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Xie Y, Yan X, Li C, Wang S, Jia L. Characterization and insight mechanism of an acid-adapted β-Glucosidase from Lactobacillus paracasei and its application in bioconversion of glycosides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1334695. [PMID: 38333082 PMCID: PMC10851751 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1334695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: β-glucosidase is one class of pivotal glycosylhydrolase enzyme that can cleavage glucosidic bonds and transfer glycosyl group between the oxygen nucleophiles. Lactobacillus is the most abundant bacteria in the human gut. Identification and characterization of new β-glucosidases from Lactobacillus are meaningful for food or drug industry. Method: Herein, an acid-adapted β-glucosidase (LpBgla) was cloned and characterized from Lactobacillus paracasei. And the insight acid-adapted mechanism of LpBgla was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Results and Discussion: The recombinant LpBgla exhibited maximal activity at temperature of 30°C and pH 5.5, and the enzymatic activity was inhibited by Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and EDTA. The LpBgla showed a more stable structure, wider substrate-binding pocket and channel aisle, more hydrogen bonds and stronger molecular interaction with the substrate at pH 5.5 than pH 7.5. Five residues including Asp45, Leu60, Arg120, Lys153 and Arg164 might play a critical role in the acid-adapted mechanism of LpBgla. Moreover, LpBgla showed a broad substrate specificity and potential application in the bioconversion of glycosides, especially towards the arbutin. Our study greatly benefits for the development novel β-glucosidases from Lactobacillus, and for the biosynthesis of aglycones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinrui Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin, China
| | - Changzhuo Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin, China
| | - Shumei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin, China
| | - Longgang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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2
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Okereke OE, Gupta M, Ogunyewo OA, Sharma K, Kapoor S, Sinha T, Yazdani SS. Profiling of the β-glucosidases identified in the genome of Penicillium funiculosum: insights from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and homology-modeling studies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0070423. [PMID: 37610233 PMCID: PMC10537656 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00704-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol depends on efficient enzyme systems with β-glucosidase as one of the key components. In this study, we performed in-depth profiling of the various β-glucosidases present in the genome of the hypercellulolytic fungus Penicillium funiculosum using genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and molecular dynamics simulation approaches. Of the eight β-glucosidase genes identified in the P. funiculosum genome, three were predicted to be extracellular based on signal peptide prediction and abundance in the secretome. Among the three secreted β-glucosidases, two belonged to the GH3 family and one belonged to the GH1 family. Homology models of these proteins predicted a deep and narrow active site for the GH3 β-glucosidases (PfBgl3A and PfBgl3B) and a shallow open active site for the GH1 β-glucosidase (PfBgl1A). The enzymatic assays indicated that P. funiculosum-secreted proteins showed high β-glucosidase activities with prominent bands on the 4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-glucopyranoside zymogram. To understand the contributory effects of each of the three secreted β-glucosidases (PfBgls), the corresponding gene was deleted separately, and the effect of the deletion on the β-glucosidase activity of the secretome was examined. Although not the most abundant, PfBgl3A was found to be one of the most important β-glucosidases, as evidenced by a 42% reduction in β-glucosidase activity in the ΔPfBgl3A strain. Our results advance the understanding of the genetic and biochemical nature of all β-glucosidases produced by P. funiculosum and pave the way to design a superior biocatalyst for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. IMPORTANCE Commercially available cellulases are primarily produced from Trichoderma reesei. However, external supplementation of the cellulase cocktail from this host with exogenous β-glucosidase is often required to achieve the desired optimal saccharification of cellulosic feedstocks. This challenge has led to the exploration of other cellulase-producing strains. The nonmodel hypercellulolytic fungus Penicillium funiculosum has been studied in recent times and identified as a promising source of industrial cellulases mainly due to its ability to produce a balanced concoction of cellulolytic enzymes, including β-glucosidases. Various genetic interventions targeted at strain improvement for cellulase production have been performed; however, the β-glucosidases of this strain have remained largely understudied. This study, therefore, reports profiling of all eight β-glucosidases of P. funiculosum via molecular and computational approaches. The results of this study provide useful insights that will establish the background for future engineering strategies to transform this fungus into an industrial workhorse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omoaruemike Ebele Okereke
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Biotechnology Advanced Research Centre, Sheda Science and Technology Complex (SHESTCO), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mayank Gupta
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Olusola A. Ogunyewo
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonal Kapoor
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Tulika Sinha
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Shams Yazdani
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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3
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Biochemical characterization of the β-glucosidase Glu1B from Coptotermes formosanus produced in Pichia pastoris. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 163:110155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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4
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Huang Y, Yu C, Sun C, Saleem M, Li P, Li B, Wang C. β-Glucosidase VmGlu2 Contributes to the Virulence of Valsa mali in Apple Tree. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:695112. [PMID: 34394036 PMCID: PMC8361449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.695112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The apple tree canker is caused by Valsa mali, which produces major pathogenic factors involving multiple cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and toxins. The β-glucosidases are among the main CWDEs, and thus, they play important roles in the virulence of necrotrophic pathogens. However, the specific roles of β-glucosidases in the virulence of V. mlai remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified a β-glucosidase gene, VmGlu2, which was upregulated during the V. mali infection. We found that VmGlu2 protein had high enzyme activity of β-glucosidase using p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) as a substrate, while the VmGlu2 could convert phloridzin to phloretin with the release of glucose. The deletion and overexpression of VmGlu2 showed no effect on vegetative growth, but gene deletion mutants of V. mlai showed significantly reduced pycnidia formation. The gene deletion mutants had lower β-glucosidase activities and toxin levels as compared to the wild-type strain. Therefore, these mutants showed a reduced virulence. Moreover, the overexpression of VmGlu2 did not affect toxin levels, but it significantly enhanced β-glucosidase activities, which resulted in an increased pathogenicity. Thus, we conclude that VmGlu2 is required for the full virulence of V. mali. These results provide valuable evidence to the complex role of CWDEs in the fungal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunlei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuicui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Pingliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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5
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Unconventional β-Glucosidases: A Promising Biocatalyst for Industrial Biotechnology. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2993-3016. [PMID: 33871765 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases primarily catalyze removal of terminal glucosyl residues from a variety of glucoconjugates and also perform transglycosylation and reverse hydrolysis. These catalytic properties can be readily exploited for degradation of lignocellulosic biomass as well as for pharmaceutical, food and flavor industries. β-Glucosidases have been either isolated in the native form from the producer organism or recombinantly expressed and gaged for their biochemical properties and substrate specificities. Although almond and Aspergillus niger have been instantly recognizable sources of β-glucosidases utilized for various applications, an intricate pool of novel β-glucosidases from different sources can provide their potent replacements. Moreover, one can envisage the better efficacy of these novel candidates in biofuel and biorefinery industries facilitating efficient degradation of biomass. This article reviews properties of the novel β-glucosidases such as glucose tolerance and activation, substrate specificity, and thermostability which can be useful for their applications in lignocellulose degradation, food industry, and pharmaceutical industry in comparison with the β-glucosidases from the conventional sources. Such β-glucosidases have potential for encouraging white biotechnology.
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Shimekake Y, Hirato Y, Funabashi R, Okazaki S, Goto M, Furuichi T, Suzuki H, Kera Y, Takahashi S. X-ray structure analysis of a unique D-amino-acid oxidase from the thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii strain YA. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:517-523. [PMID: 33135670 PMCID: PMC7605106 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20013333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Amino-acid oxidases (DAAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of neutral and basic D-amino acids. The DAAO from the thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii strain YA (ReDAAO) has a high thermal stability and a unique broad substrate specificity that includes the acidic D-amino acid D-Glu as well as various neutral and basic D-amino acids. In this study, ReDAAO was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method and its crystal structure was determined at a resolution of 2.00 Å. The crystal structure of the enzyme revealed that unlike other DAAOs, ReDAAO forms a homotetramer and contains an intramolecular disulfide bond (Cys230-Cys285), suggesting that this disulfide bond is involved in the higher thermal stability of ReDAAO. Moreover, the structure of the active site and its vicinity in ReDAAO indicates that Arg97, Lys99, Lys114 and Ser231 are candidates for recognizing the side chain of D-Glu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Shimekake
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirato
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Rikako Funabashi
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Sayoko Okazaki
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Masaru Goto
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Takehiro Furuichi
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kera
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Shouji Takahashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
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7
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Kang L, Zhang X, Wang R, Liu C, Yi L, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Yuan S. β-Glucosidase BGL1 from Coprinopsis cinerea Exhibits a Distinctive Hydrolysis and Transglycosylation Activity for Application in the Production of 3-O-β-d-Gentiobiosyl-d-laminarioligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10744-10755. [PMID: 31525900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that β-glucosidase BGL1 at low concentration (15 μg mL-1) from Coprinopsis cinerea exhibited hydrolytic activity only toward laminarioligosaccharides but not toward cellooligosaccharides and gentiobiose. This study shows that BGL1 at high concentration (200 μg mL-1) also hydrolyzed cellobiose and gentiobiose, which accounted for only 0.83 and 2.05% of its activity toward laminaribiose, respectively. Interestingly, BGL1 at low concentration (1.5 μg mL-1) showed transglycosylation but BGL1 at high concentration (200 μg mL-1) did not. BGL1 utilizes only laminarioligosaccharides but not glucose, gentiobiose, and cellobiose to synthesize the higher oligosaccharides. BGL1 transferred one glucosyl residue from substrate laminarioligosaccharide to another laminarioligosaccharide as an acceptor in a β(1 → 3) or β(1 → 6) fashion to produce higher laminarioligosaccharides or 3-O-β-d-gentiobiosyl-d-laminarioligosaccharides. The BGL1-digested laminaritriose exhibited approximately 90% enhancement in the anti-oxidant activity compared to that of untreated laminaritriose, implying a potential application of BGL1-based transglycosylation for the production of high value-added rare oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Xingwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Lin Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu , 215021 , China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu , 215021 , China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
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8
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Shimekake Y, Furuichi T, Abe K, Kera Y, Takahashi S. A novel thermostable D-amino acid oxidase of the thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii strain YA. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11948. [PMID: 31420577 PMCID: PMC6697736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
d-Amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is a valuable flavoenzyme capable of being used in various practical applications, such as in determining d-amino acids and producing a material for semisynthetic cephalosporins, requiring higher thermal stability, higher catalytic activity, and broad substrate specificity. In this study, we isolated the thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii strain YA, which can grow on several d-amino acids as the sole nitrogen source, from a compost and characterized DAAO (ReDAAO) of the fungus. ReDAAO expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited significant oxidase activity against various neutral and basic d-amino acids, in particular hydrophobic d-amino acids. In addition, the enzyme also significantly acted on cephalosporin C, a starting material for semisynthetic antibiotics, and d-Glu, a general substrate for d-aspartate oxidase but not for DAAO, showing its unique and practically useful substrate specificity. The apparent kcat and Km values of the enzyme toward good substrates were comparable to those of higher catalytic fungal DAAOs, and the thermal stability (T50 value of ~60 °C) was comparable to that of a thermophilic bacterial DAAO and significantly higher than that of other eukaryotic DAAOs. These results highlight the great potential of ReDAAO for use in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Shimekake
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Takehiro Furuichi
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Abe
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kera
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Shouji Takahashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan.
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Patel AK, Singhania RR, Sim SJ, Pandey A. Thermostable cellulases: Current status and perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 279:385-392. [PMID: 30685132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It is envisaged that the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass for ethanol production for transport sector, would make cellulases the most demanded industrial enzyme. The greatest potential of cellulolytic enzymes lies in ethanol production from biomass by enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose but low thermostability and low titer of cellulase production resulting into high cost of the enzyme which is the major set-back. A number of research groups are working on cellulase to improve its thermostability so as to be able to perform hydrolysis at elevated temperatures which would eventually increase the efficiency of cellulose hydrolysis. The technologies developed from lignocellulosic biomass via cellulose hydrolysis promise environmental and economical sustainability in the long run along with non-dependence on nonrenewable energy source. This review deals with the important sources of thermostable cellulases, mechanism, its regulation, strategies to enhance the thermostability further with respect to its importance for biofuel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, Indian Institute of Toxicological Research, Lucknow 226 001, India
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10
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Purification and Characterization of β-Glucosidase from Agaricus bisporus (White Button Mushroom). Protein J 2016; 34:453-61. [PMID: 26614504 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-015-9640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucosidase (β-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) is a catalytic enzyme present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that selectively catalyzes either the linkage between two glycone residues or between glycone and aryl or alkyl aglycone residue. Growing edible mushrooms in the soil with increased cellulose content can lead to the production of glucose, which is a process dependent on β-glucosidase. In this study, β-glucosidase was isolated from Agaricus bisporus (white button mushroom) using ammonium sulfate precipitation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography, giving 10.12-fold purification. Biochemical properties of the enzyme were investigated and complete characterization was performed. The enzyme is a dimer with two subunits of approximately 46 and 62 kDa. Optimum pH for the enzyme is 4.0, while the optimum temperature is 55 °C. The enzyme was found to be exceptionally thermostable. The most suitable commercial substrate for this enzyme is p-NPGlu with Km and Vmax values of 1.751 mM and 833 U/mg, respectively. Enzyme was inhibited in a competitive manner by both glucose and δ-gluconolactone with IC50 values of 19.185 and 0.39 mM, respectively and Ki values of 9.402 mM and 7.2 µM, respectively. Heavy metal ions that were found to inhibit β-glucosidase activity are I(-), Zn(2+), Fe(3+), Ag(+), and Cu(2+). This is the first study giving complete biochemical characterization of A. bisporus β-glucosidase.
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11
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Gudmundsson M, Hansson H, Karkehabadi S, Larsson A, Stals I, Kim S, Sunux S, Fujdala M, Larenas E, Kaper T, Sandgren M. Structural and functional studies of the glycoside hydrolase family 3 β-glucosidase Cel3A from the moderately thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2016; 72:860-70. [PMID: 27377383 PMCID: PMC4932919 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798316008482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Hypocrea jecorina produces a number of cellulases and hemicellulases that act in a concerted fashion on biomass and degrade it into monomeric or oligomeric sugars. β-Glucosidases are involved in the last step of the degradation of cellulosic biomass and hydrolyse the β-glycosidic linkage between two adjacent molecules in dimers and oligomers of glucose. In this study, it is shown that substituting the β-glucosidase from H. jecorina (HjCel3A) with the β-glucosidase Cel3A from the thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii (ReCel3A) in enzyme mixtures results in increased efficiency in the saccharification of lignocellulosic materials. Biochemical characterization of ReCel3A, heterologously produced in H. jecorina, reveals a preference for disaccharide substrates over longer gluco-oligosaccharides. Crystallographic studies of ReCel3A revealed a highly N-glycosylated three-domain dimeric protein, as has been observed previously for glycoside hydrolase family 3 β-glucosidases. The increased thermal stability and saccharification yield and the superior biochemical characteristics of ReCel3A compared with HjCel3A and mixtures containing HjCel3A make ReCel3A an excellent candidate for addition to enzyme mixtures designed to operate at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Gudmundsson
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hansson
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Saeid Karkehabadi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Larsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingeborg Stals
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steve Kim
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sergio Sunux
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Meredith Fujdala
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Edmund Larenas
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Thijs Kaper
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mats Sandgren
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Singh G, Verma AK, Kumar V. Catalytic properties, functional attributes and industrial applications of β-glucosidases. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:3. [PMID: 28330074 PMCID: PMC4697909 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0328-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucosidases are diverse group of enzymes with great functional importance to biological systems. These are grouped in multiple glycoside hydrolase families based on their catalytic and sequence characteristics. Most studies carried out on β-glucosidases are focused on their industrial applications rather than their endogenous function in the target organisms. β-Glucosidases performed many functions in bacteria as they are components of large complexes called cellulosomes and are responsible for the hydrolysis of short chain oligosaccharides and cellobiose. In plants, β-glucosidases are involved in processes like formation of required intermediates for cell wall lignification, degradation of endosperm’s cell wall during germination and in plant defense against biotic stresses. Mammalian β-glucosidases are thought to play roles in metabolism of glycolipids and dietary glucosides, and signaling functions. These enzymes have diverse biotechnological applications in food, surfactant, biofuel, and agricultural industries. The search for novel and improved β-glucosidase is still continued to fulfills demand of an industrially suitable enzyme. In this review, a comprehensive overview on detailed functional roles of β-glucosidases in different organisms, their industrial applications, and recent cloning and expression studies with biochemical characterization of such enzymes is presented for the better understanding and efficient use of diverse β-glucosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Singh
- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176062, India
| | - A K Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, 173101, India.
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Ramani G, Meera B, Rajendhran J, Gunasekaran P. Transglycosylating glycoside hydrolase family 1 β-glucosidase from Penicillium funiculosum NCL1: Heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and characterization. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Thongpoo P, Srisomsap C, Chokchaichamnankit D, Kitpreechavanich V, Svasti J, Kongsaeree PT. Purification and characterization of three β-glycosidases exhibiting high glucose tolerance from Aspergillus niger ASKU28. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1167-76. [PMID: 25229852 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.915727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Production and utilization of cellulosic ethanol has been limited, partly due to the difficulty in degradation of cellulosic feedstock. β-Glucosidases convert cellobiose to glucose in the final step of cellulose degradation, but they are inhibited by high concentrations of glucose. Thus, in this study, we have screened, isolated, and characterized three β-glycosidases exhibiting highly glucose-tolerant property from Aspergillus niger ASKU28, namely β-xylosidase (P1.1), β-glucosidase (P1.2), and glucan 1,3-β-glucosidase (P2). Results from kinetic analysis, inhibition study, and hydrolysis of oligosaccharide substrates supported the identification of these enzymes by both LC/MS/MS analysis and nucleotide sequences. Moreover, the highly efficient P1.2 performed better than the commercial β-glucosidase preparation in cellulose saccharification, suggesting its potential applications in the cellulosic ethanol industry. These results shed light on the nature of highly glucose-tolerant β-glucosidase activities in A. niger, whose kinetic properties and identities have not been completely determined in any prior investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyanuch Thongpoo
- a Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Graduate School , Kasetsart University , Bangkok , Thailand
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15
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Gao L, Gao F, Zhang D, Zhang C, Wu G, Chen S. Purification and characterization of a new β-glucosidase from Penicillium piceum and its application in enzymatic degradation of delignified corn stover. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 147:658-661. [PMID: 24025854 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A new β-glucosidase (Cel3B) was first isolated from cellulytic fungi, designated as PpCel3B. Although PpCel3B was classified to GH family 3 based on the homology sequence, PpCel3B had different biological functions in cellulose degradation and signaling molecules production. PpCel3B was constitutive and could form multiple soluble lignocellulose inducers for cellulase and hemicellulase synthesis via high tranglycosylation activity and new enzymatic activity. Moreover, PpCel3B showed apparent synergism with cellulases by removing several inhibitors. Supplementing low doses of PpCel3B (52 μg/g substrate) increased saccharification efficiency of cellulase produced by Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium piceum by 15% and 35%, respectively on delignified corn stover. PpCel3B had important application in boosting cellulase yield and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Gaihong Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Shulin Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
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Highly glucose tolerant β-glucosidase from Aspergillus unguis: NII 08123 for enhanced hydrolysis of biomass. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:967-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aspergillus unguis NII-08123, a filamentous fungus isolated from soil, was found to produce β-glucosidase (BGL) activity with high glucose tolerance. Cultivation of the fungus in different carbon sources resulted in the secretion of different isoforms of the enzyme. A low molecular weight isoform, which retained ~60 % activity in the presence of 1.5 M glucose, was purified to homogeneity and the purified enzyme exhibited a temperature and pH optima of 60 °C and 6, respectively. The K m and V max of the enzyme were 4.85 mM and 2.95 U/mg, respectively, for 4-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside. The glucose inhibition constant of the enzyme was 0.8 M, indicating high glucose tolerance, and this is the second-highest glucose tolerance ever reported from the Aspergillus nidulans group. The glucose-tolerant BGL from A. unguis, when supplemented to cellulase preparation from Penicillium, could improve biomass hydrolysis efficiency by 20 % in 12 h compared to the enzyme without additional beta glucosidase supplementation. The beta glucosidase from A. unguis is proposed as a highly potent “blend-in” for biomass saccharifying enzyme preparations.
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Wang H, Zhai Z, Li N, Jin H, Chen J, Yuan S, Wang L, Zhang J, Li Y, Yun J, Fan J, Yi J, Ling R. Steroidal saponin of Trillium tschonoskii. Reverses multidrug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:985-991. [PMID: 23786867 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Combating with multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major part of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) chemotherapy. Steroidal saponin from Trillium tschonoskii (TTS) could be a potential weapon. We found TTS could reverse the MDR in HCC cells and significantly enhance chemosensitization. TTS inhibited HepG2 and R-HepG2 cells survival in a dose-dependent manner by 75% and 76%, respectively (p<0.01), as well as colony formation 77% and 81% (p<0.01). Moreover, TTS induced sensitization of R-HepG2 to anti-cancer drugs, indicated by significantly reduced IC50. On the other hand, TTS suppressed expression of P-glucoprotein in MDR HCC cells, and thereby increased accumulation of doxorubicin from 126 ng/10(5)cells to 752 ng/10(5)cells (p<0.01). TTS also repressed expression of many other MDR genes, such as MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, MRP5, MVP and GST-π. In vivo, TTS dose-dependently reduced R-HepG2 cells xenografts tumour formation by inhibiting tumour cells proliferation in mice. Consistence with in vitro finding, TTS induced R-HepG2 sensitization to doxorubicin and therefore reduced tumour formation in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/metabolism
- Doxorubicin/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Hep G2 Cells
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Saponins/pharmacology
- Saponins/therapeutic use
- Steroids/pharmacology
- Steroids/therapeutic use
- Trillium/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, PR China
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18
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Gu MZ, Wang JC, Liu WB, Zhou Y, Ye BC. Expression and displaying of β-glucosidase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3 in Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:1713-23. [PMID: 23722947 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two genes encoding β-glucosidase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Two recombinant enzymes (SC1059 and SC7558) were purified and characterized. The molecular mass of the purified SC1059 and SC7558 as determined by SDS-PAGE agrees with the calculated values (51.0 and 52.2 kDa, respectively). Optimal temperature and pH for the two enzymes were both at 35 °C and 6.0. SC7558 exhibited to be much more active than SC1059 under optimal conditions, and it was recombined with ice nucleation protein which could anchor on the surface of the cell. The optimal temperature and pH of the recombinant cells were 55 °C and 8.0, respectively. The resultant cells were to be used as material for immobilized β-glucosidase, which is convenient to catalyze substrates in various complicated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Gu
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Rd. 130, Shanghai 200237, China
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Biochemical properties of a novel glycoside hydrolase family 1 β-glucosidase (PtBglu1) from Paecilomyces thermophila expressed in Pichia pastoris. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 92:784-91. [PMID: 23218368 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel β-glucosidase gene (PtBglu1) from the thermophilic fungus, Paecilomyces thermophila, was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. PtBglu1 contained an open reading frame of 1440-bp nucleotides and encoded a protein of 479 amino acids which showed significant similarity to other fungal β-glucosidases from glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 1. The recombinant β-glucosidase (PtBglu1) was secreted at high level of 190.2 U mL(-1) in high cell density fermentor (5L). PtBglu1 was purified to homogeneity, and was found to be a glycoprotein with molecular mass of 56.7 kDa. The purified PtBglu1 showed optimum catalytic activity at pH 6.0 and 55 °C. The enzyme exhibited broad substrate specificity with highest activity toward pNP-β-D-glucopyranoside, followed by pNP-β-D-galactopyranoside and cellobiose. The K(m) values for pNP-β-D-glucopyranoside, cellobiose, gentiobiose and salicin were 0.55 mM, 1.0 mM, 1.74 mM and 6.85 mM, respectively. These properties make PtBglu1 a potential candidate for various industrial applications.
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Yan Q, Hua C, Yang S, Li Y, Jiang Z. High level expression of extracellular secretion of a β-glucosidase gene (PtBglu3) from Paecilomyces thermophila in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 84:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Liu D, Zhang R, Yang X, Zhang Z, Song S, Miao Y, Shen Q. Characterization of a thermostable β-glucosidase from Aspergillus fumigatus Z5, and its functional expression in Pichia pastoris X33. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:25. [PMID: 22340848 PMCID: PMC3312866 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the increased demand of energy has strongly stimulated the research on the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into reducing sugars for the subsequent production, and β-glucosidases have been the focus because of their important roles in a variety fundamental biological processes and the synthesis of useful β-glucosides. Although the β-glucosidases of different sources have been investigated, the amount of β-glucosidases are insufficient for effective conversion of cellulose. The goal of this work was to search for new resources of β-glucosidases, which was thermostable and with high catalytic efficiency. RESULTS In this study, a thermostable native β-glucosidase (nBgl3), which is secreted by the lignocellulose-decomposing fungus Aspergillus fumigatus Z5, was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. Internal sequences of nBgl3 were obtained by LC-MS/MS, and its encoding gene, bgl3, was cloned based on the peptide sequences obtained from the LC-MS/MS results. bgl3 contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 2622 bp and encodes a protein with a predicted molecular weight of 91.47 kDa; amino acid sequence analysis of the deduced protein indicated that nBgl3 is a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 3. A recombinant β-glucosidase (rBgl3) was obtained by the functional expression of bgl3 in Pichia pastoris X33. Several biochemical properties of purified nBgl3 and rBgl3 were determined - both enzymes showed optimal activity at pH 6.0 and 60°C, and they were stable for a pH range of 4-7 and a temperature range of 50 to 70°C. Of the substrates tested, nBgl3 and rBgl3 displayed the highest activity toward 4-Nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), with specific activities of 103.5 ± 7.1 and 101.7 ± 5.2 U mg-1, respectively. However, these enzymes were inactive toward carboxymethyl cellulose, lactose and xylan. CONCLUSIONS An native β-glucosidase nBgl3 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the crude extract of A. fumigatus Z5. The gene bgl3 was cloned based on the internal sequences of nBgl3 obtained from the LC-MS/MS results, and the gene bgl3 was expressed in Pichia pastoris X33. The results of various biochemical properties of two enzymes including specific activity, pH stability, thermostability, and kinetic properties (Km and Vmax) indicated that they had no significant differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Houbraken J, Spierenburg H, Frisvad JC. Rasamsonia, a new genus comprising thermotolerant and thermophilic Talaromyces and Geosmithia species. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2012; 101:403-21. [PMID: 21965082 PMCID: PMC3261388 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-011-9647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationship among Geosmithia argillacea, Talaromyces emersonii, Talaromyces byssochlamydoides and other members of the Trichocomaceae was studied using partial RPB2 (RNA polymerase II gene, encoding the second largest protein subunit), Tsr1 (putative ribosome biogenesis protein) and Cct8 (putative chaperonin complex component TCP-1) gene sequences. The results showed that these species form a distinct clade within the Trichocomaceae and Trichocoma paradoxa is phylogenetically most closely related. Based on phenotypic and physiological characters and molecular data, we propose Rasamsonia gen. nov. to accommodate these species. This new genus is distinct from other genera of the Trichocomaceae in being thermotolerant or thermophilic and having conidiophores with distinctly rough walled stipes, olive-brown conidia and ascomata, if present, with a scanty covering. Species within the genus Rasamsonia were distinguished using a combination of phenotypic characters, extrolite patterns, ITS and partial calmodulin and β-tubulin sequences. Rasamsonia brevistipitata sp. nov. is described and five new combinations are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Houbraken
- Department of Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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23
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Li DC, Li AN, Papageorgiou AC. Cellulases from thermophilic fungi: recent insights and biotechnological potential. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:308730. [PMID: 22145076 PMCID: PMC3226318 DOI: 10.4061/2011/308730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic fungal cellulases are promising enzymes in protein engineering efforts aimed at optimizing industrial processes, such as biomass degradation and biofuel production. The cloning and expression in recent years of new cellulase genes from thermophilic fungi have led to a better understanding of cellulose degradation in these species. Moreover, crystal structures of thermophilic fungal cellulases are now available, providing insights into their function and stability. The present paper is focused on recent progress in cloning, expression, regulation, and structure of thermophilic fungal cellulases and the current research efforts to improve their properties for better use in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo-Chuan Li
- Department of Environmental Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
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Chen P, Fu X, Ng TB, Ye XY. Expression of a secretory β-glucosidase from Trichoderma reesei in Pichia pastoris and its characterization. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:2475-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Xu R, Teng F, Zhang C, Li D. Cloning of a gene encoding β-glucosidase from Chaetomium thermophilum CT2 and its expression in Pichia pastoris. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 20:16-23. [PMID: 21273791 DOI: 10.1159/000322606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new thermostable β-glucosidase gene (bgl) from Chaetomium thermophilum CT2 was cloned, sequenced and expressed. The full-length DNA of bgl was 3,101 bp and included three introns. The full-length cDNA contained an open reading frame of 2,604-bp nucleotides, encoding 867 amino acids with a potential secretion signal. The C. thermophilum CT2 β-glucosidase gene was functionally expressed in Pichia pastoris. The purified recombinant β-glucosidase was a 119-kDa glycoprotein with an optimum catalytic activity at pH 5.0 and 60°C. The enzyme was stable at 50°C, and retained 67.7% activity after being kept at 60°C for 1 h; the half-time of the enzyme at 65°C was approximately 55 min, and even retained 29.7% activity after incubation at 70°C for 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyan Xu
- Department of Environmental Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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26
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Fernandes S, Tuohy MG, Murray PG. Cloning, Heterologous Expression, and Characterization of the Xylitol and l-Arabitol Dehydrogenase Genes, Texdh and Telad, from the Thermophilic Fungus Talaromyces emersonii. Biochem Genet 2010; 48:480-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-010-9332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Xia W, Liu P, Liu J. Advance in chitosan hydrolysis by non-specific cellulases. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:6751-6762. [PMID: 18328693 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Besides the specific chitinase, chitosanase and lysozyme, chitosan also could be hydrolyzed by some non-specific enzymes such as cellulase, protease, lipase and pepsin, especially cellulase, which show high activity on chitosan. Almost all the cellulases produced by different kinds of microorganisms could degrade chitosan to chitooligomers. The existence of bifunctional enzymes with cellulase and chitosanase activity is one of the reasons for cellulase on chitosan hydrolysis. The bifunctional cellulase-chitosanases mainly belong to glycoside hydrolase family 8 (GH-8), few belong to GH-5 and GH-7, according to the homogeneity analysis of amino acids sequences. Their three dimensional structures however have not been clearly determined. This paper may serve as a guide for a further study on the relationship between structure and function of chitosanolytic cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshui Xia
- Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 Hubei, PR China.
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