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Adeyanju MM, Ademakinwa AN. Tyrosinase from the pulps of local cultivars of Musa spp: Purification, characterization, immobilization, and application in the batch production of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:1098-1105. [PMID: 38445841 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2324084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in browning reactions in plants/crops exposed to mechanical injury, was isolated from the pulp of some different locally available bananas (M. cavendish, M. acuminata, and M. paradisiaca). Tyrosinase from the pulps was extracted, purified, immobilized, and characterized. Thereafter, the potentials of the immobilized tyrosinase in the possible production of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) in an improvised batch reactor was exploited using tyrosine and ascorbate as the substrates. L-DOPA production was monitored via thin-layer chromatography and spectrophotometry (Arnow's method). L-DOPA is a drug that is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Hence, this study exploited a non-chemical route for its synthesis using the tyrosinase obtained from the banana pulps. The purified tyrosinase had an optimum pH and temperature of 6.5 and 7.0, respectively. The molecular weight of the purified tyrosinase was 45 kDa. Quercetin and resorcinol both competitively inhibited the purified tyrosinase from the three cultivars. Immobilized M. cavendish tyrosinase produced the highest concentration (0.60 mM) of L-DOPA after 8 h in an improvised batch reactor. The tyrosinase in the banana pulps serves as a cheap and readily available green route for the possible production of L-DOPA.
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2
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Panis F, Rompel A. Biochemical Investigations of Five Recombinantly Expressed Tyrosinases Reveal Two Novel Mechanisms Impacting Carbon Storage in Wetland Ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13863-13873. [PMID: 37656057 PMCID: PMC10515480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands are globally distributed ecosystems characterized by predominantly anoxic soils, resulting from water-logging. Over the past millennia, low decomposition rates of organic matter led to the accumulation of 20-30% of the world's soil carbon pool in wetlands. Phenolic compounds are critically involved in stabilizing wetland carbon stores as they act as broad-scale inhibitors of hydrolytic enzymes. Tyrosinases are oxidoreductases capable of removing phenolic compounds in the presence of O2 by oxidizing them to the corresponding o-quinones. Herein, kinetic investigations (kcat and Km values) reveal that low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds naturally present within wetland ecosystems (including monophenols, diphenols, triphenols, and flavonoids) are accepted by five recombinantly expressed wetland tyrosinases (TYRs) as substrates. Investigations of the interactions between TYRs and wetland phenolics reveal two novel mechanisms that describe the global impact of TYRs on the wetland carbon cycle. First, it is shown that o-quinones (produced by TYRs from low-molecular-weight phenolic substrates) are capable of directly inactivating hydrolytic enzymes. Second, it is reported that o-quinones can interact with high-molecular-weight phenolic polymers (which inhibit hydrolytic enzymes) and remove them through precipitation. The balance between these two mechanisms will profoundly affect the fate of wetland carbon stocks, particularly in the wake of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Panis
- Universität
Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische
Chemie, Josef-Holaubek-Platz
2, 1090 Wien, Austria, https://www.bpc.univie.ac.at/en/
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität
Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische
Chemie, Josef-Holaubek-Platz
2, 1090 Wien, Austria, https://www.bpc.univie.ac.at/en/
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3
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Smith AD, Tschirhart T, Compton J, Hennessa TM, VanArsdale E, Wang Z. Rapid, high-titer biosynthesis of melanin using the marine bacterium Vibrio natriegens. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1239756. [PMID: 37781538 PMCID: PMC10534004 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1239756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin is one of the most abundant natural biomolecules on Earth. These macromolecular biopolymers display several unique physical and chemical properties and have garnered interest as biomaterials for various commercial and industrial applications. To this end, extensive research has gone into refining methods for the synthesis and extraction of melanin from natural and recombinant sources. In this study, we developed and refined a procedure using a recombinant microbial system for the biosynthesis of melanin using the tyrosinase enzyme Tyr1 and tyrosine as a substrate. Using the emergent microbial chassis organisms Vibrio natriegens, we achieved maximal yields of 7.57 g/L, and one of the highest reported volumetric productivities of 473 mg L-1 h-1 with 100% conversion rates in an optimized, minimally defined medium. Additionally, we identified and investigated the use of a native copper responsive promoter in V. natriegens for stringent regulation of heterologous protein expression as a cost effective alternative to traditional IPTG-based induction. This research represents a promising advancement towards a green, rapid, and economical alternative for the biomanufacture of melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. Smith
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Washington, DC, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Tanya Tschirhart
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jaimee Compton
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Hennessa
- American Society for Engineering Education Postdoctoral Research Associate, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Eric VanArsdale
- National Research Council Postdoctoral Research Associate, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Zheng Wang
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Washington, DC, United States
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Fekry M, Dave KK, Badgujar D, Hamnevik E, Aurelius O, Dobritzsch D, Danielson UH. The Crystal Structure of Tyrosinase from Verrucomicrobium spinosum Reveals It to Be an Atypical Bacterial Tyrosinase. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1360. [PMID: 37759761 PMCID: PMC10526336 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinases belong to the type-III copper enzyme family, which is involved in melanin production in a wide range of organisms. Despite similar overall characteristics and functions, their structures, activities, substrate specificities and regulation vary. The tyrosinase from the bacterium Verrucomicrobium spinosum (vsTyr) is produced as a pre-pro-enzyme in which a C-terminal extension serves as an inactivation domain. It does not require a caddie protein for copper ion incorporation, which makes it similar to eukaryotic tyrosinases. To gain an understanding of the catalytic machinery and regulation of vsTyr activity, we determined the structure of the catalytically active "core domain" of vsTyr by X-ray crystallography. The analysis showed that vsTyr is an atypical bacterial tyrosinase not only because it is independent of a caddie protein but also because it shows the highest structural (and sequence) similarity to plant-derived members of the type-III copper enzyme family and is more closely related to fungal tyrosinases regarding active site features. By modelling the structure of the pre-pro-enzyme using AlphaFold, we observed that Phe453, located in the C-terminal extension, is appropriately positioned to function as a "gatekeeper" residue. Our findings raise questions concerning the evolutionary origin of vsTyr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Fekry
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, SE 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.F.); (K.K.D.); (D.B.); (E.H.); (D.D.)
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Khyati K. Dave
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, SE 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.F.); (K.K.D.); (D.B.); (E.H.); (D.D.)
| | - Dilip Badgujar
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, SE 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.F.); (K.K.D.); (D.B.); (E.H.); (D.D.)
| | - Emil Hamnevik
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, SE 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.F.); (K.K.D.); (D.B.); (E.H.); (D.D.)
| | | | - Doreen Dobritzsch
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, SE 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.F.); (K.K.D.); (D.B.); (E.H.); (D.D.)
| | - U. Helena Danielson
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, SE 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.F.); (K.K.D.); (D.B.); (E.H.); (D.D.)
- Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery & Development Platform, Uppsala University, SE 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Hast K, Stone MRL, Jia Z, Baci M, Aggarwal T, Izgu EC. Bioorthogonal Functionalization of Material Surfaces with Bioactive Molecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4996-5009. [PMID: 36649474 PMCID: PMC10069157 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of material surfaces with biologically active molecules is crucial for enabling technologies in life sciences, biotechnology, and medicine. However, achieving biocompatibility and bioorthogonality with current synthetic methods remains a challenge. We report herein a novel surface functionalization method that proceeds chemoselectively and without a free transition metal catalyst. In this method, a coating is first formed via the tyrosinase-catalyzed putative polymerization of a tetrazine-containing catecholamine (DOPA-Tet). One or more types of molecule of interest containing trans-cyclooctene are then grafted onto the coating via tetrazine ligation. The entire process proceeds under physiological conditions and is suitable for grafting bioactive molecules with diverse functions and structural complexities. Utilizing this method, we functionalized material surfaces with enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, glucose oxidase, and horseradish peroxidase), a cyclic peptide (cyclo[Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Lys], or c(RGDfK)), and an antibiotic (vancomycin). Colorimetric assays confirmed the maintenance of the biocatalytic activities of the grafted enzymes on the surface. We established the mammalian cytocompatibility of the functionalized materials with fibroblasts. Surface functionalization with c(RGDfK) showed improved fibroblast cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization. Microbiological studies with Staphylococcus aureus indicated that surfaces coated using DOPA-Tet inhibit the formation of biofilms. Vancomycin-grafted surfaces additionally display significant inhibition of planktonic S. aureus growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kern Hast
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - M Rhia L Stone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Zhaojun Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Melih Baci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Tushar Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Enver Cagri Izgu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Cancer Pharmacology Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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Modifying a bacterial tyrosinase zymogen for use in protease activity assays. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:8285-8294. [PMID: 36404357 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical laboratory assays are not sufficient for determining the activity of many specific human proteases yet. In this study, we developed a general approach that enables the determination of activities of caspase-3 based on the proteolytic activation of the engineered zymogen of the recombinant tyrosinase from Verrucomicrobium spinosum (Vs-tyrosinase) by detecting the diphenolase activity in an increase in absorbance at 475 nm. Here, we designed three different zymogen constructs of Vs-tyrosinase, including RSL-pre-pro-TYR, Pre-pro-TYR, and Pro-TYR. The active domain was fused to the reactive site loop (RSL) of α1-proteinase inhibitor and/or its own signal peptide (pre) and/or its own C-terminal domain (pro) via a linker containing a specific caspase-3 cleavage site. Further studies revealed that both RSL peptide and TAT signal peptide were able to inhibit tyrosinase diphenolase activity, in which RSL-pre-pro-TYR had the lowest background signals. Therefore, a specific protease activity such as caspase-3 could be detected when a suitable zymogen was established. Our results could provide a new way to directly detect the activities of key human proteases, for instance, to monitor the efficacy and safety of tumor therapy by determining the activity of apoptosis-related caspase-3 in patients. KEY POINTS: • RSL inhibited the activity of Verrucomicrobium spinosum tyrosinase. • N-pre and C-terminal domain exerted stronger dual inhibition on the Vs-tyrosinase. • The activity of caspase-3 could be measured by the zymogen activation system.
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Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of Benzofuran Appended Oxadiazole Molecules as Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Mechanistic Approach through Enzyme Inhibition, Molecular Docking, Chemoinformatics, ADMET and Drug-Likeness Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810979. [PMID: 36142889 PMCID: PMC9500974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Furan-oxadiazole structural hybrids belong to the most promising and biologically active classes of oxygen and nitrogen containing five member heterocycles which have expanded therapeutic scope and potential in the fields of pharmacology, medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutics. A novel series 5a-j of benzofuran-oxadiazole molecules incorporating S-alkylated amide linkage have been synthesized using ultrasonic irradiation and screened for bacterial tyrosinase inhibition activity. Most of the synthesized furan-oxadiazole structural motifs exhibited significant tyrosinase inhibition activity in the micromolar range, with one of the derivatives being more potent than the standard drug ascorbic acid. Among the tested compounds, the scaffold 5a displayed more tyrosinase inhibition efficacy IC50 (11 ± 0.25 μM) than the ascorbic acid IC50 (11.5 ± 0.1 μM). Compounds 5b, 5c and 5d efficiently inhibited bacterial tyrosinase with IC50 values in the range of 12.4 ± 0.0-15.5 ± 0.0 μM. The 2-fluorophenylacetamide containing furan-oxadiazole compound 5a may be considered as a potential lead for tyrosinase inhibition with lesser side effects as a skin whitening and malignant melanoma anticancer agent.
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Panis F, Rompel A. The Novel Role of Tyrosinase Enzymes in the Storage of Globally Significant Amounts of Carbon in Wetland Ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11952-11968. [PMID: 35944157 PMCID: PMC9454253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the last millennia, wetlands have been sequestering carbon from the atmosphere via photosynthesis at a higher rate than releasing it and, therefore, have globally accumulated 550 × 1015 g of carbon, which is equivalent to 73% of the atmospheric carbon pool. The accumulation of organic carbon in wetlands is effectuated by phenolic compounds, which suppress the degradation of soil organic matter by inhibiting the activity of organic-matter-degrading enzymes. The enzymatic removal of phenolic compounds by bacterial tyrosinases has historically been blocked by anoxic conditions in wetland soils, resulting from waterlogging. Bacterial tyrosinases are a subgroup of oxidoreductases that oxidatively remove phenolic compounds, coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. The biochemical properties of bacterial tyrosinases have been investigated thoroughly in vitro within recent decades, while investigations focused on carbon fluxes in wetlands on a macroscopic level have remained a thriving yet separated research area so far. In the wake of climate change, however, anoxic conditions in wetland soils are threatened by reduced rainfall and prolonged summer drought. This potentially allows tyrosinase enzymes to reduce the concentration of phenolic compounds, which in turn will increase the release of stored carbon back into the atmosphere. To offer compelling evidence for the novel concept that bacterial tyrosinases are among the key enzymes influencing carbon cycling in wetland ecosystems first, bacterial organisms indigenous to wetland ecosystems that harbor a TYR gene within their respective genome (tyr+) have been identified, which revealed a phylogenetically diverse community of tyr+ bacteria indigenous to wetlands based on genomic sequencing data. Bacterial TYR host organisms covering seven phyla (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Nitrospirae, Planctomycetes, and Proteobacteria) have been identified within various wetland ecosystems (peatlands, marshes, mangrove forests, bogs, and alkaline soda lakes) which cover a climatic continuum ranging from high arctic to tropic ecosystems. Second, it is demonstrated that (in vitro) bacterial TYR activity is commonly observed at pH values characteristic for wetland ecosystems (ranging from pH 3.5 in peatlands and freshwater swamps to pH 9.0 in soda lakes and freshwater marshes) and toward phenolic compounds naturally present within wetland environments (p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and epicatechin). Third, analyzing the available data confirmed that bacterial host organisms tend to exhibit in vitro growth optima at pH values similar to their respective wetland habitats. Based on these findings, it is concluded that, following increased aeration of previously anoxic wetland soils due to climate change, TYRs are among the enzymes capable of reducing the concentration of phenolic compounds present within wetland ecosystems, which will potentially destabilize vast amounts of carbon stored in these ecosystems. Finally, promising approaches to mitigate the detrimental effects of increased TYR activity in wetland ecosystems and the requirement of future investigations of the abundance and activity of TYRs in an environmental setting are presented.
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9
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Cha GS, Mok JA, Yun CH, Park CM. Production of 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine using novel tyrosinases from Bacillus megaterium. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 160:110069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hassan M, Vanjare BD, Sim KY, Raza H, Lee KH, Shahzadi S, Kloczkowski A. Biological and Cheminformatics Studies of Newly Designed Triazole Based Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors against Mushroom Tyrosinase. Molecules 2022; 27:1731. [PMID: 35268831 PMCID: PMC8911699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of nine novel 1,2,4-triazole based compounds were synthesized through a multistep reaction pathway and their structures were scrutinized by using spectral methods such as FTIR, LC-MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The synthesized derivatives were screened for inhibitory activity against the mushroom tyrosinase and we found that all the synthesized compounds demonstrated decent inhibitory activity against tyrosinase. However, among the series of compounds, N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio) acetamide exhibited more prominent activity when accompanied with the standard drug kojic acid. Furthermore, the molecular docking studies identified the interaction profile of all synthesized derivatives at the active site of tyrosinase. Based on these results, N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio) acetamide could be used as a novel scaffold to design some new drugs against melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Hassan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Balasaheb D. Vanjare
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea; (B.D.V.); (K.-Y.S.)
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea;
| | - Kyou-Yeong Sim
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea; (B.D.V.); (K.-Y.S.)
| | - Hussain Raza
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea;
| | - Ki Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea; (B.D.V.); (K.-Y.S.)
| | - Saba Shahzadi
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Bioinformatics, Nesbit Road Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Andrzej Kloczkowski
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Agunbiade M, Le Roes-Hill M. Application of bacterial tyrosinases in organic synthesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 38:2. [PMID: 34817696 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial tyrosinases, as in the case of other bacterial oxidative enzymes, have been found to possess biochemical characteristics that typically make them more suited to applications requiring special operational conditions such as alkaline pH, high or low temperature, the presence of organic solvents, and the presence of inhibitors. Even though a great deal is known about fungal tyrosinases, bacterial tyrosinases still vastly remain underexplored for their potential application in organic synthesis. A literature survey in particular highlights the gaps in our knowledge pertaining to their biochemical properties. Bacterial tyrosinases have not only shown promise in the synthesis of medically important compounds such as L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and melanin but have also seen application in cross-linking reactions of proteins and the polymerization of environmental pollutants. Their ability to catalyse o-hydroxylation reactions have shown some degree of promise in the biocatalytic conversion of resveratrol to piceatannol, tyrosol to hydroxytyrosol, and many more. In this review, we will explore the world of bacterial tyrosinases, their current applications, and future perspectives for the application of these enzymes in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayowa Agunbiade
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, 7535, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Marilize Le Roes-Hill
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, 7535, Bellville, South Africa.
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12
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Vanjare BD, Mahajan PG, Dige NC, Raza H, Hassan M, Han Y, Kim SJ, Seo SY, Lee KH. Novel 1,2,4-triazole analogues as mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors: synthesis, kinetic mechanism, cytotoxicity and computational studies. Mol Divers 2021; 25:2089-2106. [PMID: 32399854 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have created a novel series of mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors with 1,2,4-triazole as fundamental skeleton. The target compound 1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio)-N-phenyl acetamide derivatives 9(a-l) were synthesized by the reaction of 4- and 5-substituted 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol derivatives 6(a-c) with 2-chloro-N-sub/un-substituted phenyl acetamide derivatives 8(a-d) under basic condition. By using the analytical techniques for instance, FTIR, LC-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR, the structural verification was evaluated. The novel series of the target compounds 9(a-l) has been scanned for biological activity (mushroom tyrosinase inhibition potential) which demonstrates adequate results. Interestingly, compound 9k (IC50 = 0.0048 ± 0.0016 µM) exhibits 3500 times more activity compared with standard drug kojic acid (IC50 = 16.8320 ± 1.1600 µM) against mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity experiment was carried out for the highly effective target compounds (9d, 9i, 9j and 9k) by using MTT assay method for A375 human melanoma cells to define the nontoxic performance of the most effective compounds ranging from 1 to 25 µM. Furthermore, the molecular docking study delivers the thought concerning the interface of the ligand with an enzyme. Also, the dynamic simulation was accomplished for compound 9k to govern the plausible binding model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasaheb D Vanjare
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Prasad G Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Nilam C Dige
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hussain Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Yohan Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Kim S, Bae G, Shin M, Kang E, Park TY, Choi YS, Cha HJ. Oriented in situ immobilization of a functional tyrosinase on microcrystalline cellulose effectively incorporates DOPA residues in bioengineered mussel adhesive protein. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100216. [PMID: 34536060 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catechol-containing polymers such as mussel adhesive proteins (MAPs) are attractive as biocompatible adhesive biomaterials, and the catecholic amino acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (DOPA) is considered a key molecule in underwater mussel adhesion. Tyrosinases can specifically convert tyrosine to DOPA without any cofactors. However, their catalytic properties still need to be adjusted to minimize unwanted DOPA oxidation via their diphenolase activity and catechol instability at neutral and basic pH values in the reaction products. METHODS AND RESULTS In this work, we constructed a novel functional tyrosinase, mTyr-CNK_CBM, by fusion of mTyr-CNK with a cellulose-binding motif (CBM) for oriented in situ immobilization on microcrystalline cellulose via the C-terminal CBM without any additional purification steps. mTyr-CNK_CBM showed optimal catalytic activity at pH 4.5-6.5 and room temperature and had a high monophenolase/diphenolase activity ratio (Vmax mono/Vmax di = 2.08 at pH 6 and 25°C). mTyr-CNK_CBM exhibited 2.17-fold higher (as a unimmobilized free enzyme) and similarly high (upon immobilization) in vitro DOPA modification of a bioengineered MAP compared to a commercially available mushroom tyrosinase. Moreover, the immobilized mTyr-CNK_CBM showed long-term storability and improved reusability. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly demonstrate a strong potential for practical use of immobilized mTyr-CNK_CBM as a monophenol monooxygenase in preparing biocompatible DOPA-tethered biomaterials and other catechol-containing polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhyeok Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaeun Bae
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eungsu Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yoon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Seong Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Cha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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Shi P, Li Y, Zhu J, Shen Y, Wang H. Targeted Discovery of the Polyene Macrolide Hexacosalactone A from Streptomyces by Reporter-Guided Selection of Fermentation Media. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1924-1929. [PMID: 34170140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
New approaches are still needed to fully explore the biosynthetic potential of microbes. We recently devised a melC reporter-guided fermentation media screening approach for targeted activation of cryptic gene clusters. Using this approach, we successfully activated the expression of the hcl gene cluster in Streptomyces sp. LZ35 and discovered a novel polyene macrolide hexacosalactone A (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuemao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
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15
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Muniraj I, Shameer S, Uthandi S. Tyrosinase and laccase-producing Bacillus aryabhattai TFG5 and its role in the polymerization of phenols. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:187. [PMID: 34157975 PMCID: PMC8220707 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosinases and laccases are oxidoreductase enzymes that are used widely in the food, feed, textile, and biofuel industries. The rapidly growing industrial demand for bacterial oxido-reductases has encouraged research on this enzyme worldwide. These enzymes also play a key role in the formation of humic substances (HS) that are involved in controlling the biogeochemical carbon cycle, providing nutrients and bio-stimulants for plant growth, and interacting with inorganic and organic pollutants besides increasing carbon sequestration and mitigating greenhouse gas emission in the environment. The present study aimed to screen and characterize extracellular tyrosinase and laccase-producing soil bacteria that could be utilized in the polymerization of phenols. RESULTS Twenty isolates from different soil samples collected from forest ecosystems were characterized through ARDRA using restriction digestion with AluI, HpaII, and HaeIII restriction enzymes. The results of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) revealed a 60 % similarity coefficient among 13 out of 20 isolates, of which, the isolate TFG5 exhibited only 10 % similarity when compared to all the other isolates. The isolate TFG5 exhibited both tyrosinase (1.34 U.mL- 1) and laccase (2.01 U.mL- 1) activity and was identified as Bacillus aryabhattai. The increased polymerization activity was observed when B. aryabhattai TFG5 was treated with phenols. The monomers such as catechol, p-Hydroxy benzoic acid, ferulic acid, and salicylic acid were polymerized efficiently, as evidenced by their FT-IR spectra depicting increased functional groups compared to the standard mushroom tyrosinase. CONCLUSIONS The polymerization ability of B. aryabhattai TFG5 could be applied to phenol-rich wastewater treatment for efficient precipitation of phenols. Furthermore, tyrosinases can be used for enhancing the synthesis of HS in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iniyakumar Muniraj
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
- Present address: Department of Agricultural Microbiology, AMRITA School of Agricultural Sciences, Arasampalayam, Coimbatore, 642 109, India
| | - Syed Shameer
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
| | - Sivakumar Uthandi
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India.
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Zhao J, Ran G, Xu M, Lu X, Tan D. Cost-Effective Production of L-DOPA by Tyrosinase-Immobilized Polyhydroxyalkanoate Nanogranules in Engineered Halomonas bluephagenesis TD01. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133778. [PMID: 34206459 PMCID: PMC8270294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (L-DOPA) is a preferred drug for Parkinson's disease, with an increasing demand worldwide that mainly relies on costly and environmentally problematic chemical synthesis. Yet, biological L-DOPA production is unfeasible at the industrial scale due to its low L-DOPA yield and high production cost. In this study, low-cost Halomonas bluephagenesis TD01 was engineered to produce tyrosinase TyrVs-immobilized polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) nanogranules in vivo, with the improved PHA content and increased immobilization efficiency of TyrVs accounting for 6.85% on the surface of PHA. A higher L-DOPA-forming monophenolase activity of 518.87 U/g PHA granules and an L-DOPA concentration of 974.36 mg/L in 3 h catalysis were achieved, compared to those of E. coli. Together with the result of L-DOPA production directly by cell lysates containing PHA-TyrVs nanogranules, our study demonstrated the robust and cost-effective production of L-DOPA by H. bluephagenesis, further contributing to its low-cost industrial production based on next-generation industrial biotechnology (NGIB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.Z.); (M.X.)
| | - Ganqiao Ran
- Institute of Bio-Agriculture of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710043, China;
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.Z.); (M.X.)
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.Z.); (M.X.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (D.T.)
| | - Dan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.Z.); (M.X.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (D.T.)
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A Novel Tyrosinase from Armillaria ostoyae with Comparable Monophenolase and Diphenolase Activities Suffers Substrate Inhibition. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0027521. [PMID: 33741625 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00275-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a bifunctional enzyme mediating the o-hydroxylation and two-electron oxidation of monophenols to o-quinones. The monophenolase activity of tyrosinase is much desired for the industrial synthesis of catechols. However, the generally low ratio of monophenolase/diphenolase activity of tyrosinase limited its utilization in the industry. In this study, a novel tyrosinase from Armillaria ostoyae strain C18/9 (AoTyr) was characterized, and the results showed that the enzyme has an optimal temperature of 25°C and an optimal pH of 6. The enzyme has comparable monophenolase and diphenolase activities and exhibits substrate inhibition in both of the activities. In silico analysis and mutagenesis experiments showed that residues 262 and 266 play important roles in modulating the substrate inhibition and enzymatic activities of AoTyr, and the replacement of D262 with asparagine significantly increased the monophenolase/diphenolase catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km ratios) (1.63-fold) of the enzyme. The results from this study indicated that this novel tyrosinase could be a potential candidate for the industrial biosynthesis of catechols. IMPORTANCE Tyrosinase is able to oxidize various phenolic compounds, and its ability to convert monophenols into diphenols has caught great attention in the research field and industrial applications. However, the utilization of tyrosinase for the industrial synthesis of catechols has been limited due to the fact that the monophenolase activity of most of the known tyrosinases is much lower than the diphenolase activity. In the present study, a novel tyrosinase with comparable monophenolase and diphenolase activities was characterized. The enzyme exhibits substrate inhibition in both monophenolase and diphenolase activities. In silico analysis followed by mutagenesis experiments confirmed the important roles of residues 262 and 266 in the substrate inhibition and activity modulation of the enzyme, and the D262N variant showed an enhanced monophenolase/diphenolase catalytic efficiency ratio compared to the wild-type enzyme.
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18
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Bounegru AV, Apetrei C. Laccase and Tyrosinase Biosensors Used in the Determination of Hydroxycinnamic Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4811. [PMID: 34062799 PMCID: PMC8125614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have focused on developing simple and efficient methods based on electrochemical biosensors to determine hydroxycinnamic acids from various real samples (wine, beer, propolis, tea, and coffee). Enzymatic biosensors represent a promising, low-cost technology for the direct monitoring of these biologically important compounds, which implies a fast response and simple sample processing procedures. The present review aims at highlighting the structural features of this class of compounds and the importance of hydroxycinnamic acids for the human body, as well as presenting a series of enzymatic biosensors commonly used to quantify these phenolic compounds. Enzyme immobilization techniques on support electrodes are very important for their stability and for obtaining adequate results. The following sections of this review will briefly describe some of the laccase (Lac) and tyrosinase (Tyr) biosensors used for determining the main hydroxycinnamic acids of interest in the food or cosmetics industry. Considering relevant studies in the field, the fact has been noticed that there is a greater number of studies on laccase-based biosensors as compared to those based on tyrosinase for the detection of hydroxycinnamic acids. Significant progress has been made in relation to using the synergy of nanomaterials and nanocomposites for more stable and efficient enzyme immobilization. These nanomaterials are mainly carbon- and/or polymer-based nanostructures and metallic nanoparticles which provide a suitable environment for maintaining the biocatalytic activity of the enzyme and for increasing the rate of electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Constantin Apetrei
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galaţi, 47 Domnească Street, 800008 Galaţi, Romania;
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Ashraf J, Mughal EU, Alsantali RI, Obaid RJ, Sadiq A, Naeem N, Ali A, Massadaq A, Javed Q, Javid A, Sumrra SH, Zafar MN, Ahmed SA. Structure-based designing and synthesis of 2-phenylchromone derivatives as potent tyrosinase inhibitors: In vitro and in silico studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 35:116057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Saeedi M, Khezri K, Seyed Zakaryaei A, Mohammadamini H. A comprehensive review of the therapeutic potential of α-arbutin. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4136-4154. [PMID: 33724594 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cosmetic dermatology preparations such as bleaching agents are ingredients with skin-related biological activities for increasing and improving skin beauty. The possibility of controlling skin hyperpigmentation disorders is one of the most important research goals in cosmetic preparations. Recently, cosmetics containing herbal and botanical ingredients have attracted many interests for consumers of cosmetic products because these preparations are found safer than other preparations with synthetic components. However, high-quality trial studies in larger samples are needed to confirm safety and clinical efficacy of phytotherapeutic agents with high therapeutic index. Arbutin (p-hydroxyphenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside) is a bioactive hydrophilic polyphenol with two isomers including alpha-arbutin (4-hydroxyphenyl-α-glucopyranoside) and β-arbutin (4-hydroxyphenyl-β-glucopyranoside). It is used as a medicinal plant in phytopharmacy. Studies have shown that alpha-arbutin is 10 times more effective than natural arbutin. A comparison of IC50 values showed that α-arbutin (with concentration 2.0 mM) has a more potent inhibitory activity on human tyrosinase against natural arbutin (with higher concentration than 30 mM). A review of recent studies showed that arbutin could be beneficial in treatment of various diseases such as hyperpigmentation disorders, types of cancers, central nervous system disorders, osteoporosis, diabetes, etc. This study was designed to describe the therapeutic efficiencies of arbutin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Saeedi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Khezri
- Deputy of Food and Drug Administration, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Ahn SY, Jang S, Sudheer PDVN, Choi KY. Microbial Production of Melanin Pigments from Caffeic Acid and L-tyrosine Using Streptomyces glaucescens and FCS-ECH-Expressing Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2413. [PMID: 33673727 PMCID: PMC7957706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, synthetic allomelanin was prepared from wild-type Streptomyces glaucescens and recombinant Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) strains. S. glaucescens could produce 125.25 ± 6.01 mg/L of melanin with a supply of 5 mM caffeic acid within 144 h. The ABTS radical scavenging capacity of S. glaucescens melanin was determined to be approximately 7.89 mg/mL of IC50 value, which was comparable to L-tyrosine-based eumelanin. The isolated melanin was used in cotton fabric dyeing, and the effect of copper ions, laccase enzyme treatment, and the dyeing cycle on dyeing performance was investigated. Interestingly, dyeing fastness was greatly improved upon treatment with the laccase enzyme during the cotton dyeing process. Besides, the supply of C5-diamine, which was reported to lead to more complex crosslinking between melanin units, to caffeic acid-based melanin synthesis was also investigated for higher production and novel functionalities. To facilitate the supply of caffeic acid and C5-diamine, E. coli strains expressing each or combinations of tyrosine ammonia lyase/p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase, feruloyl-CoA synthetase/enoyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase, and tyrosinase/lysine decarboxylase enzymes were prepared and investigated for their eumelanin, C5-diamine, and allomelanin production from L-tyrosine and L-lysine, respectively. Finally, H-NMR, FT-IR, and MALDI-TOF analysis of the synthetic melanin pigments were attempted to obtain the chemical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Ahn
- Environment Research Institute, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Seyoung Jang
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | | | - Kwon-Young Choi
- Environment Research Institute, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Muniraj I, Shameer S, Ramachandran P, Uthandi S. Bacillus aryabhattai TFG5-mediated synthesis of humic substances from coir pith wastes. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:48. [PMID: 33596930 PMCID: PMC7891170 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Humic substances (HS) form the largest proportion among all the constituents of soil organic matter and are a key component of the terrestrial ecosystem. HS plays a multifunctional role in the environment by controlling the biogeochemical carbon cycle, providing nutrients and bio-stimulants for plant growth, and interacting with inorganic and organic pollutants. The rate of formation of HS in soils determines its productivity and carbon sequestration capacity. Enhancement of HS synthesis in the soil through the microbial route not only increases CO2 sequestration but also mitigates the greenhouse gas emissions in the environment. Result In this study, we attempted to understand the mechanism of formation and enhancement of HS from coir pith wastes using the tyrosinase produced by Bacillus aryabhattai TFG5. The bacterium TFG5 isolated from the termite garden produced the tyrosinase (1.34 U mL−1) and laccase (2.1 U mL−1) at 48 h and 60 h of fermentation, respectively. The extracellular tyrosinase from B. aryabhattai TFG5 was designated as TyrB. Homology modeling of TyrB revealed a structure with a predicted molecular mass of 35.23 kDa and two copper ions in the active center with its conserved residues required for the tyrosinase activity. TyrB efficiently transformed and polymerized standard phenols, such as p-cresol, p-hydroxyl benzoic acid, Levo DOPA, and 2,6 DMP, besides transforming free phenols in coir pith wash water (CWW). Additionally, UV–Vis and FT-IR spectra of the degradation products of the coir pith treated with TyrB revealed the formation of HS within 3 days of incubation. Furthermore, the E472/664 ratio of the degradation products revealed a higher degree of condensation of the aromatic carbons and the presence of more aliphatic structures in the HS. Conclusion The results confirmed the influence of TyrB for the effective synthesis of HS from coir pith wastes. The results of the present study also confirm the recently accepted theory of humification proposed by the International Humic Substances Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iniyakumar Muniraj
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
| | - Syed Shameer
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
| | - Priyadharshini Ramachandran
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
| | - Sivakumar Uthandi
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India.
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Paria K, Paul D, Chowdhury T, Pyne S, Chakraborty R, Mandal SM. Synergy of melanin and vitamin-D may play a fundamental role in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections and halt COVID-19 by inactivating furin protease. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 5:21. [PMID: 33169107 PMCID: PMC7642579 DOI: 10.1186/s41231-020-00073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since the birth of Christ, in these 2019 years, the man on earth has never experienced a survival challenge from any acellular protist compared to SARS-CoV-2. No specific drugs yet been approved. The host immunity is the only alternative to prevent and or reduce the infection and mortality rate as well. Here, a novel mechanism of melanin mediated host immunity is proposed having potent biotechnological prospects in health care management of COVID-19. Vitamin D is known to enhance the rate of melanin synthesis; and this may concurrently regulate the expression of furin expression. In silico analyses have revealed that the intermediates of melanin are capable of binding strongly with the active site of furin protease. On the other hand, furin expression is negatively regulated via 1-α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), that belongs to vitamin-D pathway and controls cellular calcium levels. Here, we have envisaged the availability of biological melanin and elucidated the bio-medical potential. Thus, we propose a possible synergistic application of melanin and the enzyme CYP27B1 (regulates vitamin D biosynthesis) as a novel strategy to prevent viral entry through the inactivation of furin protease and aid in boosting our immunity at the cellular and humoral levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishalay Paria
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal India
| | - Debarati Paul
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Sector 125 201313 India
| | - Trinath Chowdhury
- Central Research Facility, Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India
| | - Smritikana Pyne
- Central Research Facility, Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India
| | - Ranadhir Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013 India
| | - Santi M. Mandal
- Central Research Facility, Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India
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Alvarez Dorta D, Deniaud D, Mével M, Gouin SG. Tyrosine Conjugation Methods for Protein Labelling. Chemistry 2020; 26:14257-14269. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Deniaud
- CNRS, CEISAM UMR, 6230 Université de Nantes 44000 Nantes France
| | - Mathieu Mével
- CHU de Nantes, INSERM UMR 1089 Université de Nantes 44200 Nantes France
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26
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Applications of Bacillus subtilis Spores in Biotechnology and Advanced Materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01096-20. [PMID: 32631858 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01096-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Bacillus subtilis has long been an important subject for basic studies. However, this organism has also had industrial applications due to its easy genetic manipulation, favorable culturing characteristics for large-scale fermentation, superior capacity for protein secretion, and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. In addition, as the metabolically dormant form of B. subtilis, its spores have attracted great interest due to their extreme resistance to many environmental stresses, which makes spores a novel platform for a variety of applications. In this review, we summarize both conventional and emerging applications of B. subtilis spores, with a focus on how their unique characteristics have led to innovative applications in many areas of technology, including generation of stable and recyclable enzymes, synthetic biology, drug delivery, and material sciences. Ultimately, this review hopes to inspire the scientific community to leverage interdisciplinary approaches using spores to address global concerns about food shortages, environmental protection, and health care.
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Ashraf J, Mughal EU, Sadiq A, Bibi M, Naeem N, Ali A, Massadaq A, Fatima N, Javid A, Zafar MN, Khan BA, Nazar MF, Mumtaz A, Tahir MN, Mirzaei M. Exploring 3-hydroxyflavone scaffolds as mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors: synthesis, X-ray crystallography, antimicrobial, fluorescence behaviour, structure-activity relationship and molecular modelling studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:7107-7122. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1805364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamshaid Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | | | - Amina Sadiq
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Bibi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Anser Ali
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur, Pakistan
| | - Anam Massadaq
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur, Pakistan
| | - Nighat Fatima
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbotabad, Pakistan
| | - Asif Javid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | | | - Bilal Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Amara Mumtaz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Masoud Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Qu Y, Zhan Q, Du S, Ding Y, Fang B, Du W, Wu Q, Yu H, Li L, Huang W. Catalysis-based specific detection and inhibition of tyrosinase and their application. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:414-425. [PMID: 33133725 PMCID: PMC7591782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is an important enzyme in controlling the formation of melanin in melanosome, and plays a key role in the pigmentation of hair and skin. The abnormal expression or activation of tyrosinase is associated with several diseases such as albinism, vitiligo, melanoma and Parkinson disease. Excessive deposition of melanin could cause diseases such as freckles and brown spots in the human body, and it is also closely related to browning of fruits and vegetables and insect molting. Detecting and inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase is of extraordinary value in the progress of diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. Therefore, many selective optical detection probes and small molecular inhibitors have been developed, and have made significant contributions to the basic and clinical research on these diseases. In this paper, the detection and inhibition of tyrosinase and their application in whitening products are reviewed, with special emphasis on development of fluorescent probes and inhibitors. Hopefully, this review will help design more efficient and sensitive tyrosinase probes and inhibitors, as well as shed light on novel treatment of diseases such as melanoma. The abnormal expression or activation of tyrosinase is the pathogenesis of several diseases such as albinism, vitiligo, and melanoma. Detecting and inhibiting tyrosinase activity is of great value in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. The detection/inhibition of tyrosinase and its application in whitening products are reviewed, with special emphasis on probes/inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwei Qu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, PR China
| | - Qing Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shubo Du
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, PR China
| | - Bin Fang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wei Du
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, PR China
| | - Haidong Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, PR China.,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
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Noori R, Perwez M, Mazumder JA, Sardar M. Development of low-cost paper-based biosensor of polyphenol oxidase for detection of phenolic contaminants in water and clinical samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30081-30092. [PMID: 32447731 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09331-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme was purified from potato peel using three-phase partitioning (TPP). In this method, ammonium sulfate and t-butanol were added to precipitate the protein/enzyme from the crude aqueous extract. The PPO enzyme precipitated as an interfacial layer between the upper organic solvent phase and lower aqueous phase. Different purification parameters such as crude extract to t-butanol ratio, ammonium sulfate concentration, temperature, and pH were optimized for TPP. About 69% PPO enzyme activity was recovered in a single step of TPP with 9.2-fold purification. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profile of partially purified PPO enzyme showed molecular weight in the range of about 30-40 kDa. The PPO enzyme was then investigated for the fabrication of a portable, cost-effective, and disposable colorimetric paper biosensor or colorimetric "test strips" for detection of phenolic contaminants. PPO and a chromophore reagent (3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazine) generated a range of color in the presence of phenolic compounds (catechol, phenol, p-cresol, 4-methyl catechol) within 15 min, and limit of detection was found to be 0.5 μM. The biosensor worked in a broad range of pH from 3 to 11 and showed good storage stability at 25 °C and 4 °C for 30 days with no significant loss of activity. The biosensor was also applied on environmental water and urine sample to show reliability of biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubia Noori
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Perwez
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | | | - Meryam Sardar
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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Olive Oil Polyphenols in Neurodegenerative Pathologies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1195:77-91. [PMID: 32468462 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32633-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases lead to the death of nerve cells in the brain or the spinal cord. A wide range of diseases are included within the group of neurodegenerative disorders, with the most common ones being dementia, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases. Millions of older people are suffering from such pathologies. The global increase of life expectancy unavoidably leads to a consequent increase in the number of people who will be at some degree affected by neurodegenerative-related diseases. At this moment, there is no effective therapy or treatment that can reverse the loss of neurons. A growing number of studies highlight the value of the consumption of medical foods, and in particular olive oil, as one of the most important components of the Mediterranean diet. A diet based on extra virgin olive oil seems to contribute toward the lowering of risk of age-related pathologies due to high phenol concentration. The link of a polyphenol found in extra virgin olive oil, namely, tyrosol, with the protein tyrosinase, associated to Parkinson's disease is underlined as a paradigm of affiliation between polyphenols and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Pavan ME, López NI, Pettinari MJ. Melanin biosynthesis in bacteria, regulation and production perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:1357-1370. [PMID: 31811318 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The production of black pigments in bacteria was discovered more than a century ago and related to tyrosine metabolism. However, their diverse biological roles and the control of melanin synthesis in different bacteria have only recently been investigated. The broad distribution of these pigments suggests that they have an important role in a variety of organisms. Melanins protect microorganisms from many environmental stress conditions, ranging from ultraviolet radiation and toxic heavy metals to oxidative stress. Melanins can also affect bacterial interactions with other organisms and are important in pathogenesis and survival in many environments. Bacteria produce several types of melanin through dedicated pathways or as a result of enzymatic imbalances in altered metabolic routes. The control of the melanin synthesis in bacteria involves metabolic and transcriptional regulation, but many aspects remain still largely unknown. The diverse properties of melanins have spurred a large number of applications, and recent efforts have been done to produce the pigment at biotechnologically relevant scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elisa Pavan
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy I López
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M Julia Pettinari
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Rafiq M, Nazir Y, Ashraf Z, Rafique H, Afzal S, Mumtaz A, Hassan M, Ali A, Afzal K, Yousuf MR, Saleem M, Kotwica-Mojzych K, Mojzych M. Synthesis, computational studies, tyrosinase inhibitory kinetics and antimelanogenic activity of hydroxy substituted 2-[(4-acetylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1-11. [PMID: 31456445 PMCID: PMC8853709 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1654468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The over expression of melanogenic enzymes like tyrosinase caused many hyperpigmentaion disorders. The present work describes the synthesis of hydroxy substituted 2-[(4-acetylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl derivatives 3a-e and 5a-e as antimelanogenic agents. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of synthesized derivatives 3a-e and 5a-e was determined and it was found that derivative 5c possesses excellent activity with IC50 = 0.0089 µM compared to standard kojic acid (IC50 = 16.69 µM). The presence of hydroxyl groups at the ortho and the para position of cinnamic acid phenyl ring in compound 5c plays a vital role in tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The compound 5d also exhibited good activity (IC50 = 8.26 µM) compared to standard kojic acid. The enzyme inhibitory kinetics results showed that compound 5c is a competitive inhibitor while 5d is a mixed-type inhibitor. The mode of binding for compounds 5c and 5d with tyrosinase enzyme was also assessed and it was found that both derivatives irreversibly bind with target enzyme. The molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies were also performed to find the position of attachment of synthesized compounds at tyrosinase enzyme (PDB ID 2Y9X). The results showed that all of the synthesized compounds bind well with the active binding sites and most potent derivative 5c formed stable complex with target protein. The cytotoxicity results showed that compound 5c is safe at a dose of 12 µg/mL against murine melanoma (B16F10) cells. The same dose of 5c was selected to determine antimelanogenic activity; the results showed that it produced antimelenogenic effects in murine melanoma (B16F10) cells. Based on our investigations, it was proposed that compound 5c may serve as a lead structure to design more potent antimelanogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Nazir
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hummera Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Samina Afzal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakria University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Amara Mumtaz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSAT University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Anser Ali
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Pakistan
| | - Khurram Afzal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakria University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Yousuf
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Bhakkar, Pakistan
| | - Katarzyna Kotwica-Mojzych
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
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Martínez LM, Martinez A, Gosset G. Production of Melanins With Recombinant Microorganisms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:285. [PMID: 31709247 PMCID: PMC6821874 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanins constitute a diverse group of natural products found in most organisms, having functions related to protection against chemical and physical stresses. These products originate from the enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of phenolic and indolic substrates that polymerize to yield melanins, which include eumelanin, pheomelanin, pyomelanin, and the allomelanins. The enzymes involved in melanin formation belong mainly to the tyrosinase and laccase protein families. The melanins are polymeric materials having applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, optical, and electronic industries. The biotechnological production of these polymers is an attractive alternative to obtaining them by extraction from plant or animal material, where they are present at low concentrations. Several species of microorganisms have been identified as having a natural melanogenic capacity. The development and optimization of culture conditions with these organisms has resulted in processes for generating melanins. These processes are based on the conversion of melanin precursors present in the culture medium to the corresponding polymers. With the application of genetic engineering techniques, it has become possible to overexpress genes encoding enzymes involved in melanin formation, mostly tyrosinases, leading to an improvement in the productivity of melanogenic organisms, as well as allowing the generation of novel recombinant microbial strains that can produce diverse types of melanins. Furthermore, the metabolic engineering of microbial hosts by modifying pathways related to the supply of melanogenic precursors has resulted in strains with the capacity of performing the total synthesis of melanins from simple carbon sources in the scale of grams. In this review, the latest advances toward the generation of recombinant melanin production strains and production processes are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz María Martínez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Martinez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Gosset
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Tat-Dependent Heterologous Secretion of Recombinant Tyrosinase by Pseudomonas fluorescens Is Aided by a Translationally Fused Caddie Protein. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01350-19. [PMID: 31399411 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01350-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a monooxygenase that catalyzes both the hydroxylation of p-hydroxyphenyl moieties to o-catechols and the oxidation of o-catechols to o-quinones. Apart from its critical functionality in melanogenesis and the synthesis of various neurotransmitters, this enzyme is also used in a variety of biotechnological applications, most notably mediating covalent cross-linking between polymers containing p-hydroxyphenyl groups, forming a hydrogel. Tyrosinases from the genus Streptomyces are usually secreted as a complex with their caddie protein. In this study, we report an increased secretion efficiency observed when the Streptomyces antibioticus tyrosinase gene melC2 was introduced into Pseudomonas fluorescens along with its caddie protein gene melC1, which has the DNA sequence for the Tat (twin-arginine translocation) signal.IMPORTANCE We observed that the S. antibioticus extracellular tyrosinase secretion level was even higher in its nonnatural translationally conjugated fusion protein form than in the natural complex of two separated polypeptides. The results of this study demonstrate that tyrosinase-expressing P. fluorescens can be a stable source of bacterial tyrosinase through exploiting the secretory machinery of P. fluorescens.
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Preliminary Study on Enzymatic-Based Cleaning of Cation-Exchange Membranes Used in Electrodialysis System in Red Wine Production. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9090114. [PMID: 31484438 PMCID: PMC6780705 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9090114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The use of enzymatic agents as biological solutions for cleaning ion-exchange membranes fouled by organic compounds during electrodialysis (ED) treatments in the food industry could be an interesting alternative to chemical cleanings implemented at an industrial scale. This paper is focused on testing the cleaning efficiency of three enzyme classes (β-glucanase, protease, and polyphenol oxidase) chosen for their specific actions on polysaccharides, proteins, and phenolic compounds, respectively, fouled on a homogeneous cation-exchange membrane (referred CMX-Sb) used for tartaric stabilization of red wine by ED in industry. First, enzymatic cleaning tests were performed using each enzyme solution separately with two different concentrations (0.1 and 1.0 g/L) at different incubation temperatures (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 °C). The evolution of membrane parameters (electrical conductivity, ion-exchange capacity, and contact angle) was determined to estimate the efficiency of the membrane′s principal action as well as its side activities. Based on these tests, we determined the optimal operating conditions for optimal recovery of the studied characteristics. Then, cleaning with three successive enzyme solutions or the use of two enzymes simultaneously in an enzyme mixture were tested taking into account the optimal conditions of their enzymatic activity (concentration, temperatures, and pH). This study led to significant results, indicating effective external and internal cleaning by the studied enzymes (a recovery of at least 25% of the electrical conductivity, 14% of the ion-exchange capacity, and 12% of the contact angle), and demonstrated the presence of possible enzyme combinations for the enhancement of the global cleaning efficiency or reducing cleaning durations. These results prove, for the first time, the applicability of enzymatic cleanings to membranes, the inertia of their action towards polymer matrix to the extent that the choice of enzymes is specific to the fouling substrates.
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Aptitude of Oxidative Enzymes for Treatment of Wastewater Pollutants: A Laccase Perspective. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112064. [PMID: 31151229 PMCID: PMC6600482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural water sources are very often contaminated by municipal wastewater discharges which contain either of xenobiotic pollutants and their sometimes more toxic degradation products, or both, which frustrates the universal millenium development goal of provision of the relatively scarce pristine freshwater to water-scarce and -stressed communities, in order to augment their socioeconomic well-being. Seeing that both regulatory measures, as regards the discharge limits of wastewater, and the query for efficient treatment methods remain unanswered, partially, the prospects of enzymatic treatment of wastewater is advisable. Therefore, a reconsideration was assigned to the possible capacity of oxidative enzymes and the respective challenges encountered during their applications in wastewater treatment, and ultimately, the prospects of laccase, a polyphenol oxidase that oxidizes aromatic and inorganic substrates with electron-donating groups in treatment aromatic contaminants of wastewater, in real wastewater situations, since it is assumed to be a vehicle for a greener community. Furthermore, the importance of laccase-driven catalysis toward maintaining mass-energy balance, hence minimizing environmental waste, was comprehensibly elucidated, as well the strategic positioning of laccase in a model wastewater treatment facility for effective treatment of wastewater contaminants.
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Zhang HH, Luo MJ, Zhang QW, Cai PM, Idrees A, Ji QE, Yang JQ, Chen JH. Molecular characterization of prophenoloxidase-1 (PPO1) and the inhibitory effect of kojic acid on phenoloxidase (PO) activity and on the development of Zeugodacus tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 109:236-247. [PMID: 29929571 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidase (PO) plays a key role in melanin biosynthesis during insect development. Here, we isolated the 2310-bp full-length cDNA of PPO1 from Zeugodacus tau, a destructive horticultural pest. qRT-polymerase chain reaction showed that the ZtPPO1 transcripts were highly expressed during larval-prepupal transition and in the haemolymph. When the larvae were fed a 1.66% kojic acid (KA)-containing diet, the levels of the ZtPPO1 transcripts significantly increased by 2.79- and 3.39-fold in the whole larvae and cuticles, respectively, while the corresponding PO activity was significantly reduced; in addition, the larval and pupal durations were significantly prolonged; pupal weights were lowered; and abnormal phenotypes were observed. An in vitro inhibition experiment indicated that KA was an effective competitive inhibitor of PO in Z. tau. Additionally, the functional analysis showed that 20E could significantly up-regulate the expression of ZtPPO1, induce lower pupal weight, and advance pupation. Knockdown of the ZtPPO1 gene by RNAi significantly decreased mRNA levels after 24 h and led to low pupation rates and incomplete pupae with abnormal phenotypes during the larval-pupal interim period. These results proved that PO is important for the normal growth of Z. tau and that KA can disrupt the development of this pest insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-H Zhang
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - M-J Luo
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - Q-W Zhang
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - P-M Cai
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - A Idrees
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - Q-E Ji
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - J-Q Yang
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
| | - J-H Chen
- Institute of Beneficial Insects, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, PR,China
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38
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Son HF, Lee SH, Lee SH, Kim H, Hong H, Lee UJ, Lee PG, Kim BG, Kim KJ. Structural Basis for Highly Efficient Production of Catechol Derivatives at Acidic pH by Tyrosinase from Burkholderia thailandensis. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Lee J, Ji J, Park S. Antiwrinkle and antimelanogenesis activity of the ethanol extracts of Lespedeza cuneata G. Don for development of the cosmeceutical ingredients. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:1307-1316. [PMID: 30065832 PMCID: PMC6060902 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop the ingredient with the cosmeceutical function, the antiwrinkle and antimelanogenesis effects of the ethanol extract of Lespedeza cuneata G. Don were investigated. DPPH radical scavenging activity was significantly increased with the extract of L. cuneata G. Don. Cell viability on CCD986Sk human fibroblast was also increased by the ethanol extract of L. cuneata G. Don. The inhibitory function of the extract of L. cuneata G. Don on collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase was evaluated. Protein expression level of Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1 was up-regulated in HaCaT human keratinocyte by the extract of L. cuneata G. Don. In addition, the extract of L. cuneata G. Don inhibited melanin synthesis in B16F10 murine melanoma cells by decreasing MITF, TRP1, and TRP2 protein levels and increasing the phosphorylated Erk and Akt. Thus, these findings would be useful for developing the new cosmeceutical formulations based on the extract of L. cuneata G. Don.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsung Lee
- Department of Genetic EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonKorea
| | - Jun Ji
- Department of Natural MedicineHallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
- FA CompanySejongKorea
| | - See‐Hyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Chemical EngineeringHongik UniversitySejongKorea
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Pillaiyar T, Namasivayam V, Manickam M, Jung SH. Inhibitors of Melanogenesis: An Updated Review. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7395-7418. [PMID: 29763564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are pigment molecules that determine the skin, eye, and hair color of the human subject to its amount, quality, and distribution. Melanocytes synthesize melanin and provide epidermal protection from various stimuli, such as harmful ultraviolet radiation, through the complex process called melanogenesis. However, serious dermatological problems occur when there is excessive production of melanin in different parts of the human body. These include freckles, melasma, senile lentigo, pigmented acne scars, and cancer. Therefore, controlling the production of melanin is an important approach for the treatment of pigmentation related disorderes. In this Perspective, we focus on the inhibitors of melanogenesis that directly/indirectly target a key enzyme tyrosinase as well as its associated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Korea
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41
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Davis R, Molloy S, Quigley B, Nikodinovic-Runic J, Solano F, O'Connor KE. Biocatalytic versatility of engineered and wild-type tyrosinase from R. solanacearum for the synthesis of 4-halocatechols. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5121-5131. [PMID: 29691629 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the kinetic characteristics of wild type (WT) and three engineered variants (RVC10, RV145, and C10_N322S) of tyrosinase from Ralstonia solanacearum and their potential as biocatalysts to produce halogenated catechols. RV145 exhibited a 3.6- to 14.5-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) with both reductions in Km and increases in kcat compared to WT, making it the best R. solanacearum tyrosinase variant towards halogenated phenols. RVC10 also exhibited increases in catalytic efficiency with all the tested phenols. A single-mutation variant (C10_N322S) exhibited the greatest improvement in kcat but lowest improvement in catalytic efficiency due to an increase in Km compared to WT. Consistent with kinetic characteristics, biotransformation experiments showed that RV145 was a superior biocatalyst in comparison to WT. To prevent through conversion of the catechol to quinone, ascorbic acid (AA) was added to the biotransformation medium in 1:2 (substrate:AA) ratio resulting in a catechol yield of > 90%. Flask experiments with 10 mM 4-iodophenol and 10 μg/mL of the RV145 enzyme yielded 9.5 mM 4-iodocatechol in the presence of 20 mM AA in 30 min. Similarly, 10 mM 4-fluorophenol was completely consumed by 20 μg/mL of RV145 enzyme and yielded 9.2 mM 4-fluorocatechol in the presence of 20 mM AA in 80 min. The biotransformation of 20 mM 4-fluorphenol was incomplete (93%) and the yield of 4-flurocatechol was 87.5%. The 4-halophenol conversion rates and product yields obtained in this study are the highest reported using tyrosinase or any other enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeta Davis
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Susan Molloy
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Blathnaid Quigley
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Institute for Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Francisco Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kevin E O'Connor
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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42
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Solano F. On the Metal Cofactor in the Tyrosinase Family. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020633. [PMID: 29473882 PMCID: PMC5855855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of pigment in mammalian melanocytes requires the contribution of at least three melanogenic enzymes, tyrosinase and two other accessory enzymes called the tyrosinase-related proteins (Trp1 and Trp2), which regulate the type and amount of melanin. The last two proteins are paralogues to tyrosinase, and they appeared late in evolution by triplication of the tyrosinase gene. Tyrosinase is a copper-enzyme, and Trp2 is a zinc-enzyme. Trp1 has been more elusive, and the direct identification of its metal cofactor has never been achieved. However, due to its enzymatic activity and similarities with tyrosinase, it has been assumed as a copper-enzyme. Recently, recombinant human tyrosinase and Trp1 have been expressed in enough amounts to achieve for the first time their crystallization. Unexpectedly, it has been found that Trp1 contains a couple of Zn(II) at the active site. This review discusses data about the metal cofactor of tyrosinase and Trps. It points out differences in the studied models, and it proposes some possible points accounting for the apparent discrepancies currently appearing. Moreover, some proposals about the possible flexibility of the tyrosinase family to uptake copper or zinc are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Solano
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine and LAIB-IMIB, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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43
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Isaschar-Ovdat S, Fishman A. Crosslinking of food proteins mediated by oxidative enzymes – A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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44
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Prexler SM, Singh R, Moerschbacher BM, Dirks-Hofmeister ME. A specific amino acid residue in the catalytic site of dandelion polyphenol oxidases acts as 'selector' for substrate specificity. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:151-164. [PMID: 29218491 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Successful site-directed mutagenesis combined with in silico modeling and docking studies for the first time offers experimental proof of the role of the 'substrate selector' residue in plant polyphenol oxidases. The plant and fungi enzymes responsible for tissue browning are called polyphenol oxidases (PPOs). In plants, PPOs often occur as families of isoenzymes which are differentially expressed, but little is known about their physiological roles or natural substrates. In a recent study that explored these structure-function relationships, the eleven known dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) PPOs were shown to separate into two different phylogenetic groups differing in catalytic cavity architecture, kinetic parameters, and substrate range. The same study proposed that the PPOs' substrate specificity is controlled by one specific amino acid residue positioned at the entrance to the catalytic site: whereas group 1 dandelion PPOs possess a hydrophobic isoleucine (I) at position HB2+1, group 2 PPOs exhibit a larger, positively charged arginine (R). However, this suggestion was only based on bioinformatic analyses, not experiments. To experimentally investigate this hypothesis, we converted group 1 ToPPO-2 and group 2 ToPPO-6 into PPO-2-I244R and PPO-6-R254I, respectively, and expressed them in E. coli. By performing detailed kinetic characterization and in silico docking studies, we found that replacing this single amino acid significantly changed the PPO's substrate specificity. Our findings therefore proof the role of the 'substrate selector' in plant PPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Prexler
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Ratna Singh
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
| | - Mareike E Dirks-Hofmeister
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
- WeissBioTech GmbH, An der Hansalinie 48-50, 59387, Ascheberg, Germany
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45
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Do H, Kang E, Yang B, Cha HJ, Choi YS. A tyrosinase, mTyr-CNK, that is functionally available as a monophenol monooxygenase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17267. [PMID: 29222480 PMCID: PMC5722948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase efficiently catalyzes the ortho-hydroxylation of monophenols and the oxidation of diphenols without any additional cofactors. Although it is of significant interest for the biosynthesis of catechol derivatives, the rapid catechol oxidase activity and inactivation of tyrosinase have hampered its practical utilization as a monophenol monooxygenase. Here, we prepared a functional tyrosinase that exhibited a distinguished monophenolase/diphenolase activity ratio (Vmax mono/ Vmax di = 3.83) and enhanced catalytic efficiency against L-tyrosine (kcat = 3.33 ± 0.18 s−1, Km = 2.12 ± 0.14 mM at 20 °C and pH 6.0). This enzyme was still highly active in ice water (>80%), and its activity was well conserved below 30 °C. In vitro DOPA modification, with a remarkably high yield as a monophenol monooxygenase, was achieved by the enzyme taking advantage of these biocatalytic properties. These results demonstrate the strong potential for this enzyme’s use as a monophenol monooxygenase in biomedical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsu Do
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Eungsu Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Byeongseon Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Cha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Yoo Seong Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.
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46
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The effect of alpha-ketoglutaric acid on tyrosinase activity and conformation: Kinetics and molecular dynamics simulation study. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:1654-1662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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47
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Li Y, Zafar A, Kilmartin PA, Reynisson J, Leung IKH. Development and Application of an NMR-Based Assay for Polyphenol Oxidases. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019; Victoria Street West Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Ayesha Zafar
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019; Victoria Street West Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Paul A. Kilmartin
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019; Victoria Street West Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019; Victoria Street West Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Ivanhoe K. H. Leung
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019; Victoria Street West Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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48
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Harir M, Bellahcene M, Baratto MC, Pollini S, Rossolini GM, Trabalzini L, Fatarella E, Pogni R. Isolation and characterization of a novel tyrosinase produced by Sahara soil actinobacteria and immobilization on nylon nanofiber membranes. J Biotechnol 2017; 265:54-64. [PMID: 29133199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study different actinomycete strains were collected and isolated from Algerian Sahara soil with the aim to select novel enzymes with promising features for biotechnological applications. The Ms1 strain was selected, amongst the others, for its capability to produce melanin in different solid media. Ms1 chromosomal DNA was sequenced and the strain assigned to Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus sp. A tyrosinase (MW∼30kD) encoding sequence was identified and the corresponding enzyme was isolated and biochemically characterized. The tyrosinase showed the highest activity and stability at neutral and alkaline pH and it was able to oxidize l-DOPA at T=55°C and pH 7. The enzyme showed variable stability in presence of various water-miscible organic solvents, while it was inactivated by reducing agents. The tyrosinase activity was unaffected by NaCl and enhanced by different cations. Furthermore, the enzyme showed a higher specificity for diphenols than monophenols showing a higher diphenolase than monophenolase activity. Finally, tyrosinase was stabilized by immobilization on nylon nanofiber membranes with a payload of 82% when 1% glutaraldeyde was used. Taken all together, these results show that the enzyme displays interesting properties for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Harir
- Biology of Microorganisms and Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP1524, Oran El Mnaouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria; Faculty of Sciences, Natural and Life Sciences Department, Mohamed Boudiaf University, M'sila, Algeria
| | - Miloud Bellahcene
- Institut of Sciences, Natural and Life Sciences Department, University Center of Ain Temouchent, 46000 Ain Temouchent, Algeria
| | - Maria Camilla Baratto
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Pollini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenza Trabalzini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Fatarella
- Next Technology Tecnotessile Società Nazionale di Ricerca s.r.l., 59100 Prato, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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49
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Chai B, Qiao Y, Wang H, Zhang X, Wang J, Wang C, Zhou P, Chen X. Identification of YfiH and the Catalase CatA As Polyphenol Oxidases of Aeromonas media and CatA as a Regulator of Pigmentation by Its Peroxyl Radical Scavenging Capacity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1939. [PMID: 29051758 PMCID: PMC5633740 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyomelanin is the major constituent of pigment in melanogenic Aeromonas strains of bacteria. However, eumelanin, synthesized from tyrosine via L-DOPA and polyphenol oxidases (PPOs), may also be present in this genus since L-DOPA is frequently detected in culture fluids of several species. To address this question, we used a deletion mutant of Aeromonas media strain WS, in which pyomelanin synthesis is completely blocked under normal culture conditions. When tyrosine was supplied to the medium, we observed residual melanin accumulation, which we interpret as evidence for existence of the DOPA-melanin pathway. We traced enzymatic activity in this bacterium using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two PPOs: YfiH, a laccase-like protein, and CatA, a catalase, were identified. However, neither protein was critical for the residual pigmentation in pyomelanin-deficient mutant. We speculate that eumelanin synthesis may require other unknown enzymes. Deletion of yfiH did not affect pigmentation in A. media strain WS, while deletion of the CatA-encoding gene katE resulted in a reduction of melanin accumulation, but it started 9 h earlier than in the wild-type. Since catalases regulate reactive oxygen species levels during melanogenesis, we speculated that CatA affects pigmentation through its peroxyl radical scavenging capacity. Consistent with this, expression of the catalases Hpi or Hpii from Escherichia coli in the katE deletion strain of A. media strain WS restored pigmentation to the wild-type level. Hpi and Hpii also exhibited PPO activity, suggesting that catalase may represent a new class of PPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhong Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunqian Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Choushi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Analytical and Testing Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan, China
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50
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Im DS, Lee JM, Lee J, Shin HJ, No KT, Park SH, Kim K. Inhibition of collagenase and melanogenesis by ethanol extracts of Orostachys japonicus A. Berger: possible involvement of Erk and Akt signaling pathways in melanoma cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:945-953. [PMID: 28981602 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Orostachys japonicus is an herb that contains several functional components and has traditionally been used to treat various diseases in Asia. In this study, bioactive components from different parts of the O. japonicus plant were investigated, and the contents of the functional components in ethanol extracts of O. japonicus cultivated in Korea and China were compared. The antioxidant effects of O. japonicus ethanol extracts were investigated using Raw 264.7 cells. It was found that 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity was significantly decreased in the cells treated with the extracts. Moreover, the novel inhibitory functions of O. japonicus extracts on collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase were established. We also found that O. japonicus extracts strongly inhibited melanin synthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells by decreasing MITF protein levels and activating the Erk and Akt signaling pathways. Thus, these findings would be useful for developing new cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations based on O. japonicus extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Sig Im
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
- SH Company, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419,Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538,Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Tai No
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
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