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Rodríguez-Pérez LM, López-de-San-Sebastián J, de Diego I, Smith A, Roales-Buján R, Jiménez AJ, Paez-Gonzalez P. A selective defect in the glial wedge as part of the neuroepithelium disruption in hydrocephalus development in the mouse hyh model is associated with complete corpus callosum dysgenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1330412. [PMID: 38450283 PMCID: PMC10915275 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1330412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum is present in neurodevelopmental disorders and coexists with hydrocephalus in several human congenital syndromes. The mechanisms that underlie the etiology of congenital hydrocephalus and agenesis of the corpus callosum when they coappear during neurodevelopment persist unclear. In this work, the mechanistic relationship between both disorders is investigated in the hyh mouse model for congenital hydrocephalus, which also develops agenesis of the corpus callosum. In this model, hydrocephalus is generated by a defective program in the development of neuroepithelium during its differentiation into radial glial cells. Methods In this work, the populations implicated in the development of the corpus callosum (callosal neurons, pioneering axons, glial wedge cells, subcallosal sling and indusium griseum glial cells) were studied in wild-type and hyh mutant mice. Immunohistochemistry, mRNA in situ hybridization, axonal tracing experiments, and organotypic cultures from normal and hyh mouse embryos were used. Results Our results show that the defective program in the neuroepithelium/radial glial cell development in the hyh mutant mouse selectively affects the glial wedge cells. The glial wedge cells are necessary to guide the pioneering axons as they approach the corticoseptal boundary. Our results show that the pioneering callosal axons arising from neurons in the cingulate cortex can extend projections to the interhemispheric midline in normal and hyh mice. However, pioneering axons in the hyh mutant mouse, when approaching the area corresponding to the damaged glial wedge cell population, turned toward the ipsilateral lateral ventricle. This defect occurred before the appearance of ventriculomegaly. Discussion In conclusion, the abnormal development of the ventricular zone, which appears to be inherent to the etiology of several forms of congenital hydrocephalus, can explain, in some cases, the common association between hydrocephalus and corpus callosum dysgenesis. These results imply that further studies may be needed to understand the corpus callosum dysgenesis etiology when it concurs with hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis-Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Isabel de Diego
- Departamento de Anatomía y Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Aníbal Smith
- Departamento de Anatomía y Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Ruth Roales-Buján
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Paez-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
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Generation of Periventricular Reactive Astrocytes Overexpressing Aquaporin 4 Is Stimulated by Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065640. [PMID: 36982724 PMCID: PMC10057840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) plays a crucial role in brain water circulation and is considered a therapeutic target in hydrocephalus. Congenital hydrocephalus is associated with a reaction of astrocytes in the periventricular white matter both in experimental models and human cases. A previous report showed that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) transplanted into the lateral ventricles of hyh mice exhibiting severe congenital hydrocephalus are attracted by the periventricular astrocyte reaction, and the cerebral tissue displays recovery. The present investigation aimed to test the effect of BM-MSC treatment on astrocyte reaction formation. BM-MSCs were injected into the lateral ventricles of four-day-old hyh mice, and the periventricular reaction was detected two weeks later. A protein expression analysis of the cerebral tissue differentiated the BM-MSC-treated mice from the controls and revealed effects on neural development. In in vivo and in vitro experiments, BM-MSCs stimulated the generation of periventricular reactive astrocytes overexpressing AQP4 and its regulatory protein kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa (Kidins220). In the cerebral tissue, mRNA overexpression of nerve growth factor (NGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1α), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) could be related to the regulation of the astrocyte reaction and AQP4 expression. In conclusion, BM-MSC treatment in hydrocephalus can stimulate a key developmental process such as the periventricular astrocyte reaction, where AQP4 overexpression could be implicated in tissue recovery.
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Serra R, Simard JM. Adherens, tight, and gap junctions in ependymal cells: A systematic review of their contribution to CSF-brain barrier. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1092205. [PMID: 37034077 PMCID: PMC10079940 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1092205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The movement of fluids and solutes across the ependymal barrier, and their changes in physiologic and disease states are poorly understood. This gap in knowledge contributes strongly to treatment failures and complications in various neurological disorders. Methods We systematically searched and reviewed original research articles treating ependymal intercellular junctions on PubMed. Reviews, opinion papers, and abstracts were excluded. Research conducted on tissue samples, cell lines, CSF, and animal models was considered. Results A total of 45 novel articles treating tight, adherens and gap junctions of the ependyma were included in our review, spanning from 1960 to 2022. The findings of this review point toward a central and not yet fully characterized role of the ependymal lining ultrastructure in fluid flow interactions in the brain. In particular, tight junctions circumferentially line the apical equator of ependymal cells, changing between embryonal and adult life in several rodent models, shaping fluid and solute transit in this location. Further, adherens and gap junctions appear to have a pivotal role in several forms of congenital hydrocephalus. Conclusions These findings may provide an opportunity for medical management of CSF disorders, potentially allowing for tuning of CSF secretion and absorption. Beyond hydrocephalus, stroke, trauma, this information has relevance for metabolite clearance and drug delivery, with potential to affect many patients with a variety of neurological disorders. This critical look at intercellular junctions in ependyma and the surrounding interstitial spaces is meant to inspire future research on a central and rather unknown component of the CSF-brain interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Serra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Riccardo Serra
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Bustamante-Barrientos FA, Méndez-Ruette M, Molina L, Koning T, Ehrenfeld P, González CB, Wyneken U, Henzi R, Bátiz LF. Alpha-SNAP (M105I) mutation promotes neuronal differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells through overactivation of AMPK. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1061777. [PMID: 37113766 PMCID: PMC10127105 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1061777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The M105I point mutation in α-SNAP (Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein-alpha) leads in mice to a complex phenotype known as hyh (hydrocephalus with hop gait), characterized by cortical malformation and hydrocephalus, among other neuropathological features. Studies performed by our laboratory and others support that the hyh phenotype is triggered by a primary alteration in embryonic neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) that leads to a disruption of the ventricular and subventricular zones (VZ/SVZ) during the neurogenic period. Besides the canonical role of α-SNAP in SNARE-mediated intracellular membrane fusion dynamics, it also negatively modulates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. AMPK is a conserved metabolic sensor associated with the proliferation/differentiation balance in NSPCs. Methods: Brain samples from hyh mutant mice (hydrocephalus with hop gait) (B6C3Fe-a/a-Napahyh/J) were analyzed by light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and Western blot at different developmental stages. In addition, NSPCs derived from WT and hyh mutant mice were cultured as neurospheres for in vitro characterization and pharmacological assays. BrdU labeling was used to assess proliferative activity in situ and in vitro. Pharmacological modulation of AMPK was performed using Compound C (AMPK inhibitor) and AICAR (AMPK activator). Results: α-SNAP was preferentially expressed in the brain, showing variations in the levels of α-SNAP protein in different brain regions and developmental stages. NSPCs from hyh mice (hyh-NSPCs) displayed reduced levels of α-SNAP and increased levels of phosphorylated AMPKα (pAMPKαThr172), which were associated with a reduction in their proliferative activity and a preferential commitment with the neuronal lineage. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition of AMPK in hyh-NSPCs increased proliferative activity and completely abolished the increased generation of neurons. Conversely, AICAR-mediated activation of AMPK in WT-NSPCs reduced proliferation and boosted neuronal differentiation. Discussion: Our findings support that α-SNAP regulates AMPK signaling in NSPCs, further modulating their neurogenic capacity. The naturally occurring M105I mutation of α-SNAP provokes an AMPK overactivation in NSPCs, thus connecting the α-SNAP/AMPK axis with the etiopathogenesis and neuropathology of the hyh phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxs Méndez-Ruette
- Neuroscience Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- PhD Program in Biomedicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Molina
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Tania Koning
- Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos B. González
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ursula Wyneken
- Neuroscience Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Henzi
- Neuroscience Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Reproducción Animal, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
- *Correspondence: Luis Federico Bátiz, ; Roberto Henzi,
| | - Luis Federico Bátiz
- Neuroscience Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Luis Federico Bátiz, ; Roberto Henzi,
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Torrillas de la Cal A, Paniagua-Torija B, Arevalo-Martin A, Faulkes CG, Jiménez AJ, Ferrer I, Molina-Holgado E, Garcia-Ovejero D. The Structure of the Spinal Cord Ependymal Region in Adult Humans Is a Distinctive Trait among Mammals. Cells 2021; 10:2235. [PMID: 34571884 PMCID: PMC8469235 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In species that regenerate the injured spinal cord, the ependymal region is a source of new cells and a prominent coordinator of regeneration. In mammals, cells at the ependymal region proliferate in normal conditions and react after injury, but in humans, the central canal is lost in the majority of individuals from early childhood. It is replaced by a structure that does not proliferate after damage and is formed by large accumulations of ependymal cells, strong astrogliosis and perivascular pseudo-rosettes. We inform here of two additional mammals that lose the central canal during their lifetime: the Naked Mole-Rat (NMR, Heterocephalus glaber) and the mutant hyh (hydrocephalus with hop gait) mice. The morphological study of their spinal cords shows that the tissue substituting the central canal is not similar to that found in humans. In both NMR and hyh mice, the central canal is replaced by tissue reminiscent of normal lamina X and may include small groups of ependymal cells in the midline, partially resembling specific domains of the former canal. However, no features of the adult human ependymal remnant are found, suggesting that this structure is a specific human trait. In order to shed some more light on the mechanism of human central canal closure, we provide new data suggesting that canal patency is lost by delamination of the ependymal epithelium, in a process that includes apical polarity loss and the expression of signaling mediators involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Torrillas de la Cal
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.T.d.l.C.); (B.P.-T.); (A.A.-M.); (E.M.-H.)
| | - Beatriz Paniagua-Torija
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.T.d.l.C.); (B.P.-T.); (A.A.-M.); (E.M.-H.)
| | - Angel Arevalo-Martin
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.T.d.l.C.); (B.P.-T.); (A.A.-M.); (E.M.-H.)
| | - Christopher Guy Faulkes
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Antonio Jesús Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei d’Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Molina-Holgado
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.T.d.l.C.); (B.P.-T.); (A.A.-M.); (E.M.-H.)
| | - Daniel Garcia-Ovejero
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.T.d.l.C.); (B.P.-T.); (A.A.-M.); (E.M.-H.)
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Dunn JF, Isaacs AM. The impact of hypoxia on blood-brain, blood-CSF, and CSF-brain barriers. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:977-985. [PMID: 34264124 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00108.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB), and CSF-brain barriers (CSFBB) are highly regulated barriers in the central nervous system comprising complex multicellular structures that separate nerves and glia from blood and CSF, respectively. Barrier damage has been implicated in the pathophysiology of diverse hypoxia-related neurological conditions, including stroke, multiple sclerosis, hydrocephalus, and high-altitude cerebral edema. Much is known about the damage to the BBB in response to hypoxia, but much less is known about the BCSFB and CSFBB. Yet, it is known that these other barriers are implicated in damage after hypoxia or inflammation. In the 1950s, it was shown that the rate of radionucleated human serum albumin passage from plasma to CSF was five times higher during hypoxic than normoxic conditions in dogs, due to BCSFB disruption. Severe hypoxia due to administration of the bacterial toxin lipopolysaccharide is associated with disruption of the CSFBB. This review discusses the anatomy of the BBB, BCSFB, and CSFBB and the impact of hypoxia and associated inflammation on the regulation of those barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff F Dunn
- Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Albert M Isaacs
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Ojeda-Pérez B, Campos-Sandoval JA, García-Bonilla M, Cárdenas-García C, Páez-González P, Jiménez AJ. Identification of key molecular biomarkers involved in reactive and neurodegenerative processes present in inherited congenital hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:30. [PMID: 34215285 PMCID: PMC8254311 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periventricular extracellular oedema, myelin damage, inflammation, and glial reactions are common neuropathological events that occur in the brain in congenital hydrocephalus. The periventricular white matter is the most affected region. The present study aimed to identify altered molecular and cellular biomarkers in the neocortex that can function as potential therapeutic targets to both treat and evaluate recovery from these neurodegenerative conditions. The hyh mouse model of hereditary hydrocephalus was used for this purpose. METHODS The hyh mouse model of hereditary hydrocephalus (hydrocephalus with hop gait) and control littermates without hydrocephalus were used in the present work. In tissue sections, the ionic content was investigated using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy scanning electron microscopy (EDS-SEM). For the lipid analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) was performed in frozen sections. The expression of proteins in the cerebral white matter was analysed by mass spectrometry. The oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) were studied with immunofluorescence in cerebral sections and whole-mount preparations of the ventricle walls. RESULTS High sodium and chloride concentrations were found indicating oedema conditions in both the periventricular white matter and extending towards the grey matter. Lipid analysis revealed lower levels of two phosphatidylinositol molecular species in the grey matter, indicating that neural functions were altered in the hydrocephalic mice. In addition, the expression of proteins in the cerebral white matter revealed evident deregulation of the processes of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Because of the changes in oligodendrocyte differentiation in the white matter, OPCs were also studied. In hydrocephalic mice, OPCs were found to be reactive, overexpressing the NG2 antigen but not giving rise to an increase in mature oligodendrocytes. The higher levels of the NG2 antigen, diacylglycerophosphoserine and possibly transthyretin in the cerebrum of hydrocephalic hyh mice could indicate cell reactions that may have been triggered by inflammation, neurocytotoxic conditions, and ischaemia. CONCLUSION Our results identify possible biomarkers of hydrocephalus in the cerebral grey and white matter. In the white matter, OPCs could be reacting to acquire a neuroprotective role or as a delay in the oligodendrocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsaida Ojeda-Pérez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - José A Campos-Sandoval
- Servicios Centrales de Apoyo a la Investigación (SCAI), Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - María García-Bonilla
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Páez-González
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain.
| | - Antonio J Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain.
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Isaacs AM, Morton SU, Movassagh M, Zhang Q, Hehnly C, Zhang L, Morales DM, Sinnar SA, Ericson JE, Mbabazi-Kabachelor E, Ssenyonga P, Onen J, Mulondo R, Hornig M, Warf BC, Broach JR, Townsend RR, Limbrick DD, Paulson JN, Schiff SJ. Immune activation during Paenibacillus brain infection in African infants with frequent cytomegalovirus co-infection. iScience 2021; 24:102351. [PMID: 33912816 PMCID: PMC8065213 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation during neonatal brain infections leads to significant secondary sequelae such as hydrocephalus, which often follows neonatal sepsis in the developing world. In 100 African hydrocephalic infants we identified the biological pathways that account for this response. The dominant bacterial pathogen was a Paenibacillus species, with frequent cytomegalovirus co-infection. A proteogenomic strategy was employed to confirm host immune response to Paenibacillus and to define the interplay within the host immune response network. Immune activation emphasized neuroinflammation, oxidative stress reaction, and extracellular matrix organization. The innate immune system response included neutrophil activity, signaling via IL-4, IL-12, IL-13, interferon, and Jak/STAT pathways. Platelet-activating factors and factors involved with microbe recognition such as Class I MHC antigen-presenting complex were also increased. Evidence suggests that dysregulated neuroinflammation propagates inflammatory hydrocephalus, and these pathways are potential targets for adjunctive treatments to reduce the hazards of neuroinflammation and risk of hydrocephalus following neonatal sepsis. There is a characteristic immune response to Paenibacillus brain infection There is a characteristic immune response to CMV brain infection The matching immune response validates pathogen genomic presence The combined results support molecular infection causality
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Isaacs
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sarah U Morton
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mercedeh Movassagh
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christine Hehnly
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Diego M Morales
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shamim A Sinnar
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA.,Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jessica E Ericson
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | | - Justin Onen
- CURE Children's Hospital of Uganda, Mbale, Uganda
| | | | - Mady Hornig
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Benjamin C Warf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James R Broach
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - R Reid Townsend
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David D Limbrick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph N Paulson
- Department of Biostatistics, Product Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Steven J Schiff
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Departments of Neurosurgery, Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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9
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Castaneyra-Ruiz L, McAllister JP, Morales DM, Brody SL, Isaacs AM, Limbrick DD. Preterm intraventricular hemorrhage in vitro: modeling the cytopathology of the ventricular zone. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:46. [PMID: 32690048 PMCID: PMC7372876 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is one of the most devastating neurological complications in preterm infants, with the majority suffering long-term neurological morbidity and up to 50% developing post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). Despite the importance of this disease, its cytopathological mechanisms are not well known. An in vitro model of IVH is required to investigate the effects of blood and its components on the developing ventricular zone (VZ) and its stem cell niche. To address this need, we developed a protocol from our accepted in vitro model to mimic the cytopathological conditions of IVH in the preterm infant. METHODS Maturing neuroepithelial cells from the VZ were harvested from the entire lateral ventricles of wild type C57BL/6 mice at 1-4 days of age and expanded in proliferation media for 3-5 days. At confluence, cells were re-plated onto 24-well plates in differentiation media to generate ependymal cells (EC). At approximately 3-5 days, which corresponded to the onset of EC differentiation based on the appearance of multiciliated cells, phosphate-buffered saline for controls or syngeneic whole blood for IVH was added to the EC surface. The cells were examined for the expression of EC markers of differentiation and maturation to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the effect of blood exposure on VZ transition from neuroepithelial cells to EC. DISCUSSION This protocol will allow investigators to test cytopathological mechanisms contributing to the pathology of IVH with high temporal resolution and query the impact of injury to the maturation of the VZ. This technique recapitulates features of normal maturation of the VZ in vitro, offering the capacity to investigate the developmental features of VZ biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Castaneyra-Ruiz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine and the St. Louis Children's Hospital, Campus Box 8057, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - James P McAllister
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine and the St. Louis Children's Hospital, Campus Box 8057, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Diego M Morales
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine and the St. Louis Children's Hospital, Campus Box 8057, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Steven L Brody
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Albert M Isaacs
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David D Limbrick
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine and the St. Louis Children's Hospital, Campus Box 8057, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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10
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García-Bonilla M, Ojeda-Pérez B, García-Martín ML, Muñoz-Hernández MC, Vitorica J, Jiménez S, Cifuentes M, Santos-Ruíz L, Shumilov K, Claros S, Gutiérrez A, Páez-González P, Jiménez AJ. Neocortical tissue recovery in severe congenital obstructive hydrocephalus after intraventricular administration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:121. [PMID: 32183876 PMCID: PMC7079418 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In obstructive congenital hydrocephalus, cerebrospinal fluid accumulation is associated with high intracranial pressure and the presence of periventricular edema, ischemia/hypoxia, damage of the white matter, and glial reactions in the neocortex. The viability and short time effects of a therapy based on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) have been evaluated in such pathological conditions in the hyh mouse model. Methods BM-MSC obtained from mice expressing fluorescent mRFP1 protein were injected into the lateral ventricle of hydrocephalic hyh mice at the moment they present a very severe form of the disease. The effect of transplantation in the neocortex was compared with hydrocephalic hyh mice injected with the vehicle and non-hydrocephalic littermates. Neural cell populations and the possibility of transdifferentiation were analyzed. The possibility of a tissue recovering was investigated using 1H High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy, thus allowing the detection of metabolites/osmolytes related with hydrocephalus severity and outcome in the neocortex. An in vitro assay to simulate the periventricular astrocyte reaction conditions was performed using BM-MSC under high TNFα level condition. The secretome in the culture medium was analyzed in this assay. Results Four days after transplantation, BM-MSC were found undifferentiated and scattered into the astrocyte reaction present in the damaged neocortex white matter. Tissue rejection to the integrated BM-MSC was not detected 4 days after transplantation. Hyh mice transplanted with BM-MSC showed a reduction in the apoptosis in the periventricular neocortex walls, suggesting a neuroprotector effect of the BM-MSC in these conditions. A decrease in the levels of metabolites/osmolytes in the neocortex, such as taurine and neuroexcytotoxic glutamate, also indicated a tissue recovering. Under high TNFα level condition in vitro, BM-MSC showed an upregulation of cytokine and protein secretion that may explain homing, immunomodulation, and vascular permeability, and therefore the tissue recovering. Conclusions BM-MSC treatment in severe congenital hydrocephalus is viable and leads to the recovery of the severe neurodegenerative conditions in the neocortex. NMR spectroscopy allows to follow-up the effects of stem cell therapy in hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Bonilla
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - Betsaida Ojeda-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - María L García-Martín
- BIONAND, Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine & Biotechnology (Junta de Andalucía-Universidad de Málaga), Malaga, Spain
| | - M Carmen Muñoz-Hernández
- BIONAND, Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine & Biotechnology (Junta de Andalucía-Universidad de Málaga), Malaga, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastián Jiménez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Cifuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - Leonor Santos-Ruíz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - Kirill Shumilov
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - Silvia Claros
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Páez-González
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain.
| | - Antonio J Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain.
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11
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Castaneyra-Ruiz L, Morales DM, McAllister JP, Brody SL, Isaacs AM, Strahle JM, Dahiya SM, Limbrick DD. Blood Exposure Causes Ventricular Zone Disruption and Glial Activation In Vitro. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:803-813. [PMID: 30032242 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is the most common cause of pediatric hydrocephalus in North America but remains poorly understood. Cell junction-mediated ventricular zone (VZ) disruption and astrogliosis are associated with the pathogenesis of congenital, nonhemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Recently, our group demonstrated that VZ disruption is also present in preterm infants with IVH. On the basis of this observation, we hypothesized that blood triggers the loss of VZ cell junction integrity and related cytopathology. In order to test this hypothesis, we developed an in vitro model of IVH by applying syngeneic blood to cultured VZ cells obtained from newborn mice. Following blood treatment, cells were assayed for N-cadherin-dependent adherens junctions, ciliated ependymal cells, and markers of glial activation using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. After 24-48 hours of exposure to blood, VZ cell junctions were disrupted as determined by a significant reduction in N-cadherin expression (p < 0.05). This was also associated with significant decrease in multiciliated cells and increase in glial fibrillary acid protein-expressing cells (p < 0.05). These observations suggest that, in vitro, blood triggers VZ cell loss and glial activation in a pattern that mirrors the cytopathology of human IVH and supports the relevance of this in vitro model to define injury mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Castaneyra-Ruiz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine and the St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Diego M Morales
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine and the St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - James P McAllister
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine and the St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Jennifer M Strahle
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine and the St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Pediatrics
| | - Sonika M Dahiya
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David D Limbrick
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine and the St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Pediatrics
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12
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García-Bonilla M, García-Martín ML, Muñoz-Hernández MC, Domínguez-Pinos D, Martínez-León MI, Peñalver A, Castilla L, Alonso FJ, Márquez J, Shumilov K, Hidalgo-Sánchez R, Gutiérrez A, Páez-González P, Jiménez AJ. A Distinct Metabolite Profile Correlates with Neurodegenerative Conditions and the Severity of Congenital Hydrocephalus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:1122-1136. [PMID: 30364991 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In congenital hydrocephalus, cerebrospinal fluid accumulation is associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP), ischemia/hypoxia, metabolic impairment, neuronal damage, and astrocytic reaction. The aim of this study was to identify whether a metabolite profile revealing tissue responses according to the severity of hydrocephalus can be detected. The hyh mutant mouse used for this study exhibits 2 different forms of hydrocephalus, severe and moderate. In a comprehensive investigation into the 2 progressions of hydrocephalus, mice with severe hydrocephalus were found to have higher ICP and astrocytic reaction. Several metabolites from the mouse brain cortex were analyzed with 1H high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (1H HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy. A differential profile for metabolites including glutamate and glutamine was found to correlate with the severity of hydrocephalus and can be explained due to differential astrocytic reactions, neurodegenerative conditions, and the presence of ischemia. The glutamate transporter EAAT2 and the metabolite taurine were found to be key histopathological markers of affected parenchymata. In conclusion, a differential metabolite profile can be detected according to the severity of hydrocephalus and associated ICP and therefore can be used to monitor the efficacy of experimental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Bonilla
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,BIONAND, Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine & Biotechnology (Junta de Andalucía-Universidad de Málaga), Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | | | - M Carmen Muñoz-Hernández
- BIONAND, Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine & Biotechnology (Junta de Andalucía-Universidad de Málaga), Malaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Peñalver
- Canceromics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Laura Castilla
- Canceromics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Alonso
- Canceromics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Javier Márquez
- Canceromics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Kirill Shumilov
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Antonia Gutiérrez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Páez-González
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Antonio J Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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13
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Arcos A, de Paola M, Gianetti D, Acuña D, Velásquez ZD, Miró MP, Toro G, Hinrichsen B, Muñoz RI, Lin Y, Mardones GA, Ehrenfeld P, Rivera FJ, Michaut MA, Batiz LF. α-SNAP is expressed in mouse ovarian granulosa cells and plays a key role in folliculogenesis and female fertility. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11765. [PMID: 28924180 PMCID: PMC5603506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between ovarian folliculogenesis and follicular atresia is critical for female fertility and is strictly regulated by a complex network of neuroendocrine and intra-ovarian signals. Despite the numerous functions executed by granulosa cells (GCs) in ovarian physiology, the role of multifunctional proteins able to simultaneously coordinate/modulate several cellular pathways is unclear. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein (α-SNAP) is a multifunctional protein that participates in SNARE-mediated membrane fusion events. In addition, it regulates cell-to-cell adhesion, AMPK signaling, autophagy and apoptosis in different cell types. In this study we examined the expression pattern of α-SNAP in ovarian tissue and the consequences of α-SNAP (M105I) mutation (hyh mutation) in folliculogenesis and female fertility. Our results showed that α-SNAP protein is highly expressed in GCs and its expression is modulated by gonadotropin stimuli. On the other hand, α-SNAP-mutant mice show a reduction in α-SNAP protein levels. Moreover, increased apoptosis of GCs and follicular atresia, reduced ovulation rate, and a dramatic decline in fertility is observed in α-SNAP-mutant females. In conclusion, α-SNAP plays a critical role in the balance between follicular development and atresia. Consequently, a reduction in its expression/function (M105I mutation) causes early depletion of ovarian follicles and female subfertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Arcos
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Matilde de Paola
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Diego Gianetti
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Diego Acuña
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Zahady D Velásquez
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María Paz Miró
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Gabriela Toro
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Bryan Hinrichsen
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rosa Iris Muñoz
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Yimo Lin
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Department of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Gonzalo A Mardones
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisco J Rivera
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, A-5020, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, A-5020, Austria
| | - Marcela A Michaut
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina. .,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Luis Federico Batiz
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile. .,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
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14
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McAllister JP, Guerra MM, Ruiz LC, Jimenez AJ, Dominguez-Pinos D, Sival D, den Dunnen W, Morales DM, Schmidt RE, Rodriguez EM, Limbrick DD. Ventricular Zone Disruption in Human Neonates With Intraventricular Hemorrhage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:358-375. [PMID: 28521038 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine if ventricular zone (VZ) and subventricular zone (SVZ) alterations are associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, we compared postmortem frontal and subcortical brain samples from 12 infants with IVH and 3 nonneurological disease controls without hemorrhages or ventriculomegaly. Birth and expiration estimated gestational ages were 23.0-39.1 and 23.7-44.1 weeks, respectively; survival ranges were 0-42 days (median, 2.0 days). Routine histology and immunohistochemistry for neural stem cells (NSCs), neural progenitors (NPs), multiciliated ependymal cells (ECs), astrocytes (AS), and cell adhesion molecules were performed. Controls exhibited monociliated NSCs and multiciliated ECs lining the ventricles, abundant NPs in the SVZ, and medial vs. lateral wall differences with a complex mosaic organization in the latter. In IVH cases, normal VZ/SVZ areas were mixed with foci of NSC and EC loss, eruption of cells into the ventricle, cytoplasmic transposition of N-cadherin, subependymal rosettes, and periventricular heterotopia. Mature AS populated areas believed to be sites of VZ disruption. The cytopathology and extension of the VZ disruption correlated with developmental age but not with brain hemorrhage grade or location. These results corroborate similar findings in congenital hydrocephalus in animals and humans and indicate that VZ disruption occurs consistently in premature neonates with IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P McAllister
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (JPM, LCR, DMM, DDL); Instituto de Antomía, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile (MMG, EMR); Instituto de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain (AJJ, DDP); Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (DS, WD); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (RES); and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (DDL)
| | - Maria Montserrat Guerra
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (JPM, LCR, DMM, DDL); Instituto de Antomía, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile (MMG, EMR); Instituto de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain (AJJ, DDP); Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (DS, WD); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (RES); and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (DDL)
| | - Leandro Castaneyra Ruiz
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (JPM, LCR, DMM, DDL); Instituto de Antomía, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile (MMG, EMR); Instituto de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain (AJJ, DDP); Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (DS, WD); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (RES); and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (DDL)
| | - Antonio J Jimenez
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (JPM, LCR, DMM, DDL); Instituto de Antomía, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile (MMG, EMR); Instituto de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain (AJJ, DDP); Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (DS, WD); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (RES); and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (DDL)
| | - Dolores Dominguez-Pinos
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (JPM, LCR, DMM, DDL); Instituto de Antomía, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile (MMG, EMR); Instituto de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain (AJJ, DDP); Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (DS, WD); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (RES); and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (DDL)
| | - Deborah Sival
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (JPM, LCR, DMM, DDL); Instituto de Antomía, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile (MMG, EMR); Instituto de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain (AJJ, DDP); Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (DS, WD); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (RES); and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (DDL)
| | - Wilfred den Dunnen
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (JPM, LCR, DMM, DDL); Instituto de Antomía, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile (MMG, EMR); Instituto de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain (AJJ, DDP); Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (DS, WD); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (RES); and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (DDL)
| | - Diego M Morales
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (JPM, LCR, DMM, DDL); Instituto de Antomía, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile (MMG, EMR); Instituto de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain (AJJ, DDP); Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (DS, WD); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (RES); and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (DDL)
| | - Robert E Schmidt
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (JPM, LCR, DMM, DDL); Instituto de Antomía, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile (MMG, EMR); Instituto de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain (AJJ, DDP); Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (DS, WD); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (RES); and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (DDL)
| | - Esteban M Rodriguez
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (JPM, LCR, DMM, DDL); Instituto de Antomía, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile (MMG, EMR); Instituto de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain (AJJ, DDP); Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (DS, WD); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (RES); and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (DDL)
| | - David D Limbrick
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (JPM, LCR, DMM, DDL); Instituto de Antomía, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile (MMG, EMR); Instituto de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain (AJJ, DDP); Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (DS, WD); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (RES); and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (DDL)
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15
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Jiménez AJ, Rodríguez-Pérez LM, Domínguez-Pinos MD, Gómez-Roldán MC, García-Bonilla M, Ho-Plagaro A, Roales-Buján R, Jiménez S, Roquero-Mañueco MC, Martínez-León MI, García-Martín ML, Cifuentes M, Ros B, Arráez MÁ, Vitorica J, Gutiérrez A, Pérez-Fígares JM. Increased levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) but not transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ1) are associated with the severity of congenital hydrocephalus in the hyh mouse. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 40:911-32. [PMID: 24707814 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Here, we tested the hypothesis that glial responses via the production of cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ1) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), which play important roles in neurodegenerative diseases, are correlated with the severity of congenital hydrocephalus in the hyh mouse model. We also searched for evidence of this association in human cases of primary hydrocephalus. METHODS Hyh mice, which exhibit either severe or compensated long-lasting forms of hydrocephalus, were examined and compared with wild-type mice. TGFβ1, TNFα and TNFαR1 mRNA levels were quantified using real-time PCR. TNFα and TNFαR1 were immunolocalized in the brain tissues of hyh mice and four hydrocephalic human foetuses relative to astroglial and microglial reactions. RESULTS The TGFβ1 mRNA levels were not significantly different between hyh mice exhibiting severe or compensated hydrocephalus and normal mice. In contrast, severely hydrocephalic mice exhibited four- and two-fold increases in the mean levels of TNFα and TNFαR1, respectively, compared with normal mice. In the hyh mouse, TNFα and TNFαR1 immunoreactivity was preferentially detected in astrocytes that form a particular periventricular reaction characteristic of hydrocephalus. However, these proteins were rarely detected in microglia, which did not appear to be activated. TNFα immunoreactivity was also detected in the glial reaction in the small group of human foetuses exhibiting hydrocephalus that were examined. CONCLUSIONS In the hyh mouse model of congenital hydrocephalus, TNFα and TNFαR1 appear to be associated with the severity of the disease, probably mediating the astrocyte reaction, neurodegenerative processes and ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio-Jesús Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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16
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Cell Junction Pathology of Neural Stem Cells Is Associated With Ventricular Zone Disruption, Hydrocephalus, and Abnormal Neurogenesis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:653-71. [PMID: 26079447 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal-onset hydrocephalus affects 1 to 3 per 1,000 live births. It is not only a disorder of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics but also a brain disorder that corrective surgery does not ameliorate. We hypothesized that cell junction abnormalities of neural stem cells (NSCs) lead to the inseparable phenomena of fetal-onset hydrocephalus and abnormal neurogenesis. We used bromodeoxyuridine labeling, immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, and cell culture to study the telencephalon of hydrocephalic HTx rats and correlated our findings with those in human hydrocephalic and nonhydrocephalic human fetal brains (n = 12 each). Our results suggest that abnormal expression of the intercellular junction proteins N-cadherin and connexin-43 in NSC leads to 1) disruption of the ventricular and subventricular zones, loss of NSCs and neural progenitor cells; and 2) abnormalities in neurogenesis such as periventricular heterotopias and abnormal neuroblast migration. In HTx rats, the disrupted NSC and progenitor cells are shed into the cerebrospinal fluid and can be grown into neurospheres that display intercellular junction abnormalities similar to those of NSC of the disrupted ventricular zone; nevertheless, they maintain their potential for differentiating into neurons and glia. These NSCs can be used to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this condition, thereby opening the avenue for stem cell therapy.
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17
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Shim JW, Sandlund J, Madsen JR. VEGF: a potential target for hydrocephalus. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:667-83. [PMID: 25146955 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors are primarily responsible for the genesis, differentiation and proliferation of cells and maintenance of tissues. Given the central role of growth factors in signaling between cells in health and in disease, it is understandable that disruption of growth factor-mediated molecular signaling can cause diverse phenotypic consequences including cancer and neurological conditions. This review will focus on the specific questions of enlarged cerebral ventricles and hydrocephalus. It is also well known that angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), affect tissue permeability through activation of receptors and adhesion molecules; hence, recent studies showing elevations of this factor in pediatric hydrocephalus led to the demonstration that VEGF can induce ventriculomegaly and altered ependyma when infused in animals. In this review, we discuss recent findings implicating the involvement of biochemical and biophysical factors that can induce a VEGF-mimicking effect in communicating hydrocephalus and pay particular attention to the role of the VEGF system as a potential pharmacological target in the treatment of some cases of hydrocephalus. The source of VEGF secretion in the cerebral ventricles, in periventricular regions and during pathologic events including hydrocephalus following hypoxia and hemorrhage is sought. The review is concluded with a summary of potential non-surgical treatments in preclinical studies suggesting several molecular targets including VEGF for hydrocephalus and related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon W Shim
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street SL354, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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18
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Naydenov NG, Feygin A, Wang L, Ivanov AI. N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein α (αSNAP) regulates matrix adhesion and integrin processing in human epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2424-39. [PMID: 24311785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.498691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin-based adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays critical roles in controlling differentiation, survival, and motility of epithelial cells. Cells attach to the ECM via dynamic structures called focal adhesions (FA). FA undergo constant remodeling mediated by vesicle trafficking and fusion. A soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein α (αSNAP) is an essential mediator of membrane fusion; however, its roles in regulating ECM adhesion and cell motility remain unexplored. In this study, we found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of αSNAP induced detachment of intestinal epithelial cells, whereas overexpression of αSNAP increased ECM adhesion and inhibited cell invasion. Loss of αSNAP impaired Golgi-dependent glycosylation and trafficking of β1 integrin and decreased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin resulting in FA disassembly. These effects of αSNAP depletion on ECM adhesion were independent of apoptosis and NSF. In agreement with our previous reports that Golgi fragmentation mediates cellular effects of αSNAP knockdown, we found that either pharmacologic or genetic disruption of the Golgi recapitulated all the effects of αSNAP depletion on ECM adhesion. Furthermore, our data implicates β1 integrin, FAK, and paxillin in mediating the observed pro-adhesive effects of αSNAP. These results reveal novel roles for αSNAP in regulating ECM adhesion and motility of epithelial cells.
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19
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Appelbe OK, Bollman B, Attarwala A, Triebes LA, Muniz-Talavera H, Curry DJ, Schmidt JV. Disruption of the mouse Jhy gene causes abnormal ciliary microtubule patterning and juvenile hydrocephalus. Dev Biol 2013; 382:172-85. [PMID: 23906841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hydrocephalus, the accumulation of excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain, affects one of every 1000 children born today, making it one of the most common human developmental disorders. Genetic causes of hydrocephalus are poorly understood in humans, but animal models suggest a broad genetic program underlying the regulation of CSF balance. In this study, the random integration of a transgene into the mouse genome led to the development of an early onset and rapidly progressive hydrocephalus. Juvenile hydrocephalus transgenic mice (Jhy(lacZ)) inherit communicating hydrocephalus in an autosomal recessive fashion with dilation of the lateral ventricles observed as early as postnatal day 1.5. Ventricular dilation increases in severity over time, becoming fatal at 4-8 weeks of age. The ependymal cilia lining the lateral ventricles are morphologically abnormal and reduced in number in Jhy(lacZ/lacZ) brains, and ultrastructural analysis revealed disorganization of the expected 9+2 microtubule pattern. Rather, the majority of Jhy(lacZ/lacZ) cilia develop axonemes with 9+0 or 8+2 microtubule structures. Disruption of an unstudied gene, 4931429I11Rik (now named Jhy) appears to underlie the hydrocephalus of Jhy(lacZ/lacZ) mice, and the Jhy transcript and protein are decreased in Jhy(lacZ/lacZ) mice. Partial phenotypic rescue was achieved in Jhy(lacZ/lacZ) mice by the introduction of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) carrying 60-70% of the JHY protein coding sequence. Jhy is evolutionarily conserved from humans to basal vertebrates, but the predicted JHY protein lacks identifiable functional domains. Ongoing studies are directed at uncovering the physiological function of JHY and its role in CSF homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver K Appelbe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
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20
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Lee L. Riding the wave of ependymal cilia: genetic susceptibility to hydrocephalus in primary ciliary dyskinesia. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1117-32. [PMID: 23686703 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hydrocephalus is a relatively common and debilitating birth defect with several known physiological causes. Dysfunction of motile cilia on the ependymal cells that line the ventricular surface of the brain can result in hydrocephalus by hindering the proper flow of cerebrospinal fluid. As a result, hydrocephalus can be associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia, a rare pediatric syndrome resulting from defects in ciliary and flagellar motility. Although the prevalence of hydrocephalus in primary ciliary dyskinesia patients is low, it is a common hallmark of the disease in mouse models, suggesting that distinct genetic mechanisms underlie the differences in the development and physiology of human and mouse brains. Mouse models of primary ciliary dyskinesia reveal strain-specific differences in the appearance and severity of hydrocephalus, indicating the presence of genetic modifiers segregating in inbred strains. These models may provide valuable insight into the genetic mechanisms that regulate susceptibility to hydrocephalus under the conditions of ependymal ciliary dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Lee
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA.
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21
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of congenital and neonatal hydrocephalus is not well understood although the prognosis for patients with this disorder is far from optimal. A major obstacle to advancing our knowledge of the causes of this disorder and the cellular responses that accompany it is the multifactorial nature of hydrocephalus. Not only is the epidemiology varied and complex, but the injury mechanisms are numerous and overlapping. Nevertheless, several conclusions can be made with certainty: the age of onset strongly influences the degree of impairment; injury severity is dependent on the magnitude and duration of ventriculomegaly; the primary targets are periventricular axons, myelin, and microvessels; cerebrovascular injury mechanisms are prominent; gliosis and neuroinflammation play major roles; some but not all changes are preventable by draining cerebrospinal fluid with shunts and third ventriculostomies; cellular plasticity and physiological compensation probably occur but this is a major under-studied area; and pharmacologic interventions are promising. Rat and mouse models have provided important insights into the pathogenesis of congenital and neonatal hydrocephalus. Ependymal denudation of the ventricular lining appears to affect the development of neural progenitors exposed to cerebrospinal fluid, and alterations of the subcommissural organ influence the patency of the cerebral aqueduct. Recently these impairments have been observed in patients with fetal-onset hydrocephalus, so experimental findings are beginning to be corroborated in humans. These correlations, coupled with advanced genetic manipulations in animals and successful pharmacologic interventions, support the view that improved treatments for congenital and neonatal hydrocephalus are on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P McAllister
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Utah and Primary Children's Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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22
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McMullen AB, Baidwan GS, McCarthy KD. Morphological and behavioral changes in the pathogenesis of a novel mouse model of communicating hydrocephalus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30159. [PMID: 22291910 PMCID: PMC3265463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ro1 model of hydrocephalus represents an excellent model for studying the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus due to its complete penetrance and inducibility, enabling the investigation of the earliest cellular and histological changes in hydrocephalus prior to overt pathology. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy were used to characterize the histopathological events of hydrocephalus in this model. Additionally, a broad battery of behavioral tests was used to investigate behavioral changes in the Ro1 model of hydrocephalus. The earliest histological changes observed in this model were ventriculomegaly and disorganization of the ependymal lining of the aqueduct of Sylvius, which occurred concomitantly. Ventriculomegaly led to thinning of the ependyma, which was associated with periventricular edema and areas of the ventricular wall void of cilia and microvilli. Ependymal denudation was subsequent to severe ventriculomegaly, suggesting that it is an effect, rather than a cause, of hydrocephalus in the Ro1 model. Additionally, there was no closure of the aqueduct of Sylvius or any blockages within the ventricular system, even with severe ventriculomegaly, suggesting that the Ro1 model represents a model of communicating hydrocephalus. Interestingly, even with severe ventriculomegaly, there were no behavioral changes, suggesting that the brain is able to compensate for the structural changes that occur in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus if the disorder progresses at a sufficiently slow rate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain/ultrastructure
- Cardiomegaly/pathology
- Cerebral Aqueduct/pathology
- Cerebral Aqueduct/ultrastructure
- Cerebral Ventricles/pathology
- Cerebral Ventricles/ultrastructure
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hydrocephalus/complications
- Hydrocephalus/genetics
- Hydrocephalus/pathology
- Hydrocephalus/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B. McMullen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gurlal S. Baidwan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ken D. McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Harris CA, McAllister JP. What We Should Know About the Cellular and Tissue Response Causing Catheter Obstruction in the Treatment of Hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 2011; 70:1589-601; discussion 1601-2. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e318244695f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The treatment of hydrocephalus by cerebrospinal fluid shunting is plagued by ventricular catheter obstruction. Shunts can become obstructed by cells originating from tissue normal to the brain or by pathological cells in the cerebrospinal fluid for a variety of reasons. In this review, the authors examine ventricular catheter obstruction and identify some of the modifications to the ventricular catheter that may alter the mechanical and chemical cues involved in obstruction, including alterations to the surgical strategy, modifications to the chemical surface of the catheter, and changes to the catheter architecture. It is likely a combination of catheter modifications that will improve the treatment of hydrocephalus by prolonging the life of ventricular catheters to improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Harris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - James P. McAllister
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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24
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Bátiz LF, Jiménez AJ, Guerra M, Rodríguez-Pérez LM, Toledo CD, Vio K, Páez P, Pérez-Fígares JM, Rodríguez EM. New ependymal cells are born postnatally in two discrete regions of the mouse brain and support ventricular enlargement in hydrocephalus. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 121:721-35. [PMID: 21311902 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A heterogeneous population of ependymal cells lines the brain ventricles. The evidence about the origin and birth dates of these cell populations is scarce. Furthermore, the possibility that mature ependymal cells are born (ependymogenesis) or self-renewed (ependymal proliferation) postnatally is controversial. The present study was designed to investigate both phenomena in wild-type (wt) and hydrocephalic α-SNAP mutant (hyh) mice at different postnatal stages. In wt mice, proliferating cells in the ventricular zone (VZ) were only found in two distinct regions: the dorsal walls of the third ventricle and Sylvian aqueduct (SA). Most proliferating cells were monociliated and nestin+, likely corresponding to radial glial cells. Postnatal cumulative BrdU-labeling showed that most daughter cells remained in the VZ of both regions and they lost nestin-immunoreactivity. Furthermore, some labeled cells became multiciliated and GLUT-1+, indicating they were ependymal cells born postnatally. Postnatal pulse BrdU-labeling and Ki-67 immunostaining further demonstrated the presence of cycling multiciliated ependymal cells. In hydrocephalic mutants, the dorsal walls of the third ventricle and SA expanded enormously and showed neither ependymal disruption nor ventriculostomies. This phenomenon was sustained by an increased ependymogenesis. Consequently, in addition to the physical and geometrical mechanisms traditionally explaining ventricular enlargement in fetal-onset hydrocephalus, we propose that postnatal ependymogenesis could also play a role. Furthermore, as generation of new ependymal cells during postnatal stages was observed in distinct regions of the ventricular walls, such as the roof of the third ventricle, it may be a key mechanism involved in the development of human type 1 interhemispheric cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Federico Bátiz
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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25
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A simple PCR-based genotyping method for M105I mutation of alpha-SNAP enhances the study of early pathological changes in hyh phenotype. Mol Cell Probes 2009; 23:281-90. [PMID: 19615440 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
alpha-SNAP is an essential component of the protein machinery responsible for membrane fusion events in different cell types. The hyh (hydrocephalus with hop gait) mouse carries a missense mutation in Napa gene that results in a point mutation (M105I) in alpha-SNAP protein. Homozygous animals for the mutant allele have been identified by the clinical and/or neuropathological phenotype, or by direct sequencing of PCR products. The aims of the present study were (i) to develop a high-throughput technique to genotype hyh mice, (ii) to correlate genotype-phenotype, and (iii) to analyze the earliest pathological changes of hyh mutant mice. As no restriction sites are affected by the hyh mutation, we resolved this problem by creating a BspHI restriction site with a modified (mismatch) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer in wild-type allele. This artificially created restriction site (ACRS)-PCR technique is a simple, rapid and reliable method to genotype hyh mice in a day-work procedure. Biochemical and histological analysis of genotyped hyh embryos at different developmental stages allowed us to identify and characterize the earliest brain pathological changes of the hyh phenotype, including the first signs of neuroepithelial disruption and neuronal ectopia. In addition, genotype-phenotype analysis of 327 animals confirmed that (i) hyh is a single-gene autosomal recessive disorder, and (ii) the disorder has 100% penetrance (i.e., the mutation was only present in affected mice). The genotyping method described here enhances the potentiality of hyh mouse as a unique in vivo model to study the role of membrane trafficking in different developmental and physiological processes.
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26
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Huh MS, Todd MAM, Picketts DJ. SCO-ping out the mechanisms underlying the etiology of hydrocephalus. Physiology (Bethesda) 2009; 24:117-26. [PMID: 19364914 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00039.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous nature of congenital hydrocephalus has hampered our understanding of the molecular basis of this common clinical problem. However, disease gene identification and characterization of multiple transgenic mouse models has highlighted the importance of the subcommissural organ (SCO) and the ventricular ependymal (vel) cells. Here, we review how altered development and function of the SCO and vel cells contributes to hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Huh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Canada
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27
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Sperm from hyh mice carrying a point mutation in alphaSNAP have a defect in acrosome reaction. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4963. [PMID: 19305511 PMCID: PMC2655651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus with hop gait (hyh) is a recessive inheritable disease that arose spontaneously in a mouse strain. A missense mutation in the Napa gene that results in the substitution of a methionine for isoleucine at position 105 (M105I) of αSNAP has been detected in these animals. αSNAP is a ubiquitous protein that plays a key role in membrane fusion and exocytosis. In this study, we found that male hyh mice with a mild phenotype produced morphologically normal and motile sperm, but had a strongly reduced fertility. When stimulated with progesterone or A23187 (a calcium ionophore), sperm from these animals had a defective acrosome reaction. It has been reported that the M105I mutation affects the expression but not the function of the protein. Consistent with an hypomorphic phenotype, the testes and epididymides of hyh mice had low amounts of the mutated protein. In contrast, sperm had αSNAP levels indistinguishable from those found in wild type cells, suggesting that the mutated protein is not fully functional for acrosomal exocytosis. Corroborating this possibility, addition of recombinant wild type αSNAP rescued exocytosis in streptolysin O-permeabilized sperm, while the mutant protein was ineffective. Moreover, addition of recombinant αSNAP. M105I inhibited acrosomal exocytosis in permeabilized human and wild type mouse sperm. We conclude that the M105I mutation affects the expression and also the function of αSNAP, and that a fully functional αSNAP is necessary for acrosomal exocytosis, a key event in fertilization.
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28
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Williams MA, McAllister JP, Walker ML, Kranz DA, Bergsneider M, Del Bigio MR, Fleming L, Frim DM, Gwinn K, Kestle JRW, Luciano MG, Madsen JR, Oster-Granite ML, Spinella G. Priorities for hydrocephalus research: report from a National Institutes of Health-sponsored workshop. J Neurosurg 2009; 107:345-57. [PMID: 18459897 DOI: 10.3171/ped-07/11/345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Treatment for hydrocephalus has not advanced appreciably since the advent of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts more than 50 years ago. Many questions remain that clinical and basic research could address, which in turn could improve therapeutic options. To clarify the main issues facing hydrocephalus research and to identify critical advances necessary to improve outcomes for patients with hydrocephalus, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) sponsored a workshop titled "Hydrocephalus: Myths, New Facts, and Clear Directions." The purpose of this paper is to report on the recommendations that resulted from that workshop. METHODS The workshop convened from September 29 to October 1, 2005, in Bethesda, Maryland. Among the 150 attendees was an international group of participants, including experts in pediatric and adult hydrocephalus as well as scientists working in related fields, neurosurgeons, laboratory-based neuroscientists, neurologists, patient advocates, individuals with hydrocephalus, parents, and NIH program and intramural staff. Plenary and breakout sessions covered injury and recovery mechanisms, modeling, biomechanics, diagnosis, current treatment and outcomes, complications, quality of life, future treatments, medical devices, development of research networks and information sharing, and education and career development. RESULTS The conclusions were as follows: 1) current methods of diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes monitoring need improvement; 2) frequent complications, poor rate of shunt survival, and poor quality of life for patients lead to unsatisfactory outcomes; 3) investigators and caregivers need additional methods to monitor neurocognitive function and control of CSF variables such as pressure, flow, or pulsatility; 4) research warrants novel interdisciplinary approaches; 5) understanding of the pathophysiological and recovery mechanisms of neuronal function in hydrocephalus is poor, warranting further investigation; and 6) both basic and clinical aspects warrant expanded and innovative training programs. CONCLUSIONS The research priorities of this workshop provide critical guidance for future research in hydrocephalus, which should result in advances in knowledge, and ultimately in the treatment for this important disorder and improved outcomes in patients of all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Williams
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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29
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Ferland RJ, Batiz LF, Neal J, Lian G, Bundock E, Lu J, Hsiao YC, Diamond R, Mei D, Banham AH, Brown PJ, Vanderburg CR, Joseph J, Hecht JL, Folkerth R, Guerrini R, Walsh CA, Rodriguez EM, Sheen VL. Disruption of neural progenitors along the ventricular and subventricular zones in periventricular heterotopia. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 18:497-516. [PMID: 18996916 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Periventricular heterotopia (PH) is a disorder characterized by neuronal nodules, ectopically positioned along the lateral ventricles of the cerebral cortex. Mutations in either of two human genes, Filamin A (FLNA) or ADP-ribosylation factor guanine exchange factor 2 (ARFGEF2), cause PH (Fox et al. in 'Mutations in filamin 1 prevent migration of cerebral cortical neurons in human periventricular heterotopia'. Neuron, 21, 1315-1325, 1998; Sheen et al. in 'Mutations in ARFGEF2 implicate vesicle trafficking in neural progenitor proliferation and migration in the human cerebral cortex'. Nat. Genet., 36, 69-76, 2004). Recent studies have shown that mutations in mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase-4 (Mekk4), an indirect interactor with FlnA, also lead to periventricular nodule formation in mice (Sarkisian et al. in 'MEKK4 signaling regulates filamin expression and neuronal migration'. Neuron, 52, 789-801, 2006). Here we show that neurons in post-mortem human PH brains migrated appropriately into the cortex, that periventricular nodules were primarily composed of later-born neurons, and that the neuroependyma was disrupted in all PH cases. As studied in the mouse, loss of FlnA or Big2 function in neural precursors impaired neuronal migration from the germinal zone, disrupted cell adhesion and compromised neuroepithelial integrity. Finally, the hydrocephalus with hop gait (hyh) mouse, which harbors a mutation in Napa [encoding N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein alpha (alpha-SNAP)], also develops a progressive denudation of the neuroepithelium, leading to periventricular nodule formation. Previous studies have shown that Arfgef2 and Napa direct vesicle trafficking and fusion, whereas FlnA associates dynamically with the Golgi membranes during budding and trafficking of transport vesicles. Our current findings suggest that PH formation arises from a final common pathway involving disruption of vesicle trafficking, leading to impaired cell adhesion and loss of neuroependymal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Ferland
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Patterned neuropathologic events occurring in hyh congenital hydrocephalic mutant mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 66:1082-92. [PMID: 18090917 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31815c1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyh mutant mice develop long-lasting hydrocephalus and represent a good model for investigating neuropathologic events associated with hydrocephalus. The study of their brains by use of lectin binding, bromodeoxyuridine labeling, immunochemistry, and scanning electron microscopy revealed that certain events related to hydrocephalus followed a well-defined pattern. A program of neuroepithelium/ependyma denudation was initiated at embryonic day 12 and terminated at the end of the second postnatal week. After the third postnatal week the denuded areas remained permanently devoid of ependyma. In contrast, a selective group of ependymal areas resisted denudation throughout the lifespan. Ependymal denudation triggered neighboring astrocytes to proliferate. These astrocytes expressed particular glial markers and formed a superficial cell layer replacing the lost ependyma. The loss of the neuroepithelium/ependyma layer at specific regions of the ventricular walls and at specific stages of brain development would explain the fact that only certain brain structures had abnormal development. Therefore, commissural axons forming the corpus callosum and the hippocampal commissure displayed abnormalities, whereas those forming the anterior and posterior commissures did not; and the brain cortex was not homogenously affected, with the cingular and frontal cortices being the most altered regions. All of these telencephalic alterations developed at stages when hydrocephalus was not yet patent at the lateral ventricles, indicating that abnormal neural development and hydrocephalus are linked at the etiologic level, rather than the former being a consequence of the latter. All evidence collected on hydrocephalic hyh mutant mice indicates that a primary alteration in the neuroepithelium/ependyma cell lineage triggers both hydrocephalus and abnormalities in telencephalic development.
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Andreeva AV, Kutuzov MA, Voyno-Yasenetskaya TA. A ubiquitous membrane fusion protein αSNAP: a potential therapeutic target for cancer, diabetes and neurological disorders? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2006; 10:723-33. [PMID: 16981829 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.10.5.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alpha soluble NSF attachment protein (alphaSNAP) is a ubiquitous and indispensable component of membrane fusion machinery. Deletion of alphaSNAP is embryonically lethal. Yet, there is accumulating evidence that milder alterations in expression levels of alphaSNAP may be associated with a number of specific pathological conditions, such as several neurological disorders, Type 2 diabetes and aggressive neuroendocrine tumours. Here, the authors review the evidence available for animal models and for humans, and discuss possible therapeutic approaches that may target alphaSNAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Andreeva
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Pharmacology, 909 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA.
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