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Korotkov SM, Nesterov VP, Belostotskaya GB, Brailovskaya IV, Novozhilov AV, Sobol CV. Influence of Tl(+) on the Ca(2+) and Na(+) movement across rat neonatal cardiomyocytes and rat heart mitochondria membranes. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj92.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Marcuzzo S, Terragni B, Bonanno S, Isaia D, Cavalcante P, Cappelletti C, Ciusani E, Rizzo A, Regalia G, Yoshimura N, Ugolini GS, Rasponi M, Bechi G, Mantegazza M, Mantegazza R, Bernasconi P, Minati L. Hyperexcitability in Cultured Cortical Neuron Networks from the G93A-SOD1 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Model Mouse and its Molecular Correlates. Neuroscience 2019; 416:88-99. [PMID: 31400485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the corticospinal tract and leading to motor neuron death. According to a recent study, magnetic resonance imaging-visible changes suggestive of neurodegeneration seem absent in the motor cortex of G93A-SOD1 ALS mice. However, it has not yet been ascertained whether the cortical neural activity is intact, or alterations are present, perhaps even from an early stage. Here, cortical neurons from this model were isolated at post-natal day 1 and cultured on multielectrode arrays. Their activity was studied with a comprehensive pool of neurophysiological analyses probing excitability, criticality and network architecture, alongside immunocytochemistry and molecular investigations. Significant hyperexcitability was visible through increased network firing rate and bursting, whereas topological changes in the synchronization patterns were apparently absent. The number of dendritic spines was increased, accompanied by elevated transcriptional levels of the DLG4 gene, NMDA receptor 1 and the early pro-apoptotic APAF1 gene. The extracellular Na+, Ca2+, K+ and Cl- concentrations were elevated, pointing to perturbations in the culture micro-environment. Our findings highlight remarkable early changes in ALS cortical neuron activity and physiology. These changes suggest that the causative factors of hyperexcitability and associated toxicity could become established much earlier than the appearance of disease symptoms, with implications for the discovery of new hypothetical therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marcuzzo
- Neurology IV -Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Terragni
- Neurophysiopathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Silvia Bonanno
- Neurology IV -Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Davide Isaia
- Neurology IV -Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of Development and Stem Cells, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch CU, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paola Cavalcante
- Neurology IV -Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Cristina Cappelletti
- Neurology IV -Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Emilio Ciusani
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Ambra Rizzo
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giulia Regalia
- Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Politecnico di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy; Currently working at Empatica srl, Milan 20144, Italy
| | - Natsue Yoshimura
- World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Giovanni Stefano Ugolini
- Department of Electronics, Information & Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information & Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giulia Bechi
- Neurophysiopathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Massimo Mantegazza
- Neurophysiopathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy; Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR7275, LabEx ICST, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, 06560 Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Renato Mantegazza
- Neurology IV -Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Pia Bernasconi
- Neurology IV -Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Ludovico Minati
- World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; Complex Systems Theory Department, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ-PAN), 31-342 Kraków, Poland; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
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Walczak J, Dębska-Vielhaber G, Vielhaber S, Szymański J, Charzyńska A, Duszyński J, Szczepanowska J. Distinction of sporadic and familial forms of ALS based on mitochondrial characteristics. FASEB J 2018; 33:4388-4403. [PMID: 30550341 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801843r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioenergetic failure, oxidative stress, and changes in mitochondrial morphology are common pathologic hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in several cellular and animal models. Disturbed mitochondrial physiology has serious consequences for proper functioning of the cell, leading to the chronic mitochondrial stress. Mitochondria, being in the center of cellular metabolism, play a pivotal role in adaptation to stress conditions. We found that mitochondrial dysfunction and adaptation processes differ in primary fibroblasts derived from patients diagnosed with either sporadic or familial forms of ALS. The evaluation of mitochondrial parameters such as the mitochondrial membrane potential, the oxygen consumption rate, the activity and levels of respiratory chain complexes, and the levels of ATP, reactive oxygen species, and Ca2+ show that the bioenergetic properties of mitochondria are different in sporadic ALS, familial ALS, and control groups. Comparative statistical analysis of the data set (with use of principal component analysis and support vector machine) identifies and distinguishes 3 separate groups despite the small number of investigated cell lines and high variability in measured parameters. These findings could be a first step in development of a new tool for predicting sporadic and familial forms of ALS and could contribute to knowledge of its pathophysiology.-Walczak, J., Dębska-Vielhaber, G., Vielhaber, S., Szymański, J., Charzyńska, A., Duszyński, J., Szczepanowska, J. Distinction of sporadic and familial forms of ALS based on mitochondrial characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Walczak
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Stefan Vielhaber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; and
| | - Jędrzej Szymański
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Charzyńska
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Duszyński
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Szczepanowska
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Swim Training Modulates Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Cholesterol Content in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5940748. [PMID: 29849903 PMCID: PMC5924974 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5940748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, in terms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), much attention has been paid to the cell structures formed by the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) that are involved in the regulation of Ca2+ signaling, mitochondrial bioenergetics, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. We assumed that remodeling of these structures via swim training may accompany the prolongation of the ALS lifespan. In the present study, we used transgenic mice with the G93A hmSOD1 gene mutation. We examined muscle energy metabolism, oxidative stress parameters, and markers of MAMs (Caveolin-1 protein level and cholesterol content in crude mitochondrial fraction) in groups of mice divided according to disease progression and training status. The progression of ALS was related to the lowering of Caveolin-1 protein levels and the accumulation of cholesterol in a crude mitochondrial fraction. These changes were associated with aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism dysfunction and higher oxidative stress. Our data indicated that swim training prolonged the lifespan of ALS mice with accompanying changes in MAM components. Swim training also maintained mitochondrial function and lowered oxidative stress. These data suggest that modification of MAMs might play a crucial role in the exercise-induced deceleration of ALS development.
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Shefa U, Kim MS, Jeong NY, Jung J. Antioxidant and Cell-Signaling Functions of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Central Nervous System. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1873962. [PMID: 29507650 PMCID: PMC5817206 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1873962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a toxic gaseous molecule, plays a physiological role in regulating homeostasis and cell signaling. H2S is produced from cysteine by enzymes, such as cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), cysteine aminotransferase (CAT), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST). These enzymes regulate the overall production of H2S in the body. H2S has a cell-signaling function in the CNS and plays important roles in combating oxidative species such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the body. H2S is crucial for maintaining balanced amounts of antioxidants to protect the body from oxidative stress, and appropriate amounts of H2S are required to protect the CNS in particular. The body regulates CBS, 3MST, and CSE levels in the CNS, and higher or lower levels of these enzymes cause various neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses how H2S protects the CNS by acting as an antioxidant that reduces excessive amounts of ROS and RNS. Additionally, H2S regulates cell signaling to combat neuroinflammation and protect against central neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulfuara Shefa
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, 32 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyang Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Khalil B, Cabirol-Pol MJ, Miguel L, Whitworth AJ, Lecourtois M, Liévens JC. Enhancing Mitofusin/Marf ameliorates neuromuscular dysfunction in Drosophila models of TDP-43 proteinopathies. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 54:71-83. [PMID: 28324764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) is considered a major pathological protein in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. The precise mechanisms by which TDP-43 dysregulation leads to toxicity in neurons are not fully understood. Using TDP-43-expressing Drosophila, we examined whether mitochondrial dysfunction is a central determinant in TDP-43 pathogenesis. Expression of human wild-type TDP-43 in Drosophila neurons results in abnormally small mitochondria. The mitochondrial fragmentation is correlated with a specific decrease in the mRNA and protein levels of the Drosophila profusion gene mitofusin/marf. Importantly, overexpression of Marf ameliorates defects in spontaneous walking activity and startle-induced climbing response of TDP-43-expressing flies. Partial inactivation of the mitochondrial profission factor, dynamin-related protein 1, also mitigates TDP-43-induced locomotor deficits. Expression of TDP-43 impairs neuromuscular junction transmission upon repetitive stimulation of the giant fiber circuit that controls flight muscles, which is also ameliorated by Marf overexpression. We show here for the first time that enhancing the profusion gene mitofusin/marf is beneficial in an in vivo model of TDP-43 proteinopathies, serving as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Khalil
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, UMR 7286, Marseille Cedex 15, France
| | - Marie-Jeanne Cabirol-Pol
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, UMR 7286, Marseille Cedex 15, France
| | - Laetitia Miguel
- Inserm, U1079, Rouen, France; IRIB Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | | | - Magalie Lecourtois
- Inserm, U1079, Rouen, France; IRIB Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Charles Liévens
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, UMR 7286, Marseille Cedex 15, France; MMDN, Université de Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.
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Seredenina T, Nayernia Z, Sorce S, Maghzal GJ, Filippova A, Ling SC, Basset O, Plastre O, Daali Y, Rushing EJ, Giordana MT, Cleveland DW, Aguzzi A, Stocker R, Krause KH, Jaquet V. Evaluation of NADPH oxidases as drug targets in a mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:95-108. [PMID: 27212019 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons, gliosis, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of NADPH oxidases (NOX) in the oxidative damage and progression of ALS neuropathology. We examined the pattern of NOX expression in spinal cords of patients and mouse models of ALS and analyzed the impact of genetic deletion of the NOX1 and 2 isoforms as well as pharmacological NOX inhibition in the SOD1(G93A) ALS mouse model. A substantial (10-60 times) increase of NOX2 expression was detected in three etiologically different ALS mouse models while up-regulation of some other NOX isoforms was model-specific. In human spinal cord samples, high NOX2 expression was detected in microglia. In contrast to previous publications, survival of SOD1(G93A) mice was not modified upon breeding with constitutive NOX1 and NOX2 deficient mice. As genetic deficiency of a single NOX isoform is not necessarily predictive of a pharmacological intervention, we treated SOD1(G93A) mice with broad-spectrum NOX inhibitors perphenazine and thioridazine. Both compounds reached in vivo CNS concentrations compatible with NOX inhibition and thioridazine significantly decreased superoxide levels in the spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) mice in vivo. Yet, neither perphenazine nor thioridazine prolonged survival. Thioridazine, but not perphenazine, dampened the increase of microglia markers in SOD1(G93A) mice. Thioridazine induced an immediate and temporary enhancement of motor performance (rotarod) but its precise mode of action needs further investigation. Additional studies using specific NOX inhibitors will provide further evidence on the relevance of NOX as drug targets for ALS and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Seredenina
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zeynab Nayernia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Sorce
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ghassan J Maghzal
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Vascular Biology Division, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Filippova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shuo-Chien Ling
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olivier Basset
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Plastre
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Youssef Daali
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth J Rushing
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria T Giordana
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School of the University of Turin, Italy
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Stocker
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Vascular Biology Division, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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Kobayakawa Y, Sakumi K, Kajitani K, Kadoya T, Horie H, Kira JI, Nakabeppu Y. Galectin-1 deficiency improves axonal swelling of motor neurones in SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:227-44. [PMID: 24707896 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Galectin-1, a member of the β-galactoside-binding lectin family, accumulates in neurofilamentous lesions in the spinal cords of both sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with a superoxide dismutase 1 gene (SOD1) mutation (A4V). The aim of this study was to evaluate the roles of endogenous galectin-1 in the pathogenesis of ALS. METHODS Expression of galectin-1 in the spinal cord of mutant SOD1 transgenic (SOD1(G93A) ) mice was examined by pathological analysis, real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. The effects of galectin-1 deficiency were evaluated by cross-breeding SOD1(G93A) mice with galectin-1 null (Lgals1(-/-) ) mice. RESULTS Before ALS-like symptoms developed in SOD1(G93A) /Lgals1(+/+) mice, strong galectin-1 immunoreactivity was observed in swollen motor axons and colocalized with aggregated neurofilaments. Electron microscopic observations revealed that the diameters of swollen motor axons in the spinal cord were significantly smaller in SOD1(G93A) /Lgals1(-/-) mice, and there was less accumulation of vacuoles compared with SOD1(G93A) /Lgals1(+/+) mice. In symptomatic SOD1(G93A) /Lgals1(+/+) mice, astrocytes surrounding motor axons expressed a high level of galectin-1. CONCLUSIONS Galectin-1 accumulates in neurofilamentous lesions in SOD1(G93A) mice, as previously reported in humans with ALS. Galectin-1 accumulation in motor axons occurs before the development of ALS-like symptoms and is associated with early processes of axonal degeneration in SOD1(G93A) mice. In contrast, galectin-1 expressed in astrocytes may be involved in axonal degeneration during symptom presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kobayakawa
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Gusdon AM, Fernandez-Bueno GA, Wohlgemuth S, Fernandez J, Chen J, Mathews CE. Respiration and substrate transport rates as well as reactive oxygen species production distinguish mitochondria from brain and liver. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 16:22. [PMID: 26358560 PMCID: PMC4564979 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-015-0051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant mitochondrial function, including excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases. The use of mitochondrial inhibitors to ascertain the sites in the electron transport chain (ETC) resulting in altered ROS production can be an important tool. However, the response of mouse mitochondria to ETC inhibitors has not been thoroughly assessed. Here we set out to characterize the differences in phenotypic response to ETC inhibitors between the more energetically demanding brain mitochondria and less energetically demanding liver mitochondria in commonly utilized C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS We show that in contrast to brain mitochondria, inhibiting distally within complex I or within complex III does not increase liver mitochondrial ROS production supported by complex I substrates, and liver mitochondrial ROS production supported by complex II substrates occurred primarily independent of membrane potential. Complex I, II, and III enzymatic activities and membrane potential were equivalent between liver and brain and responded to ETC. inhibitors similarly. Brain mitochondria exhibited an approximately two-fold increase in complex I and II supported respiration compared with liver mitochondria while exhibiting similar responses to inhibitors. Elevated NADH transport and heightened complex II-III coupled activity accounted for increased complex I and II supported respiration, respectively in brain mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that important mechanistic differences exist between mouse liver and brain mitochondria and that mouse mitochondria exhibit phenotypic differences compared with mitochondria from other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Gusdon
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical Center/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Gabriel A Fernandez-Bueno
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Stephanie Wohlgemuth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Jenelle Fernandez
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- , Present address: 1275 Center Dr, Room J597, P.O. Box 100275, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0275, USA.
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10
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Alves CJ, Maximino JR, Chadi G. Dysregulated expression of death, stress and mitochondrion related genes in the sciatic nerve of presymptomatic SOD1(G93A) mouse model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:332. [PMID: 26339226 PMCID: PMC4555015 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are the main source of paracrine support to motor neurons. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been correlated to motor neuron death in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Despite the involvement of Schwann cells in early neuromuscular disruption in ALS, detailed molecular events of a dying-back triggering are unknown. Sciatic nerves of presymptomatic (60-day-old) SOD1(G93A) mice were submitted to a high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis. DAVID demonstrated the deregulated genes related to death, stress and mitochondrion, which allowed the identification of Cell cycle, ErbB signaling, Tryptophan metabolism and Rig-I-like receptor signaling as the most representative KEGG pathways. The protein-protein interaction networks based upon deregulated genes have identified the top hubs (TRAF2, H2AFX, E2F1, FOXO3, MSH2, NGFR, TGFBR1) and bottlenecks (TRAF2, E2F1, CDKN1B, TWIST1, FOXO3). Schwann cells were enriched from the sciatic nerve of presymptomatic mice using flow cytometry cell sorting. qPCR showed the up regulated (Ngfr, Cdnkn1b, E2f1, Traf2 and Erbb3, H2afx, Cdkn1a, Hspa1, Prdx, Mapk10) and down-regulated (Foxo3, Mtor) genes in the enriched Schwann cells. In conclusion, molecular analyses in the presymptomatic sciatic nerve demonstrated the involvement of death, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial pathways in the Schwann cell non-autonomous mechanisms in the early stages of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystian J Alves
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessica R Maximino
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerson Chadi
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine São Paulo, Brazil
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Irvin CW, Kim RB, Mitchell CS. Seeking homeostasis: temporal trends in respiration, oxidation, and calcium in SOD1 G93A Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:248. [PMID: 26190973 PMCID: PMC4486844 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairments in mitochondria, oxidative regulation, and calcium homeostasis have been well documented in numerous Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) experimental models, especially in the superoxide dismutase 1 glycine 93 to alanine (SOD1 G93A) transgenic mouse. However, the timing of these deficiencies has been debatable. In a systematic review of 45 articles, we examine experimental measurements of cellular respiration, mitochondrial mechanisms, oxidative markers, and calcium regulation. We evaluate the quantitative magnitude and statistical temporal trend of these aggregated assessments in high transgene copy SOD1 G93A mice compared to wild type mice. Analysis of overall trends reveals cellular respiration, intracellular adenosine triphosphate, and corresponding mitochondrial elements (Cox, cytochrome c, complex I, enzyme activity) are depressed for the entire lifespan of the SOD1 G93A mouse. Oxidant markers (H2O2, 8OH2'dG, MDA) are initially similar to wild type but are double that of wild type by the time of symptom onset despite early post-natal elevation of protective heat shock proteins. All aspects of calcium regulation show early disturbances, although a notable and likely compensatory convergence to near wild type levels appears to occur between 40 and 80 days (pre-onset), followed by a post-onset elevation in intracellular calcium. The identified temporal trends and compensatory fluctuations provide evidence that the "cause" of ALS may lay within failed homeostatic regulation, itself, rather than any one particular perturbing event or cellular mechanism. We discuss the vulnerabilities of motoneurons to regulatory instability and possible hypotheses regarding failed regulation and its potential treatment in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron W Irvin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology - Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Renaid B Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology - Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology - Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
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12
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Gershoni-Emek N, Chein M, Gluska S, Perlson E. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as a spatiotemporal mislocalization disease: location, location, location. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 315:23-71. [PMID: 25708461 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal localization of signals is a fundamental feature impacting cell survival and proper function. The cell needs to respond in an accurate manner in both space and time to both intra- and intercellular environment cues. The regulation of this comprehensive process involves the cytoskeleton and the trafficking machinery, as well as local protein synthesis and ligand-receptor mechanisms. Alterations in such mechanisms can lead to cell dysfunction and disease. Motor neurons that can extend over tens of centimeters are a classic example for the importance of such events. Changes in spatiotemporal localization mechanisms are thought to play a role in motor neuron degeneration that occurs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this review we will discuss these mechanisms and argue that possible misregulated factors can lead to motor neuron degeneration in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Gershoni-Emek
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Chein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shani Gluska
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Perlson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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Venâncio C, Félix L, Almeida V, Coutinho J, Antunes L, Peixoto F, Summavielle T. Acute Ketamine Impairs Mitochondrial Function and Promotes Superoxide Dismutase Activity in the Rat Brain. Anesth Analg 2015; 120:320-8. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Saba L, Viscomi MT, Caioli S, Pignataro A, Bisicchia E, Pieri M, Molinari M, Ammassari-Teule M, Zona C. Altered Functionality, Morphology, and Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Expression of Cortical Motor Neurons from a Presymptomatic Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:1512-28. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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15
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Grubman A, White AR, Liddell JR. Mitochondrial metals as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegeneration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2159-73. [PMID: 24206195 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metals are critical for enzyme function and protein folding, but in excess can mediate neurotoxic oxidative processes. As mitochondria are particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to radicals generated during ATP production, mitochondrial biometal homeostasis must therefore be tightly controlled to safely harness the redox potential of metal enzyme cofactors. Dysregulation of metal functions is evident in numerous neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, stroke, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Friedrich's ataxia. This review describes the mitochondrial metal defects in these disorders and highlights novel metal-based therapeutic approaches that target mitochondrial metal homeostasis in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grubman
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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16
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Hadzhieva M, Kirches E, Mawrin C. Review: iron metabolism and the role of iron in neurodegenerative disorders. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2014; 40:240-57. [PMID: 24164678 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron plays a role for the biogenesis of two important redox-reactive prosthetic groups of enzymes, iron sulphur clusters (ISC) and heme. A part of these biosynthetic pathways takes plays in the mitochondria. While several important proteins of cellular iron uptake and storage and of mitochondrial iron metabolism are well-characterized, limited knowledge exists regarding the mitochondrial iron importers (mitoferrins). A disturbed distribution of iron, hampered Fe-dependent biosynthetic pathways and eventually oxidative stress resulting from an increased labile iron pool are suggested to play a role in several neurodegenerative diseases. Friedreich's ataxia is associated with mitochondrial iron accumulation and hampered ISC/heme biogenesis due to reduced frataxin expression, thus representing a monogenic mitochondrial disorder, which is clearly elicited solely by a disturbed iron metabolism. Less clear are the controversially discussed impacts of iron dysregulation and iron-dependent oxidative stress in the most common neurodegenerative disorders, i.e. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may be viewed as a disease offering a better support for a direct link between iron, oxidative stress and regional neurodegeneration. Altogether, despite significant progress in molecular knowledge, the true impact of iron on the sporadic forms of AD, PD and ALS is still uncertain. Here we summarize the current knowledge of iron metabolism disturbances in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hadzhieva
- Department of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
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17
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Vehviläinen P, Koistinaho J, Gundars G. Mechanisms of mutant SOD1 induced mitochondrial toxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:126. [PMID: 24847211 PMCID: PMC4023018 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), mitochondrial dysfunction is recognized as one of the key elements contributing to the pathology. Mitochondria are the major source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased production of ROS as well as oxidative damage of proteins and lipids have been demonstrated in many models of ALS. Moreover, these changes were also observed in tissues of ALS patients indicative of important role for oxidative stress in the disease pathology. However, the origin of oxidative stress in ALS has remained unclear. ALS linked mutant Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) has been shown to significantly associate with mitochondria, especially in the spinal cord. In animal models, increased recruitment of mutant SOD1 (mutSOD1) to mitochondria appears already before the disease onset, suggestive of causative role for the manifestation of pathology. Recently, substantial in vitro and in vivo evidence has accumulated demonstrating that localization of mutSOD1 to the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) inevitably leads to impairment of mitochondrial functions. However, the exact mechanisms of the selectivity and toxicity have remained obscure. Here we discuss the current knowledge on the role of mutSOD1 in mitochondrial dysfunction in ALS from the novel perspective emphasizing the misregulation of dismutase activity in IMS as a major mechanism for the toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Vehviläinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Goldsteins Gundars
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
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18
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Fatty acids in energy metabolism of the central nervous system. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:472459. [PMID: 24883315 PMCID: PMC4026875 DOI: 10.1155/2014/472459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we analyze the current hypotheses regarding energy metabolism in the neurons and astroglia. Recently, it was shown that up to 20% of the total brain's energy is provided by mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids. However, the existing hypotheses consider glucose, or its derivative lactate, as the only main energy substrate for the brain. Astroglia metabolically supports the neurons by providing lactate as a substrate for neuronal mitochondria. In addition, a significant amount of neuromediators, glutamate and GABA, is transported into neurons and also serves as substrates for mitochondria. Thus, neuronal mitochondria may simultaneously oxidize several substrates. Astrocytes have to replenish the pool of neuromediators by synthesis de novo, which requires large amounts of energy. In this review, we made an attempt to reconcile β-oxidation of fatty acids by astrocytic mitochondria with the existing hypothesis on regulation of aerobic glycolysis. We suggest that, under condition of neuronal excitation, both metabolic pathways may exist simultaneously. We provide experimental evidence that isolated neuronal mitochondria may oxidize palmitoyl carnitine in the presence of other mitochondrial substrates. We also suggest that variations in the brain mitochondrial metabolic phenotype may be associated with different mtDNA haplogroups.
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19
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Chen J, Mathews CE. Use of chemical probes to detect mitochondrial ROS by flow cytometry and spectrofluorometry. Methods Enzymol 2014; 542:223-41. [PMID: 24862269 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416618-9.00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic respiration is a major source of energy in eukaryotic cells. In this setting, ATP production by the mitochondrial respiratory chain relies on the availability of NADH and FADH2 to donate protons and electrons. The flux of electrons down the electron transport chain, based on a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, releases energy that allow for the transport of H(+) ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The resulting proton-motive force is employed to drive ATP synthesis, while the final acceptor of the electrons flowing through the respiratory chain if molecular oxygen. A side effect of this process is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production has been linked to many pathological conditions (i.e., aging and tumorigenesis), recent evidence suggests that multiple cells, including malignant cells, employ these by-products of energy production as signals to control various cellular processes. Here, we describe protocols to use chemical probes for measuring mtROS production in intact cells by flow cytometry and spectrofluorometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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20
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Peixoto PM, Kim HJ, Sider B, Starkov A, Horvath TL, Manfredi G. UCP2 overexpression worsens mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerates disease progression in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 57:104-10. [PMID: 24141050 PMCID: PMC3891658 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction leading to deficits in energy production, Ca(2+) uptake capacity, and free radical generation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) caused by mutations in Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Numerous studies link UCP2, a member of the uncoupling protein family, to protection of neurons from mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in various mouse models of acute stress and neurodegeneration, including Parkinson's disease. Here, we tested the potential neuroprotective effects of UCP2 and its ability to modulate mitochondrial function, in the G93A mutant SOD1 mouse model of familial ALS. Disease phenotype, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and Ca(2+) uptake capacity were investigated in the central nervous system of double transgenic mice, expressing both human mutant G93A SOD1 and human UCP2 (hUCP2). Unexpectedly, hUCP2 expression accelerated the disease course of SOD1 mutant mice. In addition, we did not observe a classical uncoupling effect of hUCP2 in G93A brain mitochondria, although we did detect a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from mitochondria challenged with the respiratory chain inhibitors rotenone and antimycin A. We also found that mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake capacity was decreased in the double transgenic mice, as compared to G93A mice. In summary, our results indicate that the neuroprotective role of UCP2 in neurodegeneration is disease-specific and that, while a mild uncoupling by UCP2 in brain mitochondria may protect against neurodegeneration in some injury paradigms, the mitochondrial damage and the disease caused by mutant SOD1 cannot be ameliorated by UCP2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo M Peixoto
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 407 East 61 St, New York, NY, 10065
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York (CUNY), 17 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY, 10010
| | - Hyun-Jeong Kim
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 407 East 61 St, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Brittany Sider
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 407 East 61 St, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Anatoly Starkov
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 407 East 61 St, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, 310 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 407 East 61 St, New York, NY, 10065
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21
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Towner RA, Smith N, Saunders D, Lupu F, Silasi-Mansat R, West M, Ramirez DC, Gomez-Mejiba SE, Bonini MG, Mason RP, Ehrenshaft M, Hensley K. In vivo detection of free radicals using molecular MRI and immuno-spin trapping in a mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:351-60. [PMID: 23722162 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals associated with oxidative stress play a major role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). By combining immuno-spin trapping and molecular magnetic resonance imaging, in vivo trapped radical adducts were detected in the spinal cords of SOD1(G93A)-transgenic (Tg) mice, a model for ALS. For this study, the nitrone spin trap DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) was administered (ip) over 5 days before administration (iv) of an anti-DMPO probe (anti-DMPO antibody covalently bound to an albumin-gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-biotin MRI contrast agent) to trap free radicals. MRI was used to detect the presence of the anti-DMPO radical adducts by a significant sustained increase in MR signal intensities (p < 0.05) or anti-DMPO probe concentrations measured from T₁ relaxations (p < 0.01). The biotin moiety of the anti-DMPO probe was targeted with fluorescence-labeled streptavidin to locate the probe in excised tissues. Negative controls included either Tg ALS mice initially administered saline rather than DMPO followed by the anti-DMPO probe or non-Tg mice initially administered DMPO and then the anti-DMPO probe. The anti-DMPO probe was found to bind to neurons via colocalization fluorescence microscopy. DMPO adducts were also confirmed in diseased/nondiseased tissues from animals administered DMPO. Apparent diffusion coefficients from diffusion-weighted images of spinal cords from Tg mice were significantly elevated (p < 0.001) compared to wild-type controls. This is the first report regarding the detection of in vivo trapped radical adducts in an ALS model. This novel, noninvasive, in vivo diagnostic method can be applied to investigate the involvement of free radical mechanisms in ALS rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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22
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Hadzhieva M, Kirches E, Wilisch-Neumann A, Pachow D, Wallesch M, Schoenfeld P, Paege I, Vielhaber S, Petri S, Keilhoff G, Mawrin C. Dysregulation of iron protein expression in the G93A model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroscience 2012. [PMID: 23178912 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective loss of motor neurons which leads to progressive paralysis and death by respiratory failure. Although the cause of sporadic ALS is still unknown, oxidative stress is suggested to play a major role in the pathogenesis of this disease and of the rare familial form, which often exhibits mutations of the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. Since enhanced iron levels are discussed to participate in oxidative stress and neuronal death, we analyzed the expression levels of Fe-related mRNAs in a cell culture ALS model with the G93A mutation of SOD1. We observed an increased total iron content in G93A-SOD1 SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells compared to wild-type (WT)-SOD1 cells. mRNA expression for transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and divalent metal transporter 1 was increased in G93A-SOD1 cells, which was in accordance with higher iron uptake. Experiments with the iron chelator deferoxamine revealed a normal reaction of WT and mutant cells to cytoplasmic iron depletion, i.e. TfR1 upregulation, suggesting a basically conserved function of the iron-responsive element/iron regulatory protein (IRE/IRP) pathway, designed to adapt gene expression to iron levels. Expression levels of mitoferrin 1 and 2, frataxin, and iron-sulfur cluster scaffold protein were also significantly increased in G93A-SOD1 cells, suggesting higher mitochondrial iron import and utilization in biosynthetic pathways within the mitochondria. Moreover, expression of these transcripts was further enhanced, if G93A-SOD1 cells were differentiated by retinoic acid (RA). Since RA treatment increased cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in these cells, an IRE/IRP independent, ROS-mediated mechanism may account for dysregulation of iron-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hadzhieva
- Department of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Abstract
Dysregulation of glutathione homeostasis and alterations in glutathione-dependent enzyme activities are increasingly implicated in the induction and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Friedreich’s ataxia. In this review background is provided on the steady-state synthesis, regulation, and transport of glutathione, with primary focus on the brain. A brief overview is presented on the distinct but vital roles of glutathione in cellular maintenance and survival, and on the functions of key glutathione-dependent enzymes. Major contributors to initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases are considered, including oxidative stress, protein misfolding, and protein aggregation. In each case examples of key regulatory mechanisms are identified that are sensitive to changes in glutathione redox status and/or in the activities of glutathione-dependent enzymes. Mechanisms of dysregulation of glutathione and/or glutathione-dependent enzymes are discussed that are implicated in pathogenesis of each neurodegenerative disease. Limitations in information or interpretation are identified, and possible avenues for further research are described with an aim to elucidating novel targets for therapeutic interventions. The pros and cons of administration of N-acetylcysteine or glutathione as therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the potential utility of serum glutathione as a biomarker, are critically evaluated.
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Carrasco DI, Bichler EK, Rich MM, Wang X, Seburn KL, Pinter MJ. Motor terminal degeneration unaffected by activity changes in SOD1(G93A) mice; a possible role for glycolysis. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 48:132-40. [PMID: 22750521 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether activity is a contributing factor to motor terminal degeneration in mice that overexpress the G93A mutation of the SOD1 enzyme found in humans with inherited motor neuron disease. Previously, we showed that overload of muscles accomplished by synergist denervation accelerated motor terminal degeneration in dogs with hereditary canine spinal muscular atrophy (HCSMA). In the present study, we found that SOD1 plantaris muscles overloaded for 2months showed no differences of neuromuscular junction innervation status when compared with normally loaded, contralateral plantaris muscles. Complete elimination of motor terminal activity using blockade of sciatic nerve conduction with tetrodotoxin cuffs for 1month also produced no change of plantaris innervation status. To assess possible effects of activity on motor terminal function, we examined the synaptic properties of SOD1 soleus neuromuscular junctions at a time when significant denervation of close synergists had occurred as a result of natural disease progression. When examined in glucose media, SOD1 soleus synaptic properties were similar to wildtype. When glycolysis was inhibited and ATP production limited to mitochondria, however, blocking of evoked synaptic transmission occurred and a large increase in the frequency of spontaneous mEPCs was observed. Similar effects were observed at neuromuscular junctions in muscle from dogs with inherited motor neuron disease (HCSMA), although significant defects of synaptic transmission exist at these neuromuscular junctions when examined in glucose media, as reported previously. These results suggest that glycolysis compensates for mitochondrial dysfunction at motor terminals of SOD1 mice and HCSMA dogs. This compensatory mechanism may help to support resting and activity-related metabolism in the presence of dysfunctional mitochondria and prolong the survival of SOD1 motor terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario I Carrasco
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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