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Shen J, Bian N, Zhao L, Wei J. The role of T-lymphocytes in central nervous system diseases. Brain Res Bull 2024; 209:110904. [PMID: 38387531 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has been considered an immunologically privileged site. In the past few decades, research on inflammation in CNS diseases has mostly focused on microglia, innate immune cells that respond rapidly to injury and infection to maintain CNS homeostasis. Discoveries of lymphatic vessels within the dura mater and peripheral immune cells in the meningeal layer indicate that the peripheral immune system can monitor and intervene in the CNS. This review summarizes recent advances in the involvement of T lymphocytes in multiple CNS diseases, including brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disorders. It emphasizes that a deep understanding of the pathogenesis of CNS diseases requires intimate knowledge of T lymphocytes. Aiming to promote a better understanding of the relationship between the immune system and CNS and facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies targeting T lymphocytes in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ning Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Jingkuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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Saadh MJ, Faisal A, Adil M, Zabibah RS, Mamadaliev AM, Jawad MJ, Alsaikhan F, Farhood B. Parkinson's Disease and MicroRNAs: A Duel Between Inhibition and Stimulation of Apoptosis in Neuronal Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04111-w. [PMID: 38520611 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04111-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent diseases of central nervous system that is caused by degeneration of the substantia nigra's dopamine-producing neurons through apoptosis. Apoptosis is regulated by initiators' and executioners' caspases both in intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, further resulting in neuronal damage. In that context, targeting apoptosis appears as a promising therapeutic approach for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Non-coding RNAs-more especially, microRNAs, or miRNAs-are a promising target for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases because they are essential for a number of cellular processes, including signaling, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and gene regulation. It is estimated that a substantial portion of coding genes (more than 60%) are regulated by miRNAs. These small regulatory molecules can have wide-reaching consequences on cellular processes like apoptosis, both in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Furthermore, it was recommended that a disruption in miRNA expression levels could also result in perturbation of typical apoptosis pathways, which may be a factor in certain diseases like PD. The latest research on miRNAs and their impact on neural cell injury in PD models by regulating the apoptosis pathway is summarized in this review article. Furthermore, the importance of lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network for regulating apoptosis pathways in PD models and treatment is explored. These results can be utilized for developing new strategies in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Faisal
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Mohaned Adil
- Pharmacy College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | | | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
- School of Pharmacy, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Furgiuele A, Pereira FC, Martini S, Marino F, Cosentino M. Dopaminergic regulation of inflammation and immunity in Parkinson's disease: friend or foe? Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1469. [PMID: 37781343 PMCID: PMC10540835 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting 7-10 million people worldwide. Currently, there is no treatment available to prevent or delay PD progression, partially due to the limited understanding of the pathological events which lead to the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in the brain, which is known to be the cause of PD symptoms. The current available treatments aim at compensating dopamine (DA) deficiency in the brain using its precursor levodopa, dopaminergic agonists and some indirect dopaminergic agents. The immune system is emerging as a critical player in PD. Therefore, immune-based approaches have recently been proposed to be used as potential antiparkinsonian agents. It has been well-known that dopaminergic pathways play a significant role in regulating immune responses in the brain. Although dopaminergic agents are the primary antiparkinsonian treatments, their immune regulatory effect has yet to be fully understood. The present review summarises the current available evidence of the immune regulatory effects of DA and its mimics and discusses dopaminergic agents as antiparkinsonian drugs. Based on the current understanding of their involvement in the regulation of neuroinflammation in PD, we propose that targeting immune pathways involved in PD pathology could offer a better treatment outcome for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Furgiuele
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Frederico C Pereira
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB)University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC)CoimbraPortugal
| | - Stefano Martini
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
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Batiha GES, Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Elekhnawy E. SIRT1 pathway in Parkinson's disease: a faraway snapshot but so close. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:37-56. [PMID: 36580159 PMCID: PMC9957916 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Silent information regulator (SIRT) has distinctive enzymatic activities and physiological functions to control cell-cycle progression, gene expression, and DNA stability by targeting histone and non-histone proteins. SIRT1 enhances synaptic formation and synaptic activity, and therefore, can reduce the progression of various degenerative brain diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). SIRT1 activity is decreased by aging with a subsequent increased risk for the development of degenerative brain diseases. Inhibition of SIRT1 promotes inflammatory reactions since SIRT1 inhibits transcription of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) which also inhibits SIRT1 activation via activation of microRNA and miR-34a which reduce NAD synthesis. SIRT1 is highly expressed in microglia as well as neurons, and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this review aimed to find the possible role of SIRT1 in PD neuropathology. SIRT1 has neuroprotective effects; therefore, downregulation of SIRT1 during aging promotes p53 expression and may increase the vulnerability of neuronal cell deaths. PD neuropathology is linked with the sequence of inflammatory changes and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines due to the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition, oxidative stress, inflammatory disorders, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis contribute mutually to PD neuropathology. Thus, SIRT1 and SIRT1 activators play a crucial role in the mitigation of PD neuropathology through the amelioration of oxidative stress, inflammatory disorders, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and inflammatory signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 AlBeheira Egypt
| | - Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132 Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132 Iraq
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
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DeMaio A, Mehrotra S, Sambamurti K, Husain S. The role of the adaptive immune system and T cell dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:251. [PMID: 36209107 PMCID: PMC9548183 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system and associated inflammation are vital in surveillance and host protection against internal and external threats, but can secondarily damage host tissues. The central nervous system is immune-privileged and largely protected from the circulating inflammatory pathways. However, T cell involvement and the disruption of the blood-brain barriers have been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Under normal physiological conditions, regulatory T cells (Treg cells) dampen the inflammatory response of effector T cells. In the pathological states of many neurodegenerative disorders, the ability of Treg cells to mitigate inflammation is reduced, and a pro-inflammatory environment persists. This perspective review provides current knowledge on the roles of T cell subsets (e.g., effector T cells, Treg cells) in neurodegenerative and ocular diseases, including uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Many neurodegenerative and ocular diseases have been linked to immune dysregulation, but the cellular events and molecular mechanisms involved in such processes remain largely unknown. Moreover, the role of T cells in ocular pathologies remains poorly defined and limited literature is available in this area of research. Adoptive transfer of Treg cells appears to be a vital immunological approach to control ocular pathologies. Similarities in T cell dysfunction seen among non-ocular neurodegenerative diseases suggest that this area of research has a great potential to develop better therapeutic agents for ocular diseases and warrants further studies. Overall, this perspective review article provides significant information on the roles of T cells in numerous ocular and non-ocular neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa DeMaio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Room 713, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Ave, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Kumar Sambamurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Shahid Husain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Room 713, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Ave, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA.
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Kouli A, Williams-Gray CH. Age-Related Adaptive Immune Changes in Parkinson’s Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S93-S104. [PMID: 35661020 PMCID: PMC9535571 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is a major risk factor for most neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Progressive age-related dysregulation of the immune system is termed immunosenescence and is responsible for the weakened response to novel antigens, increased susceptibility to infections and reduced effectiveness of vaccines seen in the elderly. Immune activation, both within the brain and periphery, is heavily implicated in PD but the role of immunosenescence has not been fully explored. Studies to date provide some evidence for an attenuation in immunosenescence in PD, particularly a reduction in senescent CD8 T lymphocytes in PD cases compared to similarly aged controls. Here, we discuss recent evidence of age-related immune abnormalities in PD with a focus on T cell senescence and explore their potential role in disease pathogenesis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Kouli
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline H. Williams-Gray
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, UK
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Gopinath A, Mackie P, Hashimi B, Buchanan AM, Smith AR, Bouchard R, Shaw G, Badov M, Saadatpour L, Gittis A, Ramirez-Zamora A, Okun MS, Streit WJ, Hashemi P, Khoshbouei H. DAT and TH expression marks human Parkinson's disease in peripheral immune cells. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:72. [PMID: 35672374 PMCID: PMC9174333 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is marked by a loss of dopamine neurons, decreased dopamine transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression. However, this validation approach cannot be used for diagnostic, drug effectiveness or investigational purposes in human patients because midbrain tissue is accessible postmortem. PD pathology affects both the central nervous and peripheral immune systems. Therefore, we immunophenotyped blood samples of PD patients for the presence of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and discovered that DAT+/TH+ monocytic MDSCs, but not granulocytic MDSCs are increased, suggesting a targeted immune response to PD. Because in peripheral immune cells DAT activity underlies an immune suppressive mechanism, we investigated whether expression levels of DAT and TH in the peripheral immune cells marks PD. We found drug naïve PD patients exhibit differential DAT+/TH+ expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) compared to aged/sex matched healthy subjects. While total PBMCs are not different between the groups, the percentage of DAT+/TH+ PBMCs was significantly higher in drug naïve PD patients compared to healthy controls irrespective of age, gender, disease duration, disease severity or treatment type. Importantly, treatment for PD negatively modulates DAT+/TH+ expressing PBMCs. Neither total nor the percentage of DAT+/TH+ PBMCs were altered in the Alzheimer's disease cohort. The mechanistic underpinning of this discovery in human PD was revealed when these findings were recapitulated in animal models of PD. The reverse translational experimental strategy revealed that alterations in dopaminergic markers in peripheral immune cells are due to the disease associated changes in the CNS. Our study demonstrates that the dopaminergic machinery on peripheral immune cells displays an association with human PD, with exciting implications in facilitating diagnosis and investigation of human PD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Gopinath
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Phillip Mackie
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Basil Hashimi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Aidan R Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Gerry Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- EnCor Biotechnology, Inc, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Martin Badov
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leila Saadatpour
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Aryn Gittis
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, UF Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael S Okun
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, UF Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wolfgang J Streit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Abdi IY, Ghanem SS, El-Agnaf OM. Immune-related biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Alterations in Proteostasis System Components in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Parkinson Disease: Focusing on the HSP70 and p62 Levels. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040493. [PMID: 35454081 PMCID: PMC9030208 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is attributed to a proteostasis disorder mediated by α-synuclein accumulating in a specific brain region. PD manifestation is often related to extraneuronal alterations, some of which could be used as diagnostic or prognostic PD biomarkers. In this work, we studied the shifts in the expression of proteostasis-associated chaperones of the HSP70 family and autophagy-dependent p62 protein values in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of mild to moderate PD patients. Although we did not detect any changes in the intracellular HSP70 protein pool in PD patients compared to non-PD controls, an increase in the transcriptional activity of the stress-associated HSPA1A/B and HSPA6 genes was observed in these cells. Basal p62 content was found to be increased in PD patients’ PBMC, similarly to the p62 level in substantia nigra neural cells in PD. Moreover, the spontaneous apoptosis level was increased among PBMC and positively correlated with the p62 intracellular level in the PD group. A combined HSPA6- and p62-based analysis among 26 PD patients and 36 age-matched non-PD controls pointed out the diagnostic significance of these markers, with intermediate sensitivity and high specificity of this combination when observing patients diagnosed with PD.
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Peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypes in Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2022; 37:110-121. [PMID: 35279225 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroinflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders, in particular Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Alterations in the blood-brain barrier may allow peripheral blood lymphocytes to enter the central nervous system; these may participate in disease pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the peripheral blood lymphocyte profiles of patients with AD and PD and their association with the disease and its progression. METHODS The study included 20 patients with AD, 20 with PD, and a group of healthy individuals. Ten of the patients with AD and 12 of those with PD were evaluated a second time 17 to 27 months after the start of the study. Lymphocyte subpopulations and their activation status were determined by flow cytometry. All patients underwent neurological examinations using internationally validated scales. RESULTS Compared to healthy individuals, patients with AD and PD showed significantly higher levels of activated lymphocytes, lymphocytes susceptible to apoptosis, central memory T cells, and regulatory T and B cells. As the diseases progressed, there was a significant decrease in activated cells (CD4+ CD38+ and CD8+ CD38+ in PD and AD, CD4+ CD69+ and CD8+ CD69+ in PD), T cells susceptible to apoptosis, and some regulatory populations (CD19+ CD5+ IL10+ in PD and AD, CD19+ CD5+ IL10+ FoxP3+, CD4+ FoxP3+ CD25+ CD45RO+ in PD). In patients with AD, disease progression was associated with lower percentages of CD4+ CD38+ cells and higher percentages of effector CD4 cells at the beginning of the study. Significant differences were observed between both diseases. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypes associated with AD and PD and their severity. Considering effective blood-brain communication, our results open new avenues of research into immunomodulation therapies to treat these diseases.
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Garfias S, Tamaya Domínguez B, Toledo Rojas A, Arroyo M, Rodríguez U, Boll C, Sosa AL, Sciutto E, Adalid-Peralta L, Martinez López Y, Fragoso G, Fleury A. Peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypes in Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. Neurologia 2022; 37:110-121. [PMID: 30871733 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroinflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders, in particular Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Alterations in the blood-brain barrier may allow peripheral blood lymphocytes to enter the central nervous system; these may participate in disease pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the peripheral blood lymphocyte profiles of patients with AD and PD and their association with the disease and its progression. METHODS The study included 20 patients with AD, 20 with PD, and a group of healthy individuals. Ten of the patients with AD and 12 of those with PD were evaluated a second time 17 to 27 months after the start of the study. Lymphocyte subpopulations and their activation status were determined by flow cytometry. All patients underwent neurological examinations using internationally validated scales. RESULTS Compared to healthy individuals, patients with AD and PD showed significantly higher levels of activated lymphocytes, lymphocytes susceptible to apoptosis, central memory T cells, and regulatory T and B cells. As the diseases progressed, there was a significant decrease in activated cells (CD4+ CD38+ and CD8+ CD38 + in PD and AD, CD4+ CD69+ and CD8+ CD69+ in PD), T cells susceptible to apoptosis, and some regulatory populations (CD19+ CD5+ IL10+ in PD and AD, CD19+ CD5+ IL10+ FoxP3+, CD4+ FoxP3+ CD25+ CD45RO+ in PD). In patients with AD, disease progression was associated with lower percentages of CD4+ CD38+ cells and higher percentages of effector CD4 cells at the beginning of the study. Significant differences were observed between both diseases. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypes associated with AD and PD and their severity. Considering effective blood-brain communication, our results open new avenues of research into immunomodulation therapies to treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Garfias
- Unidad de Neuroinflamación, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Facultad de Medicina-UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - B Tamaya Domínguez
- Unidad de Neuroinflamación, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Facultad de Medicina-UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - A Toledo Rojas
- Unidad de Neuroinflamación, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Facultad de Medicina-UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Arroyo
- Unidad de Neuroinflamación, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Facultad de Medicina-UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - U Rodríguez
- Clínica de Parkinson, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | - C Boll
- Clínica de Parkinson, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | - A L Sosa
- Clínica de Demencia, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | - E Sciutto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - L Adalid-Peralta
- Unidad de Neuroinflamación, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Facultad de Medicina-UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Y Martinez López
- Unidad de Neuroinflamación, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Facultad de Medicina-UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - G Fragoso
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - A Fleury
- Unidad de Neuroinflamación, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Facultad de Medicina-UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México.
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Abstract
The notion that autoimmune responses to α-synuclein may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder stems from reports that mutations in α-synuclein or certain alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are associated with the disease and that dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic neurons in the midbrain can present antigenic epitopes. Here, we discuss recent evidence that a defined set of peptides derived from α-synuclein act as antigenic epitopes displayed by specific MHC alleles and drive helper and cytotoxic T cell responses in patients with PD. Moreover, phosphorylated α-synuclein may activate T cell responses in a less restricted manner in PD. While the roles for the acquired immune system in disease pathogenesis remain unknown, preclinical animal models and in vitro studies indicate that T cells may interact with neurons and exert effects related to neuronal death and neuroprotection. These findings suggest that therapeutics that target T cells and ameliorate the incidence or disease severity of inflammatory bowel disorders or CNS autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis may be useful in PD.
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13
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Roversi K, Callai-Silva N, Roversi K, Griffith M, Boutopoulos C, Prediger RD, Talbot S. Neuro-Immunity and Gut Dysbiosis Drive Parkinson's Disease-Induced Pain. Front Immunol 2021; 12:759679. [PMID: 34868000 PMCID: PMC8637106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.759679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 1-2% of the population aged 65 and over. Additionally, non-motor symptoms such as pain and gastrointestinal dysregulation are also common in PD. These impairments might stem from a dysregulation within the gut-brain axis that alters immunity and the inflammatory state and subsequently drives neurodegeneration. There is increasing evidence linking gut dysbiosis to the severity of PD's motor symptoms as well as to somatosensory hypersensitivities. Altogether, these interdependent features highlight the urgency of reviewing the links between the onset of PD's non-motor symptoms and gut immunity and whether such interplays drive the progression of PD. This review will shed light on maladaptive neuro-immune crosstalk in the context of gut dysbiosis and will posit that such deleterious interplays lead to PD-induced pain hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiane Roversi
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département d'Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Natalia Callai-Silva
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département d'Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Karine Roversi
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - May Griffith
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département d'Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christos Boutopoulos
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département d'Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rui Daniel Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Sébastien Talbot
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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14
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Bhatia D, Grozdanov V, Ruf WP, Kassubek J, Ludolph AC, Weishaupt JH, Danzer KM. T-cell dysregulation is associated with disease severity in Parkinson's Disease. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:250. [PMID: 34717679 PMCID: PMC8556877 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of peripheral immunity in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) includes changes in both the relative numbers and gene expression of T cells. The presence of peripheral T-cell abnormalities in PD is well-documented, but less is known about their association to clinical parameters, such as age, age of onset, progression rate or severity of the disease. We took a detailed look at T-cell numbers, gene expression and activation in cross-sectional cohorts of PD patients and age-matched healthy controls by means of flow cytometry and NanoString gene expression assay. We show that the well-pronounced decrease in relative T-cell numbers in PD blood is mostly driven by a decrease of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and is primarily associated with the severity of the disease. In addition, we demonstrate that the expression of inflammatory genes in T cells from PD patients is also associated with disease severity. PD T cells presented with increased activation upon stimulation with phytohemagglutinin that also correlated with disease severity. In summary, our data suggest that the consequences of disease severity account for the changes in PD T cells, rather than age, age of onset, duration or the disease progression rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divisha Bhatia
- Neurology, University Clinic, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Veselin Grozdanov
- Neurology, University Clinic, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang P Ruf
- Neurology, University Clinic, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Neurology, University Clinic, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Neurology, University Clinic, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen H Weishaupt
- Neurology, University Clinic, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Division for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neurology Department, University Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karin M Danzer
- Neurology, University Clinic, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany.
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15
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Álvarez-Luquín DD, Guevara-Salinas A, Arce-Sillas A, Espinosa-Cárdenas R, Leyva-Hernández J, Montes-Moratilla EU, Adalid-Peralta L. Increased Tc17 cell levels and imbalance of naïve/effector immune response in Parkinson's disease patients in a two-year follow-up: a case control study. J Transl Med 2021; 19:378. [PMID: 34488776 PMCID: PMC8422782 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation has been proved to play a role in dopaminergic neuronal death in Parkinson's disease (PD). This link highlights the relevance of the immune response in the progression of the disease. However, little is known about the impact of peripheral immune response on the disease. This study is aimed to evaluate how immune cell populations change in untreated PD patients followed-up for 2 years. METHODS Thirty-two patients with no previous treatment (PD-0 yr) and twenty-two healthy subjects (controls) were included in the study. PD patients were sampled 1 and 2 years after the start of the treatment. CD4 T cells (naïve/central memory, effector, and activated), CD8 T cells (activated, central memory, effector memory, NKT, Tc1, Tc2, and Tc17), and B cells (activated, plasma, and Lip-AP) were characterized by flow cytometry. RESULTS We observed decreased levels of naïve/central memory CD4 and CD8 T cells, Tc1, Tc2, NKT, and plasma cells, and increased levels of effector T cells, activated T cells, and Tc17. CONCLUSIONS PD patients treated for 2 years showed an imbalance in the naive/effector immune response. Naïve and effector cell levels were associated with clinical deterioration. These populations are also correlated to aging. On the other hand, higher Tc17 levels suggest an increased inflammatory response, which may impact the progression of the disease. Our results highlight the relevant effect of treatment on the immune response, which could improve our management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana D Álvarez-Luquín
- Unidad Periférica Para El Estudio de La Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en El Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, 14269, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Adrián Guevara-Salinas
- Unidad Periférica Para El Estudio de La Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en El Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, 14269, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Asiel Arce-Sillas
- Unidad Periférica Para El Estudio de La Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en El Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, 14269, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Raquel Espinosa-Cárdenas
- Unidad Periférica Para El Estudio de La Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en El Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, 14269, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jaquelín Leyva-Hernández
- Unidad Periférica Para El Estudio de La Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en El Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, 14269, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esteban U Montes-Moratilla
- Unidad Periférica Para El Estudio de La Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en El Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, 14269, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura Adalid-Peralta
- Unidad Periférica Para El Estudio de La Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en El Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, 14269, Ciudad de México, México.
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16
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Chen X, Feng W, Ou R, Liu J, Yang J, Fu J, Cao B, Chen Y, Wei Q, Shang H. Evidence for Peripheral Immune Activation in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:617370. [PMID: 33994989 PMCID: PMC8119625 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.617370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence has revealed that peripheral immunity is involved in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the results regarding the percentage of T-cell subsets are inconsistent, and the changes of immunoglobins levels have been seldom studied in PD patients. METHODS Serum levels of the percentage of T-cell subsets and immunoglobulins were measured in 761 PD patients and 761 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The correlations between the variables of peripheral immune activation (PIA) and the clinical characteristics of PD were analyzed using correlation analysis. RESULTS The pooled results showed that PD patients had higher proportional levels of CD3+ T and CD4+ T lymphocytes than healthy controls. CD8+ T cell percentages were similar in PD patients and controls, and the CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly higher in the PD population. No significant differences in IgG, IgA, or IgM levels between these two groups were found. CD4+ T cell percentage was inversely correlated with the H&Y stage, and IgG level was positively correlated with disease duration and UPDRS part III. Subgroup analyses showed that these associations existed in female patients, but not in male patients. CONCLUSION The enhanced immune activation in the peripheral system is indicated in PD, and dynamic alterations in CD4+ T cell percentage and IgG level suggest an active role for peripheral immunity in the disease progression, especially in female PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihua Feng
- Division of Clinical Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruwei Ou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajia Fu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bei Cao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianqian Wei
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Liu Z, Fan Q, Wu S, Wan Y, Lei Y. Compared with the monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR) and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the neutrophil to high-density lipoprotein ratio (NHR) is more valuable for assessing the inflammatory process in Parkinson's disease. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:35. [PMID: 33874966 PMCID: PMC8054377 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The inflammatory response plays essential roles in the pathological process and prognosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This research investigated the predictive value of the neutrophil to high-density lipoprotein ratio (NHR), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR) for PD. Methods Patients with PD (n = 98) were divided into three groups according to disease duration: < 6 years (n = 55), 6–10 years (n = 29) and > 10 years (n = 14). Based on the classification system of Hoehn and Yahr, grades 1 ~ 2.5 were considered early-stage PD (n = 44), and grades 3 ~ 5 were considered advanced-stage PD (n = 54). In addition, healthy subjects (n = 98) matched to the above PD patients in the same period were selected as the control group. Differences in the NHR, NLR, MHR and other indicators among the groups were evaluated. Results Smoking, drinking, the neutrophil count and the NHR and NLR were remarkably greater and hypertension, index of body mass, the lymphocyte count, and the levels of cholesterol in total, triglycerides, lipoprotein cholesterol with low density and uric acid were sharply lower in the PD group compared with in the control group. Analysis of multifactor logistic regression indicated that the NHR (odds ratio (adjusted OR) = 1.576, 95% CI: 1.053 ~ 2.358, P = 0.027) and NLR (adjusted OR = 1.734, 95% CI: 1.046 ~ 2.876, P = 0.033) were factors of risk for PD, while the MHR was not significantly correlated with PD. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUCs) for the prediction of PD by the NHR and NLR were 0.654 (95% CI: 0.583 ~ 0.721, P = 0.0001) and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.62 ~ 0.754, P < 0.0001), respectively, and the optimal cutoff values were 1.848 × 109/mmol and 2.62 × 109/mmol. Spearman’s correlation analysis indicated that the NHR was correlated with the disease duration significantly negatively and that the MHR was positively correlated with disease severity. Conclusions In summary, the NHR not only has strong predictive value for PD but is also closely related to disease duration. The NHR may be a better prediction for the long-period clinical results in PD patients than the MHR and NLR. Trial registration Clinical medical reserach center project of Qinghai Province (2017-SF-L1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Liu
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China.,Qinghai University, Qinghai, China
| | - Qingli Fan
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China.
| | - Shizheng Wu
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China.
| | - Yaqi Wan
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China.,Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai Utah Loint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Xining, China
| | - Yancheng Lei
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
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18
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Jiang Y, Ma H, Wang X, Wang Z, Yang Y, Li L, Feng T. Protective Effect of the α7 Nicotinic Receptor Agonist PNU-282987 on Dopaminergic Neurons Against 6-Hydroxydopamine, Regulating Anti-neuroinflammatory and the Immune Balance Pathways in Rat. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:606927. [PMID: 33568987 PMCID: PMC7868536 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.606927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and inner immune dysfunction are increasingly accepted as important components of the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). According to emerging evidence, a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), a ligand-gated ion channel, plays an important role in inflammatory reactions and is also expressed on the surface of T cells. In particular, regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for the maintenance of immunological tolerance. In the present study, we investigated the roles of α7nAChR in inhibiting inflammation and maintaining the immune balance in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesions and the possible mechanisms regulating the proportion of Tregs in vivo. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 90) were subjected to a unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the left medial forebrain bundle, and PNU-282987, an α7nAChR agonist, was intraperitoneally injected 2 h prior to the induction of lesions by 6-OHDA and again at days 1, 7, and 13 postlesion. Behavioral tests and immunohistochemical staining to detect the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the bilateral substantial nigra (SN) were performed. Subsequently, CD4+ T lymphocytes and the expression of forkhead/winged helix transcription factor p3 (Foxp3, which is a marker of Treg cells) in the SN were also assessed using immunofluorescence staining. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the SN was determined by performing immunohistochemical staining. Additionally, the protein levels of α7nAChR, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) phosphorylated-Erk (p-Erk) and Foxp3 in the ventral midbrain were determined using Western blotting, and the relative expression of the TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 mRNAs were detected using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We found that PNU-282987 significantly improved the motor deficits induced by 6-OHDA, reduced the loss of TH in the SN, suppressed the overactivation of GFAP+ cells and expression of related inflammatory cytokines, and increased the number of Foxp3+ cells. In addition, we also showed that PNU-282987 significantly increased the protein expression of the a7nAchR, p-Erk, and Foxp3 in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats (p < 0.05). These results indicated that α7nAChR activation could exert an anti-inflammatory effect and participate in the process of modulating the immune balance during 6-OHDA-induced injury, potentially through the α7nAChR/p-Erk/Foxp3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Center for Movement Disorders Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huizi Ma
- Center for Movement Disorders Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Center for Movement Disorders Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Center for Movement Disorders Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqin Yang
- Center for Movement Disorders Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Longling Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Center for Movement Disorders Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
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19
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Regulation of immune-driven pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease by gut microbiota. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:890-897. [PMID: 31931152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most significant medical and social burdens of our time. The prevalence of PD increases with age and the number of individuals diagnosed with PD is expected to double from 6.9 million in 2015 to 14.2 million in 2040. To date, no drugs can stop the ongoing neurodegeneration caused by PD due to its unclear and complex pathogenic mechanisms. It has been wildly recognized that both gut microbiota and neuro-immunity are involved in the pathology of PD. In this review, we intend to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on how gut microbiota involved in immune-driven pathogenesis of PD, and its potential as a new target of dietary and/or therapeutic interventions for PD.
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20
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Álvarez-Luquín DD, Arce-Sillas A, Leyva-Hernández J, Sevilla-Reyes E, Boll MC, Montes-Moratilla E, Vivas-Almazán V, Pérez-Correa C, Rodríguez-Ortiz U, Espinoza-Cárdenas R, Fragoso G, Sciutto E, Adalid-Peralta L. Regulatory impairment in untreated Parkinson's disease is not restricted to Tregs: other regulatory populations are also involved. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:212. [PMID: 31711508 PMCID: PMC6849192 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. Various studies have suggested that the immune response plays a key role in this pathology. While a predominantly pro-inflammatory peripheral immune response has been reported in treated and untreated PD patients, the study of the role of the regulatory immune response has been restricted to regulatory T cells. Other immune suppressive populations have been described recently, but their role in PD is still unknown. This study was designed to analyze the pro and anti-inflammatory immune response in untreated PD patients, with emphasis on the regulatory response. METHODS Thirty-two PD untreated patients and 20 healthy individuals were included in this study. Peripheral regulatory cells (CD4+Tregs, Bregs, CD8+Tregs, and tolerogenic dendritic cells), pro-inflammatory cells (Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells; active dendritic cells), and classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes were characterized by flow cytometry. Plasmatic levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-12p70, IL-4, IL-13, IL-17α, IL-1β, IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-35 were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Decreased levels of suppressor Tregs, active Tregs, Tr1 cells, IL-10-producer CD8regs, and tolerogenic PD-L1+ dendritic cells were observed. With respect to the pro-inflammatory response, a decrease in IL-17-α and an increase in IL-13 levels were observed. CONCLUSION A decrease in the levels of regulatory cell subpopulations in untreated PD patients is reported for the first time in this work. These results suggest that PD patients may exhibit a deficient suppression of the pro-inflammatory response, which could contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana D. Álvarez-Luquín
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877 La Fama, 14269 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Asiel Arce-Sillas
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877 La Fama, 14269 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jaquelín Leyva-Hernández
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877 La Fama, 14269 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Edgar Sevilla-Reyes
- Clinica de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIENI), Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Calz. de Tlalpan 4502, Seccion XVI, 14080 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marie Catherine Boll
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877 La Fama, 14269 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esteban Montes-Moratilla
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877 La Fama, 14269 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Viridiana Vivas-Almazán
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877 La Fama, 14269 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Citzielli Pérez-Correa
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877 La Fama, 14269 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ulises Rodríguez-Ortiz
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877 La Fama, 14269 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Raquel Espinoza-Cárdenas
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877 La Fama, 14269 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura Adalid-Peralta
- Unidad Periférica para el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877 La Fama, 14269 Ciudad de México, México
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877 La Fama, 14269 Ciudad de México, México
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21
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Kustrimovic N, Marino F, Cosentino M. Peripheral Immunity, Immunoaging and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3719-3753. [PMID: 30306855 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181009161048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder among elderly population, characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. To date, exact cause remains unknown and the mechanism of neurons death uncertain. It is typically considered as a disease of central nervous system (CNS). Nevertheless, numerous evidence has been accumulated in several past years testifying undoubtedly about the principal role of neuroinflammation in progression of PD. Neuroinflammation is mainly associated with presence of activated microglia in brain and elevated levels of cytokine levels in CNS. Nevertheless, active participation of immune system as well has been noted, such as, elevated levels of cytokine levels in blood, the presence of auto antibodies, and the infiltration of T cell in CNS. Moreover, infiltration and reactivation of those T cells could exacerbate neuroinflammation to greater neurotoxic levels. Hence, peripheral inflammation is able to prime microglia into pro-inflammatory phenotype, which can trigger stronger response in CNS further perpetuating the on-going neurodegenerative process. In the present review, the interplay between neuroinflammation and the peripheral immune response in the pathobiology of PD will be discussed. First of all, an overview of regulation of microglial activation and neuroinflammation is summarized and discussed. Afterwards, we try to collectively analyze changes that occurs in peripheral immune system of PD patients, suggesting that these peripheral immune challenges can exacerbate the process of neuroinflammation and hence the symptoms of the disease. In the end, we summarize some of proposed immunotherapies for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kustrimovic
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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22
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Pei Y, Maitta RW. Alpha synuclein in hematopoiesis and immunity. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02590. [PMID: 31692680 PMCID: PMC6806402 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative condition and intracellular deposition of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra (SN), which can cause dopaminergic neuronal death, is the hallmark of this syndrome. α-synuclein (syn) is a small protein expressed mainly in neurons but can also be found in a number of tissues. It can be present as a soluble monomer under normal physiological conditions, but can be toxic in its oligomeric or fibrillary forms. Most of the available literature has focused on the effects of α-syn pathology in the mechanisms leading to PD. However, the normal functions of α-syn still remain to be fully elucidated. Notably, α-syn in the hematopoietic system seems to mediate important functions as indicated by anemia and incomplete cell maturation when this protein is absent. This review will summarize basic genetic and structural findings, and critical information that suggests an essential role of α-syn in the development and activation of the hematopoietic system and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pei
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Robert W. Maitta
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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23
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A secret that underlies Parkinson's disease: The damaging cycle. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104484. [PMID: 31173779 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder, and its common characteristics include the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the accumulation of a special type of cytoplasmic inclusions called Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which are more prevalent in the elderly. However, the pathophysiology of PD is still elusive. In this review, we summarized five common factors involved in PD, namely, (i) oxidative stress, (ii) mitochondrial dysfunction, (iii) inflammation, (iv) abnormal α-synuclein, and (v) endogenous neurotoxins, and proposed a hypothesis involving a damaging cycle. Oxidative stress-triggered aldehydes react with biogenic amines to produce endogenous neurotoxins. They cause mitochondrial dysfunction and the formation of inflammasomes, which induce the activation of neuroglial cells and the infiltration of T lymphocytes. The synergistic effect of these processes fosters chronic inflammation and α-synuclein aggregation and further exacerbates the impact of oxidative stress to establish a damaging cycle that eventually results in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. This damaging cycle provides an explanation of progressive neuronal death during the pathogenesis of PD and provides new potential targets beneficial for developing new drugs and approaches for clinical neuroprotection.
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24
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Garretti F, Agalliu D, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A, Sulzer D. Autoimmunity in Parkinson's Disease: The Role of α-Synuclein-Specific T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:303. [PMID: 30858851 PMCID: PMC6397885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from a variety of studies implicates a role for the adaptive immune system in Parkinson's disease (PD). Similar to multiple sclerosis (MS) patients who display a high number of T cells in the brain attacking oligodendrocytes, PD patients show higher numbers of T cells in the ventral midbrain than healthy, age-matched controls. Mouse models of the disease also show the presence of T cells in the brain. The role of these infiltrating T cells in the propagation of disease is controversial; however, recent studies indicate that they may be autoreactive in nature, recognizing disease-altered self-proteins as foreign antigens. T cells of PD patients can generate an autoimmune response to α-synuclein, a protein that is aggregated in PD. α-Synuclein and other proteins are post-translationally modified in an environment in which protein processing is altered, possibly leading to the generation of neo-epitopes, or self-peptides that have not been identified by the host immune system as non-foreign. Infiltrating T cells may also be responding to such modified proteins. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown associations of PD with haplotypes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes, and a polymorphism in a non-coding region that may increase MHC class II in PD patients. We speculate that the inflammation observed in PD may play both pathogenic and protective roles. Future studies on the adaptive immune system in neurodegenerative disorders may elucidate steps in disease pathogenesis and assist with the development of both biomarkers and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Garretti
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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25
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Askari VR, Baradaran Rahimi V, Assaran A, Iranshahi M, Boskabady MH. Evaluation of the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract of Ferula szowitsiana root on PHA-induced inflammation in human lymphocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 43:353-360. [PMID: 30764672 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1572182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is defined as a defensive response of the body against either the endogenous or exogenous triggers, while this process becomes chronic leading to various disorders such as asthma, cancers, and multiple sclerosis. Recently, pharmacological properties of different constituents of F. szowitsiana have been reported. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract of F. szowitsiana root on human isolated lymphocytes. The effects of either F. szowitsiana (10, 40 and 160 μg/ml) or dexamethasone (0.1 mM) were evaluated on the levels of cell proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) production, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and total glutathione content (GSH) as well as the secretion of inflammatory cytokines [interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] in the presence or absence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation (n = 8 for each group). PHA stimulation notably elevated ROS, NO, MDA, IL-6, and TNF-α levels as well as diminished GSH, CAT and SOD levels. In PHA-stimulated, the results also revealed that F. szowitsiana (10-160 µg/ml) significantly decreased MDA, ROS, NO, IL-6 and TNF-α levels as well as increased CAT, SOD and GSH levels. Collectively, F. szowitsiana is able to attenuate the overproduction of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the presence of PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes, while to propagate the anti-oxidative defense. Contextually, the plant has promising healing effects in the different inflammatory disorders associated with the interference of the acquired immune system such as multiple sclerosis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Reza Askari
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Assaran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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26
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The key role of T cells in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and therapy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 60:25-31. [PMID: 30404763 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and highlights evidence for modulation of the T cell response as an effective neuroprotective strategy. In preclinical models of Parkinson's disease, modulation of the T cell response results in neuroprotection. Peripheral markers of T cell response show changes in Parkinson's patients relative to controls that have potential application as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. The article also discusses the important immunomodulatory effects of dopamine which may confound study of T cells in patients on dopaminergic therapies, and highlights glatiramer acetate, an FDA-approved therapy for multiple sclerosis that works through modulating the T cell response, as a promising target for translation.
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27
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Haghshomar M, Dolatshahi M, Ghazi Sherbaf F, Sanjari Moghaddam H, Shirin Shandiz M, Aarabi MH. Disruption of Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus Microstructure in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Studies. Front Neurol 2018; 9:598. [PMID: 30093877 PMCID: PMC6070770 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder accompanied by a series of pathological mechanisms which contribute to a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in structural diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in PD which has shed light on our understanding of structural abnormalities underlying PD symptoms or its associations with pathological mechanisms. One of the white matter tracts shown to be disrupted in PD with a possible contribution to some PD symptoms is the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). On the whole, lower ILF integrity contributes to thought disorders, impaired visual emotions, cognitive impairments such as semantic fluency deficits, and mood disorders. This review outlines the microstructural changes in ILF associated with systemic inflammation and various PD symptoms like cognitive decline, facial emotion recognition deficit, depression, color discrimination deficit, olfactory dysfunction, and tremor genesis. However, few studies have investigated DTI correlates of each symptom and larger studies with standardized imaging protocols are required to extend these preliminary findings and lead to more promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Haghshomar
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Dolatshahi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mehdi Shirin Shandiz
- Department of Medical Physics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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28
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Sanjari Moghaddam H, Ghazi Sherbaf F, Mojtahed Zadeh M, Ashraf-Ganjouei A, Aarabi MH. Association Between Peripheral Inflammation and DATSCAN Data of the Striatal Nuclei in Different Motor Subtypes of Parkinson Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:234. [PMID: 29713303 PMCID: PMC5911462 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between peripheral and central inflammation has a significant role in dopaminergic neural death in nigrostriatal pathway, although no direct assessment of inflammation has been performed in relation to dopaminergic neuronal loss in striatal nuclei. In this study, the correlation of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a marker of peripheral inflammation to striatal binding ratios (SBRs) of DAT SPECT images in bilateral caudate and putamen nuclei was calculated in 388 drug-naïve early PD patients [288 tremor dominant (TD), 73 postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD), and 27 indeterminate] and 148 controls. NLR was significantly higher in PD patients than in age- and sex-matched healthy controls, and showed a negative correlation to SBR in bilateral putamen and ipsilateral caudate in all PD subjects. Among our three subgroups, only TD patients showed remarkable results. A positive association between NLR and motor severity was observed in TD subgroup. Besides, NLR could negatively predict the SBR in ipsilateral and contralateral putamen and caudate nuclei in tremulous phenotype. Nonetheless, we found no significant association between NLR and other clinical and imaging findings in PIGD and indeterminate subgroups, supporting the presence of distinct underlying pathologic mechanisms between tremor and non-tremor predominant PD at early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farzaneh Ghazi Sherbaf
- *Correspondence: Farzaneh Ghazi Sherbaf, ; Mahtab Mojtahed Zadeh, ; Mohammad Hadi Aarabi,
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29
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Calabrese V, Santoro A, Monti D, Crupi R, Di Paola R, Latteri S, Cuzzocrea S, Zappia M, Giordano J, Calabrese EJ, Franceschi C. Aging and Parkinson's Disease: Inflammaging, neuroinflammation and biological remodeling as key factors in pathogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:80-91. [PMID: 29080843 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to better understand the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease (PD) it is important to consider possible contributory factors inherent to the aging process, as age-related changes in a number of physiological systems (perhaps incurred within particular environments) appear to influence the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Accordingly, we posit that a principal mechanism underlying PD is inflammaging, i.e. the chronic inflammatory process characterized by an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms which has been recognized as operative in several age-related, and notably neurodegenerative diseases. Recent conceptualization suggests that inflammaging is part of the complex adaptive mechanisms ("re-modeling") that are ongoing through the lifespan, and which function to prevent or mitigate endogenous processes of tissue disruption and degenerative change(s). The absence of an adequate anti-inflammatory response can fuel inflammaging, which propagates on both local (i.e.- from cell to cell) and systemic levels (e.g.- via exosomes and other molecules present in the blood). In general, this scenario is compatible with the hypothesis that inflammaging represents a hormetic or hormetic-like effect, in which low levels of inflammatory stress may prompt induction of anti-inflammatory mediators and mechanisms, while sustained pro-inflammatory stress incurs higher and more durable levels of inflammatory substances, which, in turn prompt a local-to-systemic effect and more diverse inflammatory response(s). Given this perspective, new treatments of PD may be envisioned that strategically are aimed at exerting hormetic effects to sustain anti-inflammatory responses, inclusive perhaps, of modulating the inflammatory influence of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; IBREGENS, Nutraceuticals and Functional Food Biotechnologies Research Associated, University of Catania, Italy.
| | - Aurelia Santoro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani" (CIG), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Saverio Latteri
- Department of General Surgery, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mario Zappia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - James Giordano
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, and Neuroethics Studies Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy
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30
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von Euler Chelpin M, Vorup-Jensen T. Targets and Mechanisms in Prevention of Parkinson's Disease through Immunomodulatory Treatments. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:321-330. [PMID: 28231624 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world; however, there is no cure for it. Current treatments only relieve some of the symptoms, without ceasing the disease, and lose efficacy with prolonged treatment. Considerable evidence shows that persistent inflammatory responses, involving T cell infiltration and glial cell activation, are common characteristics of human patients and play a crucial role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, it is important to develop therapeutic strategies that can impede or halt the disease through the modulation of the peripheral immune system by aiming at controlling the existing neuroinflammation. Most of the immunomodulatory therapies designed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease are based on vaccines using AS or antibodies against it; yet, it is of significant interest to explore other formulations that could be used as therapeutic agents. Several vaccination procedures have shown that inducing regulatory T cells in the periphery is protective in PD animal models. In this regard, the formulation glatiramer acetate (Copaxone® ), extensively used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, could be a suitable candidate due to its capability to increase the number and suppressor capacity of regulatory T cells. In this review, we will present some of the recent immunomodulatory therapies for PD including vaccinations with AS or glatiramoids, or both, as treatments of PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T Vorup-Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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31
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Chiang PL, Chen HL, Lu CH, Chen PC, Chen MH, Yang IH, Tsai NW, Lin WC. White matter damage and systemic inflammation in Parkinson's disease. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:48. [PMID: 28595572 PMCID: PMC5465562 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic inflammation and white matter (WM) alterations have been noted as effects of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study sought to evaluate WM integrity in PD patients using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and to assess its relationship with systemic inflammation. Methods Sixty-six patients with PD (23 men and 43 women) and 67 healthy volunteers (29 men and 38 women) underwent blood sampling to quantify inflammatory markers and DTI scans to determine fiber integrity. The inflammatory markers included leukocyte apoptosis, as well as cellular and serum adhesion molecules, in each peripheral blood sample. DTI-related indices [including fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), and mean diffusivity (MD)] were derived from DTI scans. The resulting FA maps were compared using voxel-based statistics to determine differences between the PD and control groups. The differences in the DTI indices, clinical severity, and inflammatory markers were correlated. Results Exploratory group-wise comparison between the two groups revealed that the PD patients exhibited extensive DTI index differences. Low FA accompanied by high RD and MD, without significant differences in AD, suggesting a demyelination process, were found in the parietal, occipital, cerebellar, and insular WM of the PD patients. The declined DTI indices were significantly correlated with increased clinical disease severity, adhesion molecules, and leukocyte apoptosis. Conclusions Patients with PD experience WM integrity damage in vulnerable regions, and these impairments are associated with increased disease severity and systemic inflammation. The possible interactions among them may represent variant neuronal injuries and their consequent processes in PD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-017-0367-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Ling Chiang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, 83305, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, 83305, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Lu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chin Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, 83305, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, 83305, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsiao Yang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, 83305, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Che Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, 83305, Taiwan.
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32
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Horvath S, Ritz BR. Increased epigenetic age and granulocyte counts in the blood of Parkinson's disease patients. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:1130-42. [PMID: 26655927 PMCID: PMC4712337 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been a long standing hypothesis that blood tissue of PD Parkinson's disease (PD) patients may exhibit signs of accelerated aging. Here we use DNA methylation based biomarkers of aging (“epigenetic clock”) to assess the aging rate of blood in two ethnically distinct case-control data sets. Using n=508 Caucasian and n=84 Hispanic blood samples, we assess a) the intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration of blood (IEAA), which is independent of blood cell counts, and b) the extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration rate of blood (EEAA) which is associated with age dependent changes in blood cell counts. Blood of PD subjects exhibits increased age acceleration according to both IEAA (p=0.019) and EEAA (p=6.1×10−3). We find striking differences in imputed blood cell counts between PD cases and controls. Compared to control subjects, PD subjects contains more granulocytes (p=1.0×10−9 in Caucasians, p=0.00066 in Hispanics) but fewer T helper cells (p=1.4×10−6 in Caucasians, p=0.0024 in Hispanics) and fewer B cells (p=1.6×10−5 in Caucasians, p=4.5×10−5 in Hispanics). Overall, this study shows that the epigenetic age of the immune system is significantly increased in PD patients and that granulocytes play a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Beate R Ritz
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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33
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Christiansen JR, Olesen MN, Otzen DE, Romero-Ramos M, Sanchez-Guajardo V. α-Synuclein vaccination modulates regulatory T cell activation and microglia in the absence of brain pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:74. [PMID: 27055651 PMCID: PMC4825077 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Passive and active immunization with α-synuclein has been shown to be neuroprotective in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. We have previously shown that vaccination with α-synuclein, long before α-synuclein-induced brain pathology, prevents striatal degeneration by inducing regulatory T cell infiltration in parenchyma and antibody deposition on α-synuclein overexpressing neurons. However, the effect of peripheral α-synuclein on the immune system is unknown, as are the mechanistic changes induced in the CD4 T cell population during successful neuroprotective animal studies. We have studied the changes induced by vaccination with α-synuclein in the CD4 T cell pool and its impact on brain microglia to understand the immune mechanisms behind successful vaccination strategies in Parkinson’s disease animal models. Methods Mice were immunized with WT or nitrated α-synuclein at a dose equivalent to the one used in our previous successful vaccination strategy and at a higher dose to determine potential dose-dependent effects. Animals were re-vaccinated 4 weeks after and sacrificed 5 days later. These studies were conducted in naive animals in the absence of human α-synuclein expression. Results The CD4 T cell response was modulated by α-synuclein in a dose-dependent manner, in particular the regulatory T cell population. Low-dose α-synuclein induced expansion of naive (Foxp3 + CCR6-CD127lo/neg) and dopamine receptor type D3+ regulatory T cells, as well as an increase in Stat5 protein levels. On the other hand, high dose promoted activation of regulatory T cells (Foxp3CCR6 + CD127lo/neg), which were dopamine receptor D2+D3-, and induced up-regulation of Stat5 and production of anti-α-synuclein antibodies. These effects were specific to the variant of α-synuclein used as the pathology-associated nitrated form induced distinct effects at both doses. The changes observed in the periphery after vaccination with low-dose α-synuclein correlated with an increase in CD154+, CD103+, and CD54+ microglia and the reduction of CD200R+ microglia. This resulted in the induction of a polarized tolerogenic microglia population that was CD200R-CD54CD103CD172a+ (82 % of total microglia). Conclusions We have shown for the first time the mechanisms behind α-synuclein vaccination and, importantly, how we can modulate microglia’s phenotype by regulating the CD4 T cell pool, thus shedding invaluable light on the design of neuroimmunoregulatory therapies for Parkinson’s disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0532-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine R Christiansen
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases group, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,CNS Disease Modeling group, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH , Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AU Ideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mads N Olesen
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases group, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AU Ideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center - iNANO, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- CNS Disease Modeling group, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH , Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AU Ideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vanesa Sanchez-Guajardo
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases group, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,AU Ideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Choi J, Polcher A, Joas A. Systematic literature review on Parkinson's disease and Childhood Leukaemia and mode of actions for pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Insights into Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: From Biomarkers to Anti-Inflammatory Based Therapies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:628192. [PMID: 26295044 PMCID: PMC4532803 DOI: 10.1155/2015/628192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, being characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Among several putative factors that may contribute to PD pathogenesis, inflammatory mechanisms may play a pivotal role. The involvement of microglial activation as well as of brain and peripheral immune mediators in PD pathophysiology has been reported by clinical and experimental studies. These inflammatory biomarkers evaluated by imaging techniques and/or by biological sample analysis have become valuable tools for PD diagnosis and prognosis. Regardless of the significant increase in the number of people suffering from PD, there are still no established disease-modifying or neuroprotective therapies for it. There is growing evidence of protective effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on PD development. Herein, we reviewed the current literature regarding the central nervous system and peripheral immune biomarkers in PD and advances in diagnostic and prognostic tools as well as the neuroprotective effects of anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Deleidi M, Jäggle M, Rubino G. Immune aging, dysmetabolism, and inflammation in neurological diseases. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:172. [PMID: 26089771 PMCID: PMC4453474 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As we age, the immune system undergoes a process of senescence accompanied by the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, a chronic subclinical condition named as “inflammaging”. Emerging evidence from human and experimental models suggest that immune senescence also affects the central nervous system and promotes neuronal dysfunction, especially within susceptible neuronal populations. In this review we discuss the potential role of immune aging, inflammation and metabolic derangement in neurological diseases. The discovery of novel therapeutic strategies targeting age-linked inflammation may promote healthy brain aging and the treatment of neurodegenerative as well as neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Deleidi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Madeline Jäggle
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Graziella Rubino
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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Damage of neuroblastoma cell SH-SY5Y mediated by MPP+ inhibits proliferation of T-cell leukemia Jurkat by co-culture system. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10738-50. [PMID: 24933638 PMCID: PMC4100177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system has implications in pathology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Research data demonstrated that the peripheral CD4+ T-cell population decreased in pathogenesis of PD. The effect of damaged dopaminergic neurons on peripheral T cells of PD is still unknown. In this study, we constructed a neuronal and glial cells co-culture model by using human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y and gliomas cells U87. After the co-culture cells were treated with neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) for 24 h, the conditioned media was harvested and used to cultivate T-cell leukemia Jurkat cells for another 24 h. We then analyzed the cell proliferation, cell cycle and necrosis effect of Jurkat cells. The results showed that co-culture medium of SH-SY5Y and U87 cells with MPP+ treatment inhibited the proliferation of Jurkat cells compared to control medium without MPP+, even though the same concentration of MPP+ had very little toxicity to the Jurkat cell. Furthermore, co-culture medium with low concentration of MPP+ (100 µM) arrested Jurkat cells cycle in G2/M phase through increasing cell cycle division 2 (CDC2) and CyclinB1 expression level, whereas co-culture medium with high concentration of MPP+ (500 µM) induced Jurkat cell necrosis through cellular swelling and membrane breakage. Our data implies that damaged dopamine neurons with glial cells can lead to the reduced number or inhibited proliferation activity of peripheral T cells.
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Kustrimovic N, Rasini E, Legnaro M, Marino F, Cosentino M. Expression of dopaminergic receptors on human CD4+ T lymphocytes: flow cytometric analysis of naive and memory subsets and relevance for the neuroimmunology of neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:302-12. [PMID: 24682738 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a crucial transmitter in the neuroimmune network, where it contributes to the nervous system-immune system interplay as well as in the communication among immune cells. DA acts through five different dopaminergic receptors (DR) grouped into two families: the D1-like (D1 and D5) and the D2-like (D2, D3 and D4). By use of 5-color flow cytometric analysis, we examined the expression of DR on human CD4+ naive T lymphocytes (CD3+CD4+CD45RA+CCR7+), central memory (TCM, CD3+CD4+CD45RA-CCR7+) and effector memory T cells (TEM, CD3+CD4+CD45RA-CCR7-). In addition, in cultured CD4+ T cells we investigated the changes in DR expression induced by stimulation with antiCD3/antiCD28 antibodies. Results showed that CD4+ T cells always expressed all the five DR: D1-like DR were identified on average on 11.6-13.1 % and D2-like DR on 3.1-8.1 % of the cells. DR on CD4+ naive T cells, TCM, and TEM had distinct expression patterns: naive T cells expressed more D1-like than D2-like DR, which on the contrary were increased in TCM and TEM cells. In cultured CD4+ T cells stimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies increased the expression of D1-like DR by 71-84 % and of D2-like DR by 55-97 %. The frequency of DR was higher in apoptotic cells in comparison to viable cells, however stimulation increased all DR on viable cells, without affecting their expression on apoptotic cells. The present results contribute to unravel the complexity of dopaminergic pathways in human CD4+ T lymphocytes, suggesting their involvement in memory functions as well as in apoptotic processes. In view of the role of CD4+ memory T cells in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration during Parkinson's disease, the relevance of these findings must be assessed in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kustrimovic
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
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Romero-Ramos M, von Euler Chelpin M, Sanchez-Guajardo V. Vaccination strategies for Parkinson disease: induction of a swift attack or raising tolerance? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:852-67. [PMID: 24670306 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, but there is currently no available cure for it. Current treatments only alleviate some of the symptoms for a few years, but they become ineffective in the long run and do not stop the disease. Therefore it is of outmost importance to develop therapeutic strategies that can prevent, stop, or cure Parkinson disease. A very promising target for these therapies is the peripheral immune system due to its probable involvement in the disease and its potential as a tool to modulate neuroinflammation. But for such strategies to be successful, we need to understand the particular state of the peripheral immune system during Parkinson disease in order to avoid its weaknesses. In this review we examine the available data regarding how dopamine regulates the peripheral immune system and how this regulation is affected in Parkinson disease; the specific cytokine profiles observed during disease progression and the alterations documented to date in patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We also review the different strategies used in Parkinson disease animal models to modulate the adaptive immune response to salvage dopaminergic neurons from cell death. After analyzing the evidence, we hypothesize the need to prime the immune system to restore natural tolerance against α-synuclein in Parkinson disease, including at the same time B and T cells, so that T cells can reprogram microglia activation to a beneficial pattern and B cell/IgG can help neurons cope with the pathological forms of α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Romero-Ramos
- CNS disease modeling group; Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus, Denmark; NEURODIN; Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marianne von Euler Chelpin
- CNS disease modeling group; Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus, Denmark; NEURODIN; Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus, Denmark; Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases group; Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vanesa Sanchez-Guajardo
- NEURODIN; Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus, Denmark; Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases group; Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus, Denmark
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Peripheral leukocyte apoptosis in patients with Parkinsonism: correlation with clinical characteristics and neuroimaging findings. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:635923. [PMID: 24795890 PMCID: PMC3984850 DOI: 10.1155/2014/635923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of both brain neurons and peripheral blood leukocyte is believed to be an important biomarker for evaluating the functional status of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, their correlation remains unknown. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration is essential for the treatment and prevention of PD. The present study demonstrated that leukocyte apoptosis is significantly higher in PD patients and is associated with central dopamine neuron loss by using 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT. The leukocyte apoptosis and striatal dopamine transporter uptake ratios were further associated with increased severity and longer duration of disease. The interaction between brain and systemic inflammation may be responsible for the neurodegenerative disease progression.
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Wheeler CJ, Seksenyan A, Koronyo Y, Rentsendorj A, Sarayba D, Wu H, Gragg A, Siegel E, Thomas D, Espinosa A, Thompson K, Black K, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Pechnick R, Irvin DK. T-Lymphocyte Deficiency Exacerbates Behavioral Deficits in the 6-OHDA Unilateral Lesion Rat Model for Parkinson's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5. [PMID: 25346865 PMCID: PMC4207300 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9562.1000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
T-lymphocytes have been previously implicated in protecting dopaminergic neurons in the substantianigra from induced cell death. However, the role of T-cells in neurodegenerative models such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) has not been fully elucidated. To examine the role of T-lymphocytes on motor behavior in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) unilateral striatal partial lesion PD rat model, we assessed progression of hemi-parkinsonian lesions in the substantia nigra, induced by 6-OHDA striatal injections, in athymic rats (RNU−/−, T-lymphocyte-deficient) as compared to RNU−/+ rats (phenotypically normal). Motor skills were determined by the cylinder and D-amphetamine sulfate-induced rotational behavioral tests. Cylinder behavioral test showed no significant difference between unilaterally lesioned RNU−/− and RNU−/+ rats. However both unilaterally lesioned RNU−/− and RNU−/+ rats favored the use of the limb ipsilateral to lesion. Additionally, amphetamine-induced rotational test revealed greater rotational asymmetry in RNU−/− rats compared to RNU−/+ rats at two- and six-week post-lesion. Quantitative immunohistochemistry confirmed loss of striatal TH-immunopositive fibers in RNU−/− and RNU−/+ rat, as well as blood-brain-barrier changes associated with PD that may influence passage of immune cells into the central nervous system in RNU−/− brains. Specifically, GFAP immunopositive cells were decreased, as were astrocytic end-feet (AQP4) contacting blood vessels (laminin) in the lesioned relative to contralateral striatum. Flow cytometric analysis in 6-OHDA lesioned RNU−/+rats revealed increased CD4+ and decreased CD8+ T cells specifically within lesioned brain. These results suggest that both major T cell subpopulations are significantly and reciprocally altered following 6-OHDA-lesioning, and that global T cell deficiency exacerbates motor behavioral defects in this rat model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Wheeler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA; Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Akop Seksenyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA; Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA; Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA; Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Danielle Sarayba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA; Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Henry Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA; Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Ashley Gragg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA; Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Emily Siegel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA; Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Deborah Thomas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA; Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Andres Espinosa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA; Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Kerry Thompson
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Keith Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA; Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA; Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Robert Pechnick
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Dwain K Irvin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA; Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
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Pessoa Rocha N, Reis HJ, Vanden Berghe P, Cirillo C. Depression and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a role for inflammation and immunomodulation? Neuroimmunomodulation 2014; 21:88-94. [PMID: 24557040 DOI: 10.1159/000356531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is complex and not fully understood, most probably because of the multiplicity of factors involved. Inflammatory and abnormal immune responses have been hypothesized to play a crucial role in PD. Not only in the brain, but also peripherally, inflammation is believed to contribute to the onset and progression of the neurodegenerative process seen in PD. Furthermore, increased inflammatory responses have been described both in the brain and peripheral blood of PD subjects. Although PD is considered a motor disorder, nonmotor symptoms are extremely frequent and disabling. Cognitive impairment and mood alterations are such symptoms that deserve increased attention since on the one hand they can appear even before typical motor disturbances are recognized, and on the other hand they are associated with high morbidity and mortality. A growing body of evidence suggests the existence of a link between inflammatory-immune responses and the occurrence of depression and cognitive impairment in PD patients. However, not all data are equally conclusive and are sometimes even conflicting. The aim of this brief review is to give an overview of the possible role that inflammation and immunomodulation may play in PD together with their putative impact on mood and cognitive alterations. What clearly emerges from this work is the fact that studies performed until now lack standardized and comparable methods to analyze both clinical and biological parameters. It is thus difficult to conclusively link mood and cognitive changes to underlying pathological mechanisms. Additional studies in this direction are warranted to convincingly establish or refute any causative relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Pessoa Rocha
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Ellis GI, Zhi L, Akundi R, Büeler H, Marti F. Mitochondrial and cytosolic roles of PINK1 shape induced regulatory T-cell development and function. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:3355-60. [PMID: 24037540 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), a serine/threonine kinase linked to familial early-onset Parkinsonism, compromise mitochondrial integrity and metabolism and impair AKT signaling. As the activation of a naïve T cell requires an AKT-dependent reorganization of a cell's metabolic machinery, we sought to determine if PINK1-deficient T cells lack the ability to undergo activation and differentiation. We show that CD4(+) T cells from PINK1 knockout mice fail to properly phosphorylate AKT upon activation, resulting in reduced expression of the IL-2 receptor subunit CD25. Following, deficient IL-2 signaling mutes the activation-induced increase in respiratory capacity and mitochondrial membrane potential. Under polarization conditions favoring the development of induced regulatory T cells, PINK1(-/-) T cells exhibit a reduced ability to suppress bystander T-cell proliferation despite normal FoxP3 expression kinetics. Our results describe a critical role for PINK1 in integrating extracellular signals with metabolic state during T-cell fate determination, and may have implications for the understanding of altered T-cell populations and immunity during the progression of active Parkinson's disease or other immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin I Ellis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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Tyurina YY, Winnica DE, Kapralova VI, Kapralov AA, Tyurin VA, Kagan VE. LC/MS characterization of rotenone induced cardiolipin oxidation in human lymphocytes: implications for mitochondrial dysfunction associated with Parkinson's disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1410-22. [PMID: 23650208 PMCID: PMC3810210 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Rotenone is a toxicant believed to contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Using human peripheral blood lymphocytes we demonstrated that exposure to rotenone resulted in disruption of electron transport accompanied by the production of reactive oxygen species, development of apoptosis and elevation of peroxidase activity of mitochondria. Employing LC/MS-based lipidomics/oxidative lipidomics we characterized molecular species of cardiolipin (CL) and its oxidation/hydrolysis products formed early in apoptosis and associated with the rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSION The major oxidized CL species - tetra-linoleoyl-CL - underwent oxidation to yield epoxy-C18:2 and dihydroxy-C18:2 derivatives predominantly localized in sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively. In addition, accumulation of mono-lyso-CL species and oxygenated free C18:2 were detected in rotenone-treated lymphocytes. These oxidation/hydrolysis products may be useful for the development of new biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Y. Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Daniel E. Winnica
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Valentina I. Kapralova
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Alexandr A. Kapralov
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Vladimir A. Tyurin
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Sanchez-Guajardo V, Barnum C, Tansey M, Romero-Ramos M. Neuroimmunological processes in Parkinson's disease and their relation to α-synuclein: microglia as the referee between neuronal processes and peripheral immunity. ASN Neuro 2013; 5:113-39. [PMID: 23506036 PMCID: PMC3639751 DOI: 10.1042/an20120066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of neuroinflammation and the adaptive immune system in PD (Parkinson's disease) has been the subject of intense investigation in recent years, both in animal models of parkinsonism and in post-mortem PD brains. However, how these processes relate to and modulate α-syn (α-synuclein) pathology and microglia activation is still poorly understood. Specifically, how the peripheral immune system interacts, regulates and/or is induced by neuroinflammatory processes taking place during PD is still undetermined. We present herein a comprehensive review of the features and impact that neuroinflamation has on neurodegeneration in different animal models of nigral cell death, how this neuroinflammation relates to microglia activation and the way microglia respond to α-syn in vivo. We also discuss a possible role for the peripheral immune system in animal models of parkinsonism, how these findings relate to the state of microglia activation observed in these animal models and how these findings compare with what has been observed in humans with PD. Together, the available data points to the need for development of dual therapeutic strategies that modulate microglia activation to change not only the way microglia interact with the peripheral immune system, but also to modulate the manner in which microglia respond to encounters with α-syn. Lastly, we discuss the immune-modulatory strategies currently under investigation in animal models of parkinsonism and the degree to which one might expect their outcomes to translate faithfully to a clinical setting.
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Key Words
- lymphocytes
- m1/m2 phenotype
- microglia
- neuroinflammation
- parkinson’s disease
- α-synuclein
- 6-ohda, 6-hydroxydopamine
- ad, alzheimer’s disease
- apc, antigen-presenting cell
- α-syn, α-synuclein
- bbb, brain–blood barrier
- bcg, bacille calmette–guérin
- bm, bone marrow
- cfa, complete freund’s adjuvant
- cm, conditioned media
- cns, central nervous system
- cox, cyclooxygenase
- cr, complement receptor
- csf, cerebrospinal fluid
- da, dopamine
- eae, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- ga, galatiramer acetate
- gdnf, glial-derived neurotrophic factor
- gfp, green fluorescent protein
- hla-dr, human leucocyte antigen type dr
- ifnγ, interferon γ
- igg, immunoglobulin g
- il, interleukin
- inos, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- lamp, lysosome-associated membrane protein
- lb, lewy body
- lps, lipopolysaccharide
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- mptp, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- nfκb, nuclear factor κb
- nk, natural killer
- no, nitric oxide
- pd, parkinson’s disease
- pet, positron-emission tomography
- prp, prion protein
- raav, recombinant adeno-associated virus
- rns, reactive nitrogen species
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- sn, substantia nigra
- snp, single nucleotide polymorphism
- tcr, t-cell receptor
- tgfβ, tumour growth factor β
- th, tyrosine hydroxylase
- th1, t helper 1
- tlr, toll-like receptor
- tnf, tumour necrosis factor
- treg, regulatory t-cell
- vip, vasoactive intestinal peptide
- wt, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Sanchez-Guajardo
- *CNS Disease Modeling Group, Department of Biomedicine, Ole Worms Allé 3,
Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christopher J. Barnum
- †Department of Physiology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
30233, U.S.A
| | - Malú G. Tansey
- †Department of Physiology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
30233, U.S.A
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- *CNS Disease Modeling Group, Department of Biomedicine, Ole Worms Allé 3,
Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Doursout MF, Schurdell MS, Young LM, Osuagwu U, Hook DM, Poindexter BJ, Schiess MC, Bick DLM, Bick RJ. Inflammatory cells and cytokines in the olfactory bulb of a rat model of neuroinflammation; insights into neurodegeneration? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:376-83. [PMID: 23600861 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined inflammatory cell and cytokine production in brain tissue from a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rat model that mimics many of the neuropathologic changes associated with neurodegenerative diseases We also monitored the appearance of a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and circulating nitric oxide (NO) levels, as well as an immune system-associated cells in a selected area of the brain, the olfactory lobe. The studies were based on the hypothesis that LPS treatment stimulates temporal changes within the brain and that these responses include immune cell recruitment, increased tissue levels of immune modulating cytokines and NO, as well as greater glial cell activation resulting in increased production of GDNF. As previously reported by other investigators, our animal model of systemic LPS treatment leads to an increase in the concentrations of circulating cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-Iβ, and IL-6, with a maximum response 6 h post LPS administration. Concomitant with cytokine elevations, circulating NO levels were elevated for several hours post LPS administration. The brain content of the GDNF was also elevated over a similar time frame. Lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, plasma cells, and cytokines were all seen in various areas of LPS-treated brains, often around blood vessels associated with the meninges, with these localizations possibly indicating involvement of both the blood-brain and blood-cerebral spinal fluid barriers in these inflammatory episodes. Our results suggest an involvement of both the peripheral and the central nervous system immune components in response to inflammation and inflammatory episodes. This leads us to propose that inflammation initiates an immune response by activating both microglia and astrocytes and that the presence of continuing and increasing proinflammatory mechanisms results in a situation, where cellular protective mechanisms are overcome and the more susceptible cells enter into cell death pathways, initiating a train of events that is a major part of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Francoise Doursout
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Kannarkat GT, Boss JM, Tansey MG. The role of innate and adaptive immunity in Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2013; 3:493-514. [PMID: 24275605 PMCID: PMC4102262 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-130250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, inflammation has become implicated as a major pathogenic factor in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease. Understanding the precise role for inflammation in PD will likely lead to understanding of how sporadic disease arises. In vivo evidence for inflammation in PD includes microglial activation, increased expression of inflammatory genes in the periphery and in the central nervous system (CNS), infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the CNS, and altered composition and phenotype of peripheral immune cells. These findings are recapitulated in various animal models of PD and are reviewed herein. Furthermore, we examine the potential relevance of PD-linked genetic mutations to altered immune function and the extent to which environmental exposures that recapitulate these phenotypes, which may lead to sporadic PD through similar mechanisms. Given the implications of immune system involvement on disease progression, we conclude by reviewing the evidence supporting the potential efficacy of immunomodulatory therapies in PD prevention or treatment. There is a clear need for additional research to clarify the role of immunity and inflammation in this chronic, neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T Kannarkat
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Stevens CH, Rowe D, Morel-Kopp MC, Orr C, Russell T, Ranola M, Ward C, Halliday GM. Reduced T helper and B lymphocytes in Parkinson's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 252:95-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Saunders JAH, Estes KA, Kosloski LM, Allen HE, Dempsey KM, Torres-Russotto DR, Meza JL, Santamaria PM, Bertoni JM, Murman DL, Ali HH, Standaert DG, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. CD4+ regulatory and effector/memory T cell subsets profile motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 7:927-38. [PMID: 23054369 PMCID: PMC3515774 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Animal models and clinical studies have linked the innate and adaptive immune system to the pathology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Despite such progress, the specific immune responses that influence disease progression have eluded investigators. Herein, we assessed relationships between T cell phenotype and function with PD progression. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from two separate cohorts, a discovery cohort and a validation cohort, totaling 113 PD patients and 96 age- and environment-matched caregivers were examined by flow cytometric analysis and T cell proliferation assays. Increased effector/memory T cells (Tem), defined as CD45RO+ and FAS+ CD4+ T cells and decreased CD31+ and α4β7+ CD4+ T cells were associated with progressive Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale III scores. However, no associations were seen between immune biomarkers and increased age or disease duration. Impaired abilities of regulatory T cells (Treg) from PD patients to suppress effector T cell function was observed. These data support the concept that chronic immune stimulation, notably Tem activation and Treg dysfunction is linked to PD pathobiology and disease severity, but not disease duration. The association of T cell phenotypes with motor symptoms provides fresh avenues for novel biomarkers and therapeutic designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Hutter Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
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Impact of intravenous immunoglobulin on the dopaminergic system and immune response in the acute MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:234. [PMID: 23046563 PMCID: PMC3520736 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is a blood-derived product, used for the treatment of immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases. Since a range of immunotherapies have recently been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for Parkinson’s disease (PD), we investigated the effects of an IVIg treatment in a neurotoxin-induced animal model of PD. Mice received four injections of MPTP (15 mg/kg) at 2-hour intervals followed by a 14-day IVIg treatment, which induced key immune-related changes such as increased regulatory T-cell population and decreased CD4+/CD8+ ratio. The MPTP treatment induced significant 80% and 84% decreases of striatal dopamine concentrations (P < 0.01), as well as 33% and 40% reductions in the number of nigral dopaminergic neurons (P < 0.001) in controls and IVIg-treated mice, respectively. Two-way analyses of variance further revealed lower striatal tyrosine hydroxylase protein levels, striatal homovanillic acid concentrations and nigral dopaminergic neurons (P < 0.05) in IVIg-treated animals. Collectively, our results fail to support a neurorestorative effect of IVIg on the nigrostriatal system in the MPTP-treated mice and even suggest a trend toward a detrimental effect of IVIg on the dopaminergic system. These preclinical data underscore the need to proceed with caution before initiating clinical trials of IVIg in PD patients.
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