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Kumar V N, Tamilanban T. Computational therapeutic repurposing of tavaborole targeting arginase-1 for venous leg ulcer. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 111:108112. [PMID: 38843583 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) pose a growing healthcare challenge due to aging, obesity, and sedentary lifestyles. Despite various treatments available, addressing the complex nature of VLUs remains difficult. In this context, this study investigates repurposing boronated drugs to inhibit arginase 1 activity for VLU treatment. The molecular docking study conducted by Schrodinger GLIDE targeted the binuclear manganese cluster of arginase 1 enzyme (2PHO). Further, the ligand-protein complex was subjected to molecular dynamic studies at 500 ns in Gromacs-2019.4. Trajectory analysis was performed using the GROMACS simulation package of protein RMSD, RMSF, RG, SASA, and H-Bond. The docking study revealed intriguing results where the tavaborole showed a better docking score (-3.957 Kcal/mol) compared to the substrate L-arginine (-3.379 Kcal/mol) and standard L-norvaline (-3.141 Kcal/mol). Tavaborole interaction with aspartic acid ultimately suggests that the drug molecule binds to the catalytic site of arginase 1, potentially influencing the enzyme's function. The dynamics study revealed the compounds' stability and compactness of the protein throughout the simulation. The RMSD, RMSF, SASA, RG, inter and intra H-bond, PCA, FEL, and MMBSA studies affirmed the ligand-protein and protein complex flexibility, compactness, binding energy, van der waals energy, and solvation dynamics. These results revealed the stability and the interaction of the ligand with the catalytic site of arginase 1 enzyme, triggering the study towards the VLU treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar V
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu - 603 203, India
| | - T Tamilanban
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu - 603 203, India.
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2
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Suh SB, Suh JY, Cho SB. Analyzing secretory proteins in human dermal fibroblast-conditioned medium for angiogenesis: A bioinformatic approach. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13568. [PMID: 38200622 PMCID: PMC10781896 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conditioned medium from human dermal fibroblasts (dermal fibroblast-conditioned medium; DFCM) contains a diverse array of secretory proteins, including growth factors and wound repair-promoting proteins. Angiogenesis, a crucial process that facilitates the infiltration of inflammatory cells during wound repair, is induced by a hypoxic environment and inflammatory cytokines. METHODS In this study, we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of 337 proteins identified through proteomics analysis of DFCM. We specifically focused on 64 DFCM proteins with potential involvement in angiogenesis. These proteins were further classified based on their characteristics, and we conducted a detailed analysis of their protein-protein interactions. RESULTS Gene Ontology protein classification categorized these 64 DFCM proteins into various classes, including metabolite interconversion enzymes (N = 11), protein modifying enzymes (N = 10), protein-binding activity modulators (N = 9), cell adhesion molecules (N = 6), extracellular matrix proteins (N = 6), transfer/carrier proteins (N = 3), calcium-binding proteins (N = 2), chaperones (N = 2), cytoskeletal proteins (N = 2), RNA metabolism proteins (N = 1), intercellular signal molecules (N = 1), transporters (N = 1), scaffold/adaptor proteins (N = 1), and unclassified proteins (N = 9). Furthermore, our protein-protein interaction network analysis of DFCM proteins revealed two distinct networks: one with medium confidence level interaction scores, consisting of 60 proteins with significant connections, and another at a high confidence level, comprising 52 proteins with significant interactions. CONCLUSIONS Our bioinformatic analysis highlights the presence of a multitude of secretory proteins in DFCM that form significant protein-protein interaction networks crucial for regulating angiogenesis. These findings underscore the critical roles played by DFCM proteins in various stages of angiogenesis during the wound repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sung Bin Cho
- Yonsei Seran Dermatology and Laser ClinicSeoulSouth Korea
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3
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Mazrouei S, Petry SF, Sharifpanah F, Javanmard SH, Kelishadi R, Schulze PC, Franz M, Jung C. Pathophysiological correlation of arginase-1 in development of type 2 diabetes from obesity in adolescents. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130263. [PMID: 36309295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is great interest to understand causal pathophysiological correlation between obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM). Vascular endothelial dysfunction is crucially involved in pathogenesis of vascular complications in DM. Recently, increased arginase expression and activity have been described as underlying mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in DM and vascular inflammation in obesity. By limiting L-arginine bioavailability to endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS III), nitric oxide production is potentially impaired. METHODS We investigated the impact of plasma from diabetic and obese adolescents on arginase and NOS III expression in cultured human endothelial cells (ECs). A total of 148 male adolescents participated in this study including 18 obese, 28 type 1-, 28 type 2-DM patients, and 74 age-matched healthy volunteers. RESULTS A concurrent increase in arginase-1 (1.97-fold) and decrease in NOS III expression (1.45-fold) was observed in ECs exposed to type 2 diabetic plasma compared to control subjects. ECs incubated with type 1 DM plasma had a diminished NOS III level without impact on arginase-1 expression. Urea-assay featured an increased arginase activity in treated ECs with type 1- or 2-DM plasma. Despite increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in obese plasma, arginase-1 expression/activity did not change in treated ECs. However, NOS III expression was significantly reduced. Pearson analysis revealed positive correlation between arginase-1, but not NOS III, expression with FBS in ECs treated with type 2-DM plasma. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that increased arginase-1 expression/activity in ECs, as critical pathogenic factor is correlated with development of obesity-related type 2-DM and linked vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Mazrouei
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Friedrich Petry
- Clinical Research Unit, Center of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Sharifpanah
- Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Roya Kelishadi
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Marcus Franz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany.
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4
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Burtscher J, Mallet RT, Pialoux V, Millet GP, Burtscher M. Adaptive Responses to Hypoxia and/or Hyperoxia in Humans. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:887-912. [PMID: 35102747 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Oxygen is indispensable for aerobic life, but its utilization exposes cells and tissues to oxidative stress; thus, tight regulation of cellular, tissue, and systemic oxygen concentrations is crucial. Here, we review the current understanding of how the human organism (mal-)adapts to low (hypoxia) and high (hyperoxia) oxygen levels and how these adaptations may be harnessed as therapeutic or performance enhancing strategies at the systemic level. Recent Advances: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is already a cornerstone of modern medicine, and the application of mild hypoxia, that is, hypoxia conditioning (HC), to strengthen the resilience of organs or the whole body to severe hypoxic insults is an important preparation for high-altitude sojourns or to protect the cardiovascular system from hypoxic/ischemic damage. Many other applications of adaptations to hypo- and/or hyperoxia are only just emerging. HC-sometimes in combination with hyperoxic interventions-is gaining traction for the treatment of chronic diseases, including numerous neurological disorders, and for performance enhancement. Critical Issues: The dose- and intensity-dependent effects of varying oxygen concentrations render hypoxia- and/or hyperoxia-based interventions potentially highly beneficial, yet hazardous, although the risks versus benefits are as yet ill-defined. Future Directions: The field of low and high oxygen conditioning is expanding rapidly, and novel applications are increasingly recognized, for example, the modulation of aging processes, mood disorders, or metabolic diseases. To advance hypoxia/hyperoxia conditioning to clinical applications, more research on the effects of the intensity, duration, and frequency of altered oxygen concentrations, as well as on individual vulnerabilities to such interventions, is paramount. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 887-912.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert T Mallet
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Wang Y, Chen F, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Liu S, Tang M, Wang Z, Wang P, Bao Y, Li D. Biphasic effect of sulforaphane on angiogenesis in hypoxia via modulation of both Nrf2 and mitochondrial dynamics. Food Funct 2022; 13:2884-2898. [PMID: 35179529 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04112f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is an isothiocyanate (ITC) derived from a glucosinolate, glucoraphinin found in cruciferous vegetables. There are few studies that focus on the role of SFN in angiogenesis under hypoxic conditions. The effect of SFN on angiogenesis and the underlying mechanisms including the roles of Nrf2 and mitochondrial dynamics were investigated using cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in hypoxia. SFN at low doses (1.25-5 μM) increased hypoxia-induced HUVEC migration and tube formation, and alleviated hypoxia-induced retarded proliferation, but high doses (≥10 μM) exhibited an opposite effect. Under hypoxia, the expression of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 was up-regulated by SFN treatment. Nrf2 knockdown abrogated SFN (2.5 μM)-induced tube formation and further potentiated the inhibitory effect of SFN (10 μM) on angiogenesis. Meanwhile, the mitochondrial function, morphology and expression of dynamic-related proteins suggested that low-dose SFN protected against hypoxia-induced mitochondrial injury and alleviated hypoxia-induced fission Nrf2-dependently without affecting the expression of key effector proteins (Drp1, Fis1, Mfn1/2 and Opa1), while high concentrations (≥10 μM SFN) aggravated hypoxia-induced mitochondrial injury, fission and Drp1 expression, and inhibited Mfn1/2 expression. These findings suggest that SFN biphasically affected the angiogenic capacity of hypoxia challenged HUVECs potentially via mechanisms involving an integrated modulation of Nrf2 and mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510150, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China
| | - Shiyan Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China
| | - Meijuan Tang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China
| | - Ziling Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China
| | - Yongping Bao
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK.
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, P. R. China
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6
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Bunch KL, Abdelrahman AA, Caldwell RB, Caldwell RW. Novel Therapeutics for Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema: A Pathophysiologic Perspective. Front Physiol 2022; 13:831616. [PMID: 35250632 PMCID: PMC8894892 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.831616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are retinal complications of diabetes that can lead to loss of vision and impaired quality of life. The current gold standard therapies for treatment of DR and DME focus on advanced disease, are invasive, expensive, and can trigger adverse side-effects, necessitating the development of more effective, affordable, and accessible therapies that can target early stage disease. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of DR is complex and multifactorial, involving the interplay between the effects of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypoxia, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the promotion of neurovascular dysfunction and immune cell polarization to a proinflammatory state. The pathophysiology of DR provides several therapeutic targets that have the potential to attenuate disease progression. Current novel DR and DME therapies under investigation include erythropoietin-derived peptides, inducers of antioxidant gene expression, activators of nitric oxide/cyclic GMP signaling pathways, and manipulation of arginase activity. This review aims to aid understanding of DR and DME pathophysiology and explore novel therapies that capitalize on our knowledge of these diabetic retinal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine L. Bunch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ammar A. Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ruth B. Caldwell
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - R. William Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: R. William Caldwell,
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7
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Janaszak-Jasiecka A, Siekierzycka A, Płoska A, Dobrucki IT, Kalinowski L. Endothelial Dysfunction Driven by Hypoxia-The Influence of Oxygen Deficiency on NO Bioavailability. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070982. [PMID: 34356605 PMCID: PMC8301841 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. The initial stage of CVDs is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, defined as the limited bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). Thus, any factors that interfere with the synthesis or metabolism of NO in endothelial cells are involved in CVD pathogenesis. It is well established that hypoxia is both the triggering factor as well as the accompanying factor in cardiovascular disease, and diminished tissue oxygen levels have been reported to influence endothelial NO bioavailability. In endothelial cells, NO is produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) from L-Arg, with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as an essential cofactor. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which hypoxia affects NO bioavailability, including regulation of eNOS expression and activity. What is particularly important is the fact that hypoxia contributes to the depletion of cofactor BH4 and deficiency of substrate L-Arg, and thus elicits eNOS uncoupling-a state in which the enzyme produces superoxide instead of NO. eNOS uncoupling and the resulting oxidative stress is the major driver of endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis. Moreover, hypoxia induces impairment in mitochondrial respiration and endothelial cell activation; thus, oxidative stress and inflammation, along with the hypoxic response, contribute to the development of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Janaszak-Jasiecka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (A.J.-J.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Poland (BBMRI.pl), 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Siekierzycka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (A.J.-J.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
- Laboratory of Trace Elements Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Płoska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (A.J.-J.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Poland (BBMRI.pl), 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Iwona T. Dobrucki
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, MC-251, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (A.J.-J.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Poland (BBMRI.pl), 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence:
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8
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Shosha E, Fouda AY, Lemtalsi T, Haigh S, Fulton D, Ibrahim A, Al-Shabrawey M, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB. Endothelial arginase 2 mediates retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101273. [PMID: 34139341 PMCID: PMC8274341 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Retinal ischemic disease is a major cause of vision loss. Current treatment options are limited to late-stage diseases, and the molecular mechanisms of the initial insult are not fully understood. We have previously shown that the deletion of the mitochondrial arginase isoform, arginase 2 (A2), limits neurovascular injury in models of ischemic retinopathy. Here, we investigated the involvement of A2-mediated alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and function in the pathology. Methods We used wild-type (WT), global A2 knockout (A2KO-) mice, cell-specific A2 knockout mice subjected to retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), and bovine retinal endothelial cells (BRECs) subjected to an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) insult. We used western blotting to measure levels of cell stress and death markers and the mitochondrial fragmentation protein, dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1). We also used live cell mitochondrial labeling and Seahorse XF analysis to evaluate mitochondrial fragmentation and function, respectively. Results We found that the global deletion of A2 limited the I/R-induced disruption of retinal layers, fundus abnormalities, and albumin extravasation. The specific deletion of A2 in endothelial cells was protective against I/R-induced neurodegeneration. The OGD/R insult in BRECs increased A2 expression and induced cell stress and cell death, along with decreased mitochondrial respiration, increased Drp1 expression, and mitochondrial fragmentation. The overexpression of A2 in BREC also decreased mitochondrial respiration, promoted increases in the expression of Drp1, mitochondrial fragmentation, and cell stress and resulted in decreased cell survival. In contrast, the overexpression of the cytosolic isoform, arginase 1 (A1), did not affect these parameters. Conclusions This study is the first to show that A2 in endothelial cells mediates retinal ischemic injury through a mechanism involving alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and function. Ischemic retinopathy is a common feature of blinding eye disease. Arginase 2 overexpression in endothelial cells induces mitochondrial dysfunction. Endothelial-specific arginase 2 deletion improves neuronal survival after ischemia. Endothelial cell arginase 2 plays a crucial role in ischemic retinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Shosha
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Tahira Lemtalsi
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen Haigh
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Wayne State University, Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - R William Caldwell
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
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9
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Arginase II polymorphisms modify the hypotensive responses to propofol by affecting nitric oxide bioavailability. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 77:869-877. [PMID: 33410970 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-03059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Propofol anesthesia is usually accompanied by hypotensive responses, which are at least in part mediated by nitric oxide (NO). Arginase I (ARG1) and arginase II (ARG2) compete with NO synthases for their common substrate L-arginine, therefore influencing the NO formation. We examined here whether ARG1 and ARG2 genotypes and haplotypes affect the changes in blood pressure and NO bioavailability in response to propofol. METHODS Venous blood samples were collected from 167 patients at baseline and after 10 min of anesthesia with propofol. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction. Nitrite concentrations were measured by using an ozone-based chemiluminescence assay, while NOx (nitrites + nitrates) levels were determined by using the Griess reaction. RESULTS We found that patients carrying the AG + GG genotypes for the rs3742879 polymorphism in ARG2 gene and the ARG2 GC haplotype show lower increases in nitrite levels and lower decreases in blood pressure after propofol anesthesia. On the other hand, subjects carrying the variant genotypes for the rs10483801 polymorphism in ARG2 gene show more intense decreases in blood pressure (CA genotype) and/or higher increases in nitrite levels (CA and AA genotypes) in response to propofol. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that ARG2 variants affect the hypotensive responses to propofol, possibly by modifying NO bioavailability. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02442232.
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10
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S. Clemente G, van Waarde A, F. Antunes I, Dömling A, H. Elsinga P. Arginase as a Potential Biomarker of Disease Progression: A Molecular Imaging Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5291. [PMID: 32722521 PMCID: PMC7432485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginase is a widely known enzyme of the urea cycle that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea. The action of arginase goes beyond the boundaries of hepatic ureogenic function, being widespread through most tissues. Two arginase isoforms coexist, the type I (Arg1) predominantly expressed in the liver and the type II (Arg2) expressed throughout extrahepatic tissues. By producing L-ornithine while competing with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) for the same substrate (L-arginine), arginase can influence the endogenous levels of polyamines, proline, and NO•. Several pathophysiological processes may deregulate arginase/NOS balance, disturbing the homeostasis and functionality of the organism. Upregulated arginase expression is associated with several pathological processes that can range from cardiovascular, immune-mediated, and tumorigenic conditions to neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, arginase is a potential biomarker of disease progression and severity and has recently been the subject of research studies regarding the therapeutic efficacy of arginase inhibitors. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological role of arginase and the current state of development of arginase inhibitors, discussing the potential of arginase as a molecular imaging biomarker and stimulating the development of novel specific and high-affinity arginase imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo S. Clemente
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
| | - Inês F. Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
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11
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Is the Arginase Pathway a Novel Therapeutic Avenue for Diabetic Retinopathy? J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020425. [PMID: 32033258 PMCID: PMC7073619 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in working age Americans. Clinicians diagnose DR based on its characteristic vascular pathology, which is evident upon clinical exam. However, extensive research has shown that diabetes causes significant neurovascular dysfunction prior to the development of clinically apparent vascular damage. While laser photocoagulation and/or anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies are often effective for limiting the late-stage vascular pathology, we still do not have an effective treatment to limit the neurovascular dysfunction or promote repair during the early stages of DR. This review addresses the role of arginase as a mediator of retinal neurovascular injury and therapeutic target for early stage DR. Arginase is the ureohydrolase enzyme that catalyzes the production of L-ornithine and urea from L-arginine. Arginase upregulation has been associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and peripheral vascular dysfunction in models of both types of diabetes. The arginase enzyme has been identified as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease and central nervous system disease including stroke and ischemic retinopathies. Here, we discuss and review the literature on arginase-induced retinal neurovascular dysfunction in models of DR. We also speculate on the therapeutic potential of arginase in DR and its related underlying mechanisms.
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12
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Mahdi A, Kövamees O, Pernow J. Improvement in endothelial function in cardiovascular disease - Is arginase the target? Int J Cardiol 2019; 301:207-214. [PMID: 31785959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction represents an early change in the vascular wall in areas prone to atherosclerotic plaque formation and is present in association with several risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The underlying mechanisms behind endothelial dysfunction are multifactorial and complex. Arginase has emerged as a key player in the regulation of endothelial integrity by the ability of reciprocally inhibits nitric oxide formation and promoting oxidative stress. A chain of evidence suggest that arginase is implicated in the pathogenesis underlying endothelial dysfunction induced by several cardiovascular risk factors and established cardiovascular disease including diabetes, hypercholesteremia, ischemia/reperfusion, atherosclerosis, obesity, ageing and hypertension. Recent data has unveiled a key role of arginase as one of the key mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in diabetes and may serve as a potential therapeutic target in previously overlooked compartments including red blood cells. The current review is devoted to discuss arginase as a key mediator in endothelial dysfunction and the potential for therapeutic possibilities to target this enzyme in various diseases, especially type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and ischemia/reperfusion with focus on translational and clinical aspects. Moreover, approaches of how and in which patient group(s) arginase may be targeted in future clinical trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahdi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oskar Kövamees
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Heart and Vascular Division, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Pernow
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Heart and Vascular Division, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Age-Dependent Oxidative Stress Elevates Arginase 1 and Uncoupled Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle of Aged Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1704650. [PMID: 31205583 PMCID: PMC6530149 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1704650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with reduced muscle mass (sarcopenia) and poor bone quality (osteoporosis), which together increase the incidence of falls and bone fractures. It is widely appreciated that aging triggers systemic oxidative stress, which can impair myoblast cell survival and differentiation. We previously reported that arginase plays an important role in oxidative stress-dependent bone loss. We hypothesized that arginase activity is dysregulated with aging in muscles and may be involved in muscle pathophysiology. To investigate this, we analyzed arginase activity and its expression in skeletal muscles of young and aged mice. We found that arginase activity and arginase 1 expression were significantly elevated in aged muscles. We also demonstrated that SOD2, GPx1, and NOX2 increased with age in skeletal muscle. Most importantly, we also demonstrated elevated levels of peroxynitrite formation and uncoupling of eNOS in aged muscles. Our in vitro studies using C2C12 myoblasts showed that the oxidative stress treatment increased arginase activity, decreased cell survival, and increased apoptotic markers. These effects were reversed by treatment with an arginase inhibitor, 2(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH). Our study provides strong evidence that L-arginine metabolism is altered in aged muscle and that arginase inhibition could be used as a novel therapeutic target for age-related muscle complications.
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14
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Perveen S, Ayasolla K, Zagloul N, Patel H, Ochani K, Orner D, Benveniste H, Salerno M, Vaska P, Zuo Z, Alabed Y, Nasim M, Miller EJ, Ahmed M. MIF inhibition enhances pulmonary angiogenesis and lung development in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:711-718. [PMID: 30759452 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a complex birth anomaly with significant mortality and morbidity. Lung hypoplasia and persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) limit survival in CDH. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a key regulator of innate immunity, is involved in hypoxia-induced vascular remodeling and PPHN. We hypothesized that antenatal inhibition of MIF in CDH fetuses, would reduce vascular remodeling, and improve angiogenesis and lung development. METHODS Pregnant rats were randomized into three groups: Control, nitrofen, and nitrofen + ISO-92. Lung volumes of pups were measured by CT scanning. Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and vascular wall thickness (VWT) were measured together with MIF concentration, angiogenesis markers, lung morphometry, and histology. RESULTS Prenatal treatment with ISO-92, an MIF inhibitor, improved normalization of static lung volume, lung volume-to-body weight ratio, decreased alveolar septal thickness, RVSP and VWT and improved radial alveolar count as compared to the non-treated group. Expression of MIF was unaffected by ISO-92; however, ISO-92 increased p-eNOS and VEGF activities and reduced arginase 1, 2 and Sflt-1. CONCLUSION Prenatal inhibition of MIF activity in CDH rat model improves angiogenesis and lung development. This selective intervention may be a future therapeutic strategy to reduce the morbidity and mortality of this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahana Perveen
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, and Lilling Family Neonatal Research Laboratory, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
| | - Kamesh Ayasolla
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, and Lilling Family Neonatal Research Laboratory, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Nahla Zagloul
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, and Lilling Family Neonatal Research Laboratory, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Hardik Patel
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, and Lilling Family Neonatal Research Laboratory, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Kanta Ochani
- Heart and Lung Research Unit, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - David Orner
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, and Lilling Family Neonatal Research Laboratory, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Salerno
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Paul Vaska
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Zhang Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yousef Alabed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Mansoor Nasim
- Department of Pathology, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | - Edmund J Miller
- Heart and Lung Research Unit, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Mohamed Ahmed
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, and Lilling Family Neonatal Research Laboratory, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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15
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Ahmed M, Miller E. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the development and progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2018; 2018:14. [PMID: 30083544 PMCID: PMC6062764 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2018.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been described as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and regulator of neuro-endocrine function. It plays an important upstream role in the inflammatory cascade by promoting the release of other inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6, ultimately triggering a chronic inflammatory immune response. As lungs can synthesize and release MIF, many studies have investigated the potential role of MIF as a biomarker in assessment of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and using anti-MIFs as a new therapeutic modality for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahmed
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pediatrics Department Cohen Children’s Hospital at New York, Northwell Health System
- The Center for Heart and Lung Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Edmund Miller
- The Center for Heart and Lung Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA
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16
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Caldwell RW, Rodriguez PC, Toque HA, Narayanan SP, Caldwell RB. Arginase: A Multifaceted Enzyme Important in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:641-665. [PMID: 29412048 PMCID: PMC5966718 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The arginase enzyme developed in early life forms and was maintained during evolution. As the last step in the urea cycle, arginase cleaves l-arginine to form urea and l-ornithine. The urea cycle provides protection against excess ammonia, while l-ornithine is needed for cell proliferation, collagen formation, and other physiological functions. In mammals, increases in arginase activity have been linked to dysfunction and pathologies of the cardiovascular system, kidney, and central nervous system and also to dysfunction of the immune system and cancer. Two important aspects of the excessive activity of arginase may be involved in diseases. First, overly active arginase can reduce the supply of l-arginine needed for the production of nitric oxide (NO) by NO synthase. Second, too much l-ornithine can lead to structural problems in the vasculature, neuronal toxicity, and abnormal growth of tumor cells. Seminal studies have demonstrated that increased formation of reactive oxygen species and key inflammatory mediators promote this pathological elevation of arginase activity. Here, we review the involvement of arginase in diseases affecting the cardiovascular, renal, and central nervous system and cancer and discuss the value of therapies targeting the elevated activity of arginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R William Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Vision Discovery Institute, Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, and Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia ; and VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Paulo C Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Vision Discovery Institute, Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, and Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia ; and VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Haroldo A Toque
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Vision Discovery Institute, Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, and Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia ; and VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - S Priya Narayanan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Vision Discovery Institute, Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, and Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia ; and VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Vision Discovery Institute, Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, and Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia ; and VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
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17
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Abdelkawy KS, Lack K, Elbarbry F. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Promising Arginase Inhibitors. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 42:355-370. [PMID: 27734327 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-016-0381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Up-regulation of arginase activity in several chronic disease conditions, including cancer and hypertension, may suggest new targets for treatment. Recently, the number of new arginase inhibitors with promising therapeutic effects for asthma, cancer, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and erectile dysfunction has shown a remarkable increase. Arginase inhibitors may be chemical substances, such as boron-based amino acid derivatives, α-difluoromethylornithine (DMFO), and Nω-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine (nor-NOHA) or, of plant origin such as sauchinone, salvianolic acid B (SAB), piceatannol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (PG) and obacunone. Despite their promising therapeutic potential, little is known about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of some of these agents. Several studies were conducted in different animal species and in vitro systems and reported significant differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of arginase inhibitors. Therefore, extra caution should be considered before extrapolating these studies to human. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles of some effective arginase inhibitors make it challenging to formulate stable and effective formulation. In this article, existing literature on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of arginase inhibitors were reviewed and compared together with emphasis on possible drug interactions and solutions to overcome pharmacokinetics challenges and shortage of arginase inhibitors in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey Lack
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, 222 SE 8th Ave., Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Fawzy Elbarbry
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, 222 SE 8th Ave., Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.
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18
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Bhatta A, Yao L, Xu Z, Toque HA, Chen J, Atawia RT, Fouda AY, Bagi Z, Lucas R, Caldwell RB, Caldwell RW. Obesity-induced vascular dysfunction and arterial stiffening requires endothelial cell arginase 1. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:1664-1676. [PMID: 29048462 PMCID: PMC6410953 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Elevation of arginase activity has been linked to vascular dysfunction in diabetes and hypertension by a mechanism involving decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability due to L-arginine depletion. Excessive arginase activity also can drive L-arginine metabolism towards the production of ornithine, polyamines, and proline, promoting proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and collagen formation, leading to perivascular fibrosis. We hypothesized that there is a specific involvement of arginase 1 expression within the vascular endothelial cells in this pathology. METHODS AND RESULTS To test this proposition, we used models of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Studies were performed using wild type (WT), endothelial-specific arginase 1 knockout (EC-A1-/-) and littermate controls(A1con) mice fed high fat-high sucrose (HFHS) or normal diet (ND) for 6 months and isolated vessels exposed to palmitate-high glucose (PA/HG) media. Some WT mice or isolated vessels were treated with an arginase inhibitor, ABH [2-(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid. In WT mice, the HFHS diet promoted increases in body weight, fasting blood glucose, and post-prandial insulin levels along with arterial stiffening and fibrosis, elevated blood pressure, decreased plasma levels of L-arginine, and elevated L-ornithine. The HFHS diet or PA/HG treatment also induced increases in vascular arginase activity along with oxidative stress, reduced vascular NO levels, and impaired endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation. All of these effects except obesity and hypercholesterolemia were prevented or significantly reduced by endothelial-specific deletion of arginase 1 or ABH treatment. CONCLUSION Vascular dysfunctions in diet-induced obesity are prevented by deletion of arginase 1 in vascular endothelial cells or arginase inhibition. These findings indicate that upregulation of arginase 1 expression/activity in vascular endothelial cells has an integral role in diet-induced cardiovascular dysfunction and metabolic syndrome.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arginase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Arginase/genetics
- Arginase/metabolism
- Arginine/blood
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Blood Pressure
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control
- Diet, High-Fat
- Dietary Sucrose
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Fibrosis
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Insulin/blood
- Male
- Metabolic Syndrome/enzymology
- Metabolic Syndrome/genetics
- Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology
- Metabolic Syndrome/prevention & control
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/enzymology
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Ornithine/blood
- Oxidative Stress
- Phenotype
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Diseases/enzymology
- Vascular Diseases/genetics
- Vascular Diseases/physiopathology
- Vascular Diseases/prevention & control
- Vascular Stiffness/drug effects
- Vasodilation
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Bhatta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia,
Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lin Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia,
Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South China Research Centre for
Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR
China
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Vascular Biology Centre, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University,
Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Haroldo A. Toque
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia,
Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jijun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia,
Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Reem T. Atawia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia,
Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Y. Fouda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia,
Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Centre, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University,
Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Zsolt Bagi
- Vascular Biology Centre, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University,
Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University,
Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia,
Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Centre, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University,
Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ruth B. Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Centre, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University,
Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta
University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Centre, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Robert W. Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia,
Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Centre, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University,
Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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19
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Yao L, Bhatta A, Xu Z, Chen J, Toque HA, Chen Y, Xu Y, Bagi Z, Lucas R, Huo Y, Caldwell RB, Caldwell RW. Obesity-induced vascular inflammation involves elevated arginase activity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R560-R571. [PMID: 28835451 PMCID: PMC5792147 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00529.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-induced vascular dysfunction involves pathological remodeling of the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and increased inflammation. Our previous studies showed that arginase 1 (A1) in endothelial cells (ECs) is critically involved in obesity-induced vascular dysfunction. We tested the hypothesis that EC-A1 activity also drives obesity-related VAT remodeling and inflammation. Our studies utilized wild-type and EC-A1 knockout (KO) mice made obese by high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS) diet. HFHS diet induced increases in body weight, fasting blood glucose, and VAT expansion. This was accompanied by increased arginase activity and A1 expression in vascular ECs and increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA and protein in both VAT and ECs. HFHS also markedly increased circulating inflammatory monocytes and VAT infiltration by inflammatory macrophages, while reducing reparative macrophages. Additionally, adipocyte size and fibrosis increased and capillary density decreased in VAT. These effects of HFHS, except for weight gain and hyperglycemia, were prevented or reduced in mice lacking EC-A1 or treated with the arginase inhibitor 2-(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH). In mouse aortic ECs, exposure to high glucose (25 mM) and Na palmitate (200 μM) reduced nitric oxide production and increased A1, TNF-α, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and MCP-1 mRNA, and monocyte adhesion. Knockout of EC-A1 or ABH prevented these effects. HFHS diet-induced VAT inflammation is mediated by EC-A1 expression/activity. Limiting arginase activity is a possible therapeutic means of controlling obesity-induced vascular and VAT inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Anil Bhatta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jijun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Haroldo A Toque
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yongjun Chen
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Xu
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Zsolt Bagi
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia; and
| | - R William Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia;
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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20
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Molina F, Del Moral ML, Peinado MÁ, Rus A. Angiogenesis is VEGF-independent in the aged striatum of male rats exposed to acute hypoxia. Biogerontology 2017; 18:759-768. [PMID: 28501895 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9709-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain hypoxia is involved in many diseases. The activation of angiogenesis is one of the major adaptive mechanisms to counteract the adverse effects of hypoxia. In a previous work, we have shown that the adult rat striatum promotes angiogenesis in response to hypoxia via upregulation of the most important proangiogenic factor, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, the effects of hypoxia on angiogenesis in the aged striatum remain unknown and constitute our aim. Here we show the upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in the striatum of aged (24-25 months old) Wistar rats exposed to acute hypoxia and analysed during a reoxygenation period ranging from 0 h to 5 days. While the mRNA expression of the proangiogenic factors VEGF, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and adrenomedullin dropped at 0 h post-hypoxia compared to normoxic control, no changes were detected at the protein level, showing an impaired response of these proangiogenic factors to hypoxia in the aged striatum. However, the striatal blood vessel network increased at 24 h of reoxygenation, suggesting that mechanisms independent from these proangiogenic factors may be involved in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis in the striatum of aged rats. A thorough understanding of the factors involved in the response to hypoxia is essential to guide the design of therapies for hypoxia-related diseases in the aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Molina
- Department of Health Science, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - M Luisa Del Moral
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Peinado
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Alma Rus
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Granada, Avenida de la Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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Caldwell RB, Toque HA, Narayanan SP, Caldwell RW. Arginase: an old enzyme with new tricks. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:395-405. [PMID: 25930708 PMCID: PMC4461463 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Arginase has roots in early life-forms. It converts L-arginine to urea and ornithine. The former provides protection against NH3; the latter serves to stimulate cell growth and other physiological functions. Excessive arginase activity in mammals has been associated with cardiovascular and nervous system dysfunction and disease. Two relevant aspects of this elevated activity may be involved in these disease states. First, excessive arginase activity reduces the supply of L-arginine needed by nitric oxide (NO) synthase to produce NO. Second, excessive production of ornithine leads to vascular structural problems and neural toxicity. Recent research has identified inflammatory agents and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as drivers of this pathologic elevation of arginase activity and expression. We review the involvement of arginase in cardiovascular and nervous system dysfunction, and discuss potential therapeutic interventions targeting excess arginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B. Caldwell
- VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | - Haroldo A. Toque
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | - S. Priya Narayanan
- Vision Discovery Institute, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | - R. William Caldwell
- Vision Discovery Institute, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, 30912, USA
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