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Chung T, Merrill JR, Lyons SK. CRISPR/Cas for PET Reporter Gene Engineering. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2729:285-301. [PMID: 38006503 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3499-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The relatively recent discovery of CRISPR/Cas has led to a revolution in our ability to efficiently manipulate the genome of eukaryotic cells. We describe here a protocol that employs CRISPR technology to precisely knock-in a PET imaging reporter transgene into a specific genetic locus of interest. Resulting transcription of the targeted reporter will more accurately mimic physiologic expression of the endogenous allele than conventional approaches, and so this method has the potential to become an efficient way to generate a new generation of "gold-standard" reporter transgenes. We break down the protocol into three experimental stages: how to identify the genomic location that the reporter transgene will be inserted, how to practically insert the reporter transgene into the genome, and how to screen resultant clones for the correct targeted event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taemoon Chung
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Scott K Lyons
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
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2
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Abd GM, Laird MC, Ku JC, Li Y. Hypoxia-induced cancer cell reprogramming: a review on how cancer stem cells arise. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1227884. [PMID: 37614497 PMCID: PMC10442830 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1227884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are a subset of cells within the tumor that possess the ability to self-renew as well as differentiate into different cancer cell lineages. The exact mechanisms by which cancer stem cells arise is still not completely understood. However, current research suggests that cancer stem cells may originate from normal stem cells that have undergone genetic mutations or epigenetic changes. A more recent discovery is the dedifferentiation of cancer cells to stem-like cells. These stem-like cells have been found to express and even upregulate induced pluripotent stem cell markers known as Yamanaka factors. Here we discuss developments in how cancer stem cells arise and consider how environmental factors, such as hypoxia, plays a key role in promoting the progression of cancer stem cells and metastasis. Understanding the mechanisms that give rise to these cells could have important implications for the development of new strategies in cancer treatments and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve M. Abd
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Biomedical. Engineering, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Madison C. Laird
- Medical Students, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Jennifer C. Ku
- Medical Students, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Biomedical. Engineering, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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3
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Barrios O, Sánchez BG, Rodríguez-Prieto T, Cano J, Bort A, Gómez R, Díaz-Laviada I. Alteration of the HIF-1α/VEGF Signaling Pathway and Disruption of the Cell Cycle by Second Generation Carbosilan Dendrimers. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:5043-5055. [PMID: 36445323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies against prostate cancer (PCa) disease, such as surgery, radiotherapy, or in last term chemical castration by androgen deprivation, have led to significant reduction of the incidence of PCa throughout the world. Worse prognosis is found in those patients which exhibit castration resistance, relapsing into the disease with even greater aggressiveness. Hypoxia cancer cell adaption has been observed to be closely connected to fatal prognostic tumor features. Therefore, hypoxia adaptive mechanisms of cancer cells have attracted large interest as a relevant biological target for treatment-resistant patients. Dendrimers have been established as a promising nanotechnological tool owing to their beneficial physicochemical features such as multivalency and monodispersity. Herein, we have completed a thorough study to better understand the effect within the cell of the already published ruthenium(II)-N-heterocyclic carbene metallodendrimer (G2Ru) that was able to drastically reduce HIF-1α stabilization and exhibited antiproliferative capability against androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) and androgen-resistant prostate cancer cells (LNFLU) in vitro. G2Ru, as well as its cationic imidazolium precursor (G2P), displayed scavenging properties against intracellular and externally stimulated ROS levels, which would presumably hinder the stabilization of HIF-1α by prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibition. Furthermore, these dendrimers have shown considerably beneficial properties against tumor progression capability in terms of apoptosis, cell cycle, CSCs expression, and epithelial phenotype promotion. Taken all together, in this study we could demonstrate the extraordinary anticancer properties of NHC-based carbosilane dendrimers against androgen-resistant prostate cancer cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Barrios
- University of Alcalá, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), Madrid, 28871, Spain
| | - Belén G Sánchez
- University of Alcalá, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit. Department of Systems Biology and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), Madrid, 28871, Spain
| | - Tamara Rodríguez-Prieto
- University of Alcalá, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), Madrid, 28871, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), IRYCIS, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Jesús Cano
- University of Alcalá, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), Madrid, 28871, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), IRYCIS, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Alicia Bort
- University of Alcalá, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit. Department of Systems Biology and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), Madrid, 28871, Spain.,Yale University School of Medicine, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Rafael Gómez
- University of Alcalá, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), Madrid, 28871, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), IRYCIS, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Inés Díaz-Laviada
- University of Alcalá, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit. Department of Systems Biology and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), Madrid, 28871, Spain
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4
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Schmidt KT, Karzai F, Bilusic M, Cordes LM, Chau CH, Peer CJ, Wroblewski S, Huitema ADR, Schellens JHM, Gulley JL, Dahut WL, Figg WD, Madan RA. A Single-arm Phase II Study Combining NLG207, a Nanoparticle Camptothecin, with Enzalutamide in Advanced Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Post-Enzalutamide. Oncologist 2022; 27:718-e694. [PMID: 35640474 PMCID: PMC9438911 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the clinical efficacy of enzalutamide monotherapy in patients with advanced prostate cancer, therapeutic resistance and disease progression are inevitable. We proposed a study to evaluate NLG207, a nanoparticle-drug conjugate (NDC) of the potent topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin, in combination with enzalutamide, in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) following progression on enzalutamide. METHODS This was a single-arm, optimal two-stage, phase II study to evaluate the efficacy of NLG207 in combination with enzalutamide in patients with mCRPC who received prior enzalutamide. A lead-in dose escalation evaluated the recommended phase 2 dose of NLG207 in combination with enzalutamide. Patients received NLG207 via IV infusion every 2 weeks and enzalutamide 160 mg orally once daily. RESULTS Between March 2019 and June 2021, four patients were accrued to the lead-in dose escalation. Two of the four patients were evaluable and both experienced DLTs at the NLG207 12 mg/m2 dose level; one DLT was related to a dose delay for noninfective cystitis and myelosuppression, the other a grade 3 noninfective cystitis. Further evaluation of NLG207 in combination with enzalutamide was halted and the study was ultimately terminated. PSA declines from baseline were observed in two patients. CONCLUSION NLG207 12 mg/m2 in combination with enzalutamide was not well tolerated in patients with mCRPC following several lines of the standard of care therapy. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER NCT03531827.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith T Schmidt
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fatima Karzai
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marijo Bilusic
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa M Cordes
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cindy H Chau
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cody J Peer
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Wroblewski
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William L Dahut
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William D Figg
- Corresponding author: William D. Figg, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10/Room 5A03, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Tel: +1 240 760 6179;
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Qin L, Chung YM, Berk M, Naelitz B, Zhu Z, Klein E, Chakraborty AA, Sharifi N. Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Couples 3βHSD1 Enzyme and Cofactor Upregulation to Facilitate Androgen Biosynthesis and Hormone Therapy Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2417-2430. [PMID: 35536859 PMCID: PMC9256813 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy suppresses tumor androgen receptor (AR) signaling by depleting circulating testosterone and is a mainstay treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Despite initial treatment response, castration-resistant prostate cancer nearly always develops and remains driven primarily by the androgen axis. Here we investigated how changes in oxygenation affect androgen synthesis. In prostate cancer cells, chronic hypoxia coupled to reoxygenation resulted in efficient metabolism of androgen precursors to produce androgens and activate AR. Hypoxia induced 3βHSD1, the rate-limiting androgen synthesis regulator, and reoxygenation replenished necessary cofactors, suggesting that hypoxia and reoxygenation both facilitate potent androgen synthesis. The EGLN1/VHL/HIF2α pathway induced 3βHSD1 expression through direct binding of HIF2α to the 5' regulatory region of HSD3B1 to promote transcription. Overexpression of HIF2α facilitated prostate cancer progression, which largely depended on 3βHSD1. Inhibition of HIF2α with the small-molecule PT2399 prevented prostate cancer cell proliferation. These results thus identify HIF2α as a regulator of androgen synthesis and potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer. SIGNIFICANCE Hypoxia followed by reoxygenation in prostate cancer drives androgen deprivation therapy resistance via increasing the rate-limiting enzyme and cofactors for androgen synthesis, revealing HIF2α as a therapeutic target to subvert resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qin
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yoon-Mi Chung
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Michael Berk
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Bryan Naelitz
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Eric Klein
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Abhishek A. Chakraborty
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Corresponding author: Nima Sharifi, Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, Telephone: 216 445-9750,
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Azorín-Vega EP, de León CL, García-Reyna MG, Vega-Carrillo HR. Mathematical description of the effect of HIF inhibition on the radiobiological response of LNCaP cells. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 184:110157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Xia H, Wang J, Guo X, Lv Z, Liu J, Yan Q, Liu M, Wang J. Identification of a Hypoxia-Related Gene Signature for Predicting Systemic Metastasis in Prostate Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696364. [PMID: 34722497 PMCID: PMC8548828 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Systemic metastasis is the main cause of death in patients with prostate cancer. It is necessary to establish a more accurate model to distinguish and predict patients with a high risk of metastasis to optimize individualized treatment. Methods: In this study, it was determined that hypoxia could affect the metastasis-free survival of patients with prostate cancer, and a hypoxia-related gene signature composed of seven genes for predicting metastasis was established and verified in different cohorts. The study further evaluated the effects of ALDOB expression on the proliferation and invasion of the LNCaP and DU145 cell lines under hypoxia and finally constructed a nomogram containing specific clinical characteristics of prostate cancer combined with the hypoxia gene signature to quantify the metastasis risk of individual patients. Results: The hypoxia-related gene signature was identified as an independent risk factor for metastasis-free survival in patients with prostate cancer. The expression of ALDOB increased under hypoxia and promoted the proliferation and invasion of LNCaP and DU145 cells. In addition, patients with a high risk score showed therapeutic resistance and immunosuppression. Compared with other parameters, the nomogram had the strongest predictive power and net clinical benefit. Conclusion: The study established a hypoxia-related gene signature and a nomogram to distinguish and predict patients with a high risk of prostate cancer metastasis, which may help to optimize individualized treatment and explore possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Xia
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengtong Lv
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingchao Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuxia Yan
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianye Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Schmidt KT, Chau CH, Strope JD, Huitema ADR, Sissung TM, Price DK, Figg WD. Antitumor Activity of NLG207 (Formerly CRLX101) in Combination with Enzalutamide in Preclinical Prostate Cancer Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:915-924. [PMID: 33632874 PMCID: PMC8102325 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatments for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer following disease progression on enzalutamide are currently an unmet clinical need. Simultaneous inhibition of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and androgen receptor (AR) pathways has been previously shown to overcome enzalutamide resistance in vitro Combination treatment with NLG207, a nanoparticle-drug conjugate of camptothecin and inhibitor of HIF-1α, and enzalutamide was evaluated in preclinical prostate cancer models of enzalutamide resistance. The effect of NLG207 and enzalutamide on average tumor volume and tumor re-growth after 3 weeks of treatment was evaluated in vivo using the subcutaneous 22Rv1 xenograft and castrated subcutaneous VCaP xenograft models. Correlative assessments of antitumor activity were evaluated in vitro using cell proliferation and qPCR assays. NLG207 8 mg/kg alone and in combination with enzalutamide reduced average tumor volume by 93% after 3 weeks of treatment (P < 0.05) in comparison with vehicle control in the subcutaneous 22Rv1 xenograft model. Notably, the addition of NLG207 also enhanced the efficacy of enzalutamide alone in the castrated subcutaneous VCaP xenograft model, decreasing the median rate of tumor growth by 51% (P = 0.0001) in comparison with enzalutamide alone. In vitro assessments of cell proliferation and gene expression further demonstrated antitumor activity via AR-HIF-1α crosstalk inhibition. Combination treatment with NLG207 and enzalutamide was shown to be effective in preclinical prostate cancer models of enzalutamide resistance. Clinical investigation of this treatment combination is ongoing (NCT03531827).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith T Schmidt
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cindy H Chau
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan D Strope
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tristan M Sissung
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Douglas K Price
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William D Figg
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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9
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Resistance to second-generation androgen receptor antagonists in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:209-226. [PMID: 33742189 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of second-generation androgen receptor antagonists (SG-ARAs) has greatly impacted the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer, providing tolerable and efficacious alternatives to chemotherapy. SG-ARAs provide similar therapeutic benefit to abiraterone, a potent CYP17 inhibitor, and do not require the co-administration of prednisone. Despite considerable improvements in clinical outcomes in the settings of both castration sensitivity and castration resistance, the durability of clinical response to the SG-ARAs enzalutamide, apalutamide and darolutamide, similar to abiraterone, is limited by inevitable acquired resistance. Genomic aberrations that confer resistance to SG-ARAs or provide potential alternative treatment modalities have been identified in numerous studies, including alterations of the androgen receptor, DNA repair, cell cycle, PI3K-AKT-mTOR and Wnt-β-catenin pathways. To combat resistance, researchers have explored approaches to optimizing the utility of available treatments, as well as the use of alternative agents with a variety of targets, including AR-V7, AKT, EZH2 and HIF1α. Ongoing research to establish predictive biomarkers for the treatment of tumours with resistance to SG-ARAs led to the approval of the PARP inhibitors olaparib and rucaparib in pre-treated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. The results of ongoing studies will help to shape precision medicine in prostate cancer and further optimize treatment paradigms to maximize clinical outcomes.
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Engineered microtissues for the bystander therapy against cancer. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 121:111854. [PMID: 33579487 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase expressing human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (TK-hAMSCs) in combination with ganciclovir (GCV) are an effective platform for antitumor bystander therapy in mice models. However, this strategy requires multiple TK-hAMSCs administrations and a substantial number of cells. Therefore, for clinical translation, it is necessary to find a biocompatible scaffold providing TK-hAMSCs retention in the implantation site against their rapid wash-out. We have developed a microtissue (MT) composed by TKhAMSCs and a scaffold made of polylactic acid microparticles and cell-derived extracellular matrix deposited by hAMSCs. The efficacy of these MTs as vehicles for TK-hAMSCs/GCV bystander therapy was evaluated in a rodent model of human prostate cancer. Subcutaneously implanted MTs were integrated in the surrounding tissue, allowing neovascularization and maintenance of TK-hAMSCs viability. Furthermore, MTs implanted beside tumors allowed TK-hAMSCs migration towards tumor cells and, after GCV administration, inhibited tumor growth. These results indicate that TK-hAMSCs-MTs are promising cell reservoirs for clinical use of therapeutic MSCs in bystander therapies.
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11
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Molecular and Functional Imaging and Theranostics of the Tumor Microenvironment. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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12
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Zhang G, Wang W, Zou H, Wei Z, Song C, Ran J, Cao Z, Cai Y, Han W. Novel semiconducting nano-agents incorporating tirapazamine for imaging guided synergistic cancer hypoxia activated photo-chemotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:5318-5328. [PMID: 34231629 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00659b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For cancer treatment, the traditional monotherapy has the problems of low drug utilization rate, poor efficacy and easy recurrence of the cancer. Herein, nanoparticles (NPs) based on a novel semiconducting molecule (ITTC) are developed with excellent photostability, high photothermal conversion efficiency and good 1O2 generation ability. The chemotherapy of the hypoxia-activated prodrug tirapazamine (TPZ) was improved accordingly after oxygen consumption by the photodynamic therapy of ITTC NPs. Additionally, the metabolic process of ITTC NPs in vivo could be monitored in real time for fluorescence imaging guided phototherapy, which presented great passive targeting ability to the tumor site. Remarkably, both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the combination of ITTC NPs and TPZ presented excellent synergistic tumor ablation through photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy with great potential for clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China and Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Weixiang Wang
- Fourth Clinical Division, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China and Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Huihui Zou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China. and Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Pediatric Dentistry, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China and Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanhui Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China. and Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianchuan Ran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China. and Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Zichen Cao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China. and Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, No. 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China. and Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, 210008, Nanjing, China
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13
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Cheng MHY, Mo Y, Zheng G. Nano versus Molecular: Optical Imaging Approaches to Detect and Monitor Tumor Hypoxia. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001549. [PMID: 33241672 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a ubiquitous feature of solid tumors, which plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis and resistance development. Conventional hypoxia detection methods lack continuous functional detection and are generally less suitable for dynamic hypoxia measurement. Optical sensors hereby provide a unique opportunity to noninvasively image hypoxia with high spatiotemporal resolution and enable real-time detection. Therefore, these approaches can provide a valuable tool for personalized treatment planning against this hallmark of aggressive cancers. Many small optical molecular probes can enable analyte triggered response and their photophysical properties can also be fine-tuned through structural modification. On the other hand, optical nanoprobes can acquire unique intrinsic optical properties through nanoconfinement as well as enable simultaneous multimodal imaging and drug delivery. Furthermore, nanoprobes provide biological advantages such as improving bioavailability and systemic delivery of the sensor to enhance bioavailability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the physical, chemical, and biological analytes for cancer hypoxia detection and focuses on discussing the latest nano- and molecular developments in various optical imaging approaches (fluorescence, phosphorescence, and photoacoustic) in vivo. Finally, this review concludes with a perspective toward the potentials of these optical imaging approaches in hypoxia detection and the challenges with molecular and nanotechnology design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miffy Hok Yan Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network 101 College Street, PMCRT 5–354 Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Yulin Mo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network 101 College Street, PMCRT 5–354 Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network 101 College Street, PMCRT 5–354 Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics University of Toronto 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
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14
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Anemone A, Consolino L, Conti L, Irrera P, Hsu MY, Villano D, Dastrù W, Porporato PE, Cavallo F, Longo DL. Tumour acidosis evaluated in vivo by MRI-CEST pH imaging reveals breast cancer metastatic potential. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:207-216. [PMID: 33257841 PMCID: PMC7782702 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour acidosis is considered to play a central role in promoting cancer invasion and migration, but few studies have investigated in vivo how tumour pH correlates with cancer invasion. This study aims to determine in vivo whether tumour acidity is associated with cancer metastatic potential. METHODS Breast cancer cell lines with different metastatic potentials have been characterised for several markers of aggressiveness and invasiveness. Murine tumour models have been developed and assessed for lung metastases and tumour acidosis has been assessed in vivo by a magnetic resonance imaging-based chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) pH imaging approach. RESULTS The higher metastatic potential of 4T1 and TS/A primary tumours, in comparison to the less aggressive TUBO and BALB-neuT ones, was confirmed by the highest expression of cancer cell stem markers (CD44+CD24-), highlighting their propensity to migrate and invade, coinciding with the measurement obtained by in vitro assays. MRI-CEST pH imaging successfully discriminated the more aggressive 4T1 and TS/A tumours that displayed a more acidic pH. Moreover, the observed higher tumour acidity was significantly correlated with an increased number of lung metastases. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicate that the extracellular acidification is associated with the metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annasofia Anemone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorena Consolino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Pietro Irrera
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Abramo Lincoln, 5, Caserta, Italy
| | - Myriam Y Hsu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Daisy Villano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Walter Dastrù
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo E Porporato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Livio Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy.
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15
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Xu Z, Wei J, Qin F, Sun Y, Xiang W, Yuan L, Qin J, Deng K, Zheng T, Li S. Hypoxia-associated alternative splicing signature in lung adenocarcinoma. Epigenomics 2020; 13:47-63. [PMID: 33336585 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To establish a signature based on hypoxia-related alternative splicing (AS) events for lung adenocarcinoma. Materials & methods: The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox approach was used to construct a prognostic model. A nomogram that integrates the final AS predictor and stage was created. The network of the key AS events and splicing factors was created. Results: We created a prognostic signature of 11 AS events. Moreover, a nomogram that constitutes the pathological stage and risk was exhibited to be greatly effective in estimating the survival likelihood of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Conclusion: Herein we developed the first-ever signature based on hypoxia-related AS events with both prognostic predictive power and diagnostic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyu Xu
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, PR China
| | - Jiangbo Wei
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, PR China
| | - Fanglu Qin
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, PR China
| | - Weiwei Xiang
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, PR China
| | - Liqiang Yuan
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, PR China
| | - Junqi Qin
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, PR China
| | - Kun Deng
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, PR China
| | - Tiaozhan Zheng
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, PR China
| | - Shikang Li
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, PR China
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16
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Wang Y, Chen J, Wu Z, Ding W, Gao S, Gao Y, Xu C. Mechanisms of enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer and therapeutic strategies to overcome it. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:239-261. [PMID: 33150960 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy in men and androgen deprivation therapy is the first-line therapy. However, most cases will eventually develop castration-resistant prostate cancer after androgen deprivation therapy treatment. Enzalutamide is a second-generation androgen receptor antagonist approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Unfortunately, patients receiving enzalutamide treatment will ultimately develop resistance via various complicated mechanisms. This review examines the emerging information on these resistance mechanisms, including androgen receptor-related signalling pathways, glucocorticoid receptor-related pathways and metabolic effects. Notably, lineage plasticity and phenotype switching, gene polymorphisms and the relationship between microRNAs and drug resistance are addressed. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies for enzalutamide-resistant castration-resistant prostate cancer treatment are suggested, which can help discover more effective and specific regimens to overcome enzalutamide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyuan Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengjie Wu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihong Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Gao
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanliang Xu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Rubin MA, Bristow RG, Thienger PD, Dive C, Imielinski M. Impact of Lineage Plasticity to and from a Neuroendocrine Phenotype on Progression and Response in Prostate and Lung Cancers. Mol Cell 2020; 80:562-577. [PMID: 33217316 PMCID: PMC8399907 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity can occur via phenotype transitions, often after chronic exposure to targeted anticancer agents. This process, termed lineage plasticity, is associated with acquired independence to an initial oncogenic driver, resulting in treatment failure. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and prostate cancers, lineage plasticity manifests when the adenocarcinoma phenotype transforms into neuroendocrine (NE) disease. The exact molecular mechanisms involved in this NE transdifferentiation remain elusive. In small cell lung cancer (SCLC), plasticity from NE to nonNE phenotypes is driven by NOTCH signaling. Herein we review current understanding of NE lineage plasticity dynamics, exemplified by prostate cancer, NSCLC, and SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rubin
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern and Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern and Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre and Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Phillip D Thienger
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern and Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Dive
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Marcin Imielinski
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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18
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Investigating the Benefit of Combined Androgen Modulation and Hypofractionation in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228447. [PMID: 33182844 PMCID: PMC7698244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypofractionation is currently considered a valid alternative to conventional radiotherapy for the treatment of patients with organ-confined prostate cancer. Recent data have demonstrated that extreme hypofractionation, which involves the use of a high radiation dose per delivered fraction and concomitant reduction of sessions, is a safe and effective treatment, even though its radiobiological rationale is still lacking. The present work aims to investigate the biological basis sustaining this approach and to evaluate the potential of a hypofractionated regimen in combination with androgen deprivation therapy, one of the major standards of care for prostate cancer. Findings show that androgen receptor (AR) modulation, by use of androgens and antiandrogens, has a significant impact on cell survival, especially in hypoxic conditions (4% O2). Subsequent experiments have revealed that AR activity as a transcription factor is involved in the onset of malignant senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and activation of DNA repair cascade. In particular, we found that AR stimulation in hypoxic conditions promotes the enhanced transcription of ATM gene, the cornerstone kinase of the DNA damage repair genes. Together, these data provide new potential insights to justify the use of androgen deprivation therapy, in particular with second-generation anti-androgens such as enzalutamide, in combination with radiotherapy.
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19
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Krishnamachary B, Mironchik Y, Jacob D, Goggins E, Kakkad S, Ofori F, Dore-Savard L, Bharti SK, Wildes F, Penet MF, Black ME, Bhujwalla ZM. Hypoxia theranostics of a human prostate cancer xenograft and the resulting effects on the tumor microenvironment. Neoplasia 2020; 22:679-688. [PMID: 33142234 PMCID: PMC7586064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Developed a hypoxia theranostic imaging strategy to eliminate hypoxic cells. Hypoxic cell elimination resulted in fewer cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) Collagen 1 fiber patterns were altered with hypoxic cell elimination. cDNA nanoparticles with HRE driven prodrug enzyme expression can target hypoxia.
Hypoxia is frequently observed in human prostate cancer, and is associated with chemoresistance, radioresistance, metastasis, and castrate-resistance. Our purpose in these studies was to perform hypoxia theranostics by combining in vivo hypoxia imaging and hypoxic cancer cell targeting in a human prostate cancer xenograft. This was achieved by engineering PC3 human prostate cancer cells to express luciferase as well as a prodrug enzyme, yeast cytosine deaminase, under control of hypoxic response elements (HREs). Cancer cells display an adaptive response to hypoxia through the activation of several genes mediated by the binding of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) to HRE in the promoter region of target gene that results in their increased transcription. HIFs promote key steps in tumorigenesis, including angiogenesis, metabolism, proliferation, metastasis, and differentiation. HRE-driven luciferase expression allowed us to detect hypoxia in vivo to time the administration of the nontoxic prodrug 5-fluorocytosine that was converted by yeast cytosine deaminase, expressed under HRE regulation, to the chemotherapy agent 5-fluorouracil to target hypoxic cells. Conversion of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil was detected in vivo by 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Morphological and immunohistochemical staining and molecular analyses were performed to characterize tumor microenvironment changes in cancer-associated fibroblasts, cell viability, collagen 1 fiber patterns, and HIF-1α. These studies expand our understanding of the effects of eliminating hypoxic cancer cells on the tumor microenvironment and in reducing stromal cell populations such as cancer-associated fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Krishnamachary
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Yelena Mironchik
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Desmond Jacob
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eibhlin Goggins
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Samata Kakkad
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Francis Ofori
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Louis Dore-Savard
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Santosh Kumar Bharti
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Flonne Wildes
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marie-France Penet
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Margaret E Black
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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20
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Kakkad S, Krishnamachary B, Jacob D, Pacheco-Torres J, Goggins E, Bharti SK, Penet MF, Bhujwalla ZM. Molecular and functional imaging insights into the role of hypoxia in cancer aggression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:51-64. [PMID: 30840168 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia in cancers has evoked significant interest since 1955 when Thomlinson and Gray postulated the presence of hypoxia in human lung cancers, based on the observation of necrosis occurring at the diffusion limit of oxygen from the nearest blood vessel, and identified the implication of these observations for radiation therapy. Coupled with discoveries in 1953 by Gray and others that anoxic cells were resistant to radiation damage, these observations have led to an entire field of research focused on exploiting oxygenation and hypoxia to improve the outcome of radiation therapy. Almost 65 years later, tumor heterogeneity of nearly every parameter measured including tumor oxygenation, and the dynamic landscape of cancers and their microenvironments are clearly evident, providing a strong rationale for cancer personalized medicine. Since hypoxia is a major cause of extracellular acidosis in tumors, here, we have focused on the applications of imaging to understand the effects of hypoxia in tumors and to target hypoxia in theranostic strategies. Molecular and functional imaging have critically important roles to play in personalized medicine through the detection of hypoxia, both spatially and temporally, and by providing new understanding of the role of hypoxia in cancer aggressiveness. With the discovery of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), the intervening years have also seen significant progress in understanding the transcriptional regulation of hypoxia-induced genes. These advances have provided the ability to silence HIF and understand the associated molecular and functional consequences to expand our understanding of hypoxia and its role in cancer aggressiveness. Most recently, the development of hypoxia-based theranostic strategies that combine detection and therapy are further establishing imaging-based treatment strategies for precision medicine of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samata Kakkad
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Rm 208C Traylor Building, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Balaji Krishnamachary
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Rm 208C Traylor Building, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Desmond Jacob
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Rm 208C Traylor Building, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jesus Pacheco-Torres
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Rm 208C Traylor Building, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Eibhlin Goggins
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Rm 208C Traylor Building, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar Bharti
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Rm 208C Traylor Building, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Marie-France Penet
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Rm 208C Traylor Building, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Rm 208C Traylor Building, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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