1
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Orme B, Torun H, Unthank M, Fu YQ, Ford B, Agrawal P. Capillary wave tweezer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12448. [PMID: 38816398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Precise control of microparticle movement is crucial in high throughput processing for various applications in scalable manufacturing, such as particle monolayer assembly and 3D bio-printing. Current techniques using acoustic, electrical and optical methods offer precise manipulation advantages, but their scalability is restricted due to issues such as, high input powers and complex fabrication and operation processes. In this work, we introduce the concept of capillary wave tweezers, where mm-scale capillary wave fields are dynamically manipulated to control the position of microparticles in a liquid volume. Capillary waves are generated in an open liquid volume using low frequency vibrations (in the range of 10-100 Hz) to trap particles underneath the nodes of the capillary waves. By shifting the displacement nodes of the waves, the trapped particles are precisely displaced. Using analytical and numerical models, we identify conditions under which a stable control over particle motion is achieved. By showcasing the ability to dynamically control the movement of microparticles, our concept offers a simple and high throughput method to manipulate particles in open systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Orme
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Matthew Unthank
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Yong-Qing Fu
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Bethan Ford
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Prashant Agrawal
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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2
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Shen Z, Saito H, Mita W, Fujihara T, Cho HB, Nakayama T. One-step formation of three-dimensional interconnected T-shaped microstructures inside composites by orthogonal bidirectional self-assembly method. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2313957. [PMID: 38444591 PMCID: PMC10913699 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2024.2313957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The fillers inside a polymer matrix should typically be self-assembled in both the horizontal and vertical directions to obtain 3-dimentional (3D) percolation pathways, whereby the fields of application can be expanded and the properties of organic-inorganic composite films improved. Conventional dielectrophoresis techniques can typically only drive fillers to self-assemble in only one direction. We have devised a one-step dielectrophoresis-driven approach that effectively induces fillers self-assembly along two orthogonal axes, which results in the formation of 3D interconnected T-shaped iron microstructures (3D-T CIP) inside a polymer matrix. This approach to carbonyl iron powder (CIP) embedded in a polymer matrix results in a linear structure along the thickness direction and a network structure on the top surface of the film. The fillers in the polymer were controlled to achieve orthogonal bidirectional self-assembly using an external alternating current (AC) electric field and a non-contact technique that did not lead to electrical breakdown. The process of 3D-T CIP formation was observed in real time using in situ observation methods with optical microscopy, and the quantity and quality of self-assembly were characterized using statistical and fractal analysis. The process of fillers self-assembly along the direction perpendicular to the electric field was explained by finite element analogue simulations, and the results indicated that the insulating polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film between the electrode and the CIP/prepolymer suspension was the key to the formation of the 3D-T CIP. In contrast to the traditional two-step method of fabricating sandwich-structured film, the fabricated 3D-T CIP film with 3D electrically conductive pathways can be applied as magnetic field sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Shen
- Extreme Energy-Density Research Institute, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Extreme Energy-Density Research Institute, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Wataru Mita
- Extreme Energy-Density Research Institute, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujihara
- National Institute of Technology, Anan College, Anan, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hong-Baek Cho
- Department of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tadachika Nakayama
- Extreme Energy-Density Research Institute, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
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3
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Pu R, Yang X, Mu H, Xu Z, He J. Current status and future application of electrically controlled micro/nanorobots in biomedicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1353660. [PMID: 38314349 PMCID: PMC10834684 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1353660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Using micro/nanorobots (MNRs) for targeted therapy within the human body is an emerging research direction in biomedical science. These nanoscale to microscale miniature robots possess specificity and precision that are lacking in most traditional treatment modalities. Currently, research on electrically controlled micro/nanorobots is still in its early stages, with researchers primarily focusing on the fabrication and manipulation of these robots to meet complex clinical demands. This review aims to compare the fabrication, powering, and locomotion of various electrically controlled micro/nanorobots, and explore their advantages, disadvantages, and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Pu
- Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyu Yang
- Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoran Mu
- Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Xu
- Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin He
- Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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4
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Feng J, Li X, Xu T, Zhang X, Du X. Photothermal-driven micro/nanomotors: From structural design to potential applications. Acta Biomater 2024; 173:1-35. [PMID: 37967696 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) that accomplish autonomous movement by transforming external energy into mechanical work are attractive cargo delivery vehicles. Among various propulsion mechanisms of MNMs, photothermal propulsion has gained considerable attention because of their unique advantages, such as remote, flexible, accurate, biocompatible, short response time, etc. Moreover, besides as a propulsion source, the light has been extensively investigated as an excitation source in bioimaging, photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT) and so on. Furthermore, the geometric topology and morphology of MNMs have a tremendous impact on improving their performance in motion behavior under NIR light propulsion, environmental suitability and functional versatility. Hence, this review article provides a comprehensive overview of structural design principles and construction strategies of photothermal-driven MNMs, and their emerging nanobiomedical applications. Finally, we further provide an outlook towards prospects and challenges during the development of photothermal-driven MNMs in the future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Photothermal-driven micro/nanomotors (MNMs) that are regarded as functional cargo delivery tools have gained considerable attention because of unique advantages in propulsion mechanisms, such as remote, flexible, accurate and fully biocompatible light manipulation and extremely short light response time. The geometric topology and morphology of MNMs have a tremendous impact on improving their performance in motion behavior under NIR light propulsion, environmental suitability and functional versatility of MNMs. There are no reports about the review focusing on photothermal-driven MNMs up to now. Herein, we systematically review the latest progress of photothermal-driven MNMs including design principle, fabrication strategy of various MNMs with different structures and nanobiomedical applications. Moreover, the summary and outlook on the development prospects and challenges of photothermal-driven MNMs are proposed, hoping to provide new ideas for the future design of photothermal-driven MNMs with efficient propulsion, multiple functions and high biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- National Engineering Research Center of green recycling for strategic metal resources, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academic of Sciences, University of Chinese Academic of Sciences, China
| | - Tailin Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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Wang S, Wang X, You F, Xiao H. Review of Ultrasonic Particle Manipulation Techniques: Applications and Research Advances. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1487. [PMID: 37630023 PMCID: PMC10456655 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic particle manipulation technique is a non-contact label-free method for manipulating micro- and nano-scale particles using ultrasound, which has obvious advantages over traditional optical, magnetic, and electrical micro-manipulation techniques; it has gained extensive attention in micro-nano manipulation in recent years. This paper introduces the basic principles and manipulation methods of ultrasonic particle manipulation techniques, provides a detailed overview of the current mainstream acoustic field generation methods, and also highlights, in particular, the applicable scenarios for different numbers and arrangements of ultrasonic transducer devices. Ultrasonic transducer arrays have been used extensively in various particle manipulation applications, and many sound field reconstruction algorithms based on ultrasonic transducer arrays have been proposed one after another. In this paper, unlike most other previous reviews on ultrasonic particle manipulation, we analyze and summarize the current reconstruction algorithms for generating sound fields based on ultrasonic transducer arrays and compare these algorithms. Finally, we explore the applications of ultrasonic particle manipulation technology in engineering and biological fields and summarize and forecast the research progress of ultrasonic particle manipulation technology. We believe that this review will provide superior guidance for ultrasonic particle manipulation methods based on the study of micro and nano operations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuewei Wang
- College of Information Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102627, China; (S.W.)
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Chai Z, Childress A, Busnaina AA. Directed Assembly of Nanomaterials for Making Nanoscale Devices and Structures: Mechanisms and Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17641-17686. [PMID: 36269234 PMCID: PMC9706815 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanofabrication has been utilized to manufacture one-, two-, and three-dimensional functional nanostructures for applications such as electronics, sensors, and photonic devices. Although conventional silicon-based nanofabrication (top-down approach) has developed into a technique with extremely high precision and integration density, nanofabrication based on directed assembly (bottom-up approach) is attracting more interest recently owing to its low cost and the advantages of additive manufacturing. Directed assembly is a process that utilizes external fields to directly interact with nanoelements (nanoparticles, 2D nanomaterials, nanotubes, nanowires, etc.) and drive the nanoelements to site-selectively assemble in patterned areas on substrates to form functional structures. Directed assembly processes can be divided into four different categories depending on the external fields: electric field-directed assembly, fluidic flow-directed assembly, magnetic field-directed assembly, and optical field-directed assembly. In this review, we summarize recent progress utilizing these four processes and address how these directed assembly processes harness the external fields, the underlying mechanism of how the external fields interact with the nanoelements, and the advantages and drawbacks of utilizing each method. Finally, we discuss applications made using directed assembly and provide a perspective on the future developments and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Chai
- State
Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Anthony Childress
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Busnaina
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
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7
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Konara M, Mudugamuwa A, Dodampegama S, Roshan U, Amarasinghe R, Dao DV. Formation Techniques Used in Shape-Forming Microrobotic Systems with Multiple Microrobots: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13111987. [PMID: 36422416 PMCID: PMC9699214 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple robots are used in robotic applications to achieve tasks that are impossible to perform as individual robotic modules. At the microscale/nanoscale, controlling multiple robots is difficult due to the limitations of fabrication technologies and the availability of on-board controllers. This highlights the requirement of different approaches compared to macro systems for a group of microrobotic systems. Current microrobotic systems have the capability to form different configurations, either as a collectively actuated swarm or a selectively actuated group of agents. Magnetic, acoustic, electric, optical, and hybrid methods are reviewed under collective formation methods, and surface anchoring, heterogeneous design, and non-uniform control input are significant in the selective formation of microrobotic systems. In addition, actuation principles play an important role in designing microrobotic systems with multiple microrobots, and the various control systems are also reviewed because they affect the development of such systems at the microscale. Reconfigurability, self-adaptable motion, and enhanced imaging due to the aggregation of modules have shown potential applications specifically in the biomedical sector. This review presents the current state of shape formation using microrobots with regard to forming techniques, actuation principles, and control systems. Finally, the future developments of these systems are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menaka Konara
- Centre for Advanced Mechatronics Systems, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
- Correspondence:
| | - Amith Mudugamuwa
- Centre for Advanced Mechatronics Systems, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Shanuka Dodampegama
- Centre for Advanced Mechatronics Systems, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Uditha Roshan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Ranjith Amarasinghe
- Centre for Advanced Mechatronics Systems, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Dzung Viet Dao
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
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Li J, Yao K, Huang Y, Fang J, Kollipara PS, Fan DE, Zheng Y. Tunable Strong Coupling in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanowires. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200656. [PMID: 35793202 PMCID: PMC9420800 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Subwavelength optical resonators with spatiotemporal control of light are essential to the miniaturization of optical devices. In this work, chemically synthesized transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) nanowires are exploited as a new type of dielectric nanoresonators to simultaneously support pronounced excitonic and Mie resonances. Strong light-matter couplings and tunable exciton polaritons in individual nanowires are demonstrated. In addition, the excitonic responses can be reversibly modulated with excellent reproducibility, offering the potential for developing tunable optical nanodevices. Being in the mobile colloidal state with highly tunable optical properties, the TMDC nanoresonators will find promising applications in integrated active optical devices, including all-optical switches and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Li
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Kan Yao
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yun Huang
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jie Fang
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Pavana Siddhartha Kollipara
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Donglei Emma Fan
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Li J, Alfares A, Zheng Y. Optical Manipulation and Assembly of Micro/Nanoscale Objects on Solid Substrates. iScience 2022; 25:104035. [PMID: 35313687 PMCID: PMC8933704 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many light-based technologies have been developed to manipulate micro/nanoscale objects such as colloidal particles and biological cells for basic research and practical applications. While most approaches such as optical tweezers are best suited for manipulation of objects in fluidic environments, optical manipulation on solid substrates has recently gained research interest for its advantages in constructing, reconfiguring, or powering solid-state devices consisting of colloidal particles as building blocks. Here, we review recent progress in optical technologies that enable versatile manipulation and assembly of micro/nanoscale objects on solid substrates. Diverse technologies based on distinct physical mechanisms, including photophoresis, photochemical isomerization, optothermal phase transition, optothermally induced surface acoustic waves, and optothermal expansion, are discussed. We conclude this review with our perspectives on the opportunities, challenges, and future directions in optical manipulation and assembly on solid substrates.
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Joh H, Fan DE. Materials and Schemes of Multimodal Reconfigurable Micro/Nanomachines and Robots: Review and Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101965. [PMID: 34410023 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically programmable, reconfigurable micro/nanoscale materials that can dynamically change their mechanical properties or behaviors, or morph into distinct assemblies or swarms in response to stimuli have greatly piqued the interest of the science community due to their unprecedented potentials in both fundamental research and technological applications. To date, a variety of designs of hard and soft materials, as well as actuation schemes based on mechanisms including chemical reactions and magnetic, acoustic, optical, and electric stimuli, have been reported. Herein, state-of-the-art micro/nanostructures and operation schemes for multimodal reconfigurable micro/nanomachines and swarms, as well as potential new materials and working principles, challenges, and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungmok Joh
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Donglei Emma Fan
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Moritoki Y, Furukawa T, Sun J, Yokoyama M, Shimono T, Yamada T, Nishiwaki S, Kageyama T, Fukuda J, Mukai M, Maruo S. 3D-Printed Micro-Tweezers with a Compliant Mechanism Designed Using Topology Optimization. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:579. [PMID: 34069739 PMCID: PMC8161394 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of handling technology for microscopic biological samples such as cells and spheroids has been required for the advancement of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. In this study, we developed micro-tweezers with a compliant mechanism to manipulate organoids. The proposed method combines high-resolution microstereolithography that uses a blue laser and topology optimization for shape optimization of micro-tweezers. An actuation system was constructed using a linear motor stage with a force control system to operate the micro-tweezers. The deformation of the topology-optimized micro-tweezers was examined analytically and experimentally. The results verified that the displacement of the tweezer tip was proportional to the applied load; furthermore, the displacement was sufficient to grasp biological samples with an approximate diameter of several hundred micrometers. We experimentally demonstrated the manipulation of an organoid with a diameter of approximately 360 µm using the proposed micro-tweezers. Thus, combining microstereolithography and topology optimization to fabricate micro-tweezers can be potentially used in modifying tools capable of handling various biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihito Moritoki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan; (Y.M.); (J.S.); (M.Y.)
| | - Taichi Furukawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan; (T.F.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (J.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Jinyi Sun
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan; (Y.M.); (J.S.); (M.Y.)
| | - Minoru Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan; (Y.M.); (J.S.); (M.Y.)
| | - Tomoyuki Shimono
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan; (T.F.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (J.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Takayuki Yamada
- Department of Strategic Studies, Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo–ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Shinji Nishiwaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University, C3 Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan;
| | - Tatsuto Kageyama
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan; (T.F.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (J.F.); (M.M.)
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), 3-2-1 Sakado Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Junji Fukuda
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan; (T.F.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (J.F.); (M.M.)
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), 3-2-1 Sakado Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Masaru Mukai
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan; (T.F.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (J.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Shoji Maruo
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan; (T.F.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (J.F.); (M.M.)
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Soto F, Wang J, Deshmukh S, Demirci U. Reversible Design of Dynamic Assemblies at Small Scales. ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 3:2000193. [PMID: 35663639 PMCID: PMC9165726 DOI: 10.1002/aisy.202000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging bottom-up fabrication methods have enabled the assembly of synthetic colloids, microrobots, living cells, and organoids to create intricate structures with unique properties that transcend their individual components. This review provides an access point to the latest developments in externally driven assembly of synthetic and biological components. In particular, we emphasize reversibility, which enables the fabrication of multiscale systems that would not be possible under traditional techniques. Magnetic, acoustic, optical, and electric fields are the most promising methods for controlling the reversible assembly of biological and synthetic subunits since they can reprogram their assembly by switching on/off the external field or shaping these fields. We feature capabilities to dynamically actuate the assembly configuration by modulating the properties of the external stimuli, including frequency and amplitude. We describe the design principles which enable the assembly of reconfigurable structures. Finally, we foresee that the high degree of control capabilities offered by externally driven assembly will enable broad access to increasingly robust design principles towards building advanced dynamic intelligent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Soto
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 94304-5427, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304-5427, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 94304-5427, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304-5427, USA
| | - Shreya Deshmukh
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 94304-5427, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304-5427, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305-4125, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 94304-5427, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304-5427, USA
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13
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Wang H, Xu BB, Zhang YL, Kollipara PS, Liu S, Lin L, Chen QD, Zheng Y, Sun HB. Light-Driven Magnetic Encoding for Hybrid Magnetic Micromachines. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1628-1635. [PMID: 33555185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Remote manipulation of a micromachine under an external magnetic field is significant in a variety of applications. However, magnetic manipulation requires that either the target objects or the fluids should be ferromagnetic or superparamagnetic. To extend the applicability, we propose a versatile optical printing technique termed femtosecond laser-directed bubble microprinting (FsLDBM) for on-demand magnetic encoding. Harnessing Marangoni convection, evaporation flow, and capillary force for long-distance delivery, near-field attraction, and printing, respectively, FsLDBM is capable of printing nanomaterials on the solid-state substrate made of arbitrary materials. As a proof-of-concept, we actuate a 3D polymer microturbine under a rotating magnetic field by implementing γ-Fe2O3 nanomagnets on its blade. Moreover, we demonstrate the magnetic encoding on a living daphnia and versatile manipulation of the hybrid daphnia. With its general applicability, the FsLDBM approach provides opportunities for magnetic control of general microstructures in a variety of applications, such as smart microbots and biological microsurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
- Hooke Instruments, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Bin-Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Pavana Siddhartha Kollipara
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Linhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi-Dai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
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14
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Zhou Q, Zhang J, Ren X, Xu Z, Liu X. Acoustic trapping of particles using a Chinese taiji lens. ULTRASONICS 2021; 110:106262. [PMID: 33049475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2020.106262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Focused acoustic vortex (FAV) beams can trap particles in a contactless and non-destructive way and the method has thereby attracted much attention. In contrast to the traditional complex and expensive transducer array, we propose a fast and cheap method to generate FAV beams in water using an ultrasonic holographic lens engraved with the Chinese taiji pattern. This method can obtain high transmission efficiency, and hence the strong trapping force makes the particles trapped stably in a straight line. The formation of the FAV beams derives from a superposition of the spiral phase of a Laguerre Gaussian beam and the focusing phase. Because of the phase singularity of this beam, the intensity of the ultrasonic field on the beam axis is zero, thereby forming a strong gradient surround the beam axis. The trapping and manipulation of polystyrene particles with a radius of 150 μm is realized in the gradient field of the FAV beam. The proposed single beam acoustic trapping method does not depend on the reflector, making it more suitable for the manipulation of cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinxin Zhou
- Institute of Acoustics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Electronic System Engineering, Beijing 100854, China
| | - Xuemei Ren
- Institute of Acoustics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Institute of Acoustics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology, School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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15
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Lo WC, Fan CH, Ho YJ, Lin CW, Yeh CK. Tornado-inspired acoustic vortex tweezer for trapping and manipulating microbubbles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023188118. [PMID: 33408129 PMCID: PMC7848694 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023188118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatially concentrating and manipulating biotherapeutic agents within the circulatory system is a longstanding challenge in medical applications due to the high velocity of blood flow, which greatly limits drug leakage and retention of the drug in the targeted region. To circumvent the disadvantages of current methods for systemic drug delivery, we propose tornado-inspired acoustic vortex tweezer (AVT) that generates net forces for noninvasive intravascular trapping of lipid-shelled gaseous microbubbles (MBs). MBs are used in a diverse range of medical applications, including as ultrasound contrast agents, for permeabilizing vessels, and as drug/gene carriers. We demonstrate that AVT can be used to successfully trap MBs and increase their local concentration in both static and flow conditions. Furthermore, MBs signals within mouse capillaries could be locally improved 1.7-fold and the location of trapped MBs could still be manipulated during the initiation of AVT. The proposed AVT technique is a compact, easy-to-use, and biocompatible method that enables systemic drug administration with extremely low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Lo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan;
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
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16
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Lin R, Yu W, Chen X, Gao H. Self-Propelled Micro/Nanomotors for Tumor Targeting Delivery and Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001212. [PMID: 32975892 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the most serious diseases with threats to health and life. Although some advances have been made in targeting delivery of antitumor drugs over the past number of years, there are still many problems needing to be solved, such as poor efficacy and high systemic toxicity. Micro/nanomotors capable of self-propulsion in fluid provide promising platforms for improving the efficiency of tumor delivery. Herein, the recent progress in micro/nanomotors for tumor targeting delivery and therapy is reviewed, with special focus on the contributions of micro/nanomotors to the different stages of tumor targeting delivery as well as the combination therapy by micro/nanomotors. The present limitations and future directions are also put forward for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Xianchun Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
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17
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18
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Zhou M, Xing Y, Li X, Du X, Xu T, Zhang X. Cancer Cell Membrane Camouflaged Semi-Yolk@Spiky-Shell Nanomotor for Enhanced Cell Adhesion and Synergistic Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003834. [PMID: 32877017 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion of nanosystems is significant for efficient cellular uptake and drug delivery in cancer therapy. Herein, a near-infrared (NIR) light-driven biomimetic nanomotor is reported to achieve the improved cell adhesion and cellular uptake for synergistic photothermal and chemotherapy of breast cancer. The nanomotor is composed of carbon@silica (C@SiO2 ) with semi-yolk@spiky-shell structure, loaded with the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) and camouflaged with MCF-7 breast cancer cell membrane (i.e., mC@SiO2 @DOX). Such biomimetic mC@SiO2 @DOX nanomotors display efficient self-thermophoretic propulsion due to a thermal gradient generated by asymmetrically spatial distribution. Moreover, the MCF-7 cancer cell membrane coating can remarkably reduce the bioadhesion of nanomotors in biological medium and exhibit highly specific self-recognition of the source cell line. The combination of effective propulsion and homologous targeting dramatically improves cell adhesion and the resultant cellular uptake efficiency in vitro from 26.2% to 67.5%. Therefore, the biomimetic mC@SiO2 @DOX displays excellent synergistic photothermal and chemotherapy with over 91% MCF-7 cell growth inhibition rate. Such smart design of the fuel-free, NIR light-powered biomimetic nanomotor may pave the way for the application of self-propelled nanomotors in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Zhou
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yi Xing
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xin Du
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Tailin Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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19
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Vyskočil J, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Jablonská E, Novotný F, Ruml T, Pumera M. Cancer Cells Microsurgery via Asymmetric Bent Surface Au/Ag/Ni Microrobotic Scalpels Through a Transversal Rotating Magnetic Field. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8247-8256. [PMID: 32544324 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The actuation of micro/nanomachines by means of a magnetic field is a promising fuel-free way to transport cargo in microscale dimensions. This type of movement has been extensively studied for a variety of micro/nanomachine designs, and a special magnetic field configuration results in a near-surface walking. We developed "walking" micromachines which transversally move in a magnetic field, and we used them as microrobotic scalpels to enter and exit an individual cancer cell and cut a small cellular fragment. In these microscalpels, the center of mass lies approximately in the middle of their length. The microrobotic scalpels show good propulsion efficiency and high step-out frequencies of the magnetic field. Au/Ag/Ni microrobotic scalpels controlled by a transversal rotating magnetic field can enter the cytoplasm of cancer cells and also are able to remove a piece of the cytosol while leaving the cytoplasmic membrane intact in a microsurgery-like manner. We believe that this concept can be further developed for potential biological or medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vyskočil
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Jablonská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Novotný
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402 Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno 612 00, Czech Republic
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20
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Xiao Z, Wei M, Wang W. A Review of Micromotors in Confinements: Pores, Channels, Grooves, Steps, Interfaces, Chains, and Swimming in the Bulk. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:6667-6684. [PMID: 30562451 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the recent frontiers of nanotechnology research involves machines that operate at nano- and microscales, also known as nano/micromotors. Their potential applications in biomedicine, environmental sciences and engineering, military and defense industries, self-assembly, and many other areas have fueled an intense interest in this topic over the last 15 years. Despite deepened understanding of their propulsion mechanisms, we are still in the early days of exploring the dynamics of micromotors in complex and more realistic environments. Confinements, as a typical example of complex environments, are extremely relevant to the applications of micromotors, which are expected to travel in mucus gels, blood vessels, reproductive and digestive tracts, microfluidic chips, and capillary tubes. In this review, we summarize and critically examine recent studies (mostly experimental ones) of micromotor dynamics in confinements in 3D (spheres and porous network, channels, grooves, steps, and obstacles), 2D (liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, and liquid-air interfaces), and 1D (chains). In addition, studies of micromotors moving in the bulk solution and the usefulness of acoustic levitation is discussed. At the end of this article, we summarize how confinements can affect micromotors and offer our insights on future research directions. This review article is relevant to readers who are interested in the interactions of materials with interfaces and structures at the microscale and helpful for the design of smart and multifunctional materials for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyao Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Mengshi Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
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21
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Real-time motion planning of multiple nanowires in fluid suspension under electric-field actuation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT ROBOTICS AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41315-018-0072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Rupp B, Torres-Díaz I, Hua X, Bevan MA. Measurement of Anisotropic Particle Interactions with Nonuniform ac Electric Fields. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:2497-2504. [PMID: 29357256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy measurements are reported for single anisotropic polymer particles interacting with nonuniform ac electric fields. The present study is limited to conditions where gravity confines particles with their long axis parallel to the substrate such that particles can be treated using quasi-2D analysis. Field parameters are investigated that result in particles residing at either electric field maxima or minima and with long axes oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the electric field direction. By nonintrusively observing thermally sampled positions and orientations at different field frequencies and amplitudes, a Boltzmann inversion of the time-averaged probability of states yields kT-scale energy landscapes (including dipole-field, particle-substrate, and gravitational potentials). The measured energy landscapes show agreement with theoretical potentials using particle conductivity as the sole adjustable material property. Understanding anisotropic particle-field energy landscapes vs field parameters enables quantitative control of local forces and torques on single anisotropic particles to manipulate their position and orientation within nonuniform fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Rupp
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Isaac Torres-Díaz
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Hua
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Michael A Bevan
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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23
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Ghosh S, Ghosh A. Mobile nanotweezers for active colloidal manipulation. Sci Robot 2018; 3:3/14/eaaq0076. [DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aaq0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Liu C, Xu T, Xu LP, Zhang X. Controllable Swarming and Assembly of Micro/Nanomachines. MICROMACHINES 2017; 9:E10. [PMID: 30393287 PMCID: PMC6187724 DOI: 10.3390/mi9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Motion is a common phenomenon in biological processes. Major advances have been made in designing various self-propelled micromachines that harvest different types of energies into mechanical movement to achieve biomedicine and biological applications. Inspired by fascinating self-organization motion of natural creatures, the swarming or assembly of synthetic micro/nanomachines (often referred to micro/nanoswimmers, micro/nanorobots, micro/nanomachines, or micro/nanomotors), are able to mimic these amazing natural systems to help humanity accomplishing complex biological tasks. This review described the fuel induced methods (enzyme, hydrogen peroxide, hydrazine, et al.) and fuel-free induced approaches (electric, ultrasound, light, and magnetic) that led to control the assembly and swarming of synthetic micro/nanomachines. Such behavior is of fundamental importance in improving our understanding of self-assembly processes that are occurring on molecular to macroscopic length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghui Liu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Tailin Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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25
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26
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Lin L, Peng X, Mao Z, Wei X, Xie C, Zheng Y. Interfacial-entropy-driven thermophoretic tweezers. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3061-3070. [PMID: 28805878 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00432j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Directed migration of particles and molecules in a temperature gradient field, which is known as thermophoresis or the Soret effect, is of fundamental importance for mass transfer in colloid science and life sciences. However, thermophoretic tweezers that enable versatile particle manipulation have remained elusive due to the complex underlying physical forces in thermophoresis and the lack of general thermophilic particles above room temperature. Herein, we exploit entropic response and permittivity gradient at the particle-solvent interface to optically generated thermal gradient to achieve the thermophoretic trapping and dynamic manipulation of charged particles over an optothermal-responsive substrate. Engineering the interfacial properties, i.e., the surface charge of particles and the ionic strength of the solvent, further enhances the trapping efficiency. Through the rational design of optothermal potential profiles and substrate geometries, we have achieved various tweezing functionalities, including particle assembly, alignment, rotation and guiding, as well as precise transport of single nanoparticles. Based on the general concept of entropic change of polarized molecules structured at the particle-solvent interlayer, the thermophoretic tweezers are applicable to various types of particles, biological cells, and molecules and a wide range of solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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27
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Liu C, Wang Z, Li E, Liang Z, Chakravarty S, Xu X, Wang AX, Chen RT, Fan D. Electrokinetic Manipulation Integrated Plasmonic-Photonic Hybrid Raman Nanosensors with Dually Enhanced Sensitivity. ACS Sens 2017; 2:346-353. [PMID: 28723214 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To detect biochemicals with ultrahigh sensitivity, efficiency, reproducibility, and specificity has been the holy grail in the development of nanosensors. In this work, we report an innovative type of photonic-plasmonic hybrid Raman nanosensor integrated with electrokinetic manipulation by rational design, which offers dual mechanisms that enhance the sensitivity for molecule detection directly in solution. For the first time, we integrate large arrays of synthesized plasmonic nanocapsules with densely surface distributed silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) on lithographically patterned photonic crystal slabs via electric-field assembling. With the interdigital microelectrodes, the applied electric fields not only assemble the hybrid plasmonic nanocapsules on photonic crystal slabs, but also generate electrokinetic flows that focus analyte molecules to the Ag hot spots on the nanocapsules for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection. The synergistic effects of plasmonic-photonic resonance and the electrokinetic molecular focusing can promote the SERS enhancement factor (EF) robustly to ∼2 × 109. Various molecules including SERS probing molecules, nucleobases, and unsafe food additives can be detected directly from suspension. The innovative mechanism, design, and fabrication reported in this work can inspire a new paradigm for achieving high-performance Raman nanosensors, which is pivotal for lab-on-chip disease diagnosis and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, MER 160, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Erwen Li
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | | | - Swapnajit Chakravarty
- Omega Optics, Inc., 8500 Shoal
Creek Boulevard, Building 4, Suite 200, Austin, Texas 78757, United States
| | - Xiaochuan Xu
- Omega Optics, Inc., 8500 Shoal
Creek Boulevard, Building 4, Suite 200, Austin, Texas 78757, United States
| | - Alan X. Wang
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Ray T. Chen
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, MER 160, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Donglei Fan
- Nova Minds LLC, 9535 Ketona Cv., Austin, Texas 78759, United States
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28
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Shen X, Fu HC. Traction reveals mechanisms of wall effects for microswimmers near boundaries. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:033105. [PMID: 28415282 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.033105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of a plane boundary on low-Reynolds-number swimmers has frequently been studied using image systems for flow singularities. However, the boundary effect can also be expressed using a boundary integral representation over the traction on the boundary. We show that examining the traction pattern on the boundary caused by a swimmer can yield physical insights into determining when far-field multipole models are accurate. We investigate the swimming velocities and the traction of a three-sphere swimmer initially placed parallel to an infinite planar wall. In the far field, the instantaneous effect of the wall on the swimmer is well approximated by that of a multipole expansion consisting of a force dipole and a force quadrupole. On the other hand, the swimmer close to the wall must be described by a system of singularities reflecting its internal structure. We show that these limits and the transition between them can be independently identified by examining the traction pattern on the wall, either using a quantitative correlation coefficient or by visual inspection. Last, we find that for nonconstant propulsion, correlations between swimming stroke motions and internal positions are important and not captured by time-averaged traction on the wall, indicating that care must be taken when applying multipole expansions to study boundary effects in cases of nonconstant propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Shen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Henry C Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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29
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Xu T, Gao W, Xu LP, Zhang X, Wang S. Fuel-Free Synthetic Micro-/Nanomachines. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603250. [PMID: 28026067 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the swimming of natural microorganisms, synthetic micro-/nanomachines, which convert energy into movement, are able to mimic the function of these amazing natural systems and help humanity by completing environmental and biological tasks. While offering autonomous propulsion, conventional micro-/nanomachines usually rely on the decomposition of external chemical fuels (e.g., H2 O2 ), which greatly hinders their applications in biologically relevant media. Recent developments have resulted in various micro-/nanomotors that can be powered by biocompatible fuels. Fuel-free synthetic micro-/nanomotors, which can move without external chemical fuels, represent another attractive solution for practical applications owing to their biocompatibility and sustainability. Here, recent developments on fuel-free micro-/nanomotors (powered by various external stimuli such as light, magnetic, electric, or ultrasonic fields) are summarized, ranging from fabrication to propulsion mechanisms. The applications of these fuel-free micro-/nanomotors are also discussed, including nanopatterning, targeted drug/gene delivery, cell manipulation, and precision nanosurgery. With continuous innovation, future autonomous, intelligent and multifunctional fuel-free micro-/nanomachines are expected to have a profound impact upon diverse biomedical applications, providing unlimited opportunities beyond one's imagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tailin Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interface Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Kim K, Liang Z, Liu M, Fan DE. Biobased High-Performance Rotary Micromotors for Individually Reconfigurable Micromachine Arrays and Microfluidic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:6144-6152. [PMID: 28032745 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report an innovative type of rotary biomicromachines by using diatom frustules as integrated active components, including the assembling, operation, and performance characterization. We further investigate and demonstrate unique applications of the biomicromachines in achieving individually reconfigurable micromachine arrays and microfluidic mixing. Diatom frustules are porous cell walls of diatoms made of silica. We assembled rotary micromachines consisting of diatom frustules serving as rotors and patterned magnets serving as bearings in electric fields. Ordered arrays of micromotors can be integrated and rotated with controlled orientation and a speed up to ∼3000 rpm, one of the highest rotational speeds in biomaterial-based rotary micromachines. Moreover, by exploiting the distinct electromechanical properties of diatom frustules and metallic nanowires, we realized the first reconfigurable rotary micro/nanomachine arrays with controllability in individual motors. Finally, the diatom micromachines are successfully integrated in microfluidic channels and operated as mixers. This work demonstrated the high-performance rotary micromachines by using bioinspired diatom frustules and their applications, which are essential for low-cost bio-microelectromechanical system/nanoelectromechanical system (bio-MEMS/NEMS) devices and relevant to microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zexi Liang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Minliang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Donglei Emma Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Cacicedo ML, Castro MC, Servetas I, Bosnea L, Boura K, Tsafrakidou P, Dima A, Terpou A, Koutinas A, Castro GR. Progress in bacterial cellulose matrices for biotechnological applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 213:172-180. [PMID: 26927233 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an extracellular polymer produced by many microorganisms. The Komagataeibacter genus is the best producer using semi-synthetic media and agricultural wastes. The main advantages of BC are the nanoporous structure, high water content and free hydroxyl groups. Modification of BC can be made by two strategies: in-situ, during the BC production, and ex-situ after BC purification. In bioprocesses, multilayer BC nanocomposites can contain biocatalysts designed to be suitable for outside to inside cell activities. These nanocomposites biocatalysts can (i) increase productivity in bioreactors and bioprocessing, (ii) provide cell activities does not possess without DNA cloning and (iii) provide novel nano-carriers for cell inside activity and bioprocessing. In nanomedicine, BC matrices containing therapeutic molecules can be used for pathologies like skin burns, and implantable therapeutic devices. In nanoelectronics, semiconductors BC-based using salts and synthetic polymers brings novel films showing excellent optical and photochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano L Cacicedo
- Nanobiomaterials Laboratory, Applied Biotechnology Institute (CINDEFI, UNLP-CONICET CCT La Plata), Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CP 1900 AJL Ciudad de La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Cristina Castro
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 # 70-01, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ioannis Servetas
- Food Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Loulouda Bosnea
- Food Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantina Boura
- Food Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiota Tsafrakidou
- Food Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Agapi Dima
- Food Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Antonia Terpou
- Food Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasios Koutinas
- Food Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Guillermo R Castro
- Nanobiomaterials Laboratory, Applied Biotechnology Institute (CINDEFI, UNLP-CONICET CCT La Plata), Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CP 1900 AJL Ciudad de La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kim K, Guo J, Liang ZX, Zhu FQ, Fan DL. Man-made rotary nanomotors: a review of recent developments. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:10471-90. [PMID: 27152885 PMCID: PMC4873439 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08768f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of rotary nanomotors is an essential step towards intelligent nanomachines and nanorobots. In this article, we review the concept, design, working mechanisms, and applications of state-of-the-art rotary nanomotors made from synthetic nanoentities. The rotary nanomotors are categorized according to the energy sources employed to drive the rotary motion, including biochemical, optical, magnetic, and electric fields. The unique advantages and limitations for each type of rotary nanomachines are discussed. The advances of rotary nanomotors is pivotal for realizing dream nanomachines for myriad applications including microfluidics, biodiagnosis, nano-surgery, and biosubstance delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Jianhe Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Z X Liang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - F Q Zhu
- NovaMinds, LLC, 9535 Ketona Cv., Austin, TX 78759, USA
| | - D L Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. and Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Kim K, Guo J, Xu X, Fan DL. Recent Progress on Man-Made Inorganic Nanomachines. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4037-4057. [PMID: 26114572 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The successful development of nanoscale machinery, which can operate with high controllability, high precision, long lifetimes, and tunable driving powers, is pivotal for the realization of future intelligent nanorobots, nanofactories, and advanced biomedical devices. However, the development of nanomachines remains one of the most difficult research areas, largely due to the grand challenges in fabrication of devices with complex components and actuation with desired efficiency, precision, lifetime, and/or environmental friendliness. In this work, the cutting-edge efforts toward fabricating and actuating various types of nanomachines and their applications are reviewed, with a special focus on nanomotors made from inorganic nanoscale building blocks, which are introduced according to the employed actuation mechanism. The unique characteristics and obstacles for each type of nanomachine are discussed, and perspectives and challenges of this exciting field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jianhe Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - D L Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Guo J, Kim K, Lei KW, Fan DL. Ultra-durable rotary micromotors assembled from nanoentities by electric fields. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:11363-70. [PMID: 26073977 PMCID: PMC4888793 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr02347e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we reported an innovative type of micromotors consisting of nanowires as rotors and patterned Au/Ni/Cr nanodisks as bearings. The dimensions of micromotors were less than 1 μm, and could continuously rotate for 15 hours over 240 000 cycles. To understand the limitation of their lifetime, we systematically investigated the rotation dynamics by analytical modeling and determined the time-dependent torques and forces involved in the rotation. From the forces and torques, the extent of wear of micromotors was successfully derived, which agreed well with the experimental characterization. The results also proved that the frictional force linearly increases with the loading in such rotary nanodevices operating in suspension, consistent with the prediction of the non-adhesive multi-asperity friction theory. With these understandings, we enhanced the design of micromotors and achieved an operation lifetime of 80 hours and over 1.1 million total rotation cycles. This research, shedding new light on the frictional mechanism of recently reported nanowire micromotors with demonstration of the most durable rotary nanomechanical devices of similar dimensions to the best of our knowledge, can be inspiring for innovative design of future nanomechanical devices with ultra-long lifetime for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhe Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kin Wai Lei
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - D. L. Fan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Wang AX, Kong X. Review of Recent Progress of Plasmonic Materials and Nano-Structures for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 8:3024-3052. [PMID: 26900428 PMCID: PMC4758820 DOI: 10.3390/ma8063024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has demonstrated single-molecule sensitivity and is becoming intensively investigated due to its significant potential in chemical and biomedical applications. SERS sensing is highly dependent on the substrate, where excitation of the localized surface plasmons (LSPs) enhances the Raman scattering signals of proximate analyte molecules. This paper reviews research progress of SERS substrates based on both plasmonic materials and nano-photonic structures. We first discuss basic plasmonic materials, such as metallic nanoparticles and nano-rods prepared by conventional bottom-up chemical synthesis processes. Then, we review rationally-designed plasmonic nano-structures created by top-down approaches or fine-controlled synthesis with high-density hot-spots to provide large SERS enhancement factors (EFs). Finally, we discuss the research progress of hybrid SERS substrates through the integration of plasmonic nano-structures with other nano-photonic devices, such as photonic crystals, bio-enabled nanomaterials, guided-wave systems, micro-fluidics and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan X. Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Xianming Kong
- Department of Forest Products Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; E-Mail:
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Xu X, Kim K, Liu C, Fan D. Fabrication and robotization of ultrasensitive plasmonic nanosensors for molecule detection with Raman scattering. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 15:10422-51. [PMID: 25946633 PMCID: PMC4481927 DOI: 10.3390/s150510422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce the history and mechanisms of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), discuss various techniques for fabrication of state-of-the-art SERS substrates, and review recent work on robotizing plasmonic nanoparticles, especially, the efforts we made on fabrication, characterization, and robotization of Raman nanosensors by design. Our nanosensors, consisting of tri-layer nanocapsule structures, are ultrasensitive, well reproducible, and can be robotized by either electric or magnetic tweezers. Three applications using such SERS nanosensors were demonstrated, including location predictable detection, single-cell bioanalysis, and tunable molecule release and monitoring. The integration of SERS and nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) devices is innovative in both device concept and fabrication, and could potentially inspire a new device scheme for various bio-relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Chao Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Donglei Fan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Fu HC, Jabbarzadeh M, Meshkati F. Magnetization directions and geometries of helical microswimmers for linear velocity-frequency response. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:043011. [PMID: 25974584 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.043011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been much progress in creating microswimmers or microrobots capable of controlled propulsion in fluidic environments. These microswimmers have numerous possible applications in biomedicine, microfabrication, and sensing. One type of effective microrobot consists of rigid magnetic helical microswimmers that are propelled when rotated at a range of frequencies by an external rotating magnetic field. Here we focus on investigating which magnetic dipoles and helical geometries optimally lead to linear velocity-frequency response, which may be desirable for the precise control and positioning of microswimmers. We identify a class of optimal magnetic field moments. We connect our results to the wobbling behavior previously observed and studied in helical microswimmers. In contrast to previous studies, we find that when the full helical geometry is taken into account, wobble-free motion is not possible for magnetic fields rotating in a plane. Our results compare well quantitatively to previously reported experiments, validating the theoretical analysis method. Finally, in the context of our optimal moments, we identify helical geometries for minimization of wobbling and maximization of swimming velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada at Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Mehdi Jabbarzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada at Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Farshad Meshkati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada at Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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Xu X, Kim K, Fan DL. Tunable release of multiplex biochemicals by plasmonically active rotary nanomotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2525-9. [PMID: 25580820 PMCID: PMC4466123 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is highly desirable to precisely tune the molecule release rate from the surfaces of nanoparticles (NPs) that are relevant to cancer therapy and single-cell biology. An innovative mechanism is reported to actively tune the biochemical release rate by rotation of NPs. Plasmonic nanomotors were assembled from NPs and applied in multiplex biochemical release and detection. Both single and multiplex biosignals can be released in a tunable fashion by controlling the rotation speed of the nanomotors. The chemistry and release rate of individual chemicals can be revealed by Raman spectroscopy. The fundamental mechanism was modeled quantitatively and attributed to the fluidic boundary-layer reduction owing to the liquid convection. This work, which explored the synergistic attributes of surface enhanced Raman scattering and nanoelectromechanical systems, could inspire new sensors that are potentially interesting for various bio-applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Matrials Insititute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kwanoh Kim
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - D. L. Fan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Matrials Insititute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Kim K, Guo J, Xu X, Fan D(E. Micromotors with step-motor characteristics by controlled magnetic interactions among assembled components. ACS NANO 2015; 9:548-54. [PMID: 25536023 PMCID: PMC4310638 DOI: 10.1021/nn505798w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the control of the rotation dynamics of an innovative type of rotary micromotors with desired performances by tuning the magnetic interactions among the assembled micro/nanoscale components. The micromotors are made of metallic nanowires as rotors, patterned magnetic nanodisks as bearings and actuated by external electric fields. The magnetic forces for anchoring the rotors on the bearings play an essential role in the rotation dynamics of the micromotors. By varying the moment, orientation, and dimension of the magnetic components, distinct rotation behaviors can be observed, including repeatable wobbling and rolling in addition to rotation. We understood the rotation behaviors by analytical modeling, designed and realized micromotors with step-motor characteristics. The outcome of this research could inspire the development of high-performance nanomachines assembled from synthetic nanoentities, relevant to nanorobotics, microfluidics, and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jianhe Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Donglei (Emma) Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Xu X, Kim K, Fan D. Tunable Release of Multiplex Biochemicals by Plasmonically Active Rotary Nanomotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kim K, Xu X, Guo J, Fan DL. Ultrahigh-speed rotating nanoelectromechanical system devices assembled from nanoscale building blocks. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3632. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Kim K, Zhu FQ, Fan D. Innovative mechanisms for precision assembly and actuation of arrays of nanowire oscillators. ACS NANO 2013; 7:3476-3483. [PMID: 23484802 DOI: 10.1021/nn400363x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up assembling of Micro/Nano Electromechanical System (MEMS/NEMS) devices from nanoscale building blocks is highly desirable but extremely difficult to achieve. In this work, we report innovative mechanisms for precision assembly and actuation of arrays of nanowire NEMS devices that can synchronously oscillate between two designated positions for over 4000 cycles. The assembly and actuation mechanisms are based on unique magnetic interactions between nanoentities with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and electric-tweezer manipulation, our recent invention. Quantitative analysis of the dynamics of torques involved in the nano-oscillators reveals that the induced electrostatic torques due to the external electric fields between metallic NEMS components play a significant role in the mechanical actuation. These new findings are expected to inspire new in situ assembly and actuation strategies in the general field of NEMS devices such as nanomechanical switches for toggling on/off circuits and nanoresonators for biochemical sensors and radio frequency communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Xu X, Kim K, Li H, Fan DL. Ordered arrays of Raman nanosensors for ultrasensitive and location predictable biochemical detection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:5457-63. [PMID: 22887635 PMCID: PMC3710289 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is sensitive enough for single-molecule biochemical detection, but it is extremely difficult to obtain a large number of SERS hotspots for sensitive and reproducible detection. It is even more challenging to assemble the hotspots at designated positions for location predictable sensing. Here, we report an original strategy for the synthesis, manipulation, and assembling of plasmonic nanocapsule SERS sensors for high-sensitivity biochemical detection at predictable locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kwanoh Kim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Huifeng Li
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - D. L. Fan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Fan DL, Zhu FQ, Xu X, Cammarata RC, Chien CL. Electronic properties of nanoentities revealed by electrically driven rotation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9309-13. [PMID: 22645373 PMCID: PMC3386091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200342109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct electric measurement via small contacting pads on individual quasi-one-dimensional nanoentities, such as nanowires and carbon nanotubes, are usually required to access its electronic properties. We show in this work that 1D nanoentities in suspension can be driven to rotation by AC electric fields. The chirality of the resultantrotation unambiguously reveals whether the nanoentities are metal, semiconductor, or insulator due to the dependence of the Clausius-Mossotti factor on the material conductivity and frequency. This contactless method provides rapid and parallel identification of the electrical characteristics of 1D nanoentities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. L. Fan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Frank Q. Zhu
- Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, San Jose, CA 95135
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Robert C. Cammarata
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; and
| | - C. L. Chien
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; and
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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Xu X, Hasan D, Wang L, Chakravarty S, Chen RT, Fan DL, Wang AX. Guided-mode-resonance-coupled plasmonic-active SiO(2) nanotubes for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2012; 100:191114-1911145. [PMID: 22685345 PMCID: PMC3360636 DOI: 10.1063/1.4714710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate by integrating plasmonic-active SiO(2) nanotubes into Si(3)N(4) gratings. First, the dielectric grating that is working under guided mode resonance (GMR) provides enhanced electric field for localized surface plasmon polaritons on the surface of metallic nanoparticles. Second, we use SiO(2) nanotubes with densely assembled silver nanoparticles to provide a large amount of "hot spots" without significantly damping the GMR mode of the grating. Experimental measurement on Rhodamine-6G shows a constant enhancement factor of 8 ∼ 10 in addition to the existing SERS effect across the entire surface of the SiO(2) nanotubes.
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