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Xu W, Borges K. Case for supporting astrocyte energetics in glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome. Epilepsia 2024; 65:2213-2226. [PMID: 38767952 DOI: 10.1111/epi.18013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
In glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1DS), glucose transport into brain is reduced due to impaired Glut1 function in endothelial cells at the blood-brain barrier. This can lead to shortages of glucose in brain and is thought to contribute to seizures. Ketogenic diets are the first-line treatment and, among many beneficial effects, provide auxiliary fuel in the form of ketone bodies that are largely metabolized by neurons. However, Glut1 is also the main glucose transporter in astrocytes. Here, we review data indicating that glucose shortage may also impact astrocytes in addition to neurons and discuss the expected negative biochemical consequences of compromised astrocytic glucose transport for neurons. Based on these effects, auxiliary fuels are needed for both cell types and adding medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) to ketogenic diets is a biochemically superior treatment for Glut1DS compared to classical ketogenic diets. MCTs provide medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), which are largely metabolized by astrocytes and not neurons. MCFAs supply energy and contribute carbons for glutamine and γ-aminobutyric acid synthesis, and decanoic acid can also block α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid glutamate receptors. MCTs do not compete with metabolism of ketone bodies mostly occurring in neurons. Triheptanoin, an anaplerotic but also gluconeogenic uneven MCT, may be another potential addition to ketogenic diets, although maintenance of "ketosis" can be difficult. Gene therapy has also targeted both endothelial cells and astrocytes. Other approaches to increase fuel delivery to the brain currently investigated include exchange of Glut1DS erythrocytes with healthy cells, infusion of lactate, and pharmacological improvement of glucose transport. In conclusion, although it remains difficult to assess impaired astrocytic energy metabolism in vivo, astrocytic energy needs are most likely not met by ketogenic diets in Glut1DS. Thus, we propose prospective studies including monitoring of blood MCFA levels to find optimal doses for add-on MCT to ketogenic diets and assessing of short- and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karin Borges
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Al-Bishri WM. Glucose transporter 1 deficiency, AMP-activated protein kinase activation and immune dysregulation in autism spectrum disorder: Novel biomarker sources for clinical diagnosis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103849. [PMID: 38020228 PMCID: PMC10654234 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurophysiological basis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is still uncertain. Nevertheless, studies support the hypotheses that oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, immune dysregulation, and metabolic stress are contributors. In this study, the serum levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α (HIF-1 α), heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), IL-35, vitamin D3 (VITD), glucose transporter-1 (GUT1), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were estimated in Saudi ASD children versus age-matched neurotypical controls, aiming to investigate whether these parameters have potential roles in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of ASD and hoping to find a reliable marker for early ASD diagnosis. This study included 25 ASD children and 25 typically developing children (3-11 years old). The diagnosis of ASD cases was made based on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). ASD subjects were commonly male and revealed an intelligence quotient (IQ) < 70.The results detected that ASD children have remarkable greater serum levels of nitrosative stress (3-NT), hypoxia (HIF-1 α), inflammatory (HSP-70, IL-17A, and AMPK) biomarkers and lower serum levels of anti-inflammatory (IL-35 and VITD) and metabolic stress (GUT-1) biomarkers versus age-matched controls (P ≤ 0.0001). Pearson's correlation study revealed that 3-NT was positively associated with HIF-1 α and HSP-70. HIF-1 α was also positively correlated with HSP-70. AMPK was positively associated with GUT-1, however, IL-17A was negatively correlated with IL-35 and VITD.Limitation:No specific therapeuticdrugs were administered in this study, and further studies are required to confirm the role of the selected biomarkers in ASD managements. Conclusion Changes in concentrations of different biomarkers indicate that they are involved in oxidative stress, metabolic stress, immune dysregulation and ASD pathogenesis. Hence, these parameters can prove to be promising biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets for the timely diagnosis and treatment of ASD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widad M. Al-Bishri
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 80327, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Zhou Y, Zhang H, Huang Y, Wu S, Liu Z. Tanshinone IIA regulates expression of glucose transporter 1 via activation of the HIF‑1α signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:328. [PMID: 36069225 PMCID: PMC9727584 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (Tan 2A) is a lipid‑soluble compound extracted from the Chinese herb Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge). It protects neuron and microvascular endothelial cells against hypoxia/ischemia both in vitro and in vivo however the mechanism is not fully known. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT‑1) is ubiquitously expressed in all types of tissue in the human body and serves important physiological functions due to its glucose uptake ability. The present study evaluated the role of Tan 2A in regulating GLUT‑1 expression and its potential mechanism. RT‑PCR and western Blot were used to detect the expression of GLUT‑1. Si RNA mediated knockdown and CHIP assay were used to explore the mechanism of Tan 2A on GLUT‑1expression. Tan 2A treatment induced expression of GLUT‑1 and subsequently increased glucose uptake in endothelial cells (ECs). Furthermore, mRNA expression levels of vascular endothelial cell growth factor, BCL2 interacting protein 3 and enolase 2, which are target genes for hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α (HIF‑1α), were significantly upregulated by Tan 2A. Co‑immunoprecipitation demonstrated that Tan 2A markedly increased the association of HIF‑1α with recombination signal‑binding protein for immunoglobulin κJ region (RBPJκ). Moreover, knockdown of HIF‑1α and RBPJκ significantly reversed the regulatory effect of Tan 2A on mRNA expression levels of these genes in ECs. The results of the present study suggested that HIF‑1α partially mediated the regulatory effect of Tan 2A on GLUT‑1 expression in ECs. Therefore, GLUT‑1 may be a potential therapeutic target for Tan 2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Yitong Huang
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Shengyun Wu
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Zongjun Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Zongjun Liu, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 164 Lanxi Road, Putuo, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China, E-mail:
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4
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Oxidative Stress and Beta Amyloid in Alzheimer's Disease. Which Comes First: The Chicken or the Egg? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091479. [PMID: 34573112 PMCID: PMC8468973 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease involves β amyloid (Aβ) accumulation known to induce synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. The brain's vulnerability to oxidative stress (OS) is considered a crucial detrimental factor in Alzheimer's disease. OS and Aβ are linked to each other because Aβ induces OS, and OS increases the Aβ deposition. Thus, the answer to the question "which comes first: the chicken or the egg?" remains extremely difficult. In any case, the evidence for the primary occurrence of oxidative stress in AD is attractive. Thus, evidence indicates that a long period of gradual oxidative damage accumulation precedes and results in the appearance of clinical and pathological AD symptoms, including Aβ deposition, neurofibrillary tangle formation, metabolic dysfunction, and cognitive decline. Moreover, oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many risk factors for AD. Alzheimer's disease begins many years before its symptoms, and antioxidant treatment can be an important therapeutic target for attacking the disease.
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Tang M, Park SH, Petri S, Yu H, Rueda CB, Abel ED, Kim CY, Hillman EM, Li F, Lee Y, Ding L, Jagadish S, Frankel WN, De Vivo DC, Monani UR. An early endothelial cell-specific requirement for Glut1 is revealed in Glut1 deficiency syndrome model mice. JCI Insight 2021; 6:145789. [PMID: 33351789 PMCID: PMC7934852 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paucity of the glucose transporter-1 (Glut1) protein resulting from haploinsufficiency of the SLC2A1 gene arrests cerebral angiogenesis and disrupts brain function to cause Glut1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1 DS). Restoring Glut1 to Glut1 DS model mice prevents disease, but the precise cellular sites of action of the transporter, its temporal requirements, and the mechanisms linking scarcity of the protein to brain cell dysfunction remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Glut1 functions in a cell-autonomous manner in the cerebral microvasculature to affect endothelial tip cells and, thus, brain angiogenesis. Moreover, brain endothelial cell–specific Glut1 depletion not only triggers a severe neuroinflammatory response in the Glut1 DS brain, but also reduces levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and causes overt disease. Reduced BDNF correlated with fewer neurons in the Glut1 DS brain. Controlled depletion of the protein demonstrated that brain pathology and disease severity was greatest when Glut1 scarcity was induced neonatally, during brain angiogenesis. Reducing Glut1 at later stages had mild or little effect. Our results suggest that targeting brain endothelial cells during early development is important to ensure proper brain angiogenesis, prevent neuroinflammation, maintain BDNF levels, and preserve neuron numbers. This requirement will be essential for any disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for Glut1 DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxue Tang
- Department of Neurology and.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah H Park
- Department of Neurology and.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sabrina Petri
- Department of Genetics & Development and the Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hang Yu
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlos B Rueda
- Department of Neurology and.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - E Dale Abel
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Carla Y Kim
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mc Hillman
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fanghua Li
- Department of Neurology and.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yeojin Lee
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lei Ding
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Smitha Jagadish
- Rare & Neurological Diseases Research, Sanofi Genzyme, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wayne N Frankel
- Department of Genetics & Development and the Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Darryl C De Vivo
- Department of Neurology and.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Umrao R Monani
- Department of Neurology and.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Cho S, Lee H, Seo J. Impact of Genetic Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease on Brain Glucose Metabolism. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2608-2619. [PMID: 33479841 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that affects more than 30 million people worldwide. Despite growing knowledge of AD pathophysiology, a complete understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underpinning AD is lacking, and there is currently no cure for AD. Extant literature suggests that AD is a polygenic and multifactorial disease underscored by complex and dynamic pathogenic mechanisms. Despite extensive research and clinical trials, there has been a dearth of novel drugs for AD treatment on the market since memantine in 2003. This lack of therapeutic success has directed the entire research community to approach the disease from a different angle. In this review, we discuss growing evidence for the close link between altered glucose metabolism and AD pathogenesis by exploring how genetic risk factors for AD are associated with dysfunctional glucose metabolism. We also discuss modification of genes responsible for metabolic pathways implicated in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhee Cho
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Hyein Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Jinsoo Seo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea.
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7
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Glucose transporters in brain in health and disease. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1299-1343. [PMID: 32789766 PMCID: PMC7462931 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Energy demand of neurons in brain that is covered by glucose supply from the blood is ensured by glucose transporters in capillaries and brain cells. In brain, the facilitative diffusion glucose transporters GLUT1-6 and GLUT8, and the Na+-d-glucose cotransporters SGLT1 are expressed. The glucose transporters mediate uptake of d-glucose across the blood-brain barrier and delivery of d-glucose to astrocytes and neurons. They are critically involved in regulatory adaptations to varying energy demands in response to differing neuronal activities and glucose supply. In this review, a comprehensive overview about verified and proposed roles of cerebral glucose transporters during health and diseases is presented. Our current knowledge is mainly based on experiments performed in rodents. First, the functional properties of human glucose transporters expressed in brain and their cerebral locations are described. Thereafter, proposed physiological functions of GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, GLUT4, and SGLT1 for energy supply to neurons, glucose sensing, central regulation of glucohomeostasis, and feeding behavior are compiled, and their roles in learning and memory formation are discussed. In addition, diseases are described in which functional changes of cerebral glucose transporters are relevant. These are GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1-SD), diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), stroke, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). GLUT1-SD is caused by defect mutations in GLUT1. Diabetes and AD are associated with changed expression of glucose transporters in brain, and transporter-related energy deficiency of neurons may contribute to pathogenesis of AD. Stroke and TBI are associated with changes of glucose transporter expression that influence clinical outcome.
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8
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Furuse T, Mizuma H, Hirose Y, Kushida T, Yamada I, Miura I, Masuya H, Funato H, Yanagisawa M, Onoe H, Wakana S. A new mouse model of GLUT1 deficiency syndrome exhibits abnormal sleep-wake patterns and alterations of glucose kinetics in the brain. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.038828. [PMID: 31399478 PMCID: PMC6765196 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) proteins causes infantile epilepsy, which is designated as a GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1DS; OMIM #606777). Patients with GLUT1DS display varied clinical phenotypes, such as infantile seizures, ataxia, severe mental retardation with learning disabilities, delayed development, hypoglycorrhachia, and other varied symptoms. Glut1Rgsc200 mutant mice mutagenized with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) carry a missense mutation in the Glut1 gene that results in amino acid substitution at the 324th residue of the GLUT1 protein. In this study, these mutants exhibited various phenotypes, including embryonic lethality of homozygotes, a decreased cerebrospinal-fluid glucose value, deficits in contextual learning, a reduction in body size, seizure-like behavior and abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns. During EEG recording, the abnormality occurred spontaneously, whereas the seizure-like phenotypes were not observed at the same time. In sleep-wake analysis using EEG recording, heterozygotes exhibited a longer duration of wake times and shorter duration of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep time. The shortened period of NREM sleep and prolonged duration of the wake period may resemble the sleep disturbances commonly observed in patients with GLUT1DS and other epilepsy disorders. Interestingly, an in vivo kinetic analysis of glucose utilization by positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose imaging revealed that glucose transportation was reduced, whereas hexokinase activity and glucose metabolism were enhanced. These results indicate that a Glut1Rgsc200 mutant is a useful tool for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of GLUT1DS. This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper. Summary: New phenotypes are revealed by a GLUT1 deficiency mutant mouse model carrying a missense mutation in Glut1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamio Furuse
- Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizuma
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hirose
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kushida
- Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yamada
- Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Ikuo Miura
- Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masuya
- Resource Advancement Unit, Integrated Bioresource Information Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Wakana
- Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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Tang M, Park SH, De Vivo DC, Monani UR. Therapeutic strategies for glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:1923-1932. [PMID: 31464092 PMCID: PMC6764625 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper development and function of the mammalian brain is critically dependent on a steady supply of its chief energy source, glucose. Such supply is mediated by the glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) protein. Paucity of the protein stemming from mutations in the associated SLC2A1 gene deprives the brain of glucose and triggers the infantile‐onset neurodevelopmental disorder, Glut1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1 DS). Considering the monogenic nature of Glut1 DS, the disease is relatively straightforward to model and thus study. Accordingly, Glut1 DS serves as a convenient paradigm to investigate the more general cellular and molecular consequences of brain energy failure. Here, we review how Glut1 DS models have informed the biology of a prototypical brain energy failure syndrome, how these models are facilitating the development of promising new treatments for the human disease, and how important insights might emerge from the study of Glut1 DS to illuminate the myriad conditions involving the Glut1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxue Tang
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Sarah H Park
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Darryl C De Vivo
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Umrao R Monani
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032
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10
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Frederick NM, Shah PV, Didonna A, Langley MR, Kanthasamy AG, Opal P. Loss of the dystonia gene Thap1 leads to transcriptional deficits that converge on common pathogenic pathways in dystonic syndromes. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1343-1356. [PMID: 30590536 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary and repetitive co-contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles. Dystonia 6 (DYT6) is an autosomal dominant dystonia caused by loss-of-function mutations in the zinc finger transcription factor THAP1. We have generated Thap1 knock-out mice with a view to understanding its transcriptional role. While germ-line deletion of Thap1 is embryonic lethal, mice lacking one Thap1 allele-which in principle should recapitulate the haploinsufficiency of the human syndrome-do not show a discernable phenotype. This is because mice show autoregulation of Thap1 mRNA levels with upregulation at the non-affected locus. We then deleted Thap1 in glial and neuronal precursors using a nestin-conditional approach. Although these mice do not exhibit dystonia, they show pronounced locomotor deficits reflecting derangements in the cerebellar and basal ganglia circuitry. These behavioral features are associated with alterations in the expression of genes involved in nervous system development, synaptic transmission, cytoskeleton, gliosis and dopamine signaling that link DYT6 to other primary and secondary dystonic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monica R Langley
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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11
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Yang GS, Zhou XY, An XF, Liu XJ, Zhang YJ, Yu D. mTOR is involved in stroke-induced seizures and the anti-seizure effect of mild hypothermia. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5821-5829. [PMID: 29484389 PMCID: PMC5866026 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is considered an underlying etiology of the development of seizures. Stroke leads to glucose and oxygen deficiency in neurons, resulting in brain dysfunction and injury. Mild hypothermia is a therapeutic strategy to inhibit stroke‑induced seizures, which may be associated with the regulation of energy metabolism of the brain. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member (GLUT)‑1 are critical for energy metabolism. Furthermore, mTOR overactivation and GLUT‑1 deficiency are associated with genetically acquired seizures. It has been hypothesized that mTOR and GLUT‑1 may additionally be involved in seizures elicited by stroke. The present study established global cerebral ischemia (GCI) models of rats. Convulsive seizure behaviors frequently occurred during the first and the second days following GCI, which were accompanied with seizure discharge reflected in the EEG monitor. Expression of phosphor (p)‑mTOR and GLUT‑1 were upregulated in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, as evidenced by immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses. Mild hypothermia and/or rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) treatments reduced the number of epileptic attacks, seizure severity scores and seizure discharges, thereby alleviating seizures induced by GCI. Mild hypothermia and/or rapamycin treatments reduced phosphorylation levels of mTOR and the downstream effecter p70S6 in neurons, and the amount of GLUT‑1 in the cytomembrane of neurons. The present study revealed that mTOR is involved in stroke‑induced seizures and the anti‑seizure effect of mild hypothermia. The role of GLUT‑1 in stroke‑elicited seizures appears to be different from the role in seizures induced by other reasons. Further studies are necessary in order to elucidate the exact function of GLUT-1 in stroke‑elicited seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Shuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Fang An
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Xuan-Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
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Brain microvasculature defects and Glut1 deficiency syndrome averted by early repletion of the glucose transporter-1 protein. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14152. [PMID: 28106060 PMCID: PMC5263887 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the SLC2A1 gene and paucity of its translated product, the glucose transporter-1 (Glut1) protein, disrupt brain function and cause the neurodevelopmental disorder, Glut1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1 DS). There is little to suggest how reduced Glut1 causes cognitive dysfunction and no optimal treatment for Glut1 DS. We used model mice to demonstrate that low Glut1 protein arrests cerebral angiogenesis, resulting in a profound diminution of the brain microvasculature without compromising the blood-brain barrier. Studies to define the temporal requirements for Glut1 reveal that pre-symptomatic, AAV9-mediated repletion of the protein averts brain microvasculature defects and prevents disease, whereas augmenting the protein late, during adulthood, is devoid of benefit. Still, treatment following symptom onset can be effective; Glut1 repletion in early-symptomatic mutants that have experienced sustained periods of low brain glucose nevertheless restores the cerebral microvasculature and ameliorates disease. Timely Glut1 repletion may thus constitute an effective treatment for Glut1 DS.
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Miyata M, Mandai K, Maruo T, Sato J, Shiotani H, Kaito A, Itoh Y, Wang S, Fujiwara T, Mizoguchi A, Takai Y, Rikitake Y. Localization of nectin-2δ at perivascular astrocytic endfoot processes and degeneration of astrocytes and neurons in nectin-2 knockout mouse brain. Brain Res 2016; 1649:90-101. [PMID: 27545667 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nectins are Ca2+-independent immunoglobulin-like cell-cell adhesion molecules. In the nervous system, among four members (nectin-1, -2, -3, and -4), nectin-1 and -3 are asymmetrically localized at puncta adherentia junctions formed between the mossy fiber terminals and the dendrites of CA3 pyramidal neurons in the mouse hippocampus and heterophilic trans-interactions between nectin-1 and nectin-3 are involved in the selective interaction of axons and dendrites of cultured neurons. By contrast, nectin-2, which has two splicing variants, nectin-2α and -2δ, has not been well characterized in the brain. We showed here that nectin-2α was expressed in both cultured mouse neurons and astrocytes whereas nectin-2δ was selectively expressed in the astrocytes. Nectin-2δ was localized at the adhesion sites between adjacent cultured astrocytes, but in the brain it was localized on the plasma membranes of astrocytic perivascular endfoot processes facing the basement membrane of blood vessels. Genetic ablation of nectin-2 caused degeneration of astrocytic perivascular endfoot processes and neurons in the cerebral cortex. These results uncovered for the first time the localization and critical functions of nectin-2 in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maruo
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan
| | - Junya Sato
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hajime Shiotani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Aika Kaito
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yu Itoh
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shujie Wang
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujiwara
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Department of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Xu Y, Wang Q, Li D, Wu Z, Li D, Lu K, Zhao Y, Sun Y. Protective effect of lithium chloride against hypoglycemia-induced apoptosis in neuronal PC12 cell. Neuroscience 2016; 330:100-8. [PMID: 27241942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoglycemia is defined by an arbitrary plasma glucose level lower than 3.9mmol/L and is a most common and feared adverse effect of treatment of diabetes mellitus. Emerging evidences demonstrated that hypoglycemia could induce enhanced apoptosis. Lithium chloride (LiCl), a FDA approved drug clinically used for treatment of bipolar disorders, is recently proven having neuroprotection against various stresses in the cellular and animal models of neural disorders. Here, we have established a hypoglycemia model in vitro and assessed the neuroprotective efficacy of LiCl against hypoglycemia-induced apoptosis and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Our studies showed that LiCl protects against hypoglycemia-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. Exposure to hypoglycemia results in enhanced apoptosis and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved inhibition of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by decreasing wnt3a levels, β-catenin levels and increasing GSK-3β levels, which was confirmed by the use of Wnt-specific activator LiCl. Hypoglycemia-induced apoptosis were significantly reversed by LiCl, leading to increased cell survival. LiCl also alters the expression/levels of the Wnt pathway genes/proteins, which were reduced due to exposed to hypoglycemia. Overall, our results conclude that LiCl provides neuroprotection against hypoglycemia-induced apoptosis via activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Tai'an, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaili Lu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongning Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Pascual JM, Ronen GM. Glucose Transporter Type I Deficiency (G1D) at 25 (1990-2015): Presumptions, Facts, and the Lives of Persons With This Rare Disease. Pediatr Neurol 2015; 53:379-93. [PMID: 26341673 PMCID: PMC4609610 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As is often the case for rare diseases, the number of published reviews and case reports of glucose transporter type I deficiency (G1D) approaches or exceeds that of original research. This can indicate medical interest, but also scientific stagnation. METHODS In assessing this state of affairs here, we focus not on what is peculiar or disparate about G1D, but on the assumptions that have reigned thus far undisputed, and critique them as a potential impediment to progress. To summarize the most common G1D phenotype, we trace the 25-year story of G1D in parallel with the natural history of one of two index patients, identified in 1990 by one of us (G.M.R.) and brought up to date by the other (J.M.P.) while later examining widely repeated but little-scrutinized statements. Among them are those that pertain to assumptions about brain fuels; energy failure; cerebrospinal glucose concentration; the purpose of ketogenic diet; the role of the defective blood-brain barrier; genotype-phenotype correlations; a bewildering array of phenotypes; ictogenesis, seizures, and the electroencephalograph; the use of mice to model the disorder; and what treatments may and may not be expected to accomplish. RESULTS We reach the forgone conclusion that the proper study of mankind-and of one of its ailments (G1D) -is man itself (rather than mice, isolated cells, or extrapolated inferences) and propose a framework for rigorous investigation that we hope will lead to a better understanding and to better treatments for this and for rare disorders in general. CONCLUSIONS These considerations, together with experience drawn from other disorders, lead, as a logical consequence, to the nullification of the view that therapeutic development (i.e., trials) for rare diseases could or should be accelerated without the most vigorous scientific scrutiny: trial and error constitute an inseparable couple, such that, at the present time, hastening the former is bound to precipitate the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Pascual
- Rare Brain Disorders Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Physiology and Pediatrics, and Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development / Center for Human Genetics. The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Gabriel M. Ronen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Child Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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First dose in neonates: are juvenile mice, adults and in vitro-in silico data predictive of neonatal pharmacokinetics of fluconazole. Clin Pharmacokinet 2015; 53:1005-18. [PMID: 25154507 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Selection of the first-dose-in-neonates is challenging. The objective of this proof-of-concept study was to evaluate a pharmacokinetic bridging approach to predict a neonatal dosing regimen. METHODS We selected fluconazole as a paradigm compound. We used data from studies in juvenile mice and adults to develop population pharmacokinetic models using NONMEM. We also develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model from in vitro-in silico data using Simcyp. These three models were then used to predict neonatal pharmacokinetics and dosing regimens for fluconazole. RESULTS From juvenile mice to neonates, a correction factor of maximum lifespan potential should be used for extrapolation, while a "renal factor" taking into account renal maturation was required for successful bridging based on adult and in vitro-in silico data. Simulations results demonstrated that the predicted drug exposure based on bridging approach was comparable to the observed value in neonates. The prediction errors were -2.2, +10.1 and -4.6 % for juvenile mice, adults and in vitro-in silico data, respectively. CONCLUSION A model-based bridging approach provided consistent predictions of fluconazole pharmacokinetic parameters in neonates and demonstrated the feasibility of this approach to justify the first-dose-in-neonates, based on all data available from different sources (including physiological informations, preclinical studies and adult data), allowing evidence-based decisions of neonatal dose rather than empiricism.
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Winkler EA, Nishida Y, Sagare AP, Rege SV, Bell RD, Perlmutter D, Sengillo JD, Hillman S, Kong P, Nelson AR, Sullivan JS, Zhao Z, Meiselman HJ, Wendy RB, Soto J, Abel ED, Makshanoff J, Zuniga E, De Vivo DC, Zlokovic BV. GLUT1 reductions exacerbate Alzheimer's disease vasculo-neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:521-530. [PMID: 25730668 PMCID: PMC4734893 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glucose transporter GLUT1 at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) mediates glucose transport into the brain. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by early reductions in glucose transport associated with diminished GLUT1 expression at the BBB. Whether GLUT1 reduction influences disease pathogenesis remains, however, elusive. Here we show that GLUT1 deficiency in mice overexpressing amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) precursor protein leads to early cerebral microvascular degeneration, blood flow reductions and dysregulation and BBB breakdown, and to accelerated amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) pathology, reduced Aβ clearance, diminished neuronal activity, behavioral deficits, and progressive neuronal loss and neurodegeneration that develop after initial cerebrovascular degenerative changes. We also show that GLUT1 deficiency in endothelium, but not in astrocytes, initiates the vascular phenotype as shown by BBB breakdown. Thus, reduced BBB GLUT1 expression worsens Alzheimer's disease cerebrovascular degeneration, neuropathology and cognitive function, suggesting that GLUT1 may represent a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease vasculo-neuronal dysfunction and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan A. Winkler
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yoichiro Nishida
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Abhay P. Sagare
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sanket V. Rege
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert D. Bell
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - David Perlmutter
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Jesse D. Sengillo
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Sara Hillman
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Pan Kong
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amy R. Nelson
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John S. Sullivan
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Herbert J. Meiselman
- Departrment of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rosalinda B. Wendy
- Departrment of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jamie Soto
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - E. Dale Abel
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jacob Makshanoff
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Edward Zuniga
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Darryl C. De Vivo
- Colleen Giblin Laboratories for Pediatric Neurology Research, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Departrment of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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18
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Pascual JM. Glut1 Deficiency (G1D). Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Marin-Valencia I, Good LB, Ma Q, Malloy CR, Pascual JM. Heptanoate as a neural fuel: energetic and neurotransmitter precursors in normal and glucose transporter I-deficient (G1D) brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:175-82. [PMID: 23072752 PMCID: PMC3564188 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been postulated that triheptanoin can ameliorate seizures by supplying the tricarboxylic acid cycle with both acetyl-CoA for energy production and propionyl-CoA to replenish cycle intermediates. These potential effects may also be important in other disorders associated with impaired glucose metabolism because glucose supplies, in addition to acetyl-CoA, pyruvate, which fulfills biosynthetic demands via carboxylation. In patients with glucose transporter type I deficiency (G1D), ketogenic diet fat (a source only of acetyl-CoA) reduces seizures, but other symptoms persist, providing the motivation for studying heptanoate metabolism. In this work, metabolism of infused [5,6,7-(13)C(3)]heptanoate was examined in the normal mouse brain and in G1D by (13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In both groups, plasma glucose was enriched in (13)C, confirming gluconeogenesis from heptanoate. Acetyl-CoA and glutamine levels became significantly higher in the brain of G1D mice relative to normal mice. In addition, brain glutamine concentration and (13)C enrichment were also greater when compared with glutamate in both animal groups, suggesting that heptanoate and/or C5 ketones are primarily metabolized by glia. These results enlighten the mechanism of heptanoate metabolism in the normal and glucose-deficient brain and encourage further studies to elucidate its potential antiepileptic effects in disorders of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Marin-Valencia
- Rare Brain Disorders Clinic and Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8813, USA
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Marin-Valencia I, Good LB, Ma Q, Duarte J, Bottiglieri T, Sinton CM, Heilig CW, Pascual JM. Glut1 deficiency (G1D): epilepsy and metabolic dysfunction in a mouse model of the most common human phenotype. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 48:92-101. [PMID: 22683290 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain glucose supplies most of the carbon required for acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) generation (an important step for myelin synthesis) and for neurotransmitter production via further metabolism of acetyl-CoA in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. However, it is not known whether reduced brain glucose transporter type I (GLUT-1) activity, the hallmark of the GLUT-1 deficiency (G1D) syndrome, leads to acetyl-CoA, TCA or neurotransmitter depletion. This question is relevant because, in its most common form in man, G1D is associated with cerebral hypomyelination (manifested as microcephaly) and epilepsy, suggestive of acetyl-CoA depletion and neurotransmitter dysfunction, respectively. Yet, brain metabolism in G1D remains underexplored both theoretically and experimentally, partly because computational models of limited brain glucose transport are subordinate to metabolic assumptions and partly because current hemizygous G1D mouse models manifest a mild phenotype not easily amenable to investigation. In contrast, adult antisense G1D mice replicate the human phenotype of spontaneous epilepsy associated with robust thalamocortical electrical oscillations. Additionally, and in consonance with human metabolic imaging observations, thalamus and cerebral cortex display the lowest GLUT-1 expression and glucose uptake in the mutant mouse. This depletion of brain glucose is associated with diminished plasma fatty acids and elevated ketone body levels, and with decreased brain acetyl-CoA and fatty acid contents, consistent with brain ketone body consumption and with stimulation of brain beta-oxidation and/or diminished cerebral lipid synthesis. In contrast with other epilepsies, astrocyte glutamine synthetase expression, cerebral TCA cycle intermediates, amino acid and amine neurotransmitter contents are also intact in G1D. The data suggest that the TCA cycle is preserved in G1D because reduced glycolysis and acetyl-CoA formation can be balanced by enhanced ketone body utilization. These results are incompatible with global cerebral energy failure or with neurotransmitter depletion as responsible for epilepsy in G1D and point to an unknown mechanism by which glycolysis critically regulates cortical excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Marin-Valencia
- Rare Brain Disorders Clinic and Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, USA
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Shi Y, Zhao JN, Liu L, Hu ZX, Tang SF, Chen L, Jin RB. Changes of positron emission tomography in newborn infants at different gestational ages, and neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatr Neurol 2012; 46:116-23. [PMID: 22264707 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral glucose metabolism was measured by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose position emission tomography in infants at different gestational ages and with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Thirty-six preterm and term infants at different gestational ages without brain injury were divided into four subgroups: ≤32 weeks (n = 4), 33-34 weeks (n = 5), 35-36 weeks (n = 12), and ≥37 weeks (n = 15). Twenty-four newborn infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy were divided into three subgroups: mild (n = 13), moderate (n = 7), and severe (n = 4). Cerebral glucose metabolism manifested a trend toward increase, and the structure of cranial (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography images became clear with increased gestational age, especially at ≥37 weeks. Uptakes of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose in the ≥37-week group were significantly higher than in the ≤32-week group (P < 0.01). Cerebral glucose metabolism changed significantly in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and was either unbalanced bilaterally or relatively low at all sites. Moreover, uptakes of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose were significantly lower in severe than in mild and medium hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (P < 0.05). Cerebral glucose metabolism, as measured by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, may prove useful for estimating brain development and injury in newborn infants, and its clinical values need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Rotstein M, Engelstad K, Yang H, Wang D, Levy B, Chung WK, De Vivo DC. Glut1 deficiency: inheritance pattern determined by haploinsufficiency. Ann Neurol 2011; 68:955-8. [PMID: 20687207 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two families manifesting Glut1 deficiency syndrome (DS) as an autosomal recessive trait are described. In 1 family, a severely affected boy inherited a mutated allele from his asymptomatic heterozygous mother. A de novo mutation developed in the paternal allele, producing compound heterozygosity. In another family, 2 mildly affected sisters inherited mutations from their asymptomatic heterozygous consanguineous parents. Red blood cell glucose uptake residual activity, a surrogate of haploinsufficiency, correlated with the clinical severity. These cases demonstrate that Glut1 DS may present as an autosomal recessive trait. The clinical pattern of inheritance is determined by the relative pathogenicity of the mutation and the resulting degree of haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rotstein
- Colleen Giblin Laboratories for Pediatric Neurology Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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