linked micellar films. Micellar morphologies of the films were characterized with SEM while the cross-sections of fluorophore cross-linked films were observed with TEM analysis to examine diffusion of the dye as nano-sized particles into the polymer film. Convenience and usability of the micellar films as drug delivery material were demonstrated with Propranolol HCl release via UV-Vis spectroscopic studies. Optical properties of the films before and after drug release were determined via photoluminescence spectroscopy to be able to sense the completion of the drug release process. Swelling and shrinkage properties of the films were also determined in different pH values. These highly fluorescent polymer films have great potential as drug delivery materials and biomedical sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Dikmen
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Onur Turhan
- Institute of Science, Polymer Science and Technology Department, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Özbal
- Facullty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Vural Bütün
- Facullty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey.
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13
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New Advances in Biomedical Application of Polymeric Micelles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081700. [PMID: 36015325 PMCID: PMC9416043 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, nanomedicine has arisen as an emergent area of medicine, which studies nanometric systems, namely polymeric micelles (PMs), that increase the solubility and the stability of the encapsulated drugs. Furthermore, their application in dermal drug delivery is also relevant. PMs present unique characteristics because of their unique core-shell architecture. They are colloidal dispersions of amphiphilic compounds, which self-assemble in an aqueous medium, giving a structure-type core-shell, with a hydrophobic core (that can encapsulate hydrophobic drugs), and a hydrophilic shell, which works as a stabilizing agent. These features offer PMs adequate steric protection and determine their hydrophilicity, charge, length, and surface density properties. Furthermore, due to their small size, PMs can be absorbed by the intestinal mucosa with the drug, and they transport the drug in the bloodstream until the therapeutic target. Moreover, PMs improve the pharmacokinetic profile of the encapsulated drug, present high load capacity, and are synthesized by a reproducible, easy, and low-cost method. In silico approaches have been explored to improve the physicochemical properties of PMs. Based on this, a computer-aided strategy was developed and validated to enable the delivery of poorly soluble drugs and established critical physicochemical parameters to maximize drug loading, formulation stability, and tumor exposure. Poly(2-oxazoline) (POx)-based PMs display unprecedented high loading concerning water-insoluble drugs and over 60 drugs have been incorporated in POx PMs. Among various stimuli, pH and temperature are the most widely studied for enhanced drug release at the site of action. Researchers are focusing on dual (pH and temperature) responsive PMs for controlled and improved drug release at the site of action. These dual responsive systems are mainly evaluated for cancer therapy as certain malignancies can cause a slight increase in temperature and a decrease in the extracellular pH around the tumor site. This review is a compilation of updated therapeutic applications of PMs, such as PMs that are based on Pluronics®, micelleplexes and Pox-based PMs in several biomedical applications.
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14
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Dau H, Jones GR, Tsogtgerel E, Nguyen D, Keyes A, Liu YS, Rauf H, Ordonez E, Puchelle V, Basbug Alhan H, Zhao C, Harth E. Linear Block Copolymer Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14471-14553. [PMID: 35960550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers form the basis of the most ubiquitous materials such as thermoplastic elastomers, bridge interphases in polymer blends, and are fundamental for the development of high-performance materials. The driving force to further advance these materials is the accessibility of block copolymers, which have a wide variety in composition, functional group content, and precision of their structure. To advance and broaden the application of block copolymers will depend on the nature of combined segmented blocks, guided through the combination of polymerization techniques to reach a high versatility in block copolymer architecture and function. This review provides the most comprehensive overview of techniques to prepare linear block copolymers and is intended to serve as a guideline on how polymerization techniques can work together to result in desired block combinations. As the review will give an account of the relevant procedures and access areas, the sections will include orthogonal approaches or sequentially combined polymerization techniques, which increases the synthetic options for these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Dau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Glen R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Enkhjargal Tsogtgerel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Anthony Keyes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Yu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Hasaan Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Estela Ordonez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Valentin Puchelle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Hatice Basbug Alhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Chenying Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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15
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Wei B, Cui Y, Ma S, Liu H, Bai Y. Synthesis of Stimulus-Responsive ABC Triblock Fluorinated Polyether Amphiphilic Polymer and Application as Low Toxicity Smart Drug Carrier. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Vardaxi A, Kafetzi M, Pispas S. Polymeric Nanostructures Containing Proteins and Peptides for Pharmaceutical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:777. [PMID: 35215689 PMCID: PMC8877994 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last three decades, proteins and peptides have attracted great interest as drugs of choice for combating a broad spectrum of diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cancer, and infectious and neurological diseases. However, the delivery of therapeutic proteins to target sites should take into account the obstacles and limitations related to their intrinsic sensitivity to different environmental conditions, fragile tertiary structures, and short half-life. Polymeric nanostructures have emerged as competent vehicles for protein delivery, as they are multifunctional and can be tailored according to their peculiarities. Thus, the enhanced bioavailability and biocompatibility, the adjustable control of physicochemical features, and the colloidal stability of polymer-based nanostructures further enable either the embedding or conjugation of hydrophobic or hydrophilic bioactive molecules, which are some of the features of paramount importance that they possess and which contribute to their selection as vehicles. The present review aims to discuss the prevalent nanostructures composed of block copolymers from the viewpoint of efficient protein hospitality and administration, as well as the up-to-date scientific publications and anticipated applications of polymeric nanovehicles containing proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (M.K.)
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17
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New bifunctional amphiphilic oxyethylimidazolium derivatives of calix[4]arene containing alkynyl/azide fragments: regularities of aggregation and polymerization under azide/alkyne cycloaddition conditions. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Kaur J, Gulati M, Kumar Jha N, Disouza J, Patravale V, Dua K, Kumar Singh S. Recent advances in developing polymeric micelles for treating cancer: breakthroughs and bottlenecks in their clinical translation. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1495-1512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Nguyen TL, Ishihara K, Yusa SI. Separated Micelles Formation of pH-Responsive Random and Block Copolymers Containing Phosphorylcholine Groups. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:577. [PMID: 35160566 PMCID: PMC8838922 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of pH-responsive random and block copolymers composed of 2-(N,N-diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine was investigated in aqueous media. Their pH-responsive behaviors were investigated in aqueous media by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence measurements using a pyrene hydrophobic fluorescence probe. In an acidic environment, these copolymers existed as single polymer chains that did not interact with each other. In contrast, upon increasing the pH of the solution above the critical value of ~8, separated micelles were formed in the mixture, which was indicated by bimodal distribution in DLS results with radius of 4.5 and 10.4 nm, corresponding to the random and block copolymer micelles, respectively. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer efficiencies were near to zero in the mixture of the donor labeled block and acceptor labeled random copolymers under both acidic and basic pH. These results demonstrated the coexistence of two distinct micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Lien Nguyen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Shin-ichi Yusa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan;
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20
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Chen R, Jiang X, Lu G, Liu W, Jin W, Tian G, Huang X. Well-Defined Thermo- and pH-Responsive Double Hydrophilic Graft Copolymer Bearing a Pyridine-Containing Backbone. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00169a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graft copolymers have extensive applications in material science because of their tunable composition of backbone and side chains and diverse morphologies of aggregates. Recent studies mainly focused on the amphiphilic...
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21
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Hua C, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Enhanced Anticancer Efficacy of Chemotherapy by Amphiphilic Y-Shaped Polypeptide Micelles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:817143. [PMID: 35036402 PMCID: PMC8758568 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.817143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the treatment modalities of cancers are developing rapidly, chemotherapy is still the primary treatment strategy for most solid cancers. The progress in nanotechnology provides an opportunity to upregulate the tumor suppression efficacy and decreases the systemic toxicities. As a promising nanoplatform, the polymer micelles are fascinating nanocarriers for the encapsulation and delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. The chemical and physical properties of amphiphilic co-polymers could significantly regulate the performances of the micellar self-assembly and affect the behaviors of controlled release of drugs. Herein, two amphiphilic Y-shaped polypeptides are prepared by the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic monomer l-leucine N-carboxyanhydride (l-Leu NCA) initiated by a dual-amino-ended macroinitiator poly(ethylene glycol) [mPEG-(NH2)2]. The block co-polypeptides with PLeu8 and PLeu16 segments could form spontaneously into micelles in an aqueous solution with hydrodynamic radii of 80.0 ± 6.0 and 69.1 ± 4.8 nm, respectively. The developed doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded micelles could release the payload in a sustained pattern and inhibit the growth of xenografted human HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma with decreased systemic toxicity. The results demonstrated the great potential of polypeptide micellar formulations in cancer therapy clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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22
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Levit M, Vdovchenko A, Dzhuzha A, Zashikhina N, Katernyuk E, Gostev A, Sivtsov E, Lavrentieva A, Tennikova T, Korzhikova-Vlakh E. Self-Assembled Nanoparticles Based on Block-Copolymers of Poly(2-Deoxy-2-methacrylamido-d-glucose)/Poly( N-Vinyl Succinamic Acid) with Poly( O-Cholesteryl Methacrylate) for Delivery of Hydrophobic Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111457. [PMID: 34768888 PMCID: PMC8583880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of amphiphilic block-copolymers is a convenient way to obtain soft nanomaterials of different morphology and scale. In turn, the use of a biomimetic approach makes it possible to synthesize polymers with fragments similar to natural macromolecules but more resistant to biodegradation. In this study, we synthesized the novel bio-inspired amphiphilic block-copolymers consisting of poly(N-methacrylamido-d-glucose) or poly(N-vinyl succinamic acid) as a hydrophilic fragment and poly(O-cholesteryl methacrylate) as a hydrophobic fragment. Block-copolymers were synthesized by radical addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization using dithiobenzoate or trithiocarbonate chain-transfer agent depending on the first monomer, further forming the hydrophilic block. Both homopolymers and copolymers were characterized by 1H NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, as well as thermogravimetric analysis. The obtained copolymers had low dispersity (1.05-1.37) and molecular weights in the range of ~13,000-32,000. The amphiphilic copolymers demonstrated enhanced thermal stability in comparison with hydrophilic precursors. According to dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis, the obtained amphiphilic copolymers were able to self-assemble in aqueous media into nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 200 nm. An investigation of nanoparticles by transmission electron microscopy revealed their spherical shape. The obtained nanoparticles did not demonstrate cytotoxicity against human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells, and they were characterized by a low uptake by macrophages in vitro. Paclitaxel loaded into the developed polymer nanoparticles retained biological activity against lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Levit
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.L.); (A.D.); (N.Z.); (E.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Alena Vdovchenko
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.); (T.T.)
| | - Apollinariia Dzhuzha
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.L.); (A.D.); (N.Z.); (E.K.); (E.S.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.); (T.T.)
| | - Natalia Zashikhina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.L.); (A.D.); (N.Z.); (E.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Elena Katernyuk
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.L.); (A.D.); (N.Z.); (E.K.); (E.S.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.); (T.T.)
| | - Alexey Gostev
- Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology, Technical University, Moskovskiy pr. 26, 190013 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Eugene Sivtsov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.L.); (A.D.); (N.Z.); (E.K.); (E.S.)
- Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology, Technical University, Moskovskiy pr. 26, 190013 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Antonina Lavrentieva
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz University of Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Tatiana Tennikova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.); (T.T.)
| | - Evgenia Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.L.); (A.D.); (N.Z.); (E.K.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Playing construction with the monomer toy box for the synthesis of multi‐stimuli responsive copolymers by reversible deactivation radical polymerization protocols. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Karayianni M, Pispas S. Block copolymer solution self‐assembly: Recent advances, emerging trends, and applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karayianni
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute National Hellenic Research Foundation Athens Greece
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute National Hellenic Research Foundation Athens Greece
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