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Wójcik P, Jastrzębski MK, Zięba A, Matosiuk D, Kaczor AA. Caspases in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanism of Activation, Role, and Potential Treatment. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4834-4853. [PMID: 38135855 PMCID: PMC11236938 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
With the aging of the population, treatment of conditions emerging in old age, such as neurodegenerative disorders, has become a major medical challenge. Of these, Alzheimer's disease, leading to cognitive dysfunction, is of particular interest. Neuronal loss plays an important role in the pathophysiology of this condition, and over the years, a great effort has been made to determine the role of various factors in this process. Unfortunately, until now, the exact pathomechanism of this condition remains unknown. However, the most popular theories associate AD with abnormalities in the Tau and β-amyloid (Aβ) proteins, which lead to their deposition and result in neuronal death. Neurons, like all cells, die in a variety of ways, among which pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis are associated with the activation of various caspases. It is worth mentioning that Tau and Aβ proteins are considered to be one of the caspase activators, leading to cell death. Moreover, the protease activity of caspases influences both of the previously mentioned proteins, Tau and Aβ, converting them into more toxic derivatives. Due to the variety of ways caspases impact the development of AD, drugs targeting caspases could potentially be useful in the treatment of this condition. Therefore, there is a constant need to search for novel caspase inhibitors and evaluate them in preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wójcik
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Michał K Jastrzębski
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Zięba
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Matosiuk
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka A Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20093, Lublin, Poland.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Dingwall CB, Sasaki Y, Strickland A, Summers DW, Bloom AJ, DiAntonio A, Milbrandt J. Suppressing phagocyte activation by overexpressing the phosphatidylserine lipase ABHD12 preserves sarmopathic nerves. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.20.599919. [PMID: 38979309 PMCID: PMC11230269 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.20.599919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Programmed axon degeneration (AxD) is a key feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. In healthy axons, the axon survival factor NMNAT2 inhibits SARM1, the central executioner of AxD, preventing it from initiating the rapid local NAD+ depletion and metabolic catastrophe that precipitates axon destruction. Because these components of the AxD pathway act within neurons, it was also assumed that the timetable of AxD was set strictly by a cell-intrinsic mechanism independent of neuron-extrinsic processes later activated by axon fragmentation. However, using a rare human disease model of neuropathy caused by hypomorphic NMNAT2 mutations and chronic SARM1 activation (sarmopathy), we demonstrated that neuronal SARM1 can initiate macrophage-mediated axon elimination long before stressed-but-viable axons would otherwise succumb to cell-intrinsic metabolic failure. Investigating potential SARM1-dependent signals that mediate macrophage recognition and/or engulfment of stressed-but-viable axons, we found that chronic SARM1 activation triggers axonal blebbing and dysregulation of phosphatidylserine (PS), a potent phagocyte immunomodulatory molecule. Neuronal expression of the phosphatidylserine lipase ABDH12 suppresses nerve macrophage activation, preserves motor axon integrity, and rescues motor function in this chronic sarmopathy model. We conclude that PS dysregulation is an early SARM1-dependent axonal stress signal, and that blockade of phagocytic recognition and engulfment of stressed-but-viable axons could be an attractive therapeutic target for management of neurological disorders involving SARM1 activation.
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Barbuti PA, Guardia-Laguarta C, Yun T, Chatila ZK, Flowers X, Santos BFR, Larsen SB, Hattori N, Bradshaw E, Dettmer U, Fanning S, Vilas M, Reddy H, Teich AF, Krüger R, Area-Gomez E, Przedborski S. The Role of Alpha-Synuclein in Synucleinopathy: Impact on Lipid Regulation at Mitochondria-ER Membranes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.17.599406. [PMID: 38948777 PMCID: PMC11212931 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The protein alpha-synuclein (αSyn) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathy, which includes Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy, and mounting evidence suggests that lipid dyshomeostasis is a critical phenotype in these neurodegenerative conditions. Previously, we identified that αSyn localizes to mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs), temporary functional domains containing proteins that regulate lipid metabolism, including the de novo synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the present study, we have analyzed the lipid composition of postmortem human samples, focusing on the substantia nigra pars compacta of Parkinson's disease and controls, as well as three less affected brain regions of Parkinson's donors. To further assess synucleinopathy-related lipidome alterations, similar analyses were performed on the striatum of multiple system atrophy cases. Our data show region-and disease-specific changes in the levels of lipid species. Specifically, our data revealed alterations in the levels of specific phosphatidylserine species in brain areas most affected in Parkinson's disease. Some of these alterations, albeit to a lesser degree, are also observed multiples system atrophy. Using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons, we show that αSyn contributes to regulating phosphatidylserine metabolism at MAM domains, and that αSyn dosage parallels the perturbation in phosphatidylserine levels. Our results support the notion that αSyn pathophysiology is linked to the dysregulation of lipid homeostasis, which may contribute to the vulnerability of specific brain regions in synucleinopathy. These findings have significant therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Barbuti
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Luxembourg
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445, Luxembourg
| | - Cristina Guardia-Laguarta
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Taekyung Yun
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Biological Research (CIB), - Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Zena K. Chatila
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xena Flowers
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- The Carol and Gene Ludwig Center for Research on Neurodegeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bruno FR. Santos
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Luxembourg
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445, Luxembourg
- Disease Modelling and Screening Platform, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Luxembourg RRID:SCR_025237
| | - Simone B. Larsen
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421 Japan
| | - Elizabeth Bradshaw
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- The Carol and Gene Ludwig Center for Research on Neurodegeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ulf Dettmer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Saranna Fanning
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Manon Vilas
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hasini Reddy
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew F. Teich
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Luxembourg
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445, Luxembourg
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Biological Research (CIB), - Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Luo YX, Yang LL, Yao XQ. Gut microbiota-host lipid crosstalk in Alzheimer's disease: implications for disease progression and therapeutics. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:35. [PMID: 38627829 PMCID: PMC11020986 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Trillions of intestinal bacteria in the human body undergo dynamic transformations in response to physiological and pathological changes. Alterations in their composition and metabolites collectively contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease. The role of gut microbiota in Alzheimer's disease is diverse and complex, evidence suggests lipid metabolism may be one of the potential pathways. However, the mechanisms that gut microbiota mediate lipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease pathology remain unclear, necessitating further investigation for clarification. This review highlights the current understanding of how gut microbiota disrupts lipid metabolism and discusses the implications of these discoveries in guiding strategies for the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's disease based on existing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xi Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling-Ling Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-Qing Yao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Wen L, Bi D, Shen Y. Complement-mediated synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms and involvement of risk factors. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:135-149. [PMID: 38129195 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is increasingly recognized as a key player in the synapse loss and cognitive impairments observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, the process of complement-dependent synaptic pruning through phagocytosis is over-activated in AD brains, driving detrimental excessive synapse elimination and contributing to synapse loss, which is the strongest neurobiological correlate of cognitive impairments in AD. Herein we review recent advances in characterizing complement-mediated synapse loss in AD, summarize the underlying mechanisms, and discuss the possible involvement of AD risk factors such as aging and various risk genes. We conclude with an overview of key questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Danlei Bi
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Perluigi M, Di Domenico F, Butterfield DA. Oxidative damage in neurodegeneration: roles in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:103-197. [PMID: 37843394 PMCID: PMC11281823 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is associated with multiple etiologies and pathological mechanisms, among which oxidative stress (OS) appears as a major determinant. Intriguingly, OS arises in various pathways regulating brain functions, and it seems to link different hypotheses and mechanisms of AD neuropathology with high fidelity. The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage, mainly because of its unique lipid composition, resulting in an amplified cascade of redox reactions that target several cellular components/functions ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. The present review highlights the "OS hypothesis of AD," including amyloid beta-peptide-associated mechanisms, the role of lipid and protein oxidation unraveled by redox proteomics, and the antioxidant strategies that have been investigated to modulate the progression of AD. Collected studies from our groups and others have contributed to unraveling the close relationships between perturbation of redox homeostasis in the brain and AD neuropathology by elucidating redox-regulated events potentially involved in both the pathogenesis and progression of AD. However, the complexity of AD pathological mechanisms requires an in-depth understanding of several major intracellular pathways affecting redox homeostasis and relevant for brain functions. This understanding is crucial to developing pharmacological strategies targeting OS-mediated toxicity that may potentially contribute to slow AD progression as well as improve the quality of life of persons with this severe dementing disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli," Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli," Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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Rueda‐Carrasco J, Sokolova D, Lee S, Childs T, Jurčáková N, Crowley G, De Schepper S, Ge JZ, Lachica JI, Toomey CE, Freeman OJ, Hardy J, Barnes SJ, Lashley T, Stevens B, Chang S, Hong S. Microglia-synapse engulfment via PtdSer-TREM2 ameliorates neuronal hyperactivity in Alzheimer's disease models. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113246. [PMID: 37575021 PMCID: PMC10548173 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal hyperactivity is a key feature of early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genetic studies in AD support that microglia act as potential cellular drivers of disease risk, but the molecular determinants of microglia-synapse engulfment associated with neuronal hyperactivity in AD are unclear. Here, using super-resolution microscopy, 3D-live imaging of co-cultures, and in vivo imaging of lipids in genetic models, we found that spines become hyperactive upon Aβ oligomer stimulation and externalize phosphatidylserine (ePtdSer), a canonical "eat-me" signal. These apoptotic-like spines are targeted by microglia for engulfment via TREM2 leading to amelioration of Aβ oligomer-induced synaptic hyperactivity. We also show the in vivo relevance of ePtdSer-TREM2 signaling in microglia-synapse engulfment in the hAPP NL-F knock-in mouse model of AD. Higher levels of apoptotic-like synapses in mice as well as humans that carry TREM2 loss-of-function variants were also observed. Our work supports that microglia remove hyperactive ePtdSer+ synapses in Aβ-relevant context and suggest a potential beneficial role for microglia in the earliest stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rueda‐Carrasco
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Dimitra Sokolova
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Neuroscience BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Sang‐Eun Lee
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Thomas Childs
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Natália Jurčáková
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Gerard Crowley
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Judy Z Ge
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Joanne I Lachica
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological DisordersUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Christina E Toomey
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological DisordersUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | | | - John Hardy
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Samuel J Barnes
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological DisordersUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology CenterBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric ResearchBroad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Sunghoe Chang
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Soyon Hong
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Guo Y, Fan Z, Zhao S, Yu W, Hou X, Nie S, Xu S, Zhao C, Han J, Liu X. Brain-targeted lycopene-loaded microemulsion modulates neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and synaptic plasticity in β-amyloid-induced Alzheimer's disease mice. Neurol Res 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37068195 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2023.2203615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES β-Amyloid protein (Aβ) plays pivotal roles in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and triggers various pathophysiological events. Lycopene is a promising neuroprotector with multiple bioactivities, while its bioavailability is limited. Lycopene-loaded microemulsion (LME) possessing superior bioavailability and brain-targeting efficiency was developed in our previous study. In this investigation, we aimed to comprehensively evaluate its neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms using intracerebroventricular (ICV) Aβ1-42 injection mice. METHODS Mice were assigned to the Sham, Aβ, Aβ + LME and Aβ + lycopene dissolved in olive oil (LOO) groups. ICV Aβ1-42 administration was performed, followed by oral gavage of brain-targeted LME or conventional LOO formulation for 3 weeks. Brain samples were harvested for immunohistochemistry, biochemical assays and western blotting analyses. RESULTS Our findings verified Aβ-induced neurotoxicity on neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, Aβ metabolisms and synaptic plasticity. LME supplementation dramatically attenuated astrocytosis and microgliosis, decreased malondialdehyde production and rescued antioxidant capacities, normalized apoptotic parameters and alleviated neuronal loss, inhibited amyloidogenic processing and activated non-amyloidogenic pathway, together with upregulating synaptic protein expressions and restoring synaptic plasticity. Nevertheless, most of these phenomena were not observed for mice treated with LOO, implying that LME showed significantly higher therapeutic efficacy against Aβ injury. DISCUSSION In summary, brain-targeted LME could exert neuroprotective function via suppressing a series of cascades triggered by Aβ aggregates, thus ameliorating Aβ neurotoxicity and associated abnormalities. Given this, LME may serve as an attractive candidate for AD prevention and treatment, and superiority of brain-targeting delivery is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- Anti-aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhongyu Fan
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xunyao Hou
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- Anti-aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shanjing Nie
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- Anti-aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Song Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- Anti-aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Junting Han
- Rehabilitation Ward II, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xueping Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- Anti-aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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Robinson J, Sarangi NK, Keyes TE. Role of phosphatidylserine in amyloid-beta oligomerization at asymmetric phospholipid bilayers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7648-7661. [PMID: 36317678 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03344e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ1-42) aggregation triggers neurotoxicity and is linked to Alzheimer's disease. Aβ1-42 oligomers, rather than extended fibrils, adhere to the cell membrane, causing cell death. Phosphatidylserine (PS), an anionic phospholipid, is prevalent in neuronal membranes (< 20 molar percentage) and, while isolated to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the membrane in healthy cells, its exposure in apoptotic cells and migration to exoplasmic leaflet is triggered by oxidative damage to the membrane. It is widely believed that PS plays a crucial role in the Aβ peptide interaction in the membranes of neuronal cells. However, due to the complexity of the cell membrane, it can be challenging to address molecular level understanding of the PS-Aβ binding and oligomerization processes. Herein, we use microcavity supported lipid bilayers (MSLBs) to analyse PS and Aβ1-42 binding, oligomer formation, and membrane damage. MSLBs are a useful model to evaluate protein-membrane interactions because of their cell-like dual aspect fluidity, their addressability and compositional versatility. We used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and confocal fluorescence microscopy to compare the impact of Aβ1-42 on simple zwitterioinic membrane, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), with MSLBs comprised of transversally asymmetric binary DOPC and dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS). Monomeric Aβ1-42 adsorbs weakly to the pristine zwitterionic DOPC membrane without aggregation. Using a membrane integrity test, with pyranine trapped within the cavities beneath the membrane, Aβ1-42 exposure did not result in pyranine leakage, indicating that DOPC membranes were intact. When 10 mol% DOPS was doped asymmetrically into the membrane's outer leaflet, oligomerization of Aβ1-42 monomer was evident in EIS and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and confocal imaging revealed that membrane damage, resulted in extensive pyranine leakage from the pores. The effects were time, and DOPS and Aβ1-42 concentration-dependent. Membrane pore formation was visible within 30 minutes, and oligomerization, membrane-oligomer multilayer, and Aβ1-42 fibril formation evident over 3 to 18 hours. In asymmetric membranes with DOPS localized to the lower leaflet, optothermally (laser induced) damage increased local DOPS concentrations at the distal leaflet, promoting Aβ1-42 aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Robinson
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nirod Kumar Sarangi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.,National Center for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.,National Center for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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10
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Butterfield DA, Boyd-Kimball D, Reed TT. Cellular Stress Response (Hormesis) in Response to Bioactive Nutraceuticals with Relevance to Alzheimer Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:643-669. [PMID: 36656673 PMCID: PMC10025851 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia associated with aging. As the large Baby Boomer population ages, risk of developing AD increases significantly, and this portion of the population will increase significantly over the next several decades. Recent Advances: Research suggests that a delay in the age of onset by 5 years can dramatically decrease both the incidence and cost of AD. In this review, the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in AD is examined in the context of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and biliverdin reductase-A (BVR-A) and the beneficial potential of selected bioactive nutraceuticals. Critical Issues: Nrf2, a transcription factor that binds to enhancer sequences in antioxidant response elements (ARE) of DNA, is significantly decreased in AD brain. Downstream targets of Nrf2 include, among other proteins, HO-1. BVR-A is activated when biliverdin is produced. Both HO-1 and BVR-A also are oxidatively or nitrosatively modified in AD brain and in its earlier stage, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), contributing to the oxidative stress, altered insulin signaling, and cellular damage observed in the pathogenesis and progression of AD. Bioactive nutraceuticals exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties and are potential topics of future clinical research. Specifically, ferulic acid ethyl ester, sulforaphane, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and resveratrol target Nrf2 and have shown potential to delay the progression of AD in animal models and in some studies involving MCI patients. Future Directions: Understanding the regulation of Nrf2 and its downstream targets can potentially elucidate therapeutic options for delaying the progression of AD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 643-669.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Debra Boyd-Kimball
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Physics, University of Mount Union, Alliance, Ohio, USA
| | - Tanea T. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky, USA
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11
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Li J, Huang H, Fan R, Hua Y, Ma W. Lipidomic analysis of brain and hippocampus from mice fed with high-fat diet and treated with fecal microbiota transplantation. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2023; 20:12. [PMID: 36793054 PMCID: PMC9930259 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-023-00730-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fat intake affects brain composition and function. Different types of dietary fatty acids alter species and abundance of brain lipids in mice. The aim of this study is to explore whether the changes are effective through gut microbiota. METHODS In our study, 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 7 groups and fed with high-fat diet (HFD) with different fatty acid compositions, control (CON) group, long-chain saturated fatty acid (LCSFA) group, medium-chain saturated fatty acid (MCSFA) group, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) group, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA) group, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) group and trans fatty acid (TFA) group. Then, the fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) was performed in other pseudo germ-free mice after antibiotic treatment. The experimental groups were orally perfused with gut microbiota that induced by HFD with different types of dietary fatty acids. The mice were fed with regular fodder before and after FMT. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to analysis the composition of fatty acids in the brain of HFD-fed mice and hippocampus of mice treated with FMT which was collected from HFD-fed mice. RESULTS The content of acyl-carnitines (AcCa) increased and lysophosphatidylgylcerol (LPG) decreased in all kinds of HFD groups. phosphatidic acids (PA), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and sphingomyelin (SM) contents were significantly increased in the n-6 PUFA-fed HFD group. The HFD elevated the saturation of brain fatty acyl (FA). Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), lysodi-methylphosphatidylethanolamine (LdMePE), monolysocardiolipin (MLCL), dihexosylceramides (Hex2Cer), and wax ester (WE) significantly increased after LCSFA-fed FMT. MLCL reduced and cardiolipin (CL) raised significantly after n-3 PUFA-fed FMT. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed, HFD and FMT in mice had certain effects on the content and composition of fatty acids in the brain, especially on glycerol phospholipid (GP). The change of AcCa content in FA was a good indicator of dietary fatty acid intake. By altering the fecal microbiota, dietary fatty acids might affect brain lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchen Li
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Huang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Fan
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinan Hua
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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12
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Phosphatidylserine in the Nervous System: Cytoplasmic Regulator of the AKT and PKC Signaling Pathways and Extracellular "Eat-Me" Signal in Microglial Phagocytosis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1050-1066. [PMID: 36401705 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is an important anionic phospholipid found in eukaryotic cells and has been proven to serve as a beneficial factor in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. PtdSer resides in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, where it is involved in regulating the AKT and PKC signaling pathways; however, it becomes exposed to the extracellular leaflet during neurodevelopmental processes and neurodegenerative diseases, participating in microglia-mediated synaptic and neuronal phagocytosis. In this paper, we review several characteristics of PtdSer, including the synthesis and translocation of PtdSer, the functions of cytoplasmic and exposed PtdSer, and different PtdSer-detection materials used to further understand the role of PtdSer in the nervous system.
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13
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The Role of Dietary Lipids in Cognitive Health: Implications for Neurodegenerative Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123250. [PMID: 36552006 PMCID: PMC9775642 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders characterised by progressive loss of brain function. The most common of these is Alzheimer's disease, a form of dementia. Intake of macro- and micro-nutrients impacts brain function, including memory, learning, mood, and behaviour. Lipids, particularly phospholipids and sphingolipids, are crucial structural components of neural tissues and significantly affect cognitive function. The importance of functional foods in preventing cardiovascular disease is well-documented in the current literature. However, the significance of such foods for central nervous system health and neurodegenerative diseases is less recognized. Gut microbiome composition affects cognitive health and function, and dietary lipids are known to influence gut health. Thus, this review will discuss different sources of dietary lipids and their effect on cognitive functioning and their interaction with the gut microbiome in the context of neurodegenerative disease.
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14
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Rummel NG, Butterfield DA. Altered Metabolism in Alzheimer Disease Brain: Role of Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:1289-1305. [PMID: 34416829 PMCID: PMC9229240 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Alzheimer disease (AD) is an all-too-common condition in the aging population. However, aging does not automatically equal neurodegeneration and memory decline. Recent Advances: This review article involves metabolic changes in the AD brain that are related to oxidative stress. Selected pathways are identified as potential targets for intervention in AD. Critical Issues: One of the main factors of AD is the oxidative imbalance within the central nervous system, causing a disruption in metabolic processes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a natural consequence of many cellular processes, especially those associated with mitochondria, such as the electron transport chain. Some ROS, when kept under control and maintained at reasonable levels, often play roles in cell signaling. The cellular damage of ROS arises when oxidative imbalance occurs, in which case ROS are not controlled, leading to a myriad of alterations in cellular metabolic processes. These altered pathways include, among others, dysfunctional glycolysis, calcium regulation, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial processes, and mammalian target of rapamycin pathway dysregulation. Future Directions: Understanding how ROS can lead to these alterations can, ideally, elucidate therapeutic options for retarding AD progression in the aging population. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 1289-1305.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G Rummel
- Department of Chemistry and University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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15
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Llorente-Ovejero A, Martínez-Gardeazabal J, Moreno-Rodríguez M, Lombardero L, González de San Román E, Manuel I, Giralt MT, Rodríguez-Puertas R. Specific Phospholipid Modulation by Muscarinic Signaling in a Rat Lesion Model of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2167-2181. [PMID: 34037379 PMCID: PMC9162383 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents
the most common cause
of dementia worldwide and has been consistently associated with the
loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) leading to impaired
cholinergic neurotransmission, aberrant synaptic function, and altered
structural lipid metabolism. In this sense, membrane phospholipids
(PLs) can be used for de novo synthesis of choline (Ch) for the further
obtaining of acetylcholine (ACh) when its availability is compromised.
Specific lipid species involved in the metabolism of Ch have been
identified as possible biomarkers of phenoconversion to AD. Using
a rat model of BFCN lesion, we have evaluated the lipid composition
and muscarinic signaling in brain areas related to cognitive processes.
The loss of BFCN resulted in alterations of varied lipid species related
to Ch metabolism at nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NMB) and cortical
projection areas. The activity of muscarinic receptors (mAChR) was
decreased in the NMB and increased in the hippocampus according to
the subcellular distribution of M1/M2 mAChR
which could explain the learning and memory impairment reported in
this AD rat model. These results suggest that the modulation of specific
lipid metabolic routes could represent an alternative therapeutic
strategy to potentiate cholinergic neurotransmission and preserve
cell membrane integrity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Llorente-Ovejero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), B° Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Jonatan Martínez-Gardeazabal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), B° Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marta Moreno-Rodríguez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), B° Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Laura Lombardero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), B° Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz González de San Román
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), B° Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Iván Manuel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), B° Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - María Teresa Giralt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), B° Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Rafael Rodríguez-Puertas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), B° Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases, BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
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16
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Li J, Huang Q, Chen J, Qi H, Liu J, Chen Z, Zhao D, Wang Z, Li X. Neuroprotective Potentials of Panax Ginseng Against Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidences. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:688490. [PMID: 34149431 PMCID: PMC8206566 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is a major health concern in the increasingly aged population worldwide. Currently, no clinically effective drug can halt the progression of AD. Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. is a well-known medicinal plant that contains ginsenosides, gintonin, and other components and has neuroprotective effects against a series of pathological cascades in AD, including beta-amyloid formation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the effects and mechanisms of these major components and formulas containing P. ginseng in neuronal cells and animal models. Moreover, clinical findings regarding the prevention and treatment of AD with P. ginseng or its formulas are discussed. This review can provide new insights into the possible use of ginseng in the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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17
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Liang X, Cao S, Xie P, Hu X, Lin Y, Liang J, Zhang S, Xian B, Cao H, Luan T, Cai Z. Three-Dimensional Imaging of Whole-Body Zebrafish Revealed Lipid Disorders Associated with Niemann-Pick Disease Type C1. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8178-8187. [PMID: 34061502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of lipids of whole-body specimens in two-dimensional (2D) analysis provides a global picture of the lipid changes in lipid-disturbed diseases, enabling a better understanding of lipid functions and lipid-modulation processes in different organs. However, 2D imaging of a single cross section can hardly characterize the whole-body lipid alterations. In this work, a three-dimensional matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (3D MALDI-MSI) approach was developed for analysis of whole-body zebrafish, for the first time, and applied to identify altered lipids and map their spatial distributions by using a zebrafish model of Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1), a neurovisceral lipid storage disorder causing both neurodegenerative disorder and visceral organ damage. The constructed 3D fish model provided comprehensive information on the 3D distribution of lipids of interest and allowed direct correlations between these lipids and organs of the fish. Obtained results revealed that several sphingolipids and phospholipids showed significant alterations and exhibited different localization patterns in various organs such as the brain, spinal cord, intestines, and liver-spleen region in the npc1 gene mutant fish compared to those of the wild type. The whole-body 3D MALDI-MSI approach revealed unique lipid signatures for different NPC1-affected organs, which might offer insights into the link between the impaired lipid storage and subsequent clinical symptoms, such as neurodegeneration and hepatosplenomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengxi Cao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peisi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xudong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yusheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiehua Liang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengqi Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bai Xian
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Chemical Stimulation of Rodent and Human Cortical Synaptosomes: Implications in Neurodegeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051174. [PMID: 34065927 PMCID: PMC8151714 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity events, including long-term potentiation (LTP), are often regarded as correlates of brain functions of memory and cognition. One of the central players in these plasticity-related phenomena is the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptor (AMPAR). Increased levels of AMPARs on postsynaptic membranes thus constitute a biochemical measure of LTP. Isolated synaptic terminals (synaptosomes) are an excellent ex vivo tool to monitor synaptic physiology in healthy and diseased brains, particularly in human research. We herein describe three protocols for chemically-induced LTP (cLTP) in synaptosomes from both rodent and human brain tissues. Two of these chemical stimulation protocols are described for the first time in synaptosomes. A pharmacological block of synaptosomal actin dynamics confirmed the efficiency of the cLTP protocols. Furthermore, the study prototypically evaluated the deficiency of cLTP in cortical synaptosomes obtained from human cases of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FLTD), as well as an animal model that mimics FLTD.
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19
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Agüi-Gonzalez P, Guobin B, Gomes de Castro MA, Rizzoli SO, Phan NTN. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Imaging Reveals Changes in the Lipid Structure of the Plasma Membranes of Hippocampal Neurons following Drugs Affecting Neuronal Activity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1542-1551. [PMID: 33896172 PMCID: PMC8154318 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular functions of lipids in the neuronal plasma membranes have been increasingly acknowledged, particularly their association to neuronal processes and synaptic plasticity. However, the knowledge of their regulatory mechanisms in neuronal cells remains sparse. To address this, we investigated the lipid organization of the plasma membranes of hippocampal neurons in relation to neuronal activity using secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging. The neurons were treated with drugs, particularly tetrodotoxin (TTX) and bicuculline (BIC), to induce chronic activation and silencing. Distinct lipid organization was found in the plasma membrane of the cell body and the neurites. Moreover, significant alterations of the levels of the membrane lipids, especially ceramides, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidic acids, and triacylglycerols, were observed under the TTX and BIC treatments. We suggest that many types of membrane lipids are affected by, and may be involved in, the regulation of neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Agüi-Gonzalez
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Bao Guobin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Maria A. Gomes de Castro
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Silvio O. Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Nhu T. N. Phan
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
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20
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Loeffler DA. Modifiable, Non-Modifiable, and Clinical Factors Associated with Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:1-27. [PMID: 33459643 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is an extensive literature relating to factors associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but less is known about factors which may contribute to its progression. This review examined the literature with regard to 15 factors which were suggested by PubMed search to be positively associated with the cognitive and/or neuropathological progression of AD. The factors were grouped as potentially modifiable (vascular risk factors, comorbidities, malnutrition, educational level, inflammation, and oxidative stress), non-modifiable (age at clinical onset, family history of dementia, gender, Apolipoprotein E ɛ4, genetic variants, and altered gene regulation), and clinical (baseline cognitive level, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and extrapyramidal signs). Although conflicting results were found for the majority of factors, a positive association was found in nearly all studies which investigated the relationship of six factors to AD progression: malnutrition, genetic variants, altered gene regulation, baseline cognitive level, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and extrapyramidal signs. Whether these or other factors which have been suggested to be associated with AD progression actually influence the rate of decline of AD patients is unclear. Therapeutic approaches which include addressing of modifiable factors associated with AD progression should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Loeffler
- Beaumont Research Institute, Department of Neurology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
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21
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Vázquez RF, Ovalle-García E, Antillón A, Ortega-Blake I, Bakás LS, Muñoz-Garay C, Maté SM. Asymmetric bilayers mimicking membrane rafts prepared by lipid exchange: Nanoscale characterization using AFM-Force spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183467. [PMID: 32871116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids-enriched rafts domains are proposed to occur in plasma membranes and to mediate important cellular functions. Notwithstanding, the asymmetric transbilayer distribution of phospholipids that exists in the membrane confers the two leaflets different potentials to form lateral domains as next to no sphingolipids are present in the inner leaflet. How the physical properties of one leaflet can influence the properties of the other and its importance on signal transduction across the membrane are questions still unresolved. In this work, we combined AFM imaging and Force spectroscopy measurements to assess domain formation and to study the nanomechanical properties of asymmetric supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) mimicking membrane rafts. Asymmetric SLBs were formed by incorporating N-palmitoyl-sphingomyelin (16:0SM) into the outer leaflet of preformed 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)/Cholesterol SLBs through methyl-β-cyclodextrin-mediated lipid exchange. Lipid domains were detected after incorporation of 16:0SM though their phase state varied from gel to liquid ordered (Lo) phase if the procedure was performed at 24 or 37 °C, respectively. When comparing symmetric and asymmetric Lo domains, differences in size and morphology were observed, with asymmetric domains being smaller and more interconnected. Both types of Lo domains showed similar mechanical stability in terms of rupture forces and Young's moduli. Notably, force curves in asymmetric domains presented two rupture events that could be attributed to the sequential rupture of a liquid disordered (Ld) and a Lo phase. Interleaflet coupling in asymmetric Lo domains could also be inferred from those measurements. The experimental approach outlined here would significantly enhance the applicability of membrane models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina F Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT- La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Erasmo Ovalle-García
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Armando Antillón
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Iván Ortega-Blake
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Laura S Bakás
- Centro de Investigación en Proteínas Vegetales (CIProVe), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos Muñoz-Garay
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Sabina M Maté
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT- La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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22
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Scott‐Hewitt N, Perrucci F, Morini R, Erreni M, Mahoney M, Witkowska A, Carey A, Faggiani E, Schuetz LT, Mason S, Tamborini M, Bizzotto M, Passoni L, Filipello F, Jahn R, Stevens B, Matteoli M. Local externalization of phosphatidylserine mediates developmental synaptic pruning by microglia. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105380. [PMID: 32657463 PMCID: PMC7429741 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal circuit assembly requires the fine balance between synapse formation and elimination. Microglia, through the elimination of supernumerary synapses, have an established role in this process. While the microglial receptor TREM2 and the soluble complement proteins C1q and C3 are recognized as key players, the neuronal molecular components that specify synapses to be eliminated are still undefined. Here, we show that exposed phosphatidylserine (PS) represents a neuronal "eat-me" signal involved in microglial-mediated pruning. In hippocampal neuron and microglia co-cultures, synapse elimination can be partially prevented by blocking accessibility of exposed PS using Annexin V or through microglial loss of TREM2. In vivo, PS exposure at both hippocampal and retinogeniculate synapses and engulfment of PS-labeled material by microglia occurs during established developmental periods of microglial-mediated synapse elimination. Mice deficient in C1q, which fail to properly refine retinogeniculate connections, have elevated presynaptic PS exposure and reduced PS engulfment by microglia. These data provide mechanistic insight into microglial-mediated synapse pruning and identify a novel role of developmentally regulated neuronal PS exposure that is common among developing brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Scott‐Hewitt
- F.M. Kirby Center for NeurobiologyBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric ResearchThe Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Fabio Perrucci
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain PathologyNeurocenterHumanitas Clinical and Research Center ‐ IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityPieve Emanuele (MI)Italy
| | - Raffaella Morini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain PathologyNeurocenterHumanitas Clinical and Research Center ‐ IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
| | - Marco Erreni
- Unit of Advanced Optical MicroscopyHumanitas Clinical and Research Center ‐ IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
| | - Matthew Mahoney
- F.M. Kirby Center for NeurobiologyBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Agata Witkowska
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyMax Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGöttingenGermany
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell BiologyLeibniz‐Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)BerlinGermany
| | - Alanna Carey
- F.M. Kirby Center for NeurobiologyBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Elisa Faggiani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain PathologyNeurocenterHumanitas Clinical and Research Center ‐ IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
| | | | - Sydney Mason
- F.M. Kirby Center for NeurobiologyBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Matteo Tamborini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain PathologyNeurocenterHumanitas Clinical and Research Center ‐ IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
| | - Matteo Bizzotto
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityPieve Emanuele (MI)Italy
| | - Lorena Passoni
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain PathologyNeurocenterHumanitas Clinical and Research Center ‐ IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
| | - Fabia Filipello
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain PathologyNeurocenterHumanitas Clinical and Research Center ‐ IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityPieve Emanuele (MI)Italy
- Present address:
Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyMax Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGöttingenGermany
- University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Center for NeurobiologyBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric ResearchThe Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain PathologyNeurocenterHumanitas Clinical and Research Center ‐ IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
- CNR Institute of NeuroscienceMilanoItaly
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23
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Ahmad F, Liu P. Synaptosome as a tool in Alzheimer's disease research. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147009. [PMID: 32659233 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Synapse dysfunction is an integral feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. In fact, prodromal manifestation of structural and functional deficits in synapses much prior to appearance of overt pathological hallmarks of the disease indicates that AD might be considered as a degenerative disorder of the synapses. Several research instruments and techniques have allowed us to study synaptic function and plasticity and their alterations in pathological conditions, such as AD. One such tool is the biochemically isolated preparations of detached and resealed synaptic terminals, the "synaptosomes". Because of the preservation of many of the physiological processes such as metabolic and enzymatic activities, synaptosomes have proved to be an indispensable ex vivo model system to study synapse physiology both when isolated from fresh or cryopreserved tissues, and from animal or human post-mortem tissues. This model system has been tremendously successful in the case of post-mortem tissues because of their accessibility relative to acute brain slices or cultures. The current review details the use of synaptosomes in AD research and its potential as a valuable tool in furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis and in devising and testing of therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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24
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Zhang N, Liu C, Jin L, Zhang R, Siebert HC, Wang Z, Prakash S, Yin X, Li J, Hou D, Sun B, Liu M. Influence of Long-Chain/Medium-Chain Triglycerides and Whey Protein/Tween 80 Ratio on the Stability of Phosphatidylserine Emulsions (O/W). ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7792-7801. [PMID: 32309688 PMCID: PMC7160843 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a major anionic phospholipid constituent of membrane bilayers, which is specifically enriched in the cytoplasmic leaflet, has functions of regulating the intracellular signaling pathways of neuronal survival and differentiation, and acts as a neurotransmitter to control the activity of neurons. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions could improve the bio-availability of PS. Thus, there is a high level of interest in PS emulsion because of its purported health benefits. However, because of high viscosity and poor fluidity, it remains difficult to make the emulsion. A detailed analysis with suited biophysical methods would help to better understand the processes on a molecular level. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to engineer and characterize a stable O/W phosphatidylserine emulsion. Furthermore, the effect of emulsifiers mixture, whey protein isolate (WPI), and Tween 80 (T80), as well as the oil phase was systematically evaluated. The key parameters were the chain length and the degree of nonsaturation (sunflower oil, a long-chain triglycerides [LCTs] or a medium-chain triglycerides [MCTs]). Small droplets of emulsions could be obtained by adjusting the type of emulsifier and the LCT/MCT ratio. A stable PS emulsion characterized by a smaller droplet size, higher negative zeta-potential, lower centrifugal stability constant, and longer storage time was produced by MCTs T80 (2.0%, w/w) with T80 (2.0%, w/w) as the emulsifier, and by LCTs with the WPI (0.5%, w/w)-T80 (1.5%, w/w) as the emulsifier, respectively. The PS emulsion with LCTs exhibited higher viscosity, when compared to the emulsion made by MCT at the same emulsifier concentration, while all emulsions exhibited a shear thinning behavior. The microstructure images revealed that the PS emulsions produced by MCTs and T80 (2.0%, w/w) or WPIs (0.5%, w/w)-T80 (1.5%, w/w) mixed with LCTs can form specific uniform networks, in order to prevent flocculation. After 28 days of storage, no visual phase separation was observed in the emulsions, except for the PS emulsion with the WPI (2.0%, w/w). It was concluded that the characteristics of the interfacial layer of particles in the PS emulsion system were not only dependent on the proportion of the applied emulsifiers, but also dependent on the oily phase features. These findings may provide indications for choosing the suitable process parameters when a stable PS emulsion is produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng
University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng
University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Li Jin
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng
University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng
University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Hans-Christian Siebert
- RI-B-NT—Research
Institute of Bioinformatics and Nanotechnology, Schauenburgerstr. 116, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng
University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Sangeeta Prakash
- School
of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Xiaohan Yin
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng
University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Shandong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell
Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Danping Hou
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng
University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng
University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng
University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
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25
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Butterfield DA, Mattson MP. Apolipoprotein E and oxidative stress in brain with relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 138:104795. [PMID: 32036033 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inheritance of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is a major risk factor for development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This lipoprotein, in contrast to apoE2, has arginine residues at positions 112 and 158 in place of cysteines in the latter isoform. In apoE3, the Cys at residue 158 is replaced by an arginine residue. This differential amino acid composition of the three genotypes of APOE have profound influence on the structure, binding properties, and multiple functions of this lipoprotein. Moreover, AD brain is under a high degree of oxidative stress, including that associated with amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) oligomers. Lipid peroxidation produces the highly reactive and neurotoxic molecule, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) that forms covalent bonds with cysteine residues (Cys) [as well as with Lys and His residues]. Covalently modified Cys significantly alter structure and function of modified proteins. HNE bound to Cys residue(s) on apoE2 and apoE3 lessens the chance of HNE damage other proteins. apoE4, lacking Cys residues, is unable to scavenge HNE, permitting this latter neurotoxic molecule to lead to oxidative modification of neuronal proteins and eventual cell death. We posit that this lack of HNE scavenging activity in apoE4 significantly contributes to the association of APOE4 inheritance and increased risk of developing AD. Apoe knock-out mice provide insights into the role of this lipoprotein in oxidative stress. Targeted replacement mice in which the mouse gene of Apoe is separately replaced by the human APOE2, APOE3, or APOE4 genes, while keeping the mouse promoter assures the correct location and amount of the human protein isoform. Human APOE targeted replacement mice have been used to investigate the notion that oxidative damage to and death of neurons in AD and its earlier stages is related to APOE genotype. This current paper reviews the intersection of human APOE genotype, oxidative stress, and diminished function of this lipoprotein as a major contributing risk factor for development of AD. Discussion of potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate against the elevated risk of developing AD with inheritance of the APOE4 allele also is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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26
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Varga K, Jiang ZJ, Gong LW. Phosphatidylserine is critical for vesicle fission during clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J Neurochem 2019; 152:48-60. [PMID: 31587282 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS), a negatively charged phospholipid present predominantly at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, has been widely implicated in many cellular processes including membrane trafficking. Along this line, PS has been demonstrated to be important for endocytosis, however, the involved mechanisms remain uncertain. By monitoring clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) of single vesicles in mouse chromaffin cells using cell-attached capacitance measurements that offer millisecond time resolution, we demonstrate in the present study that the fission-pore duration is reduced by PS addition, indicating a stimulatory role of PS in regulating the dynamics of vesicle fission during CME. Furthermore, our results show that the PS-mediated effect on the fission-pore duration is Ca2+ -dependent and abolished in the absence of synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1), implying that Syt1 is necessary for the stimulatory role of PS in vesicle fission during CME. Consistently, a Syt1 mutant with a defective PS-Syt1 interaction increases the fission-pore duration. Taken together, our study suggests that PS-Syt1 interaction may be critical in regulating fission dynamics during CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Varga
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Zhong-Jiao Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Liang-Wei Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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27
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Effects of Vitamin E on the Synthesis of Phospholipids and Brain Functions in Old Rats. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-018-9733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Butterfield DA. Perspectives on Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease and Predictions of Future Research Emphases. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:S469-S479. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-179912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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29
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Wang C, Wang D, Xu J, Yanagita T, Xue C, Zhang T, Wang Y. DHA enriched phospholipids with different polar groups (PC and PS) had different improvements on MPTP-induced mice with Parkinson’s disease. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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30
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Zhou MM, Che HX, Huang JQ, Zhang TT, Xu J, Xue CH, Wang YM. Comparative Study of Different Polar Groups of EPA-Enriched Phospholipids on Ameliorating Memory Loss and Cognitive Deficiency in Aged SAMP8 Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700637. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao-miao Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao P.R. China
| | - Hong-xia Che
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao P.R. China
| | - Jia-qi Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao P.R. China
| | - Tian-tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao P.R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao P.R. China
| | - Chang-hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao P.R. China
| | - Yu-ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao P.R. China
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31
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Butterfield DA, Boyd-Kimball D. Oxidative Stress, Amyloid-β Peptide, and Altered Key Molecular Pathways in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62:1345-1367. [PMID: 29562527 PMCID: PMC5870019 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its earlier stage, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). One source of oxidative stress in AD and aMCI brains is that associated with amyloid-β peptide, Aβ1-42 oligomers. Our laboratory first showed in AD elevated oxidative stress occurred in brain regions rich in Aβ1-42, but not in Aβ1-42-poor regions, and was among the first to demonstrate Aβ peptides led to lipid peroxidation (indexed by HNE) in AD and aMCI brains. Oxidatively modified proteins have decreased function and contribute to damaged key biochemical and metabolic pathways in which these proteins normally play a role. Identification of oxidatively modified brain proteins by the methods of redox proteomics was pioneered in the Butterfield laboratory. Four recurring altered pathways secondary to oxidative damage in brain from persons with AD, aMCI, or Down syndrome with AD are interrelated and contribute to neuronal death. This "Quadrilateral of Neuronal Death" includes altered: glucose metabolism, mTOR activation, proteostasis network, and protein phosphorylation. Some of these pathways are altered even in brains of persons with preclinical AD. We opine that targeting these pathways pharmacologically and with lifestyle changes potentially may provide strategies to slow or perhaps one day, prevent, progression or development of this devastating dementing disorder. This invited review outlines both in vitro and in vivo studies from the Butterfield laboratory related to Aβ1-42 and AD and discusses the importance and implications of some of the major achievements of the Butterfield laboratory in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Debra Boyd-Kimball
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA
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32
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Di Domenico F, Tramutola A, Butterfield DA. Role of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) in the pathogenesis of alzheimer disease and other selected age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:253-261. [PMID: 27789292 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in various and numerous pathological states including several age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Peroxidation of the membrane lipid bilayer is one of the major sources of free radical-mediated injury that directly damages neurons causing increased membrane rigidity, decreased activity of membrane-bound enzymes, impairment of membrane receptors and altered membrane permeability and eventual cell death. Moreover, the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids leads to the formation of aldehydes, which can act as toxic by-products. One of the most abundant and cytotoxic lipid -derived aldehydes is 4-hydroxy 2-nonenal (HNE). HNE toxicity is mainly due to the alterations of cell functions by the formation of covalent adducts of HNE with proteins. A key marker of lipid peroxidation, HNE-protein adducts, were found to be elevated in brain tissues and body fluids of Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis subjects and/or models of the respective age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Although only a few proteins were identified as common targets of HNE modification across all these listed disorders, a high overlap of these proteins occurs concerning the alteration of common pathways, such as glucose metabolism or mitochondrial function that are known to contribute to cognitive decline. Within this context, despite the different etiological and pathological mechanisms that lead to the onset of different neurodegenerative diseases, the formation of HNE-protein adducts might represent the shared leit-motif, which aggravates brain damage contributing to disease specific clinical presentation and decline in cognitive performance observed in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA.
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33
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Gou P, Qi X, Yuan R, Li H, Gao X, Wang J, Zhang B. Tet1-mediated DNA demethylation involves in neuron damage induced by bilirubin in vitro. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 28:55-61. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1357775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panhong Gou
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Qi
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Yuan
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haojie Li
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Clinical Research and Translational Medicine Institute, Gansu Provincial People’s Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Benzhong Zhang
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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34
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Di Domenico F, Barone E, Perluigi M, Butterfield DA. The Triangle of Death in Alzheimer's Disease Brain: The Aberrant Cross-Talk Among Energy Metabolism, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling, and Protein Homeostasis Revealed by Redox Proteomics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:364-387. [PMID: 27626216 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder and represents one of the most disabling conditions. AD shares many features in common with systemic insulin resistance diseases, suggesting that it can be considered as a metabolic disease, characterized by reduced insulin-stimulated growth and survival signaling, increased oxidative stress (OS), proinflammatory cytokine activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired energy metabolism, and altered protein homeostasis. Recent Advances: Reduced glucose utilization and energy metabolism in AD have been associated with the buildup of amyloid-β peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau, increased OS, and the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is aberrantly activated in AD since early stages, plays a key role during AD neurodegeneration by, on one side, inhibiting insulin signaling as a negative feedback mechanism and, on the other side, regulating protein homeostasis (synthesis/clearance). CRITICAL ISSUES It is likely that the concomitant and mutual alterations of energy metabolism-mTOR signaling-protein homeostasis might represent a self-sustaining triangle of harmful events that trigger the degeneration and death of neurons and the development and progression of AD. Intriguingly, the altered cross-talk between the components of such a triangle of death, beyond altering the redox homeostasis of the neuron, is further exacerbated by increased levels of OS that target and impair key components of the pathways involved. Redox proteomic studies in human samples and animal models of AD-like dementia led to identification of oxidatively modified components of the pathways composing the triangle of death, therefore revealing the crucial role of OS in fueling this aberrant vicious cycle. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of compounds able to restore the function of the pathways targeted by oxidative damage might represent a valuable therapeutic approach to slow or delay AD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 364-387.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Domenico
- 1 Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Barone
- 1 Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy .,2 Facultad de Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- 1 Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- 3 Department of Chemistry, Sanders-Brown Center of Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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Mendis LHS, Grey AC, Faull RLM, Curtis MA. Hippocampal lipid differences in Alzheimer's disease: a human brain study using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00517. [PMID: 27781133 PMCID: PMC5064331 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, is pathologically characterized by β-amyloid plaques and tau tangles. However, there is also evidence of lipid dyshomeostasis-mediated AD pathology. Given the structural diversity of lipids, mass spectrometry is a useful tool for studying lipid changes in AD. Although there have been a few studies investigating lipid changes in the human hippocampus in particular, there are few reports on how lipids change in each hippocampal subfield (e.g., Cornu Ammonis [CA] 1-4, dentate gyrus [DG] etc.). Since each subfield has its own function, we postulated that there could be lipid changes that are unique to each. METHODS We used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry to investigate specific lipid changes in each subfield in AD. Data from the hippocampus region of six age- and gender-matched normal and AD pairs were analyzed with SCiLS lab 2015b software (SCiLS GmbH, Germany; RRID:SCR_014426), using an analysis workflow developed in-house. Hematoxylin, eosin, and luxol fast blue staining were used to precisely delineate each anatomical hippocampal subfield. Putative lipid identities, which were consistent with published data, were assigned using MS/MS. RESULTS Both positively and negatively charged lipid ion species were abundantly detected in normal and AD tissue. While the distribution pattern of lipids did not change in AD, the abundance of some lipids changed, consistent with trends that have been previously reported. However, our results indicated that the majority of these lipid changes specifically occur in the CA1 region. Additionally, there were many lipid changes that were specific to the DG. CONCLUSIONS Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry and our analysis workflow provide a novel method to investigate specific lipid changes in hippocampal subfields. Future work will focus on elucidating the role that specific lipid differences in each subfield play in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshini H. S. Mendis
- Centre for Brain ResearchFaculty of Medical and Health ScienceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging Faculty of Medical and Health ScienceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Angus C. Grey
- Centre for Brain ResearchFaculty of Medical and Health ScienceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medical and Health ScienceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- Centre for Brain ResearchFaculty of Medical and Health ScienceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging Faculty of Medical and Health ScienceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- Centre for Brain ResearchFaculty of Medical and Health ScienceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging Faculty of Medical and Health ScienceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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Zhu J, Shi R, Chen S, Dai L, Shen T, Feng Y, Gu P, Shariff M, Nguyen T, Ye Y, Rao J, Xing G. The Relieving Effects of BrainPower Advanced, a Dietary Supplement, in Older Adults with Subjective Memory Complaints: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:7898093. [PMID: 27190539 PMCID: PMC4842387 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7898093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) are common in older adults that can often predict further cognitive impairment. No proven effective agents are available for SMCs. The effect of BrainPower Advanced, a dietary supplement consisting of herbal extracts, nutrients, and vitamins, was evaluated in 98 volunteers with SMCs, averaging 67 years of age (47-88), in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjective hypomnesis/memory loss (SML) and attention/concentration deficits (SAD) were evaluated before and after 12-week supplementation of BrainPower Advanced capsules (n = 47) or placebo (n = 51), using a 5-point memory questionnaire (1 = no/slight, 5 = severe). Objective memory function was evaluated using 3 subtests of visual/audio memory, abstraction, and memory recall that gave a combined total score. The BrainPower Advanced group had more cases of severe SML (severity ⩾ 3) (44/47) and severe SAD (43/47) than the placebo group (39/51 and 37/51, < 0.05, < 0.05, resp.) before the treatment. BrainPower Advanced intervention, however, improved a greater proportion of the severe SML (29.5%)(13/44) (P < 0.01) and SAD (34.9%)(15/43)(P < 0.01) than placebo (5.1% (2/39) and 13.5% (5/37), resp.). Thus, 3-month BrainPower Advanced supplementation appears to be beneficial to older adults with SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfen Zhu
- Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Rong Shi
- School of Public Health, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Su Chen
- Si-Tang Community Health Service Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200431, China
| | - Lihua Dai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tian Shen
- Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Pingping Gu
- Southern California Kaiser Sunset, 4867 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Mina Shariff
- Department of Research, DRM Resources, 1683 Sunflower Avenue, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Tuong Nguyen
- Department of Research, DRM Resources, 1683 Sunflower Avenue, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Yeats Ye
- Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Guoqiang Xing
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong 637000, China
- Lotus Biotech.com LLC, John Hopkins University-MCC, 9601 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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DHA-PC and DHA-PS improved Aβ1–40 induced cognitive deficiency uncoupled with an increase in brain DHA in rats. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Lourenço CF, Ledo A, Dias C, Barbosa RM, Laranjinha J. Neurovascular and neurometabolic derailment in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:103. [PMID: 26074816 PMCID: PMC4445047 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional and structural integrity of the brain requires local adjustment of blood flow and regulated delivery of metabolic substrates to meet the metabolic demands imposed by neuronal activation. This process—neurovascular coupling—and ensued alterations of glucose and oxygen metabolism—neurometabolic coupling—are accomplished by concerted communication between neural and vascular cells. Evidence suggests that neuronal-derived nitric oxide (•NO) is a key player in both phenomena. Alterations in the mechanisms underlying the intimate communication between neural cells and vessels ultimately lead to neuronal dysfunction. Both neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling are perturbed during brain aging and in age-related neuropathologies in close association with cognitive decline. However, despite decades of intense investigation, many aspects remain poorly understood, such as the impact of these alterations. In this review, we address neurovascular and neurometabolic derailment in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD), discussing its significance in connection with •NO-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia F Lourenço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Ledo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cândida Dias
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M Barbosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal ; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Laranjinha
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal ; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
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Jung JM, Kim KH, Kwon EE, Kim HW. Analysis of the lipid profiles in a section of bovine brain via non-catalytic rapid methylation. Analyst 2015; 140:6210-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00961h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The main focus of this study is to mechanistically introduce a new qualitative and quantitative technique for mapping the lipid profile of a sectional brainvianon-catalytic transesterification reaction (i.e., pseudo catalytic reaction in the presence of porous materials).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Jung
- Department of Environment & Energy
- Sejong University
- Seoul 143-747
- South Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- South Korea
| | - Eilhann E. Kwon
- Department of Environment & Energy
- Sejong University
- Seoul 143-747
- South Korea
| | - Hyung-Wook Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Technology at Sejong University
- Seoul 143-747
- South Korea
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Redox proteomics analysis to decipher the neurobiology of Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration: overlaps in Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease brain. Biochem J 2014; 463:177-89. [PMID: 25242166 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of oxidative damage is a common feature of neurodegeneration that, together with mitochondrial dysfunction, point to the fact that reactive oxygen species are major contributors to loss of neuronal homoeostasis and cell death. Among several targets of oxidative stress, free-radical-mediated damage to proteins is particularly important in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. In the majority of cases, oxidative-stress-mediated post-translational modifications cause non-reversible modifications of protein structure that consistently lead to impaired function. Redox proteomics methods are powerful tools to unravel the complexity of neurodegeneration, by identifying brain proteins with oxidative post-translational modifications that are detrimental for protein function. The present review discusses the current literature showing evidence of impaired pathways linked to oxidative stress possibly involved in the neurodegenerative process leading to the development of Alzheimer-like dementia. In particular, we focus attention on dysregulated pathways that underlie neurodegeneration in both aging adults with DS (Down's syndrome) and AD (Alzheimer's disease). Since AD pathology is age-dependent in DS and shows similarities with AD, identification of common oxidized proteins by redox proteomics in both DS and AD can improve our understanding of the overlapping mechanisms that lead from normal aging to development of AD. The most relevant proteomics findings highlight that disturbance of protein homoeostasis and energy production are central mechanisms of neurodegeneration and overlap in aging DS and AD. Protein oxidation affects crucial intracellular functions and may be considered a 'leitmotif' of degenerating neurons. Therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing/reducing multiple components of processes leading to accumulation of oxidative damage will be critical in future studies.
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Butterfield DA. The 2013 SFRBM discovery award: selected discoveries from the butterfield laboratory of oxidative stress and its sequela in brain in cognitive disorders exemplified by Alzheimer disease and chemotherapy induced cognitive impairment. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 74:157-74. [PMID: 24996204 PMCID: PMC4146642 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective review on discoveries of the roles of oxidative stress in brain of subjects with Alzheimer disease (AD) and animal models thereof as well as brain from animal models of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) results from the author receiving the 2013 Discovery Award from the Society for Free Radical Biology and Medicine. The paper reviews our laboratory's discovery of protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in AD brain regions rich in amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) but not in Aβ-poor cerebellum; redox proteomics as a means to identify oxidatively modified brain proteins in AD and its earlier forms that are consistent with the pathology, biochemistry, and clinical presentation of these disorders; how Aβ in in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro studies can lead to oxidative modification of key proteins that also are oxidatively modified in AD brain; the role of the single methionine residue of Aβ(1-42) in these processes; and some of the potential mechanisms in the pathogenesis and progression of AD. CICI affects a significant fraction of the 14 million American cancer survivors, and due to diminished cognitive function, reduced quality of life of the persons with CICI (called "chemobrain" by patients) often results. A proposed mechanism for CICI employed the prototypical ROS-generating and non-blood brain barrier (BBB)-penetrating chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (Dox, also called adriamycin, ADR). Because of the quinone moiety within the structure of Dox, this agent undergoes redox cycling to produce superoxide free radical peripherally. This, in turn, leads to oxidative modification of the key plasma protein, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1). Oxidized ApoA1 leads to elevated peripheral TNFα, a proinflammatory cytokine that crosses the BBB to induce oxidative stress in brain parenchyma that affects negatively brain mitochondria. This subsequently leads to apoptotic cell death resulting in CICI. This review outlines aspects of CICI consistent with the clinical presentation, biochemistry, and pathology of this disorder. To the author's knowledge this is the only plausible and self-consistent mechanism to explain CICI. These two different disorders of the CNS affect millions of persons worldwide. Both AD and CICI share free radical-mediated oxidative stress in brain, but the source of oxidative stress is not the same. Continued research is necessary to better understand both AD and CICI. The discoveries about these disorders from the Butterfield Laboratory that led to the 2013 Discovery Award from the Society of Free Radical and Medicine provide a significant foundation from which this future research can be launched.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Free Radical Biology in Cancer, Shared Resource Facility of the Markey Cancer Center, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Kim HY, Huang BX, Spector AA. Phosphatidylserine in the brain: metabolism and function. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 56:1-18. [PMID: 24992464 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is the major anionic phospholipid class particularly enriched in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane in neural tissues. PS is synthesized from phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine by exchanging the base head group with serine, and this reaction is catalyzed by phosphatidylserine synthase 1 and phosphatidylserine synthase 2 located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Activation of Akt, Raf-1 and protein kinase C signaling, which supports neuronal survival and differentiation, requires interaction of these proteins with PS localized in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane. Furthermore, neurotransmitter release by exocytosis and a number of synaptic receptors and proteins are modulated by PS present in the neuronal membranes. Brain is highly enriched with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and brain PS has a high DHA content. By promoting PS synthesis, DHA can uniquely expand the PS pool in neuronal membranes and thereby influence PS-dependent signaling and protein function. Ethanol decreases DHA-promoted PS synthesis and accumulation in neurons, which may contribute to the deleterious effects of ethanol intake. Improvement of some memory functions has been observed in cognitively impaired subjects as a result of PS supplementation, but the mechanism is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, United States.
| | - Bill X Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, United States
| | - Arthur A Spector
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, United States
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Abstract
Microglia, the brain's professional phagocytes, can remove dead and dying neurons as well as synapses and the processes of live neurons. However, we and others have recently shown that microglia can also execute neuronal death by phagocytosing stressed-but-viable neurons - a process that we have termed phagoptosis. In this Progress article, we discuss evidence suggesting that phagoptosis may contribute to neuronal loss during brain development, inflammation, ischaemia and neurodegeneration.
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Yu Y, Jiang X, Gong S, Feng L, Zhong Y, Pang Z. The proton permeability of self-assembled polymersomes and their neuroprotection by enhancing a neuroprotective peptide across the blood-brain barrier after modification with lactoferrin. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:3250-3258. [PMID: 24503971 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05196j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics such as peptides possess strong potential for the treatment of intractable neurological disorders. However, because of their low stability and the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), biotherapeutics are difficult to transport into brain parenchyma via intravenous injection. Herein, we present a novel poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymersome-based nanomedicine with self-assembled bilayers, which was functionalized with lactoferrin (Lf-POS) to facilitate the transport of a neuroprotective peptide into the brain. The apparent diffusion coefficient (D*) of H(+) through the polymersome membrane was 5.659 × 10(-26) cm(2) s(-1), while that of liposomes was 1.017 × 10(-24) cm(2) s(-1). The stability of the polymersome membrane was much higher than that of liposomes. The uptake of polymersomes by mouse brain capillary endothelial cells proved that the optimal density of lactoferrin was 101 molecules per polymersome. Fluorescence imaging indicated that Lf101-POS was effectively transferred into the brain. In pharmacokinetics, compared with transferrin-modified polymersomes and cationic bovine serum albumin-modified polymersomes, Lf-POS obtained the greatest BBB permeability surface area and percentage of injected dose per gram (%ID per g). Furthermore, Lf-POS holding S14G-humanin protected against learning and memory impairment induced by amyloid-β25-35 in rats. Western blotting revealed that the nanomedicine provided neuroprotection against over-expression of apoptotic proteins exhibiting neurofibrillary tangle pathology in neurons. The results indicated that polymersomes can be exploited as a promising non-invasive nanomedicine capable of mediating peptide therapeutic delivery and controlling the release of drugs to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, 800 XiangYin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Identification of ATP8B1 as a blood-brain barrier-enriched protein. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:473-8. [PMID: 24643366 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to define the molecular anatomy of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that may be relevant to either barrier or transport function, proteins that are overexpressed in the cerebral microvessels should be identified. We used differential display to identify novel proteins that are overexpressed or unique to the BBB. DNA sequence analysis is one of the differentially expressed transcripts showed that it is highly homologous with the ATPase class I, type 8B, and member 1 (ATP8B1) protein and contains an ATPase domain and a phospholipid-binding domain. ATP8B1 is expressed in the BBB microvessels but not brain tissue lacking microvessels. Likewise, ATP8B1 was enriched in BBB microvessels similar to glucose transporter 1. Immunohistochemistry using an ATP8B1-specific antibody demonstrated preferential staining of the microvessels within the cerebral tissue. These results suggest that ATP8B1, a P-type aminophospholipid translocase, is enriched in cerebral microvessels and may have a role in plasma membrane lipid transport.
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive brain disease that leads to an irreversible loss of neurons and cognition. It is the most common cause of dementia and can be considered as a major public health problem. At the histological level, AD is characterized by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Numerous studies involving genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic approaches have been published in order to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in AD, and to find new biomarkers. Metabolomics, and in particular lipidomics, have recently offered new possibilities due to the development of robust and sensitive analytical methods, such as LC–MS. This review aims to illustrate how lipidomics can help understand the biological mechanisms inherent to AD and how lipids can be considered as relevant biomarkers of AD at early stages.
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Fiorini A, Sultana R, Förster S, Perluigi M, Cenini G, Cini C, Cai J, Klein JB, Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Morley JE, Kumar VB, Butterfield DA. Antisense directed against PS-1 gene decreases brain oxidative markers in aged senescence accelerated mice (SAMP8) and reverses learning and memory impairment: a proteomics study. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1-14. [PMID: 23777706 PMCID: PMC3855183 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through the induction of oxidative stress. This peptide is produced by proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the action of β- and γ-secretases. Previous studies demonstrated that reduction of Aβ, using an antisense oligonucleotide (AO) directed against the Aβ region of APP, reduced oxidative stress-mediated damage and prevented or reverted cognitive deficits in senescence-accelerated prone mice (SAMP8), a useful animal model for investigating the events related to Aβ pathology and possibly to the early phase of AD. In the current study, aged SAMP8 were treated by AO directed against PS-1, a component of the γ-secretase complex, and tested for learning and memory in T-maze foot shock avoidance and novel object recognition. Brain tissue was collected to identify the decrease of oxidative stress and to evaluate the proteins that are differently expressed and oxidized after the reduction in free radical levels induced by Aβ. We used both expression proteomics and redox proteomics approaches. In brain of AO-treated mice a decrease of oxidative stress markers was found, and the proteins identified by proteomics as expressed differently or nitrated are involved in processes known to be impaired in AD. Our results suggest that the treatment with AO directed against PS-1 in old SAMP8 mice reverses learning and memory deficits and reduces Aβ-mediated oxidative stress with restoration to the normal condition and identifies possible pharmacological targets to combat this devastating dementing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Fiorini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Sarah Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cenini
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Chiara Cini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Jian Cai
- Department of Nephrology and Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Jon B Klein
- Department of Nephrology and Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vijaya B Kumar
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Pey J, Tobalina L, de Cisneros JPJ, Planes FJ. A network-based approach for predicting key enzymes explaining metabolite abundance alterations in a disease phenotype. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:62. [PMID: 23870038 PMCID: PMC3733687 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The study of metabolism has attracted much attention during the last years due to its relevance in various diseases. The advance in metabolomics platforms allows us to detect an increasing number of metabolites in abnormal high/low concentration in a disease phenotype. Finding a mechanistic interpretation for these alterations is important to understand pathophysiological processes, however it is not an easy task. The availability of genome scale metabolic networks and Systems Biology techniques open new avenues to address this question. Results In this article we present a novel mathematical framework to find enzymes whose malfunction explains the accumulation/depletion of a given metabolite in a disease phenotype. Our approach is based on a recently introduced pathway concept termed Carbon Flux Paths (CFPs), which extends classical topological definition by including network stoichiometry. Using CFPs, we determine the Connectivity Curve of an altered metabolite, which allows us to quantify changes in its pathway structure when a certain enzyme is removed. The influence of enzyme removal is then ranked and used to explain the accumulation/depletion of such metabolite. For illustration, we center our study in the accumulation of two metabolites (L-Cystine and Homocysteine) found in high concentration in the brain of patients with mental disorders. Our results were discussed based on literature and found a good agreement with previously reported mechanisms. In addition, we hypothesize a novel role of several enzymes for the accumulation of these metabolites, which opens new strategies to understand the metabolic processes underlying these diseases. Conclusions With personalized medicine on the horizon, metabolomic platforms are providing us with a vast amount of experimental data for a number of complex diseases. Our approach provides a novel apparatus to rationally investigate and understand metabolite alterations under disease phenotypes. This work contributes to the development of Systems Medicine, whose objective is to answer clinical questions based on theoretical methods and high-throughput “omics” data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Pey
- CEIT and TECNUN, University of Navarra, Manuel de Lardizabal 15, San Sebastian 20018, Spain
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Bennett SAL, Valenzuela N, Xu H, Franko B, Fai S, Figeys D. Using neurolipidomics to identify phospholipid mediators of synaptic (dys)function in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2013; 4:168. [PMID: 23882219 PMCID: PMC3712192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Not all of the mysteries of life lie in our genetic code. Some can be found buried in our membranes. These shells of fat, sculpted in the central nervous system into the cellular (and subcellular) boundaries of neurons and glia, are themselves complex systems of information. The diversity of neural phospholipids, coupled with their chameleon-like capacity to transmute into bioactive molecules, provides a vast repertoire of immediate response second messengers. The effects of compositional changes on synaptic function have only begun to be appreciated. Here, we mined 29 neurolipidomic datasets for changes in neuronal membrane phospholipid metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Three overarching metabolic disturbances were detected. We found that an increase in the hydrolysis of platelet activating factor precursors and ethanolamine-containing plasmalogens, coupled with a failure to regenerate relatively rare alkyl-acyl and alkenyl-acyl structural phospholipids, correlated with disease severity. Accumulation of specific bioactive metabolites [i.e., PC(O-16:0/2:0) and PE(P-16:0/0:0)] was associated with aggravating tau pathology, enhancing vesicular release, and signaling neuronal loss. Finally, depletion of PI(16:0/20:4), PI(16:0/22:6), and PI(18:0/22:6) was implicated in accelerating Aβ42 biogenesis. Our analysis further suggested that converging disruptions in platelet activating factor, plasmalogen, phosphoinositol, phosphoethanolamine (PE), and docosahexaenoic acid metabolism may contribute mechanistically to catastrophic vesicular depletion, impaired receptor trafficking, and morphological dendritic deformation. Together, this analysis supports an emerging hypothesis that aberrant phospholipid metabolism may be one of multiple critical determinants required for Alzheimer disease conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffany A L Bennett
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; CIHR Training Program in Neurodegenerative Lipidomics, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Maciel E, Faria R, Santinha D, Domingues MRM, Domingues P. Evaluation of oxidation and glyco-oxidation of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-phosphatidylserine by LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 929:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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