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Zhang X, Zheng Y, Wang Z, Zhang G, Yang L, Gan J, Jiang X. Calpain: The regulatory point of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117272. [PMID: 39153432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Calpain, a key member of the Calpain cysteine protease superfamily, performs limited protein hydrolysis in a calcium-dependent manner. Its activity is tightly regulated due to the potential for non-specific cleavage of various intracellular proteins upon aberrant activation. A thorough review of the literature from 2010 to 2023 reveals 121 references discussing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Dysregulation of the Calpain system is associated with various pathological phenomena, including lipid metabolism disorders, inflammation, apoptosis, and excitotoxicity. Although recent studies have revealed the significant role of Calpain in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, the precise mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Exploring the potential of Calpain inhibition as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases may emerge as a compelling area of interest for future calpain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Lin Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Jiali Gan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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2
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Burch AM, Garcia JD, O'Leary H, Haas A, Orfila JE, Tiemeier E, Chalmers N, Smith KR, Quillinan N, Herson PS. TRPM2 and CaMKII Signaling Drives Excessive GABAergic Synaptic Inhibition Following Ischemia. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1762232024. [PMID: 38565288 PMCID: PMC11079974 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1762-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity and the concurrent loss of inhibition are well-defined mechanisms driving acute elevation in excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance and neuronal cell death following an ischemic insult to the brain. Despite the high prevalence of long-term disability in survivors of global cerebral ischemia (GCI) as a consequence of cardiac arrest, it remains unclear whether E/I imbalance persists beyond the acute phase and negatively affects functional recovery. We previously demonstrated sustained impairment of long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal CA1 neurons correlating with deficits in learning and memory tasks in a murine model of cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR). Here, we use CA/CPR and an in vitro ischemia model to elucidate mechanisms by which E/I imbalance contributes to ongoing hippocampal dysfunction in male mice. We reveal increased postsynaptic GABAA receptor (GABAAR) clustering and function in the CA1 region of the hippocampus that reduces the E/I ratio. Importantly, reduced GABAAR clustering observed in the first 24 h rebounds to an elevation of GABAergic clustering by 3 d postischemia. This increase in GABAergic inhibition required activation of the Ca2+-permeable ion channel transient receptor potential melastatin-2 (TRPM2), previously implicated in persistent LTP and memory deficits following CA/CPR. Furthermore, we find Ca2+-signaling, likely downstream of TRPM2 activation, upregulates Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity, thereby driving the elevation of postsynaptic inhibitory function. Thus, we propose a novel mechanism by which inhibitory synaptic strength is upregulated in the context of ischemia and identify TRPM2 and CaMKII as potential pharmacological targets to restore perturbed synaptic plasticity and ameliorate cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Burch
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Joshua D Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Heather O'Leary
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Ami Haas
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - James E Orfila
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Erika Tiemeier
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Nicholas Chalmers
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Katharine R Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Nidia Quillinan
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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3
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Nascimento AA, Pereira-Figueiredo D, Borges-Martins VP, Kubrusly RC, Calaza KC. GABAergic system and chloride cotransporters as potential therapeutic targets to mitigate cell death in ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25355. [PMID: 38808645 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a critical inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that plays a vital role in modulating neuronal excitability. Dysregulation of GABAergic signaling, particularly involving the cotransporters NKCC1 and KCC2, has been implicated in various pathologies, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, and ischemia. NKCC1 facilitates chloride influx, whereas KCC2 mediates chloride efflux via potassium gradient. Altered expression and function of these cotransporters have been associated with excitotoxicity, inflammation, and cellular death in ischemic events characterized by reduced cerebral blood flow, leading to compromised tissue metabolism and subsequent cell death. NKCC1 inhibition has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach to attenuate intracellular chloride accumulation and mitigate neuronal damage during ischemic events. Similarly, targeting KCC2, which regulates chloride efflux, holds promise for improving outcomes and reducing neuronal damage under ischemic conditions. This review emphasizes the critical roles of GABA, NKCC1, and KCC2 in ischemic pathologies and their potential as therapeutic targets. Inhibiting or modulating the activity of these cotransporters represents a promising strategy for reducing neuronal damage, preventing excitotoxicity, and improving neurological outcomes following ischemic events. Furthermore, exploring the interactions between natural compounds and NKCC1/KCC2 provides additional avenues for potential therapeutic interventions for ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Nascimento
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Graduate Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - D Pereira-Figueiredo
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences (Physiology and Pharmacology), Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - V P Borges-Martins
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - R C Kubrusly
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - K C Calaza
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Graduate Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences (Physiology and Pharmacology), Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
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4
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Garcia JD, Wolfe SE, Stewart AR, Tiemeier E, Gookin SE, Guerrero MB, Quillinan N, Smith KR. Distinct mechanisms drive sequential internalization and degradation of GABA ARs during global ischemia and reperfusion injury. iScience 2023; 26:108061. [PMID: 37860758 PMCID: PMC10582478 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic inhibition is critical for controlling neuronal excitability and function. During global cerebral ischemia (GCI), inhibitory synapses are rapidly eliminated, causing hyper-excitability which contributes to cell-death and the pathophysiology of disease. Sequential disassembly of inhibitory synapses begins within minutes of ischemia onset: GABAARs are rapidly trafficked away from the synapse, the gephyrin scaffold is removed, followed by loss of the presynaptic terminal. GABAARs are endocytosed during GCI, but how this process accompanies synapse disassembly remains unclear. Here, we define the precise trafficking itinerary of GABAARs during the initial stages of GCI, placing them in the context of rapid synapse elimination. Ischemia-induced GABAAR internalization quickly follows their initial dispersal from the synapse, and is controlled by PP1α signaling. During reperfusion injury, GABAARs are then trafficked to lysosomes for degradation, leading to permanent removal of synaptic GABAARs and contributing to the profound reduction in synaptic inhibition observed hours following ischemia onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sarah E. Wolfe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Amber R. Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Erika Tiemeier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neuronal Injury Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sara E. Gookin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mayra Bueno Guerrero
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nidia Quillinan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neuronal Injury Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Katharine R. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Chu MC, Mao WC, Wu HF, Chang YC, Lu TI, Lee CW, Chung YJ, Hsieh TH, Chang HS, Chen YF, Lin CH, Tang CW, Lin HC. Transient plasticity response is regulated by histone deacetylase inhibitor in oxygen-glucose deprivation condition. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1200-1210. [PMID: 37695500 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00525-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathological form of synaptic plasticity, ischemic long-term potentiation (iLTP), induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), is implicated in the acute phase of stroke with the potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). While there has been widespread attention on the excitatory system, a recent study reported that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system is also involved in iLTP. Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, protects against ischemic damage. However, whether VPA regulates early phase plasticity in ischemic stroke remains unknown. The present study aims to investigate the potential role and mechanism of VPA in ischemic stroke. METHODS A brief exposure of OGD on the hippocampal slices and the induction of photothrombotic ischemia (PTI) were used as ex vivo and in vivo models of ischemic stroke, respectively. RESULTS Using extracellular recordings, iLTP was induced in the hippocampal Schaffer collateral pathway following OGD exposure. VPA treatment abolished hippocampal iLTP via GABAA receptor enhancement and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Administration of VPA reduced brain infarct volume and motor dysfunction in mice with PTI. Moreover, VPA protected against ischemic injury by upregulating the GABAergic system and ERK phosphorylation, as well as by reducing of matrix metalloproteinase in a PTI-induced ischemic stroke model. CONCLUSIONS Together, this study revealed the protection of VPA in ex vivo OGD-induced pathological form of neuroplasticity and in vivo PTI-induced brain damage and motor dysfunction through rescuing GABAergic deficiency and the pathological hallmarks of ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chia Chu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chang Mao
- Department of Psychiatry, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Fang Wu
- Department of Optometry, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chi Chang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-I Lu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Lee
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Jung Chung
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Hsieh
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Shuo Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaoshiung Medical University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Fung Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaoshiung Medical University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaoshiung Medical University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsien Lin
- Department of Health Industry Management, Kainan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Ching Lin
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan.
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6
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Molecular Mechanisms of Epilepsy: The Role of the Chloride Transporter KCC2. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1500-1515. [PMID: 35819636 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by abnormal or synchronous brain activity causing seizures, which may produce convulsions, minor physical signs, or a combination of symptoms. These disorders affect approximately 65 million people worldwide, from all ages and genders. Seizures apart, epileptic patients present a high risk to develop neuropsychological comorbidities such as cognitive deficits, emotional disturbance, and psychiatric disorders, which severely impair quality of life. Currently, the treatment for epilepsy includes the administration of drugs or surgery, but about 30% of the patients treated with antiepileptic drugs develop time-dependent pharmacoresistence. Therefore, further investigation about epilepsy and its causes is needed to find new pharmacological targets and innovative therapeutic strategies. Pharmacoresistance is associated to changes in neuronal plasticity and alterations of GABAA receptor-mediated neurotransmission. The downregulation of GABA inhibitory activity may arise from a positive shift in GABAA receptor reversal potential, due to an alteration in chloride homeostasis. In this paper, we review the contribution of K+-Cl--cotransporter (KCC2) to the alterations in the Cl- gradient observed in epileptic condition, and how these alterations are coupled to the increase in the excitability.
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7
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Ghozy S, Reda A, Varney J, Elhawary AS, Shah J, Murry K, Sobeeh MG, Nayak SS, Azzam AY, Brinjikji W, Kadirvel R, Kallmes DF. Neuroprotection in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Battle Against the Biology of Nature. Front Neurol 2022; 13:870141. [PMID: 35711268 PMCID: PMC9195142 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.870141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of global death following coronary artery disease. Time is crucial in managing stroke to reduce the rapidly progressing insult of the ischemic penumbra and the serious neurologic deficits that might follow it. Strokes are mainly either hemorrhagic or ischemic, with ischemic being the most common of all types of strokes. Thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and endovascular thrombectomy are the main types of management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In addition, there is a vital need for neuroprotection in the setting of AIS. Neuroprotective agents are important to investigate as they may reduce mortality, lessen disability, and improve quality of life after AIS. In our review, we will discuss the main types of management and the different modalities of neuroprotection, their mechanisms of action, and evidence of their effectiveness after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherief Ghozy
- Department of Neuroradiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences and Department for Continuing Education (EBHC Program), Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Reda
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Joseph Varney
- School of Medicine, American University of the Caribbean, Philipsburg, Sint Maarten
| | | | - Jaffer Shah
- Medical Research Center, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | - Mohamed Gomaa Sobeeh
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Sinai University, Cairo, Egypt.,Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sandeep S Nayak
- Department of Internal Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Metropolitan, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ahmed Y Azzam
- Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Waleed Brinjikji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - David F Kallmes
- Department of Neuroradiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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8
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Michalettos G, Ruscher K. Crosstalk Between GABAergic Neurotransmission and Inflammatory Cascades in the Post-ischemic Brain: Relevance for Stroke Recovery. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:807911. [PMID: 35401118 PMCID: PMC8983863 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.807911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive plasticity processes are required involving neurons as well as non-neuronal cells to recover lost brain functions after an ischemic stroke. Recent studies show that gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has profound effects on glial and immune cell functions in addition to its inhibitory actions on neuronal circuits in the post-ischemic brain. Here, we provide an overview of how GABAergic neurotransmission changes during the first weeks after stroke and how GABA affects functions of astroglial and microglial cells as well as peripheral immune cell populations accumulating in the ischemic territory and brain regions remote to the lesion. Moreover, we will summarize recent studies providing data on the immunomodulatory actions of GABA of relevance for stroke recovery. Interestingly, the activation of GABA receptors on immune cells exerts a downregulation of detrimental anti-inflammatory cascades. Conversely, we will discuss studies addressing how specific inflammatory cascades affect GABAergic neurotransmission on the level of GABA receptor composition, GABA synthesis, and release. In particular, the chemokines CXCR4 and CX3CR1 pathways have been demonstrated to modulate receptor composition and synthesis. Together, the actual view on the interactions between GABAergic neurotransmission and inflammatory cascades points towards a specific crosstalk in the post-ischemic brain. Similar to what has been shown in experimental models, specific therapeutic modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission and inflammatory pathways may synergistically promote neuronal plasticity to enhance stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Michalettos
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- LUBIN Lab—Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Karsten Ruscher
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9
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Garcia JD, Gookin SE, Crosby KC, Schwartz SL, Tiemeier E, Kennedy MJ, Dell'Acqua ML, Herson PS, Quillinan N, Smith KR. Stepwise disassembly of GABAergic synapses during pathogenic excitotoxicity. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110142. [PMID: 34936876 PMCID: PMC8824488 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic synaptic inhibition controls neuronal firing, excitability, and synaptic plasticity to regulate neuronal circuits. Following an acute excitotoxic insult, inhibitory synapses are eliminated, reducing synaptic inhibition, elevating circuit excitability, and contributing to the pathophysiology of brain injuries. However, mechanisms that drive inhibitory synapse disassembly and elimination are undefined. We find that inhibitory synapses are disassembled in a sequential manner following excitotoxicity: GABAARs undergo rapid nanoscale rearrangement and are dispersed from the synapse along with presynaptic active zone components, followed by the gradual removal of the gephyrin scaffold, prior to complete elimination of the presynaptic terminal. GABAAR nanoscale reorganization and synaptic declustering depends on calcineurin signaling, whereas disassembly of gephyrin relies on calpain activation, and blockade of both enzymes preserves inhibitory synapses after excitotoxic insult. Thus, inhibitory synapse disassembly occurs rapidly, with nanoscale precision, in a stepwise manner and most likely represents a critical step in the progression of hyperexcitability following excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sara E Gookin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kevin C Crosby
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Samantha L Schwartz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Erika Tiemeier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neuronal Injury Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Matthew J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Neuronal Injury Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nidia Quillinan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neuronal Injury Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Katharine R Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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10
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Abstract
In 1959, E. G. Gray described two different types of synapses in the brain for the first time: symmetric and asymmetric. Later on, symmetric synapses were associated with inhibitory terminals, and asymmetric synapses to excitatory signaling. The balance between these two systems is critical to maintain a correct brain function. Likewise, the modulation of both types of synapses is also important to maintain a healthy equilibrium. Cerebral circuitry responds differently depending on the type of damage and the timeline of the injury. For example, promoting symmetric signaling following ischemic damage is beneficial only during the acute phase; afterwards, it further increases the initial damage. Synapses can be also altered by players not directly related to them; the chronic and long-term neurodegeneration mediated by tau proteins primarily targets asymmetric synapses by decreasing neuronal plasticity and functionality. Dopamine represents the main modulating system within the central nervous system. Indeed, the death of midbrain dopaminergic neurons impairs locomotion, underlying the devastating Parkinson’s disease. Herein, we will review studies on symmetric and asymmetric synapses plasticity after three different stressors: symmetric signaling under acute damage—ischemic stroke; asymmetric signaling under chronic and long-term neurodegeneration—Alzheimer’s disease; symmetric and asymmetric synapses without modulation—Parkinson’s disease.
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11
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Michalettos G, Walter HL, Antunes ARP, Wieloch T, Talhada D, Ruscher K. Effect of Anti-inflammatory Treatment with AMD3100 and CX 3CR1 Deficiency on GABA A Receptor Subunit and Expression of Glutamate Decarboxylase Isoforms After Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5876-5889. [PMID: 34417725 PMCID: PMC8599239 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Following stroke, attenuation of detrimental inflammatory pathways might be a promising strategy to improve long-term outcome. In particular, cascades driven by pro-inflammatory chemokines interact with neurotransmitter systems such as the GABAergic system. This crosstalk might be of relevance for mechanisms of neuronal plasticity, however, detailed studies are lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine if treatment with 1,1′-[1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)]bis[1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane] (AMD3100), an antagonist to the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and partial allosteric agonist to CXCR7 (AMD3100) alone or in combination with C-X3-C chemokine receptor type 1 (CX3CR1) deficiency, affect the expression of GABAA subunits and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) isoforms. Heterozygous, CX3CR1-deficient mice and wild-type littermates were subjected to photothrombosis (PT). Treatment with AMD3100 (0.5 mg/kg twice daily i.p.) was administered starting from day 2 after induction of PT until day 14 after the insult. At this time point, GABAA receptor subunits (α3, β3, δ), GAD65 and GAD67, and CXCR4 were analyzed from the peri-infarct tissue and homotypic brain regions of the contralateral hemisphere by quantitative real-time PCR and Western Blot. Fourteen days after PT, CX3CR1 deficiency resulted in a significant decrease of the three GABAA receptor subunits in both the lesioned and the contralateral hemisphere compared to sham-operated mice. Treatment with AMD3100 promoted the down-regulation of GABAA subunits and GAD67 in the ipsilateral peri-infarct area, while the β3 subunit and the GAD isoforms were up-regulated in homotypic regions of the contralateral cortex. Changes in GABAA receptor subunits and GABA synthesis suggest that the CXCR4/7 and CX3CR1 signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of GABAergic neurotransmission in the post-ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Michalettos
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Helene L Walter
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ana Rita Pombo Antunes
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tadeusz Wieloch
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniela Talhada
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden. .,LUBIN Lab - Lunds Laboratorium För Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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12
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Mele M, Vieira R, Correia B, De Luca P, Duarte FV, Pinheiro PS, Duarte CB. Transient incubation of cultured hippocampal neurons in the absence of magnesium induces rhythmic and synchronized epileptiform-like activity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11374. [PMID: 34059735 PMCID: PMC8167095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture models are important tools to study epileptogenesis mechanisms. The aim of this work was to characterize the spontaneous and synchronized rhythmic activity developed by cultured hippocampal neurons after transient incubation in zero Mg2+ to model Status Epilepticus. Cultured hippocampal neurons were transiently incubated with a Mg2+-free solution and the activity of neuronal networks was evaluated using single cell calcium imaging and whole-cell current clamp recordings. Here we report the development of synchronized and spontaneous [Ca2+]i transients in cultured hippocampal neurons immediately after transient incubation in a Mg2+-free solution. Spontaneous and synchronous [Ca2+]i oscillations were observed when the cells were then incubated in the presence of Mg2+. Functional studies also showed that transient incubation in Mg2+-free medium induces neuronal rhythmic burst activity that was prevented by antagonists of glutamate receptors. In conclusion, we report the development of epileptiform-like activity, characterized by spontaneous and synchronized discharges, in cultured hippocampal neurons transiently incubated in the absence of Mg2+. This model will allow studying synaptic alterations contributing to the hyperexcitability that underlies the development of seizures and will be useful in pharmacological studies for testing new drugs for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Mele
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Vieira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Correia
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pasqualino De Luca
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe V Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo S Pinheiro
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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13
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Li Y, Ren M, Wang J, Ma R, Chen H, Xie Q, Li H, Li J, Wang J. Progress in Borneol Intervention for Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:606682. [PMID: 34017247 PMCID: PMC8129537 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.606682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Borneol is a terpene and bicyclic organic compound that can be extracted from plants or chemically synthesized. As an important component of proprietary Chinese medicine for the treatment of stroke, its neuroprotective effects have been confirmed in many experiments. Unfortunately, there is no systematic review of these studies. This study aimed to systematically examine the neuroprotective effects of borneol in the cascade reaction of experimental ischemic stroke at different periods. Methods: Articles on animal experiments and cell-based research on the actions of borneol against ischemic stroke in the past 20°years were collected from Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and other biomedical databases. Meta-analysis was performed on key indicators in vivo experiments. After sorting the articles, we focused on the neuroprotective effects and mechanism of action of borneol at different stages of cerebral ischemia. Results: Borneol is effective in the prevention and treatment of nerve injury in ischemic stroke. Its mechanisms of action include improvement of cerebral blood flow, inhibition of neuronal excitotoxicity, blocking of Ca2+ overload, and resistance to reactive oxygen species injury in the acute ischemic stage. In the subacute ischemic stage, borneol may antagonize blood-brain barrier injury, intervene in inflammatory reactions, and prevent neuron excessive death. In the late stage, borneol promotes neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Conclusion: Borneol prevents neuronal injury after cerebral ischemia via multiple action mechanisms, and it can mobilize endogenous nutritional factors to hasten repair and regeneration of brain tissue. Because the neuroprotective effects of borneol are mediated by various therapeutic factors, deficiency caused by a single-target drug is avoided. Besides, borneol promotes other drugs to pass through the blood-brain barrier to exert synergistic therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mihong Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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14
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Fernandes D, Santos SD, Coutinho E, Whitt JL, Beltrão N, Rondão T, Leite MI, Buckley C, Lee HK, Carvalho AL. Disrupted AMPA Receptor Function upon Genetic- or Antibody-Mediated Loss of Autism-Associated CASPR2. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4919-4931. [PMID: 30843029 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders share susceptibility genes, suggesting a common origin. One such gene is CNTNAP2 encoding contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2), which harbours mutations associated to autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability. Antibodies targeting CASPR2 have also been recently described in patients with several neurological disorders, such as neuromyotonia, Morvan's syndrome, and limbic encephalitis. Despite the clear implication of CNTNAP2 and CASPR2 in neuropsychiatric disorders, the pathogenic mechanisms associated with alterations in CASPR2 function are unknown. Here, we show that Caspr2 is expressed in excitatory synapses in the cortex, and that silencing its expression in vitro or in vivo decreases the synaptic expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors and the amplitude of AMPA receptor-mediated currents. Furthermore, Caspr2 loss of function blocks synaptic scaling in vitro and experience-dependent homoeostatic synaptic plasticity in the visual cortex. Patient CASPR2 antibodies decrease the dendritic levels of Caspr2 and synaptic AMPA receptor trafficking, and perturb excitatory transmission in the visual cortex. These results suggest that mutations in CNTNAP2 may contribute to alterations in AMPA receptor function and homoeostatic plasticity, and indicate that antibodies from anti-CASPR2 encephalitis patients affect cortical excitatory transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Fernandes
- Synapse Biology Group, CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,PDBEB, Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, CNC & Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,Solomon Snyder Department of Neurosciences, Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sandra D Santos
- Synapse Biology Group, CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ester Coutinho
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jessica L Whitt
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neurosciences, Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Nuno Beltrão
- Synapse Biology Group, CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rondão
- Synapse Biology Group, CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Isabel Leite
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Camilla Buckley
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hey-Kyoung Lee
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neurosciences, Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ana Luísa Carvalho
- Synapse Biology Group, CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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15
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The Effects of GABAergic System under Cerebral Ischemia: Spotlight on Cognitive Function. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8856722. [PMID: 33061952 PMCID: PMC7539123 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8856722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we present evidence about the changes of the GABAergic system on the hippocampus under the ischemic environment, which may be an underlying mechanism to the ischemia-induced cognitive deficit. GABAergic system, in contrast to the glutamatergic system, is considered to play an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system over the past several decades. It has received widespread attention in the area of schizophrenia and epilepsy. The GABAergic system has a significant effect in promoting neural development and formation of local neural circuits of the brain, which is the structural basis of cognitive function. There have been a number of reviews describing changes in the GABAergic system in cerebral ischemia in recent years. However, no study has investigated the changes in the system in the hippocampus during cerebral ischemic injury, which results in cognitive impairment, particularly at the chronic ischemic stage and the late phase of ischemia. We present a review of the changes of the GABAergic system in the hippocampus under ischemia, including GABA interneurons, extracellular GABA neurotransmitter, and GABA receptors. Several studies are also listed correlating amelioration of cognitive impairment by regulating the GABAergic system in the hippocampus damaged under ischemia. Furthermore, exogenous cell transplantation, which improves cognition by modulating the GABAergic system, will also be described in this review to bring new insight and strategy on solving cognitive deficits caused by cerebral ischemia.
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16
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Steliga A, Kowiański P, Czuba E, Waśkow M, Moryś J, Lietzau G. Neurovascular Unit as a Source of Ischemic Stroke Biomarkers-Limitations of Experimental Studies and Perspectives for Clinical Application. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:553-579. [PMID: 31701356 PMCID: PMC7340668 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral stroke, which is one of the most frequent causes of mortality and leading cause of disability in developed countries, often leads to devastating and irreversible brain damage. Neurological and neuroradiological diagnosis of stroke, especially in its acute phase, is frequently uncertain or inconclusive. This results in difficulties in identification of patients with poor prognosis or being at high risk for complications. It also makes difficult identification of these stroke patients who could benefit from more aggressive therapies. In contrary to the cardiovascular disease, no single biomarker is available for the ischemic stroke, addressing the abovementioned issues. This justifies the need for identifying of effective diagnostic measures characterized by high specificity and sensitivity. One of the promising avenues in this area is studies on the panels of biomarkers characteristic for processes which occur in different types and phases of ischemic stroke and represent all morphological constituents of the brains' neurovascular unit (NVU). In this review, we present the current state of knowledge concerning already-used or potentially applicable biomarkers of the ischemic stroke. We also discuss the perspectives for identification of biomarkers representative for different types and phases of the ischemic stroke, as well as for different constituents of NVU, which concentration levels correlate with extent of brain damage and patients' neurological status. Finally, a critical analysis of perspectives on further improvement of the ischemic stroke diagnosis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Steliga
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, 64 Bohaterów Westerplatte St., 76-200, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kowiański
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, 64 Bohaterów Westerplatte St., 76-200, Slupsk, Poland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Czuba
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Waśkow
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, 64 Bohaterów Westerplatte St., 76-200, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Janusz Moryś
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grażyna Lietzau
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Deshpande LS, DeLorenzo RJ, Churn SB, Parsons JT. Neuronal-Specific Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Mg 2+/Ca 2+ ATPase Ca 2+ Uptake in a Mixed Primary Hippocampal Culture Model of Status Epilepticus. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070438. [PMID: 32664397 PMCID: PMC7407863 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of intracellular calcium homeostasis is an established mechanism associated with neuronal dysfunction and status epilepticus. Sequestration of free cytosolic calcium into endoplasmic reticulum by Mg2+/Ca2+ adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) is critical for maintenance of intracellular calcium homeostasis. Exposing hippocampal cultures to low-magnesium media is a well-accepted in vitro model of status epilepticus. Using this model, it was shown that endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake was significantly inhibited in homogenates from cultures demonstrating electrophysiological seizure phenotypes. Calcium uptake was mainly neuronal. However, glial Ca2+ uptake was also significantly inhibited. Viability of neurons exposed to low magnesium was similar to neurons exposed to control solutions. Finally, it was demonstrated that Ca2+ uptake inhibition and intracellular free Ca2+ levels increased in parallel with increasing incubation in low magnesium. The results suggest that inhibition of Mg2+/Ca2+ ATPase-mediated endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sequestration contributes to loss of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis associated with status epilepticus. This study describes for the first time inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum Mg2+/Ca2+ ATPase in a mixed primary hippocampal model of status epilepticus. In combination with animal models of status epilepticus, the cell culture model provides a powerful tool to further elucidate mechanisms that result in inhibition of Mg2+/Ca2+ ATPase and downstream consequences of decreased enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmikant S. Deshpande
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (L.S.D.); (R.J.D.); (S.B.C.)
| | - Robert J. DeLorenzo
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (L.S.D.); (R.J.D.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Severn B. Churn
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (L.S.D.); (R.J.D.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Physiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - J. Travis Parsons
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (L.S.D.); (R.J.D.); (S.B.C.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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The Roles of GABA in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Organs. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4028394. [PMID: 31814874 PMCID: PMC6878816 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4028394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common pathological process, which may lead to dysfunctions and failures of multiple organs. A flawless medical way of endogenous therapeutic target can illuminate accurate clinical applications. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been known as a marker in I/R injury of the central nervous system (mainly in the brain) for a long time, and it may play a vital role in the occurrence of I/R injury. It has been observed that throughout cerebral I/R, levels, syntheses, releases, metabolisms, receptors, and transmissions of GABA undergo complex pathological variations. Scientists have investigated the GABAergic enhancers for attenuating cerebral I/R injury; however, discussions on existing problems and mechanisms of available drugs were seldom carried out so far. Therefore, this review would summarize the process of pathological variations in the GABA system under cerebral I/R injury and will cover corresponding probable issues and mechanisms in using GABA-related drugs to illuminate the concern about clinical illness for accurately preventing cerebral I/R injury. In addition, the study will summarize the increasing GABA signals that can prevent I/R injuries occurring in peripheral organs, and the roles of GABA were also discussed correspondingly.
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19
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Mele M, Costa RO, Duarte CB. Alterations in GABA A-Receptor Trafficking and Synaptic Dysfunction in Brain Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:77. [PMID: 30899215 PMCID: PMC6416223 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAA receptors (GABAAR) are the major players in fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). Regulation of GABAAR trafficking and the control of their surface expression play important roles in the modulation of the strength of synaptic inhibition. Different pieces of evidence show that alterations in the surface distribution of GABAAR and dysregulation of their turnover impair the activity of inhibitory synapses. A diminished efficacy of inhibitory neurotransmission affects the excitatory/inhibitory balance and is a common feature of various disorders of the CNS characterized by an increased excitability of neuronal networks. The synaptic pool of GABAAR is mainly controlled through regulation of internalization, recycling and lateral diffusion of the receptors. Under physiological condition these mechanisms are finely coordinated to define the strength of GABAergic synapses. In this review article, we focus on the alteration in GABAAR trafficking with an impact on the function of inhibitory synapses in various disorders of the CNS. In particular we discuss how similar molecular mechanisms affecting the synaptic distribution of GABAAR and consequently the excitatory/inhibitory balance may be associated with a wide diversity of pathologies of the CNS, from psychiatric disorders to acute alterations leading to neuronal death. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the impairment of GABAergic neurotransmission in these disorders, in particular the alterations in GABAAR trafficking and surface distribution, may lead to the identification of new pharmacological targets and to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Mele
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui O Costa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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20
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Lushnikova I, Maleeva G, Skibo G. Glycine receptors are involved in hippocampal neuronal damage caused by oxygen-glucose deficiency. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:1423-1431. [PMID: 30022566 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glycine receptors (GlyRs) belong to the family of ligand-gated cys-loop receptors and effectuate fast inhibitory neurotransmission in central nervous system (CNS). They are involved in numerous physiological processes, such as movement, respiration, and processing of sensory information, as well as in regulation of neuronal excitability in different brain regions. GlyRs play important role in the maintenance of excitatory/inhibitory balance in the hippocampus and participate in the development of various brain pathologies. In the present study, we have examined a surface expression of GlyRs by pyramidal neurons and astrocytes in control and after 30 min of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in the organotypic culture of hippocampal slices. Our investigation has demonstrated a decrease in GlyR-positive staining associated with pyramidal neurons and relative stability of GlyRs expression at the surface of astrocytes 4 hs after OGD. These data indicate that GlyRs dysfunction may represent a significant additional factor leading to enhanced neuronal damage induced by OGD. Pharmacological modulation of GlyRs is a promising venue of research for the correction of negative consequences of oxygen-glucose deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Lushnikova
- Department of Cytology, O.O.Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Maleeva
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Galyna Skibo
- Department of Cytology, O.O.Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine
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21
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Etehadi Moghadam S, Azami Tameh A, Vahidinia Z, Atlasi MA, Hassani Bafrani H, Naderian H. Neuroprotective Effects of Oxytocin Hormone after an Experimental Stroke Model and the Possible Role of Calpain-1. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:724-732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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22
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Lorenz-Guertin JM, Jacob TC. GABA type a receptor trafficking and the architecture of synaptic inhibition. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:238-270. [PMID: 28901728 PMCID: PMC6589839 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous expression of GABA type A receptors (GABAA R) in the central nervous system establishes their central role in coordinating most aspects of neural function and development. Dysregulation of GABAergic neurotransmission manifests in a number of human health disorders and conditions that in certain cases can be alleviated by drugs targeting these receptors. Precise changes in the quantity or activity of GABAA Rs localized at the cell surface and at GABAergic postsynaptic sites directly impact the strength of inhibition. The molecular mechanisms constituting receptor trafficking to and from these compartments therefore dictate the efficacy of GABAA R function. Here we review the current understanding of how GABAA Rs traffic through biogenesis, plasma membrane transport, and degradation. Emphasis is placed on discussing novel GABAergic synaptic proteins, receptor and scaffolding post-translational modifications, activity-dependent changes in GABAA R confinement, and neuropeptide and neurosteroid mediated changes. We further highlight modern techniques currently advancing the knowledge of GABAA R trafficking and clinically relevant neurodevelopmental diseases connected to GABAergic dysfunction. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 238-270, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Lorenz-Guertin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261
| | - Tija C Jacob
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261
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23
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Cuzon Carlson VC. GABA and Glutamate Synaptic Coadaptations to Chronic Ethanol in the Striatum. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 248:79-112. [PMID: 29460153 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol (ethanol) is a widely used and abused drug with approximately 90% of adults over the age of 18 consuming alcohol at some point in their lifetime. Alcohol exerts its actions through multiple neurotransmitter systems within the brain, most notably the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems. Alcohol's actions on GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission have been suggested to underlie the acute behavioral effects of ethanol. The striatum is the primary input nucleus of the basal ganglia that plays a role in motor and reward systems. The effect of ethanol on GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission within striatal circuitry has been thought to underlie ethanol taking, seeking, withdrawal and relapse. This chapter reviews the effects of ethanol on GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission, highlighting the dynamic changes in striatal circuitry from acute to chronic exposure and withdrawal.
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24
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Salazar IL, Mele M, Caldeira MV, Costa RO, Correia B, Frisari S, Duarte CB. Preparation of Primary Cultures of Embryonic Rat Hippocampal and Cerebrocortical Neurons. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2551. [PMID: 34541197 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol aims at standardizing the procedure to obtain primary cultures of hippocampal and cerebrocortical neurons for in vitro experiments. Cultures should be prepared from cells isolated during embryonic development when neuronal precursor cells are not yet fully differentiated. This helps increasing the quality and quantity of cells, while offering minimal cell death that often occurs during dissociation of differentiated neurons. Cells plated under the appropriate conditions, either in Petri-dishes or in multi-well plates, will develop and establish synaptic contacts over time since the neuronal culture medium provides the nutrients and trophic factors required for differentiation. In this protocol we describe the methodology for the preparation of both cortical and hippocampal neuronal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan L Salazar
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miranda Mele
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margarida V Caldeira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui O Costa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Correia
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Simone Frisari
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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25
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Amantea D, Bagetta G. Excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters in stroke: from neurotoxicity to ischemic tolerance. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 35:111-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Kaneko Y, Pappas C, Tajiri N, Borlongan CV. Oxytocin modulates GABA AR subunits to confer neuroprotection in stroke in vitro. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35659. [PMID: 27767042 PMCID: PMC5073361 DOI: 10.1038/srep35659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin protects against ischemia-induced inflammation and oxidative stress, and is associated with GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter) signaling transduction in neurons. However, the molecular mechanism by which oxytocin affords neuroprotection, especially the interaction between oxytocin receptor and GABAA receptor (GABAAR), remains to be elucidated. Primary rat neural cells were exposed to oxytocin before induction of experimental acute stroke model via oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion (OGD/R) injury. Pretreatment with oxytocin increased cell viability, decreased the cell damage against oxidative stress, and prevented the release of high mobility group box1 during OGD/R. However, introduction of oxytocin during OGD/R did not induce neuroprotection. Although oxytocin did not affect the glutathione-related cellular metabolism before OGD, oxytocin modulated the expression levels of GABAAR subunits, which function to remove excessive neuronal excitability via chloride ion influx. Oxytocin-pretreated cells significantly increased the chloride ion influx in response to GABA and THIP (δ-GABAAR specific agonist). This study provides evidence that oxytocin regulated GABAAR subunits in affording neuroprotection against OGD/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kaneko
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL 33612, USA
| | - Colleen Pappas
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, 13301 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL 33612, USA
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL 33612, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL 33612, USA
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27
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Mele M, Leal G, Duarte CB. Role of GABAAR trafficking in the plasticity of inhibitory synapses. J Neurochem 2016; 139:997-1018. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Mele
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Graciano Leal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Carlos B. Duarte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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28
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Miller SM, Sullivan SM, Ireland Z, Chand KK, Colditz PB, Bjorkman ST. Neonatal seizures are associated with redistribution and loss of GABA A α-subunits in the hypoxic-ischaemic pig. J Neurochem 2016; 139:471-484. [PMID: 27456541 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Seizures are a common manifestation of hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury in the neonate. In status epilepticus models alterations to GABAA R subunit expression have been suggested to contribute to (i) abnormal development of the GABAergic system, (ii) why seizures become self-sustaining and (iii) the development of pharmacoresistance. Detailed investigation of GABAA R subunit protein expression after neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) is currently insufficient. Using our pig model of HI and subsequent spontaneous neonatal seizures, we investigated changes in protein expression of the three predominant α-subunits of the GABAA R; α1 , α2 and α3 . Anaesthetized, ventilated newborn pigs (< 24 h old) were subjected to 30 min HI and subsequently recovered to 24 or 72 h. Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography was used to monitor brain activity and identify seizure activity. Brain tissue was collected post-mortem and GABAA R α-subunit protein expression was analysed using western blot and immunohistochemistry. GABAA R α1 and α3 protein expression was significantly reduced in animals that developed seizures after HI; HI animals that did not develop seizures did not exhibit the same reductions. Immunohistochemistry revealed decreased α1 and α3 expression, and α1 redistribution from the cell membrane to the cytosol, in the hippocampus of seizure animals. Multivariate analyses, controlling for HI severity and neuronal injury, revealed that seizures were independently associated with significant GABAA R α3 reduction. This is the first study to show loss and redistribution of GABAA R α-subunits in a neonatal brain experiencing seizures. Our findings are similar to those reported in models of SE and in chronic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Miller
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia.
| | - Susan M Sullivan
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Zoe Ireland
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Kirat K Chand
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Paul B Colditz
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - S Tracey Bjorkman
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
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29
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Curcio M, Salazar IL, Mele M, Canzoniero LMT, Duarte CB. Calpains and neuronal damage in the ischemic brain: The swiss knife in synaptic injury. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 143:1-35. [PMID: 27283248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The excessive extracellular accumulation of glutamate in the ischemic brain leads to an overactivation of glutamate receptors with consequent excitotoxic neuronal death. Neuronal demise is largely due to a sustained activation of NMDA receptors for glutamate, with a consequent increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and activation of calcium- dependent mechanisms. Calpains are a group of Ca(2+)-dependent proteases that truncate specific proteins, and some of the cleavage products remain in the cell, although with a distinct function. Numerous studies have shown pre- and post-synaptic effects of calpains on glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, targeting membrane- associated proteins as well as intracellular proteins. The resulting changes in the presynaptic proteome alter neurotransmitter release, while the cleavage of postsynaptic proteins affects directly or indirectly the activity of neurotransmitter receptors and downstream mechanisms. These alterations also disturb the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain, with an impact in neuronal demise. In this review we discuss the evidence pointing to a role for calpains in the dysregulation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in brain ischemia, at the pre- and post-synaptic levels, as well as the functional consequences. Although targeting calpain-dependent mechanisms may constitute a good therapeutic approach for stroke, specific strategies should be developed to avoid non-specific effects given the important regulatory role played by these proteases under normal physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Curcio
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivan L Salazar
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miranda Mele
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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30
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Mele M, Aspromonte MC, Duarte CB. Downregulation of GABA A Receptor Recycling Mediated by HAP1 Contributes to Neuronal Death in In Vitro Brain Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:45-57. [PMID: 26732589 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Downregulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission contributes to the increase in overall excitatory activity in the ischemic brain. A reduction of GABAA receptor (GABAAR) surface expression partly accounts for this decrease in inhibitory activity, but the mechanisms involved are not fully elucidated. In this work, we investigated the alterations in GABAAR trafficking in cultured rat hippocampal neurons subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD), an in vitro model of global brain ischemia, and their impact in neuronal death. The traffic of GABAAR was evaluated after transfection of hippocampal neurons with myc-tagged GABAAR β3 subunits. OGD decreased the rate of GABAAR β3 subunit recycling and reduced the interaction of the receptors with HAP1, a protein involved in the recycling of the receptors. Furthermore, OGD induced a calpain-mediated cleavage of HAP1. Transfection of hippocampal neurons with HAP1A or HAP1B isoforms reduced the OGD-induced decrease in surface expression of GABAAR β3 subunits, and HAP1A maintained the rate of receptor recycling. Furthermore, transfection of hippocampal neurons with HAP1 significantly decreased OGD-induced cell death. These results show a key role for HAP1 protein in the downmodulation of GABAergic neurotransmission during cerebral ischemia, which contributes to neuronal demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Mele
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine (Polo I), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Maria Cristina Aspromonte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine (Polo I), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine (Polo I), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3001-401, Portugal.
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31
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Costa JT, Mele M, Baptista MS, Gomes JR, Ruscher K, Nobre RJ, de Almeida LP, Wieloch T, Duarte CB. Gephyrin Cleavage in In Vitro Brain Ischemia Decreases GABAA Receptor Clustering and Contributes to Neuronal Death. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3513-3527. [PMID: 26093381 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and changes in GABAergic neurotransmission modulate the activity of neuronal networks. Gephyrin is a scaffold protein responsible for the traffic and synaptic anchoring of GABAA receptors (GABAAR); therefore, changes in gephyrin expression and oligomerization may affect the activity of GABAergic synapses. In this work, we investigated the changes in gephyrin protein levels during brain ischemia and in excitotoxic conditions, which may affect synaptic clustering of GABAAR. We found that gephyrin is cleaved by calpains following excitotoxic stimulation of hippocampal neurons with glutamate, as well as after intrahippocampal injection of kainate, giving rise to a stable cleavage product. Gephyrin cleavage was also observed in cultured hippocampal neurons subjected to transient oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), an in vitro model of brain ischemia, and after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice, a model of focal brain ischemia. Furthermore, a truncated form of gephyrin decreased the synaptic clustering of the protein, reduced the synaptic pool of GABAAR containing γ2 subunits and upregulated OGD-induced cell death in hippocampal cultures. Our results show that excitotoxicity and brain ischemia downregulate full-length gephyrin with a concomitant generation of truncated products, which affect synaptic clustering of GABAAR and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- João T Costa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miranda Mele
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Márcio S Baptista
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João R Gomes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rui J Nobre
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tadeusz Wieloch
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Polo I, Rua Larga, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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32
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Linck L, Binder J, Haynl C, Enz R. Endocytosis of GABAC
receptors depends on subunit composition and is regulated by protein kinase C-ζ and protein phosphatase 1. J Neurochem 2015; 134:233-46. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Linck
- Institut für Biochemie (Emil-Fischer-Zentrum); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Jasmin Binder
- Institut für Biochemie (Emil-Fischer-Zentrum); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Haynl
- Institut für Biochemie (Emil-Fischer-Zentrum); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Ralf Enz
- Institut für Biochemie (Emil-Fischer-Zentrum); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
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33
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Curcio M, Salazar IL, Inácio AR, Duarte EP, Canzoniero LMT, Duarte CB. Brain ischemia downregulates the neuroprotective GDNF-Ret signaling by a calpain-dependent mechanism in cultured hippocampal neurons. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1645. [PMID: 25675305 PMCID: PMC4669807 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has an important role in neuronal survival through binding to the GFRα1 (GDNF family receptor alpha-1) receptor and activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret. Transient brain ischemia alters the expression of the GDNF signaling machinery but whether the GDNF receptor proteins are also affected, and the functional consequences, have not been investigated. We found that excitotoxic stimulation of cultured hippocampal neurons leads to a calpain-dependent downregulation of the long isoform of Ret (Ret51), but no changes were observed for Ret9 or GFRα1 under the same conditions. Cleavage of Ret51 by calpains was selectively mediated by activation of the extrasynaptic pool of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and leads to the formation of a stable cleavage product. Calpain-mediated cleavage of Ret51 was also observed in hippocampal neurons subjected to transient oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), a model of global brain ischemia, as well as in the ischemic region in the cerebral cortex of mice exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Although the reduction of Ret51 protein levels decreased the total GDNF-induced receptor activity (as determined by assessing total phospho-Ret51 protein levels) and their downstream signaling activity, the remaining receptors still showed an increase in phosphorylation after incubation of hippocampal neurons with GDNF. Furthermore, GDNF protected hippocampal neurons when present before, during or after OGD, and the effects under the latter conditions were more significant in neurons transfected with human Ret51. These results indicate that the loss of Ret51 in brain ischemia partially impairs the neuroprotective effects of GDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Curcio
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - I L Salazar
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A R Inácio
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - E P Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - L M T Canzoniero
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - C B Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
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34
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Nakamura Y, Darnieder LM, Deeb TZ, Moss SJ. Regulation of GABAARs by phosphorylation. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2015; 72:97-146. [PMID: 25600368 PMCID: PMC5337123 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) are the principal mediators of fast synaptic inhibition in the brain as well as the low persistent extrasynaptic inhibition, both of which are fundamental to proper brain function. Thus unsurprisingly, deficits in GABAARs are implicated in a number of neurological disorders and diseases. The complexity of GABAAR regulation is determined not only by the heterogeneity of these receptors but also by its posttranslational modifications, the foremost, and best characterized of which is phosphorylation. This review will explore the details of this dynamic process, our understanding of which has barely scratched the surface. GABAARs are regulated by a number of kinases and phosphatases, and its phosphorylation plays an important role in governing its trafficking, expression, and interaction partners. Here, we summarize the progress in understanding the role phosphorylation plays in the regulation of GABAARs. This includes how phosphorylation can affect the allosteric modulation of GABAARs, as well as signaling pathways that affect GABAAR phosphorylation. Finally, we discuss the dysregulation of GABAAR phosphorylation and its implication in disease processes.
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35
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Fernandes J, Vieira M, Carreto L, Santos MAS, Duarte CB, Carvalho AL, Santos AE. In vitro ischemia triggers a transcriptional response to down-regulate synaptic proteins in hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99958. [PMID: 24960035 PMCID: PMC4069008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient global cerebral ischemia induces profound changes in the transcriptome of brain cells, which is partially associated with the induction or repression of genes that influence the ischemic response. However, the mechanisms responsible for the selective vulnerability of hippocampal neurons to global ischemia remain to be clarified. To identify molecular changes elicited by ischemic insults, we subjected hippocampal primary cultures to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), an in vitro model for global ischemia that resulted in delayed neuronal death with an excitotoxic component. To investigate changes in the transcriptome of hippocampal neurons submitted to OGD, total RNA was extracted at early (7 h) and delayed (24 h) time points after OGD and used in a whole-genome RNA microarray. We observed that at 7 h after OGD there was a general repression of genes, whereas at 24 h there was a general induction of gene expression. Genes related with functions such as transcription and RNA biosynthesis were highly regulated at both periods of incubation after OGD, confirming that the response to ischemia is a dynamic and coordinated process. Our analysis showed that genes for synaptic proteins, such as those encoding for PICK1, GRIP1, TARPγ3, calsyntenin-2/3, SAPAP2 and SNAP-25, were down-regulated after OGD. Additionally, OGD decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of the GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit as well as the GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of NMDA receptors, but increased the mRNA expression of the GluN3A subunit, thus altering the composition of ionotropic glutamate receptors in hippocampal neurons. Together, our results present the expression profile elicited by in vitro ischemia in hippocampal neurons, and indicate that OGD activates a transcriptional program leading to down-regulation in the expression of genes coding for synaptic proteins, suggesting that the synaptic proteome may change after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Fernandes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Vieira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Laura Carreto
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel A. S. Santos
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos B. Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Carvalho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Armanda E. Santos
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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