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Grosu ȘA, Chirilă M, Rad F, Enache A, Handra CM, Ghiță I. The Effects of Four Compounds That Act on the Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Systems on Working Memory in Animal Studies; A Literature Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040546. [PMID: 37190512 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic and serotonergic systems are two of the most important neuronal pathways in the human brain. Almost all psychotropic medications impact at least one neurotransmitter system. As a result, investigating how they affect memory could yield valuable insights into potential therapeutic applications or unanticipated side effects. The aim of this literature review was to collect literature data from animal studies regarding the effects on memory of four drugs known to act on the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. The studies included in this review were identified in the PubMed database using selection criteria from the PRISMA protocol. We analyzed 29 articles investigating one of four different dopaminergic or serotonergic compounds. Studies conducted on bromocriptine have shown that stimulating D2 receptors may enhance working memory in rodents, whereas inhibiting these receptors could have the opposite effect, reducing working memory performance. The effects of serotonin on working memory are not clearly established as studies on fluoxetine and ketanserin have yielded conflicting results. Further studies with better-designed methodologies are necessary to explore the impact of compounds that affect both the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems on working memory.
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Potential Anti-Amnesic Activity of a Novel Multimodal Derivative of Salicylamide, JJGW08, in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030399. [PMID: 36986498 PMCID: PMC10056859 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory impairments constitute a significant problem worldwide, and the COVID-19 pandemic dramatically increased the prevalence of cognitive deficits. Patients with cognitive deficits, specifically memory disturbances, have underlying comorbid conditions such as schizophrenia, anxiety, or depression. Moreover, the available treatment options have unsatisfactory effectiveness. Therefore, there is a need to search for novel procognitive and anti-amnesic drugs with additional pharmacological activity. One of the important therapeutic targets involved in the modulation of learning and memory processes are serotonin receptors, including 5-HT1A, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7, which also play a role in the pathophysiology of depression. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the anti-amnesic and antidepressant-like potential of JJGW08, a novel arylpiperazine alkyl derivative of salicylamide with strong antagonistic properties at 5-HT1A and D2 receptors and weak at 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptors in rodents. First, we investigated the compound’s affinity for 5-HT6 receptors using the radioligand assays. Next, we assessed the influence of the compound on long-term emotional and recognition memory. Further, we evaluated whether the compound could protect against MK-801-induced cognitive impairments. Finally, we determined the potential antidepressant-like activity of the tested compound. We found that JJGW08 possessed no affinity for 5-HT6 receptors. Furthermore, JJGW08 protected mice against MK-801-induced recognition and emotional memory deficits but showed no antidepressant-like effects in rodents. Therefore, our preliminary study may suggest that blocking serotonin receptors, especially 5-HT1A and 5-HT7, might be beneficial in treating cognitive impairments, but it requires further investigation.
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Chen R, Lin Q, Wu J, Lin Y, Lin T, Wu W, Chen X, Wu S, Zeng G, Lin X, Wu Y, Liu N, Xiao Y, Chen H. Augmentation therapy with tandospirone citrate in vascular depression patients with mild cognitive impairment: A prospective randomized clinical trial. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 159:274-282. [PMID: 36774768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a prominent clinical manifestation of vascular depression (VaDep). The current study aimed to assess the efficacy of tandospirone citrate in VaDep cases with mild cognitive impairment (VaDep-MCI) as well as the role of plasma monoamine neurotransmitters during the treatment. In this single-blind, randomized controlled study, 116 participants were randomly assigned to the tandospirone (tandospirone citrate-escitalopram) and control (escitalopram) groups. The primary endpoints were changes in cognitive test scores from baseline to Week 8, including the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Semantic Verbal Fluency (SVF) test, Trail Making Test (TMT), Digital Span Test (DST) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT) scores. Generalized estimating equation models were used to examine repeated measures. The results showed that compared with the changes in the control group from baseline to Week 8, the tandospirone group showed more significant changes in SVF score at Weeks 4 (p < 0.05) and 8 (p < 0.001), and TMT (B-A) score at Week 8 (p < 0.05). RAVLT, DST and DCT scores were relatively stable in both groups during the study period. Moreover, mediation analysis showed that these results were not mediated by the alleviation of depression symptoms. Partial Spearman correlation analysis showed that only plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was positively correlated with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score after Bonferroni correction (r = 0.347, p < 0.001). Augmentation therapy with tandospirone citrate improved the executive and language functions of VaDep-MCI patients. Additionally, plasma 5-HT levels may serve as a potential biomarker of VaDep severity. These findings may provide clinical insights into the treatment of vascular depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qianwen Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Sleep Center, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongsen Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shufang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guiying Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongxi Wu
- Department of Sleep Center, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Yingchun Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Hongbin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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Jafari-Sabet M, Amiri S, Aghamiri H, Fatahi N. Cross state-dependent memory retrieval between cannabinoid CB1 and serotonergic 5-HT1A receptor agonists in the mouse dorsal hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 192:107638. [PMID: 35595026 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of drug-related learning and memory formation may help the treatment of cognitive disorders. Dysfunction of the cannabinoid and serotonergic systems has been demonstrated in learning and memory disorders. The present paper investigates the phenomenon called state-dependent memory (SDM) induced by ACPA (a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist) and 8-OH-DPAT (a nonselective 5-HT1A receptor agonist) with special focus on the role of the 5-HT1A receptor in the effects of both ACPA and 8-OH-DPAT SDM and cross state-dependent memory retrieval between ACPA and 8-OH-DPAT in a step-down inhibitory avoidance task. The dorsal hippocampal CA1 regions of adult male NMRI mice were bilaterally cannulated, and all drugs were microinjected into the intended injection sites. A single-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task was used to assess memory retrieval and state-dependence. Post-training and/or pre-test microinjections of ACPA (1 and 2 ng/mouse) and 8-OH-DPAT (0.5 and 1 μg/mouse) dose-dependently induced amnesia. Pre-test administration of the same doses of ACPA and 8-OH-DPAT reversed the post-training ACPA- and 8-OH-DPAT-induced amnesia, respectively. This phenomenon has been named SDM. 8-OH-DPAT (1 μg/mouse) reversed the amnesia induced by ACPA (0.5, 1, and 2 ng/mouse) and induced ACPA SDM. ACPA (2 ng/mouse) reversed the amnesia induced by 8-OH-DPAT (0.25, 0.5, and 1 μg/mouse) and induced 8-OH-DPAT SDM. Pre-test administration of a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, (S)-WAY 100135 (0.25 and 0.5 μg/mouse), 5 min before ACPA and 8-OH-DPAT dose-dependently inhibited ACPA- and 8-OH-DPAT-induced SDM, respectively. The present study results demonstrated ACPA- and 8-OH-DPAT- induced SDM. Overall, the data revealed that dorsal hippocampal 5-HT1A receptor mechanisms play a pivotal role in modulating cross state-dependent memory retrieval between ACPA and 8-OH-DPAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Jafari-Sabet
- Razi Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shiva Amiri
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Helia Aghamiri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Fatahi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Vaseghi S, Arjmandi-Rad S, Eskandari M, Ebrahimnejad M, Kholghi G, Zarrindast MR. Modulating role of serotonergic signaling in sleep and memory. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 74:1-26. [PMID: 34743316 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter with various receptors and wide-range effects on physiological processes and cognitive functions including sleep, learning, and memory. In this review study, we aimed to discuss the role of serotonergic receptors in modulating sleep-wake cycle, and learning and memory function. Furthermore, we mentioned to sleep deprivation, its effects on memory function, and the potential interaction with serotonin. Although there are thousands of research articles focusing on the relationship between sleep and serotonin; however, the pattern of serotonergic function in sleep deprivation is inconsistent and it seems that serotonin has not a certain role in the effects of sleep deprivation on memory function. Also, we found that the injection type of serotonergic agents (systemic or local), the doses of these drugs (dose-dependent effects), and up- or down-regulation of serotonergic receptors during training with various memory tasks are important issues that can be involved in the effects of serotonergic signaling on sleep-wake cycle, memory function, and sleep deprivation-induced memory impairments. This comprehensive review was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases in June and July 2021, by searching keywords sleep, sleep deprivation, memory, and serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Vaseghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Shirin Arjmandi-Rad
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Eskandari
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Ebrahimnejad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Kholghi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ambrase A, Lewis CA, Barth C, Derntl B. Influence of ovarian hormones on value-based decision-making systems: Contribution to sexual dimorphisms in mental disorders. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 60:100873. [PMID: 32987043 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Women and men exhibit differences in behavior when making value-based decisions. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain these findings, stressing differences in functional lateralization of the brain, functional activation, neurotransmitter involvement and more recently, sex hormones. While a significant interaction of neurotransmitter systems and sex hormones has been shown for both sexes, decision-making in women might be particularly affected by variations of ovarian hormones. In this review we have gathered information from animal and human studies on how ovarian hormones affect decision-making processes in females by interacting with neurotransmitter systems at functionally relevant brain locations and thus modify the computation of decision aspects. We also review previous findings on impaired decision-making in animals and clinical populations with substance use disorder and depression, emphasizing how little we know about the role of ovarian hormones in aberrant decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiste Ambrase
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Carolin A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany; Emotion Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication: Function, Structure, and Plasticity, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Barth
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Birgit Derntl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany; TübingenNeuroCampus, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; LEAD Research School and Graduate Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Qi S, Lou S, Tan T. The "Tongmai Tiaoshen" abdominal massage therapy of traditional Chinese medicine improves sleep quality of chronic insomnia patients: A case report. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 42:101292. [PMID: 33360562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE "Tongmai Tiaoshen" practices are effective for treating psychophysiological disorders. Herein, we report the treatment of a post-menopausal female patient with chronic insomnia using "Tongmai Tiaoshen" abdominal massage therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 62-year-old woman who had chronic insomnia due to deficiency of heart and spleen accompanied by anxiety and depression for 30 years was treated with "Tongmai Tiaoshen" abdominal massage therapy for six weeks. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) scores were recorded before and after treatment to evaluate treatment efficacy. RESULTS Compared with the baseline, PSQI, HDRS, and SAS scores were significantly lower after application of the abdominal massage therapy. CONCLUSION The "Tongmai Tiaoshen" abdominal massage therapy may alleviate the symptoms of chronic insomnia caused by deficiency of heart and spleen, thus improving the quality of sleep and mitigating the state of anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Qi
- Massage Division, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Shuang Lou
- Department of Qigong and Tuina, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Tao Tan
- Massage Division, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, No. 314, An Shan Xi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China.
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Wang D, Yang K, Liu L. An adaptive behavior decision model of mobile robot based on the neuromodulation. ARTIFICIAL LIFE AND ROBOTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10015-020-00629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lewis MW, Jones RT, Davis MT. Exploring the impact of trauma type and extent of exposure on posttraumatic alterations in 5-HT1A expression. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:237. [PMID: 32678079 PMCID: PMC7366706 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term behavioral, psychological, and neurobiological effects of exposure to potentially traumatic events vary within the human population. Studies conducted on trauma-exposed human subjects suggest that differences in trauma type and extent of exposure combine to affect development, maintenance, and treatment of a variety of psychiatric syndromes. The serotonin 1-A receptor (5-HT1A) is an inhibitory G protein-coupled serotonin receptor encoded by the HTR1A gene that plays a role in regulating serotonin release, physiological stress responding, and emotional behavior. Studies from the preclinical and human literature suggest that dysfunctional expression of 5-HT1A is associated with a multitude of psychiatric symptoms commonly seen in trauma-exposed individuals. Here, we synthesize the literature, including numerous preclinical studies, examining differences in alterations in 5-HT1A expression following trauma exposure. Collectively, these findings suggest that the impact of trauma exposure on 5-HT1A expression is dependent, in part, on trauma type and extent of exposure. Furthermore, preclinical and human studies suggest that this observation likely applies to additional molecular targets and may help explain variation in trauma-induced changes in behavior and treatment responsivity. In order to understand the neurobiological impact of trauma, including the impact on 5-HT1A expression, it is crucial to consider both trauma type and extent of exposure.
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Yang J, Huang Q, Liu H, Zhou X, Huang Z, Peng Q, Liu C. 4-Nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol induce anxiety-related behaviors through alternation of 5-HT receptors and transporters in the prefrontal cortex. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 230:108701. [PMID: 31911191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental endocrine disruptors 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) may cast huge harm to human health. We used a rat model to observe the influence of NP or/and OP exposure on anxiety-related behaviors and the underlying mechanisms. Eighty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 10 groups: control group (corn oil), NP groups [30, 90, 270 mg/kg], OP groups [40, 120, 360 mg/kg] and NO groups [(mixed with the corresponding NP, OP alone exposed low, medium and high dose according to the natural environment exists NP:OP = 4:1]. The rats were orally administered every other day for 30 days. The neurobehaviors of rats were evaluated by open-field test (OFT) and elevated plus-maze test (EPM), and the concentrations of 5-HT, monoamine oxidase (MAOA), serotonin transporter (SERT), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VAMT2), 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A), 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A),and 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C (5-HT2C) in the rat prefrontal cortex were analyzed by ELISA. OFT and EPM tests showed that NP or/and OP exposure induced anxiety-related behaviors in rats. 5-HT levels were significantly increased compared with the control group. The levels of MAOA, SERT, VAMT2, 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C in the prefrontal cortex reduced in different degrees by high-doses NP or/and OP exposure. In summary, NP or/and OP exposure might cause anxiety-related behaviors in rats through regulating neurotransmitter 5-HT levels by altering the expression of 5-HT decomposition enzyme MAOA, transporters SERT and VMAT2, and 5-HT receptors 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qingyi Huang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiong Zhou
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhuoquan Huang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Quansheng Peng
- Logistics Department, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Du Y, Wu B, Xiao F, Yan T, Li Q, Jia Y, Bi K, He B. Untargeted metabolomic study on the insomnia effect of Suan‐Zao‐Ren decoction in the rat serum and brain using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry combined with data processing analysis. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2019-2030. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Du
- School of Functional Food and WineShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Functional Food and WineShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Feng Xiao
- School of Functional Food and WineShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Tingxu Yan
- School of Functional Food and WineShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Ying Jia
- School of Functional Food and WineShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Bosai He
- School of Functional Food and WineShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang P. R. China
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Wang L, He Z, Zhu Z, Yuan W, Cai W, Li L, Zhang J, Hou W, Yang Y, Zhang X, Guo Q, Wang X, Lian Z, Tai F. The serotonin system in the hippocampus CA3 involves in effects of CSDS on social recognition in adult female mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 95:109704. [PMID: 31330217 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) exacerbated the development of stress-related psychiatric disorders, and the social recognition dysfunction is the core feature of many psychiatric disorders. However, the effects of CSDS on female social recognition and the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. Using highly aggressive adult female mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus) as animal model, the aim of this work is to investigate the effects of CSDS on social recognition in adult female rodents and the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects. Our results indicate the CSDS disrupted the normal social recognition in adult female voles. Meanwhile, defeated voles exhibited increased neural activity in the DG, CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus. Furthermore, CSDS reduced levels of serotonin (5-HT) and serotonin 1A receptors (5-HT1AR) in the CA3. We also discovered that microinjection of 8-OH-DPAT into the CA3 effectively reversed the social recognition deficits induced by CSDS, and an infusion of WAY-100635 into the CA3 of control female voles impaired social recognition. Moreover, targeted activation of the 5-HT neuron projection from the DRN to CA3 by long-term administration of CNO significantly prevented the CSDS induced social recognition deficits. Taken together, our study demonstrated that CSDS induced social recognition deficits in adult female voles, and these effects were mediated by the action of 5-HT on the 5-HT1AR in the hippocampus CA3. The projection from the DRN to CA3 may be involved in social recognition deficits induced by CSDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Zhixiong He
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhu
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Wenqi Cai
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Laifu Li
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Wenjuan Hou
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xueni Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Zhenmin Lian
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Fadao Tai
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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Liu Y, Liu J, Jiao SR, Liu X, Guo Y, Zhang J, Yang J, Xie W, Wang HS, Zhang L. Serotonin1A receptors in the dorsal hippocampus regulate working memory and long-term habituation in the hemiparkinsonian rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cassaday HJ, Thur KE. Intraperitoneal 8-OH-DPAT reduces competition from contextual but not discrete conditioning cues. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 187:172797. [PMID: 31669833 PMCID: PMC6899499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT; 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg i.p.) were examined in trace conditioning (Experiment 1) and overshadowing (Experiment 2) procedures. Both experiments used a fear conditioning procedure conducted off-the-baseline in water deprived male Wistar rats. 8-OH-DPAT was administered during conditioning and its effects were examined drug free as the suppression of an established licking response, both upon re-exposure to the cues provided by the conditioning chambers and upon presentation of experimental stimuli. There were no statistically significant effects of 8-OH-DPAT on conditioning to the discrete cue provided by a 5 s conditioned stimulus (CS), irrespective of the length of the trace interval used in Experiment 1, and irrespective of whether the CS took the form of a light alone, or a noise plus light compound in the Experiment 2 overshadowing procedure. The successful demonstration of overshadowing required the use of a second conditioning session which allowed further evaluation of the effects of 8-OH-DPAT in that neither a weak nor a strong overshadowing effect was modulated by either drug dose. Nonetheless conditioning to contextual cues was attenuated by treatment with 8-OH-DPAT at the 30 s trace interval. We therefore conclude that 8-OH-DPAT reduces competition from contextual but not discrete conditioning cues. This pattern of results lends further support to the view that contextual cue conditioning and discrete cue conditioning are modulated by different neuropharmacological mechanisms. 8-OH-DPAT (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg i.p.) was tested in two fear conditioning procedures. 8-OH-DPAT reduced conditioning to contextual cues at a 30 s trace. However, overshadowing produced by presentation of a compound cue was unaffected by 8-OH-DPAT. 8-OH-DPAT reduced competition from contextual but not discrete conditioning cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Cassaday
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - K E Thur
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Hernández-Vázquez F, Garduño J, Hernández-López S. GABAergic modulation of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:289-303. [PMID: 30173207 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), located in the brainstem, is involved in several functions such as sleep, temperature regulation, stress responses, and anxiety behaviors. This nucleus contains the largest population of serotonin expressing neurons in the brain. Serotonergic DRN neurons receive tonic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)inhibitory inputs from several brain areas, as well as from interneurons within the same nucleus. Serotonergic and GABAergic neurons in the DRN can be distinguished by their size, location, pharmacological responses, and electrophysiological properties. GABAergic neurons regulate the excitability of DRN serotonergic neurons and the serotonin release in different brain areas. Also, it has been shown that GABAergic neurons can synchronize the activity of serotonergic neurons across functions such as sleep or alertness. Moreover, dysregulation of GABA signaling in the DRN has been linked to psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. This review focuses on GABAergic transmission in the DRN. The interaction between GABAergic and serotonergic neurons is discussed considering some physiological implications. Also, the main electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of serotonergic and GABAergic neurons are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Hernández-Vázquez
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Julieta Garduño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, PO Box 70250, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Salvador Hernández-López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, PO Box 70250, Ciudad de México 04510, México, e-mail:
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Allopregnanolone reversion of estrogen and progesterone memory impairment: interplay with serotonin release. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1321-1328. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Potential learning and memory disruptors and enhancers in a simple, 1-day operant task in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 29:482-492. [PMID: 29570113 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a rapid, 1-day learning and memory assay in mice that is sensitive to the effects of compounds that could impair or enhance acquisition and retrieval. Swiss-Webster, male mice were placed in experimental chambers for a 1-h acquisition session with an intermittent, audible tone. If a nose-poke response occurred during the tone, an Ensure water solution was presented. After 1 h, the mice returned to the chambers for 2 h. Drugs were injected before or after sessions to determine the effects on acquisition and/or retrieval. Mice injected with saline learned a nose-poke response as measured by decreased latencies to earn 10 reinforcers, increased reinforced response rates, and decreased nonreinforced response rates. Scopolamine and acetazolamide impaired retrieval of the nose-poke response, whereas ketamine only modestly impaired retrieval. Doses of 8-OH-DPAT or the novel carbonic anhydrase activator, MAI27, either had no effect or impaired some measures of responding. Neither 8-OH-DPAT nor MAI27 were able to prevent the modest impairments produced by ketamine. The simple, 1-day operant task is a rapid assay that can be used as an initial screen to test the effects of learning and memory disruptors and potentially enhancers.
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Shahidi S, Hashemi-Firouzi N, Afshar S, Asl SS, Komaki A. Protective Effects of 5-HT1A Receptor Inhibition and 5-HT2A Receptor Stimulation Against Streptozotocin-Induced Apoptosis in the Hippocampus. Malays J Med Sci 2019; 26:40-51. [PMID: 31447607 PMCID: PMC6687217 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (icv-STZ) induced apoptosis changes in neurons similar to Alzheimer's disease. The serotonergic system via its receptor involved in survival of neurons. The present study examined the ability of selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist (NAD-299) and 5-HT2A receptor agonist (TCB-2) to attenuate the apoptosis caused by the icv-STZ in the rat. METHODS The icv-STZ (3 mg/kg, 10 μL, twice) induced neuronal loss in the hippocampus of adult male rats. Animals were divided into naive control, sham-operated, STZ+saline (1 μL, icv), STZ+NAD-299 (5 μg/μL, icv), STZ+TCB-2 (5 μg/μL, icv), and STZ+NAD-299+TCB-2 (5 μg/μL of any agent, icv) groups. Following the 35 days' treatment period, neuronal apoptosis was detected using the Tunnel. Cells with morphological features of apoptotic cell were contended by microscopy. RESULTS TCB-2 and NAD-299 administration decreased number of apoptotic neurons in the treatment group compared with the STZ group. Combined treatment of STZ rat with NAD+TCB more decreased number of apoptotic cells in compare to TCB-2 or NAD-299 treated STZ groups. CONCLUSION Treatment with 5-HT1A receptor antagonist or 5-HT2A receptor agonist diminished apoptosis. The beneficial effect of 5HT1A receptor inhibition was potentiated with activation of 5-HT2A receptor in prevention of apoptosis in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Shahidi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Simin Afshar
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Soleimani Asl
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Zhao Y, Bijlsma EY, ter Heegde F, Verdouw MP, Garssen J, Newman-Tancredi A, Groenink L. Activation of somatodendritic 5-HT 1A autoreceptors reduces the acquisition and expression of cued fear in the rat fear-potentiated startle test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1171-1185. [PMID: 30539269 PMCID: PMC6591185 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fear conditioning is an important factor in the etiology of anxiety disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated a role for serotonin (5-HT)1A receptors in fear conditioning. However, the relative contribution of somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors and post-synaptic 5-HT1A heteroreceptors in fear conditioning is still unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of pre- and post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors in the acquisition and expression of cued and contextual conditioned fear. METHODS We studied the acute effects of four 5-HT1A receptor ligands in the fear-potentiated startle test. Male Wistar rats were injected with the 5-HT1A receptors biased agonists F13714 (0-0.16 mg/kg, IP), which preferentially activates somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors, or F15599 (0-0.16 mg/kg, IP), which preferentially activates cortical post-synaptic 5-HT1A heteroreceptors, with the prototypical 5-HT1A receptor agonist R(+)8-OH-DPAT (0-0.3 mg/kg, SC) or the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100,635 (0-1.0 mg/kg, SC). RESULTS F13714 (0.16 mg/kg) and R(+)-8-OH-DPAT (0.03 mg/kg) injected before training reduced cued fear acquisition. Pre-treatment with F15599 or WAY100,635 had no effect on fear learning. In the fear-potentiated startle test, F13714 (0.04-0.16 mg/kg) and R(+)-8-OH-DPAT (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) reduced the expression of cued and contextual fear, whereas F15599 had no effect. WAY100,635 (0.03-1.0 mg/kg) reduced the overall startle response. CONCLUSIONS The current findings indicate that activation of somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors reduces cued fear learning, whereas 5-HT1A receptors seem not involved in contextual fear learning. Moreover, activation of somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors may reduce cued and contextual fear expression, whereas we found no evidence for the involvement of cortical 5-HT1A heteroreceptors in the expression of conditioned fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Y. Bijlsma
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freija ter Heegde
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monika P. Verdouw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lucianne Groenink
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (BCRM), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Dose related effects of buspirone on pain, learning / memory and food intake. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 99:182-190. [PMID: 30244043 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study concerned extending the therapeutic use of buspirone for treating pain and improving cognition. Effects of single and repeated administration of buspirone were therefore monitored on pain threshold in the hot plate test and on spatial memory in the water maze test in rats. Effects on cumulative food intake were also monitored. The drug was administered intraperitoneally in doses of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg. We found that single and repeated administration of buspirone in doses of 0.1 mg/kg decreased pain threshold in the hot plate test, while doses of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg increased it. Effects of single and repeated administration were not different. A dose of 0.3 mg/kg had no effect. Food intake increased following single as well as repeated administration of 0.1 mg/kg buspirone; higher doses had no effect. Low doses (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) improved acquisition and retention of memory in the water maze test, while memory extinction was reduced. Higher doses had either no effect (1.0 mg/kg) or impaired (2.0 mg/kg) performance in this test. The results suggest potential therapeutic use of selected doses of buspirone as an analgesic and nootropic drug.
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Pietrelli A, Matković L, Vacotto M, Lopez-Costa JJ, Basso N, Brusco A. Aerobic exercise upregulates the BDNF-Serotonin systems and improves the cognitive function in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:528-542. [PMID: 29800645 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise (AE) benefits brain health and behavior. Serotonin (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are known to mediate and shape cognitive processes. Both systems share some actions: BDNF is involved in the maturation and function of 5-HT neurons. In turn, 5-HT is involved in neuroplasticity phenomena mediated by BDNF and stimulated by exercise. The aim of this work was to study the long-term effects of AE on BDNF- 5-HT systems and cognitive function in rats at different ages. A lifelong moderate-intensity aerobic training program was designed, in which aerobically exercised (E) and sedentary control (C) rats were studied at middle (8 months) and old age (18 months) by means of biochemical, immunohistochemical and behavioral assays. The levels and expression of BDNF, 5-HT, serotonin transporter (SERT) and 5-HT1A receptor were determined in selected brain areas involved in memory and learning. Immunopositive cells to neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) in the hippocampus CA1 area were also quantified. The cognitive function was evaluated by the object recognition test (ORT). Results indicate that AE enhanced spatial and non-spatial memory systems, modulated by age. This outcome temporarily correlated with a significant upregulation of cortical, hippocampal and striatal BDNF levels in parallel with an increase in the number of hippocampal CA1-mature neurons. AE also increased brain and raphe 5-HT levels, as well as the expression of SERT and 5-HT1A receptor in the cortex and hippocampus. Old AE rats showed a highly conserved response, indicating a remarkable protective effect of exercise on both systems. In summary, lifelong AE positively affects BDNF-5-HT systems, improves cognitive function and protects the brain against the deleterious effects of sedentary life and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pietrelli
- Universidad de Ciencias Empresariales y Sociales (UCES), Departamento de Investigación en Ciencia Básica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - L Matković
- Universidad de Ciencias Empresariales y Sociales (UCES), Departamento de Investigación en Ciencia Básica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Vacotto
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J J Lopez-Costa
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Basso
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular (INFICA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Brusco
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Environmental enrichment, alone or in combination with various pharmacotherapies, confers marked benefits after traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:13-24. [PMID: 29499273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant health care issue that affects over ten million people worldwide. Treatment options are limited with numerous failures resulting from single therapies. Fortunately, several preclinical studies have shown that combination treatment strategies may afford greater improvement and perhaps can lead to successful clinical translation, particularly if one of the therapies is neurorehabilitation. The aim of this review is to highlight TBI studies that combined environmental enrichment (EE), a preclinical model of neurorehabilitation, with pharmacotherapies. A series of PubMed search strategies yielded only nine papers that fit the criteria. The consensus is that EE provides robust neurobehavioral, cognitive, and histological improvement after experimental TBI and that the combination of EE with some pharmacotherapies can lead to benefits beyond those revealed by single therapies. However, it is noted that EE can be challenged by drugs such as the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, and the antipsychotic drug, haloperidol, which attenuate its efficacy. These findings may help shape clinical neurorehabilitation strategies to more effectively improve patient outcome. Potential mechanisms for the EE and pharmacotherapy-induced effects are also discussed. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Neurobiology of Environmental Enrichment".
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Avery MC, Krichmar JL. Neuromodulatory Systems and Their Interactions: A Review of Models, Theories, and Experiments. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:108. [PMID: 29311844 PMCID: PMC5744617 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulatory systems, including the noradrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic systems, track environmental signals, such as risks, rewards, novelty, effort, and social cooperation. These systems provide a foundation for cognitive function in higher organisms; attention, emotion, goal-directed behavior, and decision-making derive from the interaction between the neuromodulatory systems and brain areas, such as the amygdala, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and sensory cortices. Given their strong influence on behavior and cognition, these systems also play a key role in disease states and are the primary target of many current treatment strategies. The fact that these systems interact with each other either directly or indirectly, however, makes it difficult to understand how a failure in one or more systems can lead to a particular symptom or pathology. In this review, we explore experimental evidence, as well as focus on computational and theoretical models of neuromodulation. Better understanding of neuromodulatory systems may lead to the development of novel treatment strategies for a number of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Avery
- SNL-R, Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Krichmar
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Frameworking memory and serotonergic markers. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:455-497. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:The evidence for neural markers and memory is continuously being revised, and as evidence continues to accumulate, herein, we frame earlier and new evidence. Hence, in this work, the aim is to provide an appropriate conceptual framework of serotonergic markers associated with neural activity and memory. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) has multiple pharmacological tools, well-characterized downstream signaling in mammals’ species, and established 5-HT neural markers showing new insights about memory functions and dysfunctions, including receptors (5-HT1A/1B/1D, 5-HT2A/2B/2C, and 5-HT3-7), transporter (serotonin transporter [SERT]) and volume transmission present in brain areas involved in memory. Bidirectional influence occurs between 5-HT markers and memory/amnesia. A growing number of researchers report that memory, amnesia, or forgetting modifies neural markers. Diverse approaches support the translatability of using neural markers and cerebral functions/dysfunctions, including memory formation and amnesia. At least, 5-HT1A, 5-HT4, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7receptors and SERT seem to be useful neural markers and therapeutic targets. Hence, several mechanisms cooperate to achieve synaptic plasticity or memory, including changes in the expression of neurotransmitter receptors and transporters.
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Nasehi M, Ghadimi F, Khakpai F, Zarrindast MR. Interaction between harmane, a class of β-carboline alkaloids, and the CA1 serotonergic system in modulation of memory acquisition. Neurosci Res 2017; 122:17-24. [PMID: 28380327 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study set to assess the involvement of dorsal hippocampus (CA1) serotonergic system on harmane induced memory acquisition deficit. We used one trial step-down inhibitory avoidancetask to evaluate memory retention and then, open field test to evaluate locomotor activity in adult male NMRI mice. The results showed that pre-training intra-peritoneal (i.p.) administration of harmane (12mg/kg) induced impairment of memory acquisition. Pre-training intra-CA1 administration of 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist (CP94253; 0.5 and 5ng/mouse) and 5-HT2A/2B/2C receptor agonist (α-methyl 5-HT; 50ng/mouse) impaired memory acquisition. Furthermore, intra-CA1 administration of 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (GR127935; 0.5ng/mouse) and 5-HT2 receptor antagonist (cinancerine; 5ng/mouse) improved memory acquisition. In addition, pre-training intra-CA1 injection of sub-threshold dose of CP94253 (0.05ng/mouse) and α-methyl 5-HT (5ng/mouse) potentiated impairment of memory acquisition induced by harmane (12mg/kg, i.p.). On the other hand, pre-training intra-CA1 infusion of sub-threshold dose of GR127935 (0.05ng/mouse) and cinancerine (0.5ng/mouse) with the administration of harmane (12mg/kg, i.p.) weakened impairment of memory acquisition. Moreover, all above doses of drugs did not change locomotor activity. The present findings suggest that there is an interaction between harmane and the CA1 serotonergic system in modulation of memory acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Ghadimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Kharazmi (TarbiatMoalem) University Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khakpai
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ahmadi-Mahmoodabadi N, Nasehi M, Emam Ghoreishi M, Zarrindast MR. Synergistic effect between prelimbic 5-HT3 and CB1 receptors on memory consolidation deficit in adult male Sprague–Dawley rats: An isobologram analysis. Neuroscience 2016; 317:173-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Penttilä J, Hirvonen J, Tuominen L, Lumme V, Ilonen T, Någren K, Hietala J. Verbal memory and 5-HT1A receptors in healthy volunteers--A PET study with [carbonyl-(11)C]WAY-100635. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:570-7. [PMID: 26775837 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin 5-HT1A receptor is a putative drug development target in disorders with cognitive and in particular memory deficits. However, previous human positron emission tomography (PET) studies on 5-HT1A receptor binding and memory functions have yielded discrepant results. We explored the association between verbal memory and 5-HT1A receptor binding in 24 healthy subjects (14 male, 10 female, aged 18-41 years). The cognitive tests included the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). 5-HT1A receptor binding was measured with PET and the radioligand [carbonyl-(11)C]WAY-100635, which was quantified with the gold standard method based on kinetic modeling using arterial blood samples. We found that global 5-HT1A receptor binding was positively correlated with measures of verbal memory, such that subjects who had higher receptor binding tended to have better verbal memory than subjects who had lower receptor binding. Regional analyses suggested significant correlations in multiple neocortical brain regions and the raphe nuclei. We did not find significant correlations between 5-HT1A receptor binding and executive functions as measured with WCST. We conclude that neocortical as well as raphe 5-HT1A receptors are involved in verbal memory function in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Penttilä
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland
| | - Jussi Hirvonen
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Tuominen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Lumme
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Ilonen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kjell Någren
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Hietala
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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de Oliveira DR, Zamberlam CR, Rêgo GM, Cavalheiro A, Cerutti JM, Cerutti SM. Effects of a Flavonoid-Rich Fraction on the Acquisition and Extinction of Fear Memory: Pharmacological and Molecular Approaches. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 9:345. [PMID: 26778988 PMCID: PMC4700274 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of flavonoids have been correlated with their ability to modulate the glutamatergic, serotoninergic, and GABAergic neurotransmission; the major targets of these substances are N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDARs), serotonin type1A receptor (5-HT1ARs), and the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs). Several studies showed that these receptors are involved in the acquisition and extinction of fear memory. This study assessed the effects of treatment prior to conditioning with a flavonoid-rich fraction from the stem bark of Erythrina falcata (FfB) on the acquisition and extinction of the conditioned suppression following pharmacological manipulations and on gene expression in the dorsal hippocampus (DH). Adult male Wistar rats were treated before conditioned fear with FfB, vehicle, an agonist or antagonist of the 5-HT1AR, GABAARs or the GluN2B-NMDAR or one of these antagonists before FfB treatment. The effects of these treatments on fear memory retrieval, extinction training and extinction retrieval were evaluated at 48, 72, and 98 h after conditioning, respectively. We found that activation of GABAARs and inactivation of GluN2B-NMDARs play important roles in the acquisition of lick response suppression. FfB reversed the effect of blocking GluN2B-NMDARs on the conditioned fear and induced the spontaneous recovery. Blocking the 5-HT1AR and the GluN2B-NMDAR before FfB treatment seemed to be associated with weakening of the spontaneous recovery. Expression of analysis of DH samples via qPCR showed that FfB treatment resulted in the overexpression of Htr1a, Grin2a, Gabra5, and Erk2 after the retention test and of Htr1a and Erk2 after the extinction retention test. Moreover, blocking the 5-HT1ARs and the GluN2B-NMDARs before FfB treatment resulted in reduced Htr1a and Grin2b expression after the retention test, but played a distinct role in Grin2a and Erk2 expression, according session evaluated. We show for the first time that the serotoninergic and glutamatergic receptors are important targets for the effect of FfB on the conditioned fear and spontaneous recovery, in which the ERK signaling pathway appears to be modulated. Further, these results provide important information regarding the role of the DH in conditioned suppression. Taken together, our data suggest that FfB represents a potential therapy for preventing or treating memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela R de Oliveira
- Cellular and Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumor Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia R Zamberlam
- Cellular and Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumor Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gizelda M Rêgo
- Department of Forestry Colombo, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Colombo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Cavalheiro
- Institute of Chemistry, Nuclei of Bioassay, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products, São Paulo State University, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Janete M Cerutti
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumor Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzete M Cerutti
- Cellular and Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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Glikmann-Johnston Y, Saling MM, Reutens DC, Stout JC. Hippocampal 5-HT1A Receptor and Spatial Learning and Memory. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:289. [PMID: 26696889 PMCID: PMC4674558 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial cognition is fundamental for survival in the topographically complex environments inhabited by humans and other animals. The hippocampus, which has a central role in spatial cognition, is characterized by high concentration of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptor binding sites, particularly of the 1A receptor (5-HT1A) subtype. This review highlights converging evidence for the role of hippocampal 5-HT1A receptors in spatial learning and memory. We consider studies showing that activation or blockade of the 5-HT1A receptors using agonists or antagonists, respectively, lead to changes in spatial learning and memory. For example, pharmacological manipulation to induce 5-HT release, or to block 5-HT uptake, have indicated that increased extracellular 5-HT concentrations maintain or improve memory performance. In contrast, reduced levels of 5-HT have been shown to impair spatial memory. Furthermore, the lack of 5-HT1A receptor subtype in single gene knockout mice is specifically associated with spatial memory impairments. These findings, along with evidence from recent cognitive imaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET) with 5-HT1A receptor ligands, and studies of individual genetic variance in 5-HT1A receptor availability, strongly suggests that 5-HT, mediated by the 5-HT1A receptor subtype, plays a key role in spatial learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Glikmann-Johnston
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neuropsychology, Austin HealthMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael M. Saling
- Department of Neuropsychology, Austin HealthMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David C. Reutens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Julie C. Stout
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonists: A decade of empirical evidence supports their use as an efficacious therapeutic strategy for brain trauma. Brain Res 2015; 1640:5-14. [PMID: 26612522 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant and enduring health care issue with limited treatment options. While several pre-clinical therapeutic approaches have led to enhanced motor and/or cognitive performance, the benefits of these treatments have not translated to the clinic. One plausible explanation is that the therapies may not have been rigorously evaluated, thus rendering the bench-to-bedside leap premature and subsequently unsuccessful. An approach that has undergone considerable empirical research after TBI is pharmacological targeting of 5-HT1A receptors with agonists such as repinotan HCl, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), and buspirone. The goal of this review is to integrate and interpret the findings from a series of studies that evaluated the efficacy of 5-HT1A receptor agonists on functional, histological, and molecular outcome after acquired brain injury. The overwhelming consensus of this exhaustive review is that a decade of empirical evidence supports their use as an efficacious therapeutic strategy for brain trauma. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Brain injury and recovery.
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Abstract
Diverse neuropsychiatric disorders present dysfunctional memory and no effective treatment exits for them; likely as result of the absence of neural markers associated to memory. Neurotransmitter systems and signaling pathways have been implicated in memory and dysfunctional memory; however, their role is poorly understood. Hence, neural markers and cerebral functions and dysfunctions are revised. To our knowledge no previous systematic works have been published addressing these issues. The interactions among behavioral tasks, control groups and molecular changes and/or pharmacological effects are mentioned. Neurotransmitter receptors and signaling pathways, during normal and abnormally functioning memory with an emphasis on the behavioral aspects of memory are revised. With focus on serotonin, since as it is a well characterized neurotransmitter, with multiple pharmacological tools, and well characterized downstream signaling in mammals' species. 5-HT1A, 5-HT4, 5-HT5, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors as well as SERT (serotonin transporter) seem to be useful neural markers and/or therapeutic targets. Certainly, if the mentioned evidence is replicated, then the translatability from preclinical and clinical studies to neural changes might be confirmed. Hypothesis and theories might provide appropriate limits and perspectives of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Meneses
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Mexico City, Mexico
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Puig MV, Gener T. Serotonin Modulation of Prefronto-Hippocampal Rhythms in Health and Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1017-25. [PMID: 25799292 DOI: 10.1021/cn500350e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that most cognitive functions depend upon the coordinated activity of neuronal networks often located far from each other in the brain. Ensembles of neurons synchronize their activity, generating oscillations at different frequencies that may encode behavior by allowing an efficient communication between brain areas. The serotonin system, by virtue of the widespread arborisation of serotonergic neurons, is in an excellent position to exert strong modulatory actions on brain rhythms. These include specific oscillatory activities in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, two brain areas essential for many higher-order cognitive functions. Psychiatric patients show abnormal oscillatory activities in these areas, notably patients with schizophrenia who display psychotic symptoms as well as affective and cognitive impairments. Synchronization of neural activity between the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus seems to be important for cognition and, in fact, reduced prefronto-hippocampal synchrony has been observed in a genetic mouse model of schizophrenia. Here, we review recent advances in the field of neuromodulation of brain rhythms by serotonin, focusing on the actions of serotonin in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. Considering that the serotonergic system plays a crucial role in cognition and mood and is a target of many psychiatric treatments, it is surprising that this field of research is still in its infancy. In that regard, we point to future investigations that are much needed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Victoria Puig
- Neuroscience Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Gener
- Neuroscience Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
- Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Effects of prenatal stress and neonatal handling on anxiety, spatial learning and serotonergic system of male offspring mice. Neurosci Res 2015; 101:15-23. [PMID: 26163770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors during perinatal period have various effects on behavior. The present study examined the effects of prenatal stress and neonatal handling on anxiety and spatial learning of offspring. Prenatal stress increased anxiety-related behavior of adult offspring, whereas neonatal handling had no effect. In contrast, spatial learning was not affected by prenatal stress, but improved by neonatal handling in both prenatally stressed and non-stressed mice. Next, to elucidate possible brain mechanisms mediating effects of environmental factors on behavior, we focused on serotonin (5-HT) system in the frontal cortex and hippocampus which is involved in anxiety and learning. We examined effects of environmental factors on the mRNA expression of 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the frontal cortex and hippocampus during postnatal period and adulthood. Both prenatal stress and neonatal handling altered the mRNA expression of 5-HT receptors. These effects were dependent on environmental factors, brain regions and developmental stages. In summary, the present study revealed that prenatal stress and neonatal handling had differential effects on anxiety and spatial learning of offspring, and concomitantly the expression of 5-HT receptors. It was also shown that the effects of prenatal stress on 5-HT system were recovered partially by neonatal handling.
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35
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Nasehi M, Kafi F, Khakpai F, Zarrindast MR. Involvement of the serotonergic system of the ventral hippocampus (CA3) on amnesia induced by ACPA in mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 286:356-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Nasehi M, Tabatabaie M, Khakpai F, Zarrindast MR. The effects of CA1 5HT4 receptors in MK801-induced amnesia and hyperlocomotion. Neurosci Lett 2015; 587:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Thur KE, Nelson AJD, Cassaday HJ. Ro 04-6790-induced cognitive enhancement: no effect in trace conditioning and novel object recognition procedures in adult male Wistar rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 127:42-8. [PMID: 25450117 PMCID: PMC4258611 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The evidence for cognitively enhancing effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine6 (5-HT6) receptor antagonists such as Ro 04-6790 is inconsistent and seems to depend on the behavioral test variant in use. Trace conditioning holds promise as a behavioral assay for hippocampus-dependent working memory function. Accordingly, Experiment 1 assessed the effect of Ro 04-6790 (5 and 10mg/kg i.p.) on associating a noise conditioned stimulus paired with foot shock (unconditioned stimulus) at a 3 or 30s trace interval in adult male Wistar rats. Contextual conditioning was measured as suppression to the contextual cues provided by the experimental chambers and as suppression to a temporally extended light background stimulus which provided an experimental context. Experiment 2 assessed the effect of Ro 04-6790 (5 and 10mg/kg i.p.) on recognition memory as tested by the exploration of novel relative to familiar objects in an open arena. In Experiment 1, Ro 04-6790 (5 and 10mg/kg) was without effect on trace and contextual conditioning. In Experiment 2, there was no indication of the expected improvement under Ro 04-6790 at the same doses previously found to enhance recognition memory as measured in tests of novel object exploration. Thus, there was no evidence that treatment with the 5-HT6 receptor antagonist Ro 04-6790 acted as a cognitive enhancer in either trace conditioning or object recognition procedures. We cannot exclude the possibility that the experimental procedures used in the present study would have been sensitive to the cognitive enhancing effects of Ro 04-6790 in a different dose range, behavioral test variant, or in a different strain of rat. Nonetheless the drug treatment was not ineffective in that object exploration was reduced under 10mg/kg Ro 04-6790.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Thur
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - A J D Nelson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - H J Cassaday
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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38
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Nasehi M, Jamshidi-Mehr M, Khakpai F, Zarrindast MR. Possible involvement of CA1 5-HT1B/1D and 5-HT2A/2B/2C receptors in harmaline-induced amnesia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 125:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Monaco CM, Gebhardt KM, Chlebowski SM, Shaw KE, Cheng JP, Henchir JJ, Zupa MF, Kline AE. A combined therapeutic regimen of buspirone and environmental enrichment is more efficacious than either alone in enhancing spatial learning in brain-injured pediatric rats. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:1934-41. [PMID: 25050595 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Buspirone, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, and environmental enrichment (EE) enhance cognition and reduce histopathology after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adult rats, but have not been fully evaluated after pediatric TBI, which is the leading cause of death in children. Hence, the aims of this study were to assess the efficacy of buspirone alone (Experiment 1) and in combination with EE (Experiment 2) in TBI postnatal day-17 male rats. The hypothesis was that both therapies would confer cognitive and histological benefits when provided singly, but their combination would be more efficacious. Anesthetized rats received a cortical impact or sham injury and then were randomly assigned to receive intraperitoneal injections of buspirone (0.08 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, and 0.3 mg/kg) or saline vehicle (1.0 mL/kg) 24 h after surgery and once daily for 16 days (Experiment 1). Spatial learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) on post-operative days 11-16, and cortical lesion volume was quantified on day 17. Sham controls for each condition were significantly better than all TBI groups. In the TBI groups, buspirone (0.1 mg/kg) enhanced MWM performance versus vehicle and buspirone (0.08 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg) (p<0.05) and reduced lesion volume relative to vehicle (p=0.038). In Experiment 2, buspirone (0.1 mg/kg) or vehicle was combined with EE after TBI, and the data were compared to the standard (STD)-housed groups from Experiment 1. EE lead to a significant enhancement of spatial learning and a reduction in lesion size versus STD. Moreover, the combined treatment group (buspirone+EE) performed markedly better than the buspirone+STD and vehicle+EE groups, which suggests an additive effect and supports the hypothesis. The data replicate previous studies assessing these therapies in adult rats. These novel findings may have important rehabilitation-relevant implications for clinical pediatric TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Monaco
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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40
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Min A, Liu F, Yang X, Chen M. Benzyl butyl phthalate exposure impairs learning and memory and attenuates neurotransmission and CREB phosphorylation in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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41
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Ameliorating effect of spinosin, a C-glycoside flavonoid, on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 120:88-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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42
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Sevoflurane induced amnesia inhibits hippocampal Arc expression partially through 5-hydroxytryptamine-7 receptors in the bilateral basolateral amygdala in rats. Neurosci Lett 2014; 562:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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43
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Almeida PVG, Trovo MC, Tokumoto AM, Pereira AC, Padovan CM. Role of serotonin 1A receptors in the median raphe nucleus on the behavioral consequences of forced swim stress. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:1134-40. [PMID: 24162801 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113508829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the intense research on the neurobiology of stress, the role of serotonin (5-HT)1A receptors still remains to be elucidated. In the hippocampus, post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors activation induces anxiolytic effects in animals previously exposed to stressful situations. However, little is known about somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors in the median raphe nucleus (MRN). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of 5-HT1A receptors located in the MRN in rats exposed to forced swim stress. After recovering from surgery, rats were forced to swim for 15 min in a cylinder. Intra-MRN injections of saline, 8-OH-DPAT (3 nmol/0.2 µL) and/or WAY-100635 (0.3 nmol/0.2 µL) were performed immediately before or after pre-exposure or 24 h later (immediately before test). Non-stressed rats received the same treatment 24 h or 10 min before test. Our data showed that 8-OH-DPAT increased latency to display immobility while decreasing time spent immobile in almost all experimental conditions. These effects were not prevented by previous treatment with WAY-100635. No effects of different treatments were described in non-stressed animals. Taken together, our data suggest that in addition to activation of 5-HT1A, 5-HT7 receptors may also be involved in the behavioural consequences of exposure to swim stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V G Almeida
- 1Departamento de Psicologia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brasil
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Zaldivar A, Krichmar JL. Interactions between the neuromodulatory systems and the amygdala: exploratory survey using the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 218:1513-30. [PMID: 23143393 PMCID: PMC3825589 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0473-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuromodulatory systems originate in nuclei localized in the subcortical region of the brain and control fundamental behaviors by interacting with many areas of the central nervous system. An exploratory survey of the cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic receptor expression energy in the amygdala, and in the neuromodulatory areas themselves was undertaken using the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas. The amygdala was chosen because of its importance in cognitive behavior and its bidirectional interaction with the neuromodulatory systems. The gene expression data of 38 neuromodulatory receptor subtypes were examined across 13 brain regions. The substantia innominata of the basal forebrain and regions of the amygdala had the highest amount of receptor expression energy for all four neuromodulatory systems examined. The ventral tegmental area also displayed high receptor expression of all four neuromodulators. In contrast, the locus coeruleus displayed low receptor expression energy overall. In general, cholinergic receptor expression was an order of magnitude greater than other neuromodulatory receptors. Since the nuclei of these neuromodulatory systems are thought to be the source of specific neurotransmitters, the projections from these nuclei to target regions may be inferred by receptor expression energy. The comprehensive analysis revealed many connectivity relations and receptor localization that had not been previously reported. The methodology presented here may be applied to other neural systems with similar characteristics, and to other animal models as these brain atlases become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Zaldivar
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Krichmar
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, USA
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45
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Serotonin 5-HT1A receptors as targets for agents to treat psychiatric disorders: rationale and current status of research. CNS Drugs 2013; 27:703-16. [PMID: 23757185 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-013-0071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders represent a large economic burden in modern societies. However, pharmacological treatments are still far from optimal. Drugs used in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders (selective serotonin [5-HT] reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs] and serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors [SNRIs]) are pharmacological refinements of first-generation tricyclic drugs, discovered by serendipity, and show low efficacy and slowness of onset. Moreover, antipsychotic drugs are partly effective in positive symptoms of schizophrenia, yet they poorly treat negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. The present article reviews the neurobiological basis of 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1A-R) function and the role of pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A-Rs in the treatment of MDD, anxiety and psychotic disorders. The activation of postsynaptic 5-HT1A-Rs in corticolimbic areas appears beneficial for the therapeutic action of antidepressant drugs. However, presynaptic 5-HT1A-Rs play a detrimental role in MDD, since individuals with high density or function of presynaptic 5-HT1A-Rs are more susceptible to mood disorders and suicide, and respond poorly to antidepressant drugs. Moreover, the indirect activation of presynaptic 5-HT1A-Rs by SSRIs/SNRIs reduces 5-HT neuron activity and terminal 5-HT release, thus opposing the elevation of extracellular 5-HT produced by blockade of the serotonin transporter (SERT) in the forebrain. Chronic antidepressant treatment desensitizes presynaptic 5-HT1A-Rs, thus reducing the effectiveness of the 5-HT1A autoreceptor-mediated negative feedback. The prevention of this process by the non-selective partial agonist pindolol accelerates clinical antidepressant effects. Two new antidepressant drugs, vilazodone (marketed in the USA) and vortioxetine (in development) incorporate partial 5-HT1A-R agonist properties with SERT blockade. Several studies with transgenic mice have also established the respective role of pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A-Rs in MDD and anxiety. In agreement with pharmacological studies, presynaptic and postsynaptic 5-HT1A-R activation appears necessary for anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, respectively, yet, neurodevelopmental roles for 5-HT1A-Rs are also involved. Likewise, the use of small interference RNA has enabled the showing of robust antidepressant-like effects in mice after selective knock-down of 5-HT1A autoreceptors. Postsynaptic 5-HT1A-Rs in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) also appear important for the superior clinical effects of clozapine and other second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Despite showing a moderate in vitro affinity for 5-HT1A-Rs in binding assays, clozapine displays functional agonist properties at this receptor type in vivo. The stimulation of 5-HT1A-Rs in the PFC leads to the distal activation of the mesocortical pathway and to an increased dopamine release in PFC, an effect likely involved in the clinical actions of clozapine in negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. The anxiolytic/antidepressant properties of 5-HT1A-R agonists in preclinical tests raised expectations enormously. However, these agents have achieved little clinical success, possibly due to their partial agonist character at postsynaptic 5-HT1A-Rs, together with full agonist properties at presynaptic 5-HT1A autoreceptors, as well as their gastrointestinal side effects. The partial 5-HT1A-R agonists buspirone, gepirone, and tandospirone are marketed as anxiolytic drugs, and buspirone is also used as an augmentation strategy in MDD. The development of new 5-HT1A-R agonists with selectivity for postsynaptic 5-HT1A-Rs may open new perspectives in the field.
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Only repeated administration of the serotonergic agonist 8-OH-DPAT improves place learning of rats subjected to fimbria-fornix transection. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 109:50-8. [PMID: 23680575 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Serotonergic agonists may act neuroprotectively against brain injury. This study addressed the therapeutic potential of 8-hydroxy-2-di-n-propylamino-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a selective 5-HT1A/7 receptor agonist, after mechanical brain injury, and evaluated its effects in terms of acquisition of an allocentric place learning task in a water maze. Rats were divided into 6 experimental groups, three of which were subjected to bilateral transection of fimbria-fornix (FF), while three groups were given control surgery (Sham). After surgery, within both the lesioned, and sham-operated animals, respectively, one group was administered a single dose of saline, one group was given a single dose (0.5 mg/kg/b.w.) of 8-OH-DPAT, and one group was treated with daily administration of 8-OH-DPAT (0.5 mg/kg/b.w.) for eight days. The acquisition of the water maze based place learning task started on the 8th day post-surgery and continued for 20 days. The results show that the lesioned group subjected to repeated administration of 8-OH-DPAT demonstrated a significantly improved acquisition of the place learning task compared to the vehicle injected lesion group. In contrast, the lesioned group treated with a single administration displayed impaired performance compared to the baseline lesion group. There were no significant effects of the 8-OH-DPAT administration in the sham control groups. We conclude that only the repeated stimulation of the 5-HT1A/7 system was associated with beneficial, recovery enhancing effects.
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The effects of prenatal and postnatal environmental interaction: prenatal environmental adaptation hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 107:483-92. [PMID: 23624396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Adverse antenatal maternal environments during pregnancy influence fetal development that consequently increases risks of mental health problems including psychiatric disorders in offspring. Therefore, behavioral and brain alterations caused by adverse prenatal environmental conditions are generally considered as deficits. In this article, we propose a novel hypothesis, along with summarizing a body of literatures supporting it, that fetal neurodevelopmental alterations, particularly synaptic network changes occurring in the prefrontal cortex, associated with adverse prenatal environmental conditions may be adaptation to cope with expected severe postnatal environments, and therefore, psychiatric disorders may be able to be understood as adaptive strategies against severe environmental conditions through evolution. It is hoped that the hypothesis presented in this article stimulates and opens a new venue on research toward understanding of biological mechanisms and therapeutic treatments of psychiatric disorders.
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Lin TW, Kuo YM. Exercise benefits brain function: the monoamine connection. Brain Sci 2013; 3:39-53. [PMID: 24961306 PMCID: PMC4061837 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of exercise on brain function have been demonstrated in animal models and in a growing number of clinical studies on humans. There are multiple mechanisms that account for the brain-enhancing effects of exercise, including neuroinflammation, vascularization, antioxidation, energy adaptation, and regulations on neurotrophic factors and neurotransmitters. Dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NE), and serotonin (5-HT) are the three major monoamine neurotransmitters that are known to be modulated by exercise. This review focuses on how these three neurotransmitters contribute to exercise affecting brain function and how it can work against neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wei Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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Xu RX, Grigoryev N, Li TL, Bian HS, Zhang R, Liu XY. Development of hexagonal maze procedure for evaluating memory in rat. Biomed Rep 2012; 1:134-138. [PMID: 24648909 DOI: 10.3892/br.2012.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory is known as a series of behavioral changes caused by an experience, while learning is a process for acquiring memory. In the present study, we suggested a new method (hexagonal maze) to evaluate the learning and memory of rats. For preliminary validation, the authors used the maze to carry out two classical experiments. At first, the performance of rats of various ages was observed in the maze. Additionally, after establishing the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation model using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM), the authors also utilized a new experimental device to analyze learning and memory responses to REM sleep deprivation in rats. Behavior of the rats in the maze was recorded by a video recorder and was then quantified. According to the behavioral characteristics, rats of various ages showed differences in memory. Middle-aged male rats exhibited a higher level compared to the young (P<0.05) and the old group (P<0.01). The results also indicated that the ability of learning and memory showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) after REM sleep deprivation. These findings were consistent with those of several similar studies using one of the adopted procedures (Morris water maze, radial arm maze and the Y-maze). Based on the above-mentioned preliminary experiments, the introduction of a hexagonal maze may provide an applicable method for analyzing learning and memory of rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xin Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Nikolay Grigoryev
- Department of Physiology, Amur State Medical Academy, Blagoveschensk 675000, Russia
| | - Ting-Li Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Sheng Bian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
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Rodríguez JJ, Noristani HN, Verkhratsky A. The serotonergic system in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:15-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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