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Rivi V, Batabyal A, Lukowiak K. The multifaceted effects of flavonoids on neuroplasticity. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2024:RNN230150. [PMID: 38995810 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-230150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
There has been a significant increase in the incidence of multiple neurodegenerative and terminal diseases in the human population with life expectancy increasing in the current times. This highlights the urgent need for a more comprehensive understanding of how different aspects of lifestyle, in particular diet, may affect neural functioning and consequently cognitive performance as well as in enhancing overall health. Flavonoids, found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and derived beverages, provide a new avenue of research that shows a promising influence on different aspects of brain function. However, despite the promising evidence, most bioactive compounds lack strong clinical research efficacy. In the current scoping review, we highlight the effects of Flavonoids on cognition and neural plasticity across vertebrates and invertebrates with special emphasis on the studies conducted in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, which has emerged to be a functionally dynamic model for studies on learning and memory. In conclusion, we suggest future research directions and discuss the social, cultural, and ethnic dependencies of bioactive compounds that influence how these compounds are used and accepted globally. Bridging the gap between preclinical and clinical studies about the effects of bioactive natural compounds on brain health will surely lead to lifestyle choices such as dietary Flavonoids being used complementarily rather than as replacements to classical drugs bringing about a healthier future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, India
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Pirger Z, Urbán P, Gálik B, Kiss B, Tapodi A, Schmidt J, Tóth GK, Koene JM, Kemenes G, Reglődi D, Kiss T, Fodor I. Same same, but different: exploring the enigmatic role of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in invertebrate physiology. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00359-024-01706-5. [PMID: 38940930 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-024-01706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Evidence has been accumulating that elements of the vertebrate pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) system are missing in non-chordate genomes, which is at odds with the partial sequence-, immunohistochemical-, and physiological data in the literature. Multilevel experiments were performed on the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) to explore the role of PACAP in invertebrates. Screening of neuronal transcriptome and genome data did not reveal homologs to the elements of vertebrate PACAP system. Despite this, immunohistochemical investigations with an anti-human PAC1 receptor antibody yielded a positive signal in the neuronal elements in the heart. Although Western blotting of proteins extracted from the nervous system found a relevant band for PACAP-38, immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometric analyses revealed no corresponding peptide fragments. Similarly to the effects reported in vertebrates, PACAP-38 significantly increased cAMP synthesis in the heart and had a positive ionotropic effect on heart preparations. Moreover, it significantly modulated the effects of serotonin and acetylcholine. Homologs to members of Cluster B receptors, which have shared common evolutionary origin with the vertebrate PACAP receptors, PTHRs, and GCGRs, were identified and shown not to be expressed in the heart, which does not support a potential role in the mediation of PACAP-induced effects. Our findings support the notion that the PACAP system emerged after the protostome-deuterostome divergence. Using antibodies against vertebrate proteins is again highlighted to have little/no value in invertebrate studies. The physiological effects of vertebrate PACAP peptides in protostomes, no matter how similar they are to those in vertebrates, should be considered non-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Pirger
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Péter Urbán
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facilities, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Bence Gálik
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facilities, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Bence Kiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Antal Tapodi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - János Schmidt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Gábor K Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Joris M Koene
- Ecology & Evolution, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - György Kemenes
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kiss
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - István Fodor
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, 8237, Hungary.
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Rivi V, Rigillo G, Batabyal A, Lukowiak K, Pani L, Tascedda F, Benatti C, Blom JMC. Different stressors uniquely affect the expression of endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes in the central ring ganglia of Lymnaea stagnalis. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38922726 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in neuroprotection, neuroplasticity, energy balance, modulation of stress, and inflammatory responses, acting as a critical link between the brain and the body's peripheral regions, while also offering promising potential for novel therapeutic strategies. Unfortunately, in humans, pharmacological inhibitors of different ECS enzymes have led to mixed results in both preclinical and clinical studies. As the ECS has been highly conserved throughout the eukaryotic lineage, the use of invertebrate model organisms like the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis may provide a flexible tool to unravel unexplored functions of the ECS at the cellular, synaptic, and behavioral levels. In this study, starting from the available genome and transcriptome of L. stagnalis, we first identified putative transcripts of all ECS enzymes containing an open reading frame. Each predicted protein possessed a high degree of sequence conservation to known orthologues of other invertebrate and vertebrate organisms. Sequences were confirmed by qualitative PCR and sequencing. Then, we investigated the transcriptional effects induced by different stress conditions (i.e., bacterial LPS injection, predator scent, food deprivation, and acute heat shock) on the expression levels of the enzymes of the ECS in Lymnaea's central ring ganglia. Our results suggest that in Lymnaea as in rodents, the ECS is involved in mediating inflammatory and anxiety-like responses, promoting energy balance, and responding to acute stressors. To our knowledge, this study offers the most comprehensive analysis so far of the ECS in an invertebrate model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Rigillo
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, Pune, India
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luca Pani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- CIB, Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johanna M C Blom
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Rivi V, Batabyal A, Benatti C, Sarti P, Blom JMC, Tascedda F, Lukowiak K. A translational and multidisciplinary approach to studying the Garcia effect, a higher form of learning with deep evolutionary roots. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247325. [PMID: 38639079 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Animals, including humans, learn and remember to avoid a novel food when its ingestion is followed, hours later, by sickness - a phenomenon initially identified during World War II as a potential means of pest control. In the 1960s, John Garcia (for whom the effect is now named) demonstrated that this form of conditioned taste aversion had broader implications, showing that it is a rapid but long-lasting taste-specific food aversion with a fundamental role in the evolution of behaviour. From the mid-1970s onward, the principles of the Garcia effect were translated to humans, showing its role in different clinical conditions (e.g. side-effects linked to chemotherapy). However, in the last two decades, the number of studies on the Garcia effect has undergone a considerable decline. Since its discovery in rodents, this form of learning was thought to be exclusive to mammals; however, we recently provided the first demonstration that a Garcia effect can be formed in an invertebrate model organism, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Thus, in this Commentary, after reviewing the experiments that led to the first characterization of the Garcia effect in rodents, we describe the recent evidence for the Garcia effect in L. stagnalis, which may pave the way for future studies in other invertebrates and mammals. This article aims to inspire future translational and ecological studies that characterize the conserved mechanisms underlying this form of learning with deep evolutionary roots, which can be used to address a range of different biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, Pune - 412115, Maharashtra, India
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Sarti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Johanna Maria Catharina Blom
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- CIB, Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, 34148 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
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Batabyal A, Rivi V, Benatti C, Blom JMC, Tascedda F, Lukowiak K. Snails go on a fast when acetylsalicylic acid comes along with heat stress: A possible effect of HSPs and serotonergic system on the feeding response. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 276:109805. [PMID: 38013046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel food followed by sickness, causes a taste-specific conditioned aversion, known as the 'Garcia effect'. We recently found that both a heat shock stressor (30 °C for 1 h - HS) and the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can be used as 'sickness-inducing' stimuli to induce a Garcia effect in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Additionally, if snails are exposed to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) present in aspirin tablets before the LPS injection, the formation of the Garcia effect is prevented. Here, we hypothesized that exposing snails to crushed aspirin before the HS (ASA-HS) would prevent the HS-induced 'sickness state' and - therefore -the Garcia effect. Unexpectantly, the ASA-HS procedure induced a generalized and long-lasting feeding suppression. We thus investigate the molecular effects underlying this phenomenon. While the exposure to the HS alone resulted in a significant upregulation of the mRNA levels of the Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP 70) in snails' central ring ganglia, the ASA-HS procedure induced an even greater upregulation of HSP70, suggesting that the ASA-HS combination causes a severe stress response that inhibits feeding. Additionally, we found that the ASA-HS procedure induced a significant downregulation of the mRNA levels of genes involved with the serotoninergic system which regulates feeding in snails. Finally, the ASA-HS procedure prevented HS-induced upregulation of the mRNA levels of key neuroplasticity genes. Our study indicates that two sickness-inducing stimuli can have different physiological responses even if behavioral outcomes are similar under some learning contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, India; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, AB, Canada.
| | - Veronica Rivi
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johanna M C Blom
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Dept. of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; CIB, Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, AB, Canada
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Habib MR, Bu L, Posavi M, Zhong D, Yan G, Zhang SM. Yolk proteins of the schistosomiasis vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata revealed by multi-omics analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1820. [PMID: 38245605 PMCID: PMC10799875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitellogenesis is the most important process in animal reproduction, in which yolk proteins play a vital role. Among multiple yolk protein precursors, vitellogenin (Vtg) is a well-known major yolk protein (MYP) in most oviparous animals. However, the nature of MYP in the freshwater gastropod snail Biomphalaria glabrata remains elusive. In the current study, we applied bioinformatics, tissue-specific transcriptomics, ovotestis-targeted proteomics, and phylogenetics to investigate the large lipid transfer protein (LLTP) superfamily and ferritin-like family in B. glabrata. Four members of LLTP superfamily (BgVtg1, BgVtg2, BgApo1, and BgApo2), one yolk ferritin (Bg yolk ferritin), and four soma ferritins (Bg ferritin 1, 2, 3, and 4) were identified in B. glabrata genome. The proteomic analysis demonstrated that, among the putative yolk proteins, BgVtg1 was the yolk protein appearing in the highest amount in the ovotestis, followed by Bg yolk ferritin. RNAseq profile showed that the leading synthesis sites of BgVtg1 and Bg yolk ferritin are in the ovotestis (presumably follicle cells) and digestive gland, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BgVtg1 is well clustered with Vtgs of other vertebrates and invertebrates. We conclude that, vitellogenin (BgVtg1), not yolk ferritin (Bg yolk ferritin), is the major yolk protein precursor in the schistosomiasis vector snail B. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R Habib
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Lijing Bu
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Marijan Posavi
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Si-Ming Zhang
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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Rivi V, Batabyal A, Benatti C, Blom JMC, Tascedda F, Lukowiak K. Investigating the interactions between multiple memory stores in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:91-102. [PMID: 37395798 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis exhibits various forms of associative learning including (1) operant conditioning of aerial respiration where snails are trained not to open their pneumostome in a hypoxic pond water environment using a weak tactile stimulus to their pneumostome as they attempt to open it; and (2) a 24 h-lasting taste-specific learned avoidance known as the Garcia effect utilizing a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection just after snails eat a novel food substance (carrot). Typically, lab-inbred snails require two 0.5 h training sessions to form long-term memory (LTM) for operant conditioning of aerial respiration. However, some stressors (e.g., heat shock or predator scent) act as memory enhancers and thus a single 0.5 h training session is sufficient to enhance LTM formation lasting at least 24 h. Here, we found that snails forming a food-aversion LTM following Garcia-effect training exhibited enhanced LTM following operant condition of aerial respiration if trained in the presence of the food substance (carrot) they became averse to. Control experiments led us to conclude that carrot becomes a 'sickness' risk signal and acts as a stressor, sufficient to enhance LTM formation for another conditioning procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, Pune, India
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johanna M C Blom
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- CIB, Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Kagan D, Hollings J, Batabyal A, Lukowiak K. Five-minute exposure to a novel appetitive food substance is sufficient time for a microRNA-dependent long-term memory to form. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:83-90. [PMID: 37382606 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01650-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The Garcia effect is a unique form of conditioned taste aversion which requires that a novel food stimulus be followed sometime later by a sickness state associated with the novel food stimulus. The long-lasting associative memory resulting from the Garcia effect ensures that organisms avoid toxic foods in their environment. Considering its ecological relevance, we sought to investigate whether a brief encounter (5 min) with a novel, appetitive food stimulus can cause a persisting long-term memory (LTM) to form that would in turn block the Garcia effect in Lymnaea stagnalis. Furthermore, we wanted to explore whether that persisting LTM could be modified by the alteration of microRNAs via an injection of poly-L-lysine (PLL), an inhibitor of Dicer-mediated microRNA biogenesis. The Garcia effect procedure involved two observations of feeding behavior in carrot separated by a heat stress (30 °C for 1 h). Exposing snails to carrot for 5 min caused a LTM to form and persist for 1 week, effectively preventing the Garcia effect in snails. In contrast, PLL injection following the 5-min carrot exposure impaired LTM formation, allowing the Garcia effect to occur. These results provide more insight into LTM formation and the Garcia effect, an important survival mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kagan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Jasper Hollings
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, Pune, India
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Fodor I, Yañez-Guerra LA, Kiss B, Büki G, Pirger Z. Copper-transporting ATPases throughout the animal evolution - From clinics to basal neuron-less animals. Gene 2023; 885:147720. [PMID: 37597707 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Copper-transporting ATPases are a group of heavy metal-transporting proteins and which can be found in all living organisms. In animals, they are generally referred to as ATP7 proteins and are involved in many different physiological processes including the maintaining of copper homeostasis and the supply of copper to cuproenzymes. A single ATP7 gene is present in non-chordate animals while it is divided into ATP7A and ATP7B in chordates. In humans, dysfunction of ATP7 proteins can lead to severe genetic disorders, such as, Menkes disease and Wilson's disease, which are characterized by abnormal copper transport and accumulation, causing significant health complications. Therefore, there is a substantial amount of research on ATP7 genes and ATP7 proteins in humans and mice to understand pathophysiological conditions and find potential therapeutic interventions. Copper-transporting ATPases have also been investigated in some non-mammalian vertebrates, protostomes, single-cellular eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and archaea to gain useful evolutionary insights. However, ATP7 function in many animals has been somewhat neglected, particularly in non-bilaterians. Previous reviews on this topic only broadly summarized the available information on the function and evolution of ATP7 genes and ATP7 proteins and included only the classic vertebrate and invertebrate models. Given this, and the fact that a considerable amount of new information on this topic has been published in recent years, the present study was undertaken to provide an up-to-date, comprehensive summary of ATP7s/ATP7s and give new insights into their evolutionary relationships. Additionally, this work provides a framework for studying these genes and proteins in non-bilaterians. As early branching animals, they are important to understand the evolution of function of these proteins and their important role in copper homeostasis and neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Fodor
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary.
| | | | - Bence Kiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Büki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
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Rivi V, Batabyal A, Lukowiak K, Benatti C, Rigillo G, Tascedda F, Blom JMC. LPS-Induced Garcia Effect and Its Pharmacological Regulation Mediated by Acetylsalicylic Acid: Behavioral and Transcriptional Evidence. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1100. [PMID: 37626986 PMCID: PMC10451780 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Lymnaea stagnalis learns and remembers to avoid certain foods when their ingestion is followed by sickness. This rapid, taste-specific, and long-lasting aversion-known as the Garcia effect-can be formed by exposing snails to a novel taste and 1 h later injecting them with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the exposure of snails to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for 1 h before the LPS injection, prevents both the LPS-induced sickness state and the Garcia effect. Here, we investigated novel aspects of this unique form of conditioned taste aversion and its pharmacological regulation. We first explored the transcriptional effects in the snails' central nervous system induced by the injection with LPS (25 mg), the exposure to ASA (900 nM), as well as their combined presentation in untrained snails. Then, we investigated the behavioral and molecular mechanisms underlying the LPS-induced Garcia effect and its pharmacological regulation by ASA. LPS injection, both alone and during the Garcia effect procedure, upregulated the expression levels of immune- and stress-related targets. This upregulation was prevented by pre-exposure to ASA. While LPS alone did not affect the expression levels of neuroplasticity genes, its combination with the conditioning procedure resulted in their significant upregulation and memory formation for the Garcia effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (C.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.B.); (K.L.)
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, Pune 412115, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (C.B.); (G.R.)
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Rigillo
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (C.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- CIB, Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, 34148 Trieste, Italy
| | - Joan M. C. Blom
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (C.B.); (G.R.)
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
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Rivi V, Rigillo G, Toscano Y, Benatti C, Blom JMC. Narrative Review of the Complex Interaction between Pain and Trauma in Children: A Focus on Biological Memory, Preclinical Data, and Epigenetic Processes. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1217. [PMID: 37508714 PMCID: PMC10378710 DOI: 10.3390/children10071217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and collective impact of early adverse experiences, trauma, and pain continue to increase. This underscores the urgent need for translational efforts between clinical and preclinical research to better understand the underlying mechanisms and develop effective therapeutic approaches. As our understanding of these issues improves from studies in children and adolescents, we can create more precise preclinical models and ultimately translate our findings back to clinical practice. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for addressing the complex and wide-ranging effects of these experiences on individuals and society. This narrative review aims to (1) define pain and trauma experiences in childhood and adolescents, (2) discuss the relationship between pain and trauma, (3) consider the role of biological memory, (4) decipher the relationship between pain and trauma using preclinical data, and (5) examine the role of the environment by introducing the importance of epigenetic processes. The ultimate scope is to better understand the wide-ranging effects of trauma, abuse, and chronic pain on children and adolescents, how they occur, and how to prevent or mitigate their effects and develop effective treatment strategies that address both the underlying causes and the associated physiological and psychological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Rigillo
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Ylenia Toscano
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Johanna Maria Catharina Blom
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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12
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Chistopolsky I, Leonova A, Mezheritskiy M, Boguslavsky D, Kristinina A, Zakharov I, Sorminskiy A, Vorontsov D, Dyakonova V. Intense Locomotion Enhances Oviposition in the Freshwater Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis: Cellular and Molecular Correlates. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:764. [PMID: 37372049 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Intense species-specific locomotion changes the behavioural and cognitive states of various vertebrates and invertebrates. However, whether and how reproductive behaviour is affected by previous increased motor activity remains largely unknown. We addressed this question using a model organism, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Intense crawling in shallow water for two hours had previously been shown to affect orienting behaviour in a new environment as well as the state of the serotonergic system in L. stagnalis. We found that the same behaviour resulted in an increased number of egg clutches and the total number of eggs laid in the following 24 h. However, the number of eggs per clutch was not affected. This effect was significantly stronger from January to May, in contrast to the September-December period. Transcripts of the egg-laying prohormone gene and the tryptophan hydroxylase gene, which codes for the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis, were significantly higher in the central nervous system of snails that rested in clean water for two hours after intense crawling. Additionally, the neurons of the left (but not the right) caudo-dorsal cluster (CDC), which produce the ovulation hormone and play a key role in oviposition, responded to stimulation with a higher number of spikes, although there were no differences in their resting membrane potentials. We speculate that the left-right asymmetry of the response was due to the asymmetric (right) location of the male reproductive neurons having an antagonistic influence on the female hormonal system in the hermaphrodite mollusc. Serotonin, which is known to enhance oviposition in L. stagnalis, had no direct effect on the membrane potential or electrical activity of CDC neurons. Our data suggest that (i) two-hour crawling in shallow water enhances oviposition in L. stagnalis, (ii) the effect depends on the season, and (iii) the underlying mechanisms may include increased excitability of the CDC neurons and increased expression of the egg-laying prohormone gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Chistopolsky
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra Leonova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Mezheritskiy
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitri Boguslavsky
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Angelina Kristinina
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Zakharov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Sorminskiy
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitri Vorontsov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Varvara Dyakonova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Rivi V, Batabyal A, Benatti C, Blom JM, Tascedda F, Lukowiak K. Novel taste, sickness, and memory: Lipopolysaccharide to induce a Garcia-like effect in inbred and wild strains of Lymnaea stagnalis. Physiol Behav 2023; 263:114137. [PMID: 36841323 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Food is not only necessary for our survival but also elicits pleasure. However, when a novel food is followed sometime later by nausea or sickness animals form a long-lasting association to avoid that food. This phenomenon is called the 'Garcia effect'. We hypothesized that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could be used as the sickness-inducing stimulus to produce a Garcia-like effect in inbred and wild populations of Lymnaea stagnalis. We first demonstrated that the injection of 25 μg (6.25 µg/mL) of Escherichia coli-derived LPS serotype O127:B8 did not by itself alter snails' feeding behavior. Then we showed that the presentation of a novel appetitive stimulus (i.e., carrot slurry) and LPS resulted in a taste-specific and long-lasting feeding suppression (i.e., the Garcia-like effect). We also found strain-specific variations in the duration of the long-term memory (LTM). That is, while the LTM for the Garcia-like effect in W-strain snails persisted for 24h, LTM persisted for 48h in freshly collected Margo snails and their F1 offspring. Finally, we demonstrated that the exposure to a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) before the LPS injection prevented both the LPS-induced sickness state and the Garcia-like effect from occurring. The results of this study may pave the way for new research that aims at (1) uncovering the conserved molecular mechanisms underlying the Garcia-like effect, (2) understanding how cognitive traits vary within and between species, and (3) creating a holistic picture of the complex dialogue between the immune and central nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, India
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johanna Mc Blom
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Dept. of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; CIB, Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Rivi V, Batabyal A, Benatti C, Tascedda F, Blom JMC, Lukowiak K. A Novel Behavioral Display in Lymnaea Induced by Quercetin and Hypoxia. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2023; 244:115-127. [PMID: 37725701 DOI: 10.1086/725689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis employs aerial respiration under hypoxia and can be operantly conditioned to reduce this behavior. When applied individually, a heat shock (30 °C for 1 h) and the flavonoid quercetin enhance long-term memory formation for the operant conditioning of aerial respiration. However, when snails are exposed to quercetin before the heat shock, long-term memory is no longer enhanced. This is because quercetin prevents the heat-induced upregulation of heat-shock proteins 70 and 40. When we tested the memory outcome of operant conditioning due to the simultaneous exposure to quercetin and 30 °C, we found that Lymnaea entered a quiescent survival state. The same behavioral response occurred when snails were simultaneously exposed to quercetin and pond water made hypoxic by bubbling nitrogen through it. Thus, in this study, we performed six experiments to propose a physiological explanation for that curious behavioral response. Our results suggest that bubbling nitrogen in pond water, heating pond water to 30 °C, and bubbling nitrogen in 30 °C pond water create a hypoxic environment, to which organisms may respond by upregulating the heat-shock protein system. On the other hand, when snails experience quercetin together with these hypoxic conditions, they can no longer express the physiological stress response evoked by heat or hypoxia. Thus, the quiescent survival state could be an emergency response to survive the hypoxic condition when the heat-shock proteins cannot be activated.
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Crossley M, Benjamin PR, Kemenes G, Staras K, Kemenes I. A circuit mechanism linking past and future learning through shifts in perception. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd3403. [PMID: 36961898 PMCID: PMC10038338 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Long-term memory formation is energetically costly. Neural mechanisms that guide an animal to identify fruitful associations therefore have important survival benefits. Here, we elucidate a circuit mechanism in Lymnaea, which enables past memory to shape new memory formation through changes in perception. Specifically, strong classical conditioning drives a positive shift in perception that facilitates the robust learning of a subsequent and otherwise ineffective weak association. Circuit dissection approaches reveal the neural control network responsible, characterized by a mutual inhibition motif. This both sets perceptual state and acts as the master controller for gating new learning. Pharmacological circuit manipulation in vivo fully substitutes for strong paradigm learning, shifting the network into a more receptive state to enable subsequent weak paradigm learning. Thus, perceptual change provides a conduit to link past and future memory storage. We propose that this mechanism alerts animals to learning-rich periods, lowering the threshold for new memory acquisition.
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Rivi V, Benatti C, Rigillo G, Blom JMC. Invertebrates as models of learning and memory: investigating neural and molecular mechanisms. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb244844. [PMID: 36719249 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this Commentary, we shed light on the use of invertebrates as model organisms for understanding the causal and conserved mechanisms of learning and memory. We provide a condensed chronicle of the contribution offered by mollusks to the studies on how and where the nervous system encodes and stores memory and describe the rich cognitive capabilities of some insect species, including attention and concept learning. We also discuss the use of planarians for investigating the dynamics of memory during brain regeneration and highlight the role of stressful stimuli in forming memories. Furthermore, we focus on the increasing evidence that invertebrates display some forms of emotions, which provides new opportunities for unveiling the neural and molecular mechanisms underlying the complex interaction between stress, emotions and cognition. In doing so, we highlight experimental challenges and suggest future directions that we expect the field to take in the coming years, particularly regarding what we, as humans, need to know for preventing and/or delaying memory loss. This article has an associated ECR Spotlight interview with Veronica Rivi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Rigillo
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Joan M C Blom
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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A novel and unique refraction-based optical recording system for pharmacological investigations on isolated muscle preparations. MethodsX 2023; 10:102117. [PMID: 36970021 PMCID: PMC10031453 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of neuroscience and ecotoxicology, there is a great need for investigating the effect(s) of a variety of different chemicals (e.g., pharmacologically active compounds, pesticides, neurotransmitters, modulators) at different biological levels. Different contractile tissue preparations have provided excellent model systems for in vitro pharmacological experiments for a long time. However, such investigations usually apply mechanical force transducer-based approaches. Thus, a rapid, easy, cheap, digital, and reproducible in vitro pharmacological method based on an effective, 'non-invasive' (compared to the force-transducer approaches), refraction-based optical recording approach and isolated heart preparations was developed.•A versatile and unique refraction-based optical recording system with a Java application was developed.•The recording system was tested and validated on isolated heart preparations obtained from the widely used invertebrate model organism, the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis).•The recording system illustrates the progression of technology from the mechanical force transducer system and can represent a suitable tool in ecotoxicology or neuroscience.
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Rivi V, Batabyal A, Benatti C, Tascedda F, Blom JMC, Lukowiak K. Aspirin reverts lipopolysaccharide-induced learning and memory impairment: first evidence from an invertebrate model system. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 395:1573-1585. [PMID: 36100758 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
By employing a reductionistic (but not simplistic) approach using an established invertebrate model system, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, we investigated whether (1) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation would cause a sickness state and impair cognitive function, and-if so-(2) would aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid-ASA) restore the impaired cognition. To test our hypotheses, we first determined if the injection of 25 mg (6.25 μg/mL) of Escherichia coli-derived LPS serotype O127:B8 altered homeostatic behavior, aerial respiration, and then determined if LPS altered memory formation when this behavior was operantly conditioned. Next, we determined if ASA altered the LPS-induced changes in both aerial respiration and cognitive functions. LPS induced a sickness state that increased aerial respiration and altered the ability of snails to form or recall long-term memory. ASA reverted the LPS-induced sickness state and thus allowed long-term memory both to be formed and recalled. We confirmed our hypotheses and provided the first evidence in an invertebrate model system that an injection of LPS results in a sickness state that obstructs learning and memory, and this impairment can be prevented by a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- CIB, Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
| | - Joan M C Blom
- CIB, Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Kemenes G, Benjamin PR, Kemenes I. The role of non-coding RNAs in the formation of long-term associative memory after single-trial learning in Lymnaea. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1005867. [PMID: 36353518 PMCID: PMC9639457 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1005867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of the molecular mechanisms of long-term associative memory have revealed key roles for a number of highly evolutionarily conserved molecular pathways in a variety of different vertebrate and invertebrate model systems. One such system is the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, in which, like in other systems, the transcription factors CREB1 and CREB2 and the enzyme NOS play essential roles in the consolidation of long-term associative memory. More recently, epigenetic control mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and control of gene expression by non-coding RNAs also have been found to play important roles in all model systems. In this minireview, we will focus on how, in Lymnaea, even a single episode of associative learning can activate CREB and NO dependent cascades due to the training-induced up- or downregulation of the expression levels of recently identified short and long non-coding RNAs.
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Cristina B, Veronica R, Silvia A, Andrea G, Sara C, Luca P, Nicoletta B, M.C. BJ, Silvio B, Fabio T. Identification and characterization of the kynurenine pathway in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15617. [PMID: 36114337 PMCID: PMC9481534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) is implicated in many human diseases and disorders, from immunological, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric conditions to cancer, and represents an appealing target for new therapeutic approaches. In this intricate scenario, invertebrates, like Lymnaea stagnalis (LS), provide a flexible tool to unravel the complexity of the KP. Starting from the available LS genome and transcriptome, we identified putative transcripts of all KP enzymes containing an ORF; each predicted protein possessed a high degree of sequence conservation to known orthologues of other invertebrate and vertebrate model organisms. Sequences were confirmed by qualitative PCR and sequencing. At the same time, the qRT-PCR analysis revealed that Lym IDO-like, Lym TDO-like, Lym AFMID-like, Lym KMO-like, Lym AADAT-like, Lym KYAT I/III-like, Lym KYNU-like, Lym HAAO-like, and Lym ACMSD-like showed widespread tissue expression. Then, tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid, 3-hydroxy-kynurenine, xanthurenic acid, picolinic acid, and quinolinic acid were identified in the hemolymph of LS by UHPLC-Q exactive mass spectrometer. Our study provides the most thorough characterization to date of the KP in an invertebrate model, supporting the value of LS for future functional studies of this pathway at the cellular, synaptic, and behavioral levels.
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Rivi V, Batabyal A, Benatti C, Tascedda F, Blom JM, Lukowiak K. Too Hot to Eat: Wild and Lab-Bred Lymnaea stagnalis Differ in Feeding Response Following Repeated Heat Exposure. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 243:38-43. [PMID: 36108033 DOI: 10.1086/720948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAcute extreme heat events are increasing in frequency and intensity. Understanding their effects on ectothermic organisms' homeostasis is both important and urgent. In this study we found that the exposure to an acute heat shock (30 °C for 1 hour) repeated for a seven-day period severely suppressed the feeding behavior of laboratory-inbred (W-strain) Lymnaea stagnalis, whereas the first-generation offspring of freshly collected wild (F1 D-strain) snails raised and maintained under similar laboratory conditions did not show any alterations. The W-strain snails might have inadvertently been selected against heat tolerance since they were first brought into the laboratory many (∼70) years ago. We also posit that the F1 D-strain snails do not perceive the heat shock as a sufficient stressor to alter their feeding response because their parental populations in wild environments have repeatedly experienced temperature fluctuations, thus becoming more tolerant and resilient to heat. The different responses exhibited by two strains of the same species highlight the importance of selecting the most appropriate strain for addressing questions about the impacts of global warming on organisms' physiology and behavior.
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22
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Rivi V, Batabyal A, Wiley B, Benatti C, Tascedda F, Blom JMC, Lukowiak K. Fluoride affects memory by altering the transcriptional activity in the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis. Neurotoxicology 2022; 92:61-66. [PMID: 35907516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride (F-), has been found to affect learning and memory in several species. In this study, we exposed an F--naïve, inbred strain of Lymnaea stagnalis to a concentration of F- similar to that naturally occurring in wild ponds. We found that the exposure to F- before the configural learning procedure obstructs the memory formation and blocks the configural learning-induced upregulation of CREB1, GRIN1, and HSP70 in snails' central ring ganglia. Along with altering the mRNA levels of these key genes for memory formation, a single acute F- exposure also upregulates Cytochrome c Oxidase, a major regulatory enzyme of the electron transport chain, which plays direct or indirect roles in reactive oxygen species production. As the central nervous system is sensitive to oxidative stress and consistent with previous studies from mammals, our results suggest a potential role of oxidative stress in memory impairment. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the neuronal mechanism of memory impairment in an invertebrate species that is exposed to natural F- levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Bevin Wiley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; CIB, Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
| | - Joan M C Blom
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Dept. of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Dyakonova V, Mezheritskiy M, Boguslavsky D, Dyakonova T, Chistopolsky I, Ito E, Zakharov I. Exercise and the Brain: Lessons From Invertebrate Studies. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:928093. [PMID: 35836487 PMCID: PMC9275788 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.928093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefits of physical exercise for brain functions are well documented in mammals, including humans. In this review, we will summarize recent research on the effects of species-specific intense locomotion on behavior and brain functions of different invertebrates. Special emphasis is made on understanding the biological significance of these effects as well as underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. The results obtained in three distantly related clades of protostomes, Nematodes, Molluscs and Artropods, suggest that influence of intense locomotion on the brain could have deep roots in evolution and wide adaptive significance. In C. elegans, improved learning, nerve regeneration, resistance to neurodegenerative processes were detected after physical activity; in L. stagnalis—facilitation of decision making in the novel environment, in Drosophila—increased endurance, improved sleep and feeding behavior, in G. bimaculatus—improved orientation in conspecific phonotaxis, enhanced aggressiveness, higher mating success, resistance to some disturbing stimuli. Many of these effects have previously been described in mammals as beneficial results of running, suggesting certain similarity between distantly-related species. Our hypothesis posits that the above modulation of cognitive functions results from changes in the organism’s predictive model. Intense movement is interpreted by the organism as predictive of change, in anticipation of which adjustments need to be made. Identifying the physiological and molecular mechanisms behind these adjustments is easier in experiments in invertebrates and may lead to the discovery of novel neurobiological mechanisms for regulation and correction of cognitive and emotional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Dyakonova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Varvara Dyakonova
| | - Maxim Mezheritskiy
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitri Boguslavsky
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Taisia Dyakonova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Chistopolsky
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Igor Zakharov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Wooller S, Anagnostopoulou A, Kuropka B, Crossley M, Benjamin PR, Pearl F, Kemenes I, Kemenes G, Eravci M. A combined bioinformatics and LC-MS based approach for the development and benchmarking of a comprehensive database of Lymnaea CNS proteins. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275013. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Applications of key technologies in biomedical research, such as qRT-PCR or LC-MS based proteomics, are generating large biological (-omics) data sets which are useful for the identification and quantification of biomarkers in any research area of interest. Genome, transcriptome and proteome databases are already available for a number of model organisms including vertebrates and invertebrates. However, there is insufficient information available for protein sequences of certain invertebrates, such as the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, a model organism that has been used highly successfully in elucidating evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of memory function and dysfunction. Here we used a bioinformatics approach to designing and benchmarking a comprehensive CNS proteomics database (LymCNS-PDB) for the identification of proteins from the CNS of Lymnaea by LC-MS based proteomics. LymCNS-PDB was created by using the Trinity TransDecoder bioinformatics tool to translate amino acid sequences from mRNA transcript assemblies obtained from a published Lymnaea transcriptomics database. The blast-style MMSeq2 software was used to match all translated sequences to UniProtKB sequences for molluscan proteins, including Lymnaea and other molluscs. LymCNS-PDB contains 9,628 identified matched proteins that were benchmarked by performing LC-MS based proteomics analysis with proteins isolated from the Lymnaea CNS. MS/MS analysis using the LymCNS-PDB database led to the identification of 3,810 proteins. Only 982 proteins were identified by using a non-specific molluscan database. LymCNS-PDB provides a valuable tool that will enable us to perform quantitative proteomics analysis of protein interactomes involved in several CNS functions in Lymnaea, including learning and memory and age-related memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wooller
- Bioinformatics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Benno Kuropka
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Crossley
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Paul R. Benjamin
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Frances Pearl
- Bioinformatics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Ildikó Kemenes
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - György Kemenes
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Murat Eravci
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Rivi V, Batabyal A, Benatti C, Blom JM, Lukowiak K. Nature versus nurture in heat stress induced learning between inbred and outbred populations of Lymnaea stagnalis. J Therm Biol 2022; 103:103170. [PMID: 35027189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Changing environmental conditions often lead to microevolution of traits that are adaptive under the current selection pressure. Currently, one of the major selection pressures is the rise in temperatures globally that has a severe impact on the behavioral ecology of animals. However, the role of thermal stress on neuronal plasticity and memory formation is not well understood. Thermal tolerance and sensitivity to heat stress show variation across populations of the same species experiencing different thermal regimes. We used two populations of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis: one lab-bred W-snails and the other wild Delta snails to test heat shock induced learning and memory formation for the Garcia effect learning paradigm. In Garcia effect, a single pairing of a heat stressor (30 °C for 1h) with a novel taste results in a taste-specific negative hedonic shift lasting 24h as long-term memory (LTM) in lab bred W-snails. In this study we used a repeated heat stress procedure to test for increased or decreased sensitivity to the heat before testing for the Garcia effect. We found that lab-bred W-snails show increased sensitivity to heat stress after repeated heat exposure for 7days, leading to enhanced LTM for Garcia effect with only 15min of heat exposure instead of standard 1h. Surprisingly, the freshly collected wild snails do not show Garcia effect. Additionally, F1 generation of wild snails raised and maintained under laboratory conditions still retain their heat stress tolerance similar to their parents and do not show a Garcia effect under standard learning paradigm or even after repeated heat stressor. Thus, we found a differential effect of heat stress on memory formation in wild and lab bred snails. Most interestingly we also show that local environmental (temperature) conditions for one generation is not enough to alter thermal sensitivity in a wild population of L. stagnalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johanna Mc Blom
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Fodor I, Schwarz T, Kiss B, Tapodi A, Schmidt J, Cousins ARO, Katsiadaki I, Scott AP, Pirger Z. Studies on a widely-recognized snail model species ( Lymnaea stagnalis) provide further evidence that vertebrate steroids do not have a hormonal role in the reproduction of mollusks. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:981564. [PMID: 36157463 PMCID: PMC9493083 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.981564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were carried out to determine whether, as with other mollusks that have been studied, the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, can absorb, esterify and store vertebrate steroids that are present in the water. We also carried out experiments to determine whether neural tissues of the snail could be immunohistochemically stained with an antibody to human aromatase (a key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of testosterone [T] to 17β-estradiol [E2]); and, if so, to determine the significance of such staining. Previous studies on other mollusks have reported such staining and have proposed this as decisive evidence that mollusks have the same steroid synthesis pathway as vertebrates. We found that snails absorb, esterify and retain esterified T, E2, progesterone and ethinyl-estradiol (albeit with an absorption rate about four times slower, on a weight basis, than the mussel, Mytilus edulis). We also found that not only anti-human aromatase, but also anti-human nuclear progesterone receptor (nPR) and anti-human gonadotropin-releasing hormone antibodies immunohistochemically stained snail neural cells. However, further experiments, involving gel electrophoretic separation, followed by immunostaining, of proteins extracted from the neural tissue, found at least two positively-stained bands for each antibody, none of which had masses matching the human proteins to which the antibodies had been raised. The anti-aromatase antibody even stained the 140 kDA ladder protein used as a molecular weight marker on the gels. Mass spectrometric analysis of the bands did not find any peptide sequences that corresponded to the human proteins. Our findings confirm that the presence of vertebrate-like sex steroids in molluscan tissues is not necessarily evidence of endogenous origin. The results also show that immunohistochemical studies using antibodies against human proteins are grossly non-specific and likely to have little or no value in studying steroid synthesis or activity in mollusks. Our conclusions are consistent with the fact that genes for aromatase and nPR have not been found in the genome of the snail or of any other mollusk. Our overarching conclusion, from this and our previous studies, is that the endocrinology of mollusks is not the same as that of humans or any other vertebrates and that continuing to carry out physiological and ecotoxicological studies on mollusks on the basis of this false assumption, is an unconscionable waste of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Fodor
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Tihany, Hungary
- *Correspondence: István Fodor,
| | - Tamar Schwarz
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Bence Kiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Antal Tapodi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - János Schmidt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alex R. O. Cousins
- Lowestoft Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P. Scott
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Tihany, Hungary
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Wiley B, Batabyal A, Lukowiak K. Fluoride alters feeding and memory in Lymnaea stagnalis. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 208:267-277. [PMID: 34854952 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride occurs naturally in the terrestrial and aquatic environment and is a major component in tea. Prolonged fluoride exposure alters metabolic activity in several aquatic invertebrates. For the first time, we investigated the effects of fluoride on cognition in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis as it is capable of a higher form of associative learning called configural learning. We first showed suppressive effects of black tea and fluoride on feeding (i.e., rasping) behavior. We then investigated how fluoride may alter cognition by introducing fluoride (1.86 mg/L) before, during, after, a day before and a week before the snails underwent the configural learning training procedure. Our results show that any 45-min exposure to fluoride (before, during or after a configural learning training procedure) blocks configural learning memory formation in Lymnaea and these effects are long-lasting. One week after a fluoride exposure, snails are still unable to form a configural learning memory and this result is upheld when the snails are exposed to a lower concentration of fluoride, one which is naturally occurring in ponds that a wild strain of Lymnaea can be found (0.3 mg/L). Thus, fluoride obstructs configural learning memory formation in a fluoride-naïve, inbred strain of Lymnaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevin Wiley
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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A flavonoid, quercetin, is capable of enhancing long-term memory formation if encountered at different times in the learning, memory formation, and memory recall continuum. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 208:253-265. [PMID: 34820709 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A major extrinsic factor influencing memory and neuro-cognitive performances across taxa is diet. Studies from vertebrates have shown the effects of a flavonoid rich diet on cognitive performance, but the mechanism underlying this action is still poorly understood. A common and abundant flavonoid present in numerous food substances is quercetin (Q). The present study provides the first support for Q-modulated enhancement of cognitive function in an invertebrate model, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, after an operant conditioning procedure. We found that when snails were exposed to Q 3 h before or after a single 0.5 h training session, which typically results in memory lasting ~ 3 h, they formed a long-term memory (LTM) lasting for at least 24 h. Additionally, we assessed the effects of the combined presentation of a single reinforcing stimulus (at 24 h post-training or 24 h before training) and Q-exposure on both LTM formation and reconsolidation. That is, when applied within 3 h of critical periods of memory, Q regulates four different phases: (1) acquisition (i.e., a learning event), (2) consolidation processes after acquisition, (3) memory recall, and (4) memory reconsolidation. In all these phases Q-exposure enhanced LTM persistence.
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Configural learning memory can be transformed from intermediate-term to long-term in pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113509. [PMID: 34175362 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A lab bred W-strain of Lymnaea stagnalis exhibits configural learning (CL). CL is a form of higher order associative learning wherein when snails experience two contrasting stimuli together such as predatory odour (CE: crayfish effluent) and food odour (C: carrot odour) they learn and associate risk with food. The memory for CL has been shown to last 3 h. Here, we show that when only a single CL-training session is given only a 3 h memory is formed. Memory is not present 24 h after the training session. However, memory can be enhanced and snails show long term memory (24 h memory) when trained for a second time within a 7-day time period after the first CL-training. We further hypothesised that Green tea exposure will enhance memory persistence as catechins in green tea are shown to be cognitive enhancers. We thus subjected snails to CL training followed by green tea exposure which resulted in enhanced memory persistence and it occurred during memory consolidation phase. Thus, we show for the first time that CL intermediate-term memory can be transformed to long-term memory by green tea and multiple trainings in a lab bred strain of Lymnaea.
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Fodor I, Svigruha R, Kemenes G, Kemenes I, Pirger Z. The Great Pond Snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) as a Model of Aging and Age-Related Memory Impairment: An Overview. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:975-982. [PMID: 33453110 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increase of life span, normal aging and age-related memory decline are affecting an increasing number of people; however, many aspects of these processes are still not fully understood. Although vertebrate models have provided considerable insights into the molecular and electrophysiological changes associated with brain aging, invertebrates, including the widely recognized molluscan model organism, the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), have proven to be extremely useful for studying mechanisms of aging at the level of identified individual neurons and well-defined circuits. Its numerically simpler nervous system, well-characterized life cycle, and relatively long life span make it an ideal organism to study age-related changes in the nervous system. Here, we provide an overview of age-related studies on L. stagnalis and showcase this species as a contemporary choice for modeling the molecular, cellular, circuit, and behavioral mechanisms of aging and age-related memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Fodor
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Réka Svigruha
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - György Kemenes
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Ildikó Kemenes
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
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Rivi V, Batabyal A, Juego K, Kakadiya M, Benatti C, Blom JMC, Lukowiak K. To eat or not to eat: a Garcia effect in pond snails (Lymnaea stagnalis). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 207:479-495. [PMID: 34052874 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Taste aversion learning is universal. In animals, a single presentation of a novel food substance followed hours later by visceral illness causes animals to avoid that taste. This is known as bait-shyness or the Garcia effect. Humans demonstrate this by avoiding a certain food following the development of nausea after ingesting that food ('Sauce Bearnaise effect'). Here, we show that the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is capable of the Garcia effect. A single 'pairing' of a novel taste, a carrot slurry followed hours later by a heat shock stressor (HS) is sufficient to suppress feeding response elicited by carrot for at least 24 h. Other food tastes are not suppressed. If snails had previously been exposed to carrot as their food source, the Garcia-like effect does not occur when carrot is 'paired' with the HS. The HS up-regulates two heat shock proteins (HSPs), HSP70 and HSP40. Blocking the up-regulation of the HSPs by a flavonoid, quercetin, before the heat shock, prevented the Garcia effect in the snails. Finally, we found that snails exhibit Garcia effect following a period of food deprivation but the long-term memory (LTM) phenotype can be observed only if the animals are tested in a food satiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Karla Juego
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mili Kakadiya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johanna M C Blom
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Wood EA, Stopka SA, Zhang L, Mattson S, Maasz G, Pirger Z, Vertes A. Neuropeptide Localization in Lymnaea stagnalis: From the Central Nervous System to Subcellular Compartments. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:670303. [PMID: 34093125 PMCID: PMC8172996 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.670303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the relatively small number of neurons (few tens of thousands), the well-established multipurpose model organism Lymnaea stagnalis, great pond snail, has been extensively used to study the functioning of the nervous system. Unlike the more complex brains of higher organisms, L. stagnalis has a relatively simple central nervous system (CNS) with well-defined circuits (e.g., feeding, locomotion, learning, and memory) and identified individual neurons (e.g., cerebral giant cell, CGC), which generate behavioral patterns. Accumulating information from electrophysiological experiments maps the network of neuronal connections and the neuronal circuits responsible for basic life functions. Chemical signaling between synaptic-coupled neurons is underpinned by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. This review looks at the rapidly expanding contributions of mass spectrometry (MS) to neuropeptide discovery and identification at different granularity of CNS organization. Abundances and distributions of neuropeptides in the whole CNS, eleven interconnected ganglia, neuronal clusters, single neurons, and subcellular compartments are captured by MS imaging and single cell analysis techniques. Combining neuropeptide expression and electrophysiological data, and aided by genomic and transcriptomic information, the molecular basis of CNS-controlled biological functions is increasingly revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A. Wood
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sylwia A. Stopka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Linwen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sara Mattson
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Gabor Maasz
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Tihany, Hungary
- Soós Ernő Research and Development Center, University of Pannonia, Nagykanizsa, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Tihany, Hungary
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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Fodor I, Svigruha R, Bozsó Z, Tóth GK, Osugi T, Yamamoto T, Satake H, Pirger Z. Functional characterization and related evolutionary implications of invertebrate gonadotropin-releasing hormone/corazonin in a well-established model species. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10028. [PMID: 33976353 PMCID: PMC8113230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) peptide is the central mediator of reproduction. Homologous peptides have previously also been identified in molluscan species. However, emerging evidence suggests that these molecules might serve diverse regulatory functions and proposes to consider them as corazonin (CRZ). We previously isolated the full-length cDNA of the invGnRH/CRZ peptide (termed ly-GnRH/CRZ) in the well-established invertebrate model species, the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis; however, its predicted functions remain to be verified. In this study, we first confirmed the presence of the deduced active peptide from the central nervous system of L. stagnalis. Further, we performed in vivo and in vitro studies to explore the functions of ly-GnRH/CRZ. Injection of sexually mature specimens with synthetic active peptide had an inhibitory effect on locomotion and an acceleratory effect on egg-laying, but had no effect on feeding. The previously predicted modulatory effect of ly-GnRH/CRZ was supported by its identified co-localization with serotonin on the surface of the heart atria. Lastly, we demonstrated not only the presence of ly-GnRH/CRZ in the penial complex but also that ly-GnRH/CRZ-containing neurons project to the efferent penis nerve, suggesting ly-GnRH/CRZ may directly modulate the motor output of this peripheral tissue. Overall, our findings strongly support that ly-GnRH/CRZ is a multifunctional neuropeptide. These results contribute to the understanding of the GnRH superfamily and, more broadly, disciplines such as comparative endocrinology and neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Fodor
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Réka Svigruha
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bozsó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor K Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tomohiro Osugi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika, Souraku, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamamoto
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika, Souraku, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika, Souraku, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., Tihany, 8237, Hungary.
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Swinton C, Swinton E, Phillips I, Lukowiak K. A thermal stressor, propranolol and long-term memory formation in freshly collected Lymnaea. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.242293. [PMID: 33795418 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A heat stressor (1 h at 30°C) in Lymnaea stagnalis before operant conditioning training of aerial respiration is sufficient to enhance long-term memory (LTM) formation in 'average' cognitive ability, laboratory-reared, inbred snails. However, in freshly collected outbred snails, the same heat stressor blocks LTM formation in 'smart' cognitive phenotype but not in average cognitive phenotype strains. Here, we hypothesize that (1) preventing the stress associated with the heat stressor before training allows LTM to form in the smart phenotype strains; and (2) alleviating the stress before a memory recall session allows a formed LTM to be recalled in the smart phenotype strains. We found that an injection of propranolol, which mitigates the stressor, before snails experience the heat stressor enabled two strains of the smart phenotype snails to form LTM, consistent with our first hypothesis. However, the injection of propranolol before a memory test session did not alleviate a memory recall block in the smart phenotype snails. Thus, our second hypothesis was not supported. Therefore, smart cognitive phenotype snails encountering a heat stressor have an inability to form LTM, but this inability can be overcome by the pre-injection of propranolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayley Swinton
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Erin Swinton
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Iain Phillips
- Water Security Agency, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3R3, Canada
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Rivi V, Benatti C, Lukowiak K, Colliva C, Alboni S, Tascedda F, Blom JMC. What can we teach Lymnaea and what can Lymnaea teach us? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1590-1602. [PMID: 33821539 PMCID: PMC9545797 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the advantages of adopting a molluscan complementary model, the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis, to study the neural basis of learning and memory in appetitive and avoidance classical conditioning; as well as operant conditioning of its aerial respiratory and escape behaviour. We firstly explored ‘what we can teach Lymnaea’ by discussing a variety of sensitive, solid, easily reproducible and simple behavioural tests that have been used to uncover the memory abilities of this model system. Answering this question will allow us to open new frontiers in neuroscience and behavioural research to enhance our understanding of how the nervous system mediates learning and memory. In fact, from a translational perspective, Lymnaea and its nervous system can help to understand the neural transformation pathways from behavioural output to sensory coding in more complex systems like the mammalian brain. Moving on to the second question: ‘what can Lymnaea teach us?’, it is now known that Lymnaea shares important associative learning characteristics with vertebrates, including stimulus generalization, generalization of extinction and discriminative learning, opening the possibility to use snails as animal models for neuroscience translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, Modena, 287-41125, Italy
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, Modena, 287-41125, Italy.,Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, Modena, 287-41125, Italy
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chiara Colliva
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, Modena, 287-41125, Italy.,Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, Modena, 287-41125, Italy
| | - Silvia Alboni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, Modena, 287-41125, Italy.,Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, Modena, 287-41125, Italy
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, Modena, 287-41125, Italy.,Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, Modena, 287-41125, Italy.,CIB, Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
| | - Johanna M C Blom
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, Modena, 287-41125, Italy.,Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, Modena, 287-41125, Italy
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Abstract
The freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis has a long research history, but only relatively recently has it emerged as an attractive model organism to study molecular mechanisms in the areas of developmental biology and translational medicine such as learning/memory and neurodegenerative diseases. The species has the advantage of being a hermaphrodite and can both cross- and self-mate, which greatly facilitates genetic approaches. The establishment of body-handedness, or chiromorphogenesis, is a major topic of study, since chirality is evident in the shell coiling. Chirality is maternally inherited, and only recently a gene-editing approach identified the actin-related gene Lsdia1 as the key handedness determinant. This short article reviews the natural habitat, life cycle, major research questions and interests, and experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kuroda
- Frontier Research Institute, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan.
| | - Masanori Abe
- Frontier Research Institute, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
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Fodor I, Zrinyi Z, Horváth R, Urbán P, Herczeg R, Büki G, Koene JM, Tsai PS, Pirger Z. Identification, presence, and possible multifunctional regulatory role of invertebrate gonadotropin-releasing hormone/corazonin molecule in the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 299:113621. [PMID: 32966777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, our interpretation of the origin and function of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuropeptide superfamily has changed substantially. A main driver for these conceptual changes came from increased investigations into functions and evolutionary lineage of previously identified molluscan GnRH molecules. Emerging evidence suggests not only reproductive, but also diverse biological effects of these molecules and proposes they should most likely be called corazonin (CRZ). Clearly, a more global understanding requires further exploration of species-specific functions and structure of invGnRH/CRZ peptides. Towards this goal, we have identified the full-length cDNA of invGnRH/CRZ peptide in an invertebrate model species, the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, termed ly-GnRH/CRZ, and characterized the transcript and peptide distribution in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organs. Our results are consistent with previous data that molluscan GnRHs are more related to CRZs and serve diverse functions. Hence, our findings support the notion that peptides originally termed molluscan GnRH are multifunctional modulators and that nomenclature change should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Fodor
- Adaptive Neuroethology Research Group, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Zita Zrinyi
- Adaptive Neuroethology Research Group, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Réka Horváth
- Adaptive Neuroethology Research Group, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Péter Urbán
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facilities, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róbert Herczeg
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facilities, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Büki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Joris M Koene
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pei-San Tsai
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, United States
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- Adaptive Neuroethology Research Group, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, 8237 Tihany, Hungary.
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Features of behavioral changes underlying conditioned taste aversion in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10158-020-00241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Fodor I, Hussein AAA, Benjamin PR, Koene JM, Pirger Z. The unlimited potential of the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. eLife 2020; 9:e56962. [PMID: 32539932 PMCID: PMC7297532 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a limited number of animal species lend themselves to becoming model organisms in multiple biological disciplines: one of these is the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Extensively used since the 1970s to study fundamental mechanisms in neurobiology, the value of this freshwater snail has been also recognised in fields as diverse as host-parasite interactions, ecotoxicology, evolution, genome editing and 'omics', and human disease modelling. While there is knowledge about the natural history of this species, what is currently lacking is an integration of findings from the laboratory and the field. With this in mind, this article aims to summarise the applicability of L. stagnalis and points out that this multipurpose model organism is an excellent, contemporary choice for addressing a large range of different biological questions, problems and phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Fodor
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological ResearchTihanyHungary
| | - Ahmed AA Hussein
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Paul R Benjamin
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of SussexBrightonUnited Kingdom
| | - Joris M Koene
- Section of Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological ResearchTihanyHungary
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Fodor I, Urbán P, Kemenes G, Koene JM, Pirger Z. Aging and disease-relevant gene products in the neuronal transcriptome of the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis): a potential model of aging, age-related memory loss, and neurodegenerative diseases. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE : IN 2020; 20:9. [PMID: 32449011 PMCID: PMC7246240 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-020-00242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Modelling of human aging, age-related memory loss, and neurodegenerative diseases has developed into a progressive area in invertebrate neuroscience. Gold standard molluscan neuroscience models such as the sea hare (Aplysia californica) and the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) have proven to be attractive alternatives for studying these processes. Until now, A. californica has been the workhorse due to the enormous set of publicly available transcriptome and genome data. However, with growing sequence data, L. stagnalis has started to catch up with A. californica in this respect. To contribute to this and inspire researchers to use molluscan species for modelling normal biological aging and/or neurodegenerative diseases, we sequenced the whole transcriptome of the central nervous system of L. stagnalis and screened for the evolutionary conserved homolog sequences involved in aging and neurodegenerative/other diseases. Several relevant molecules were identified, including for example gelsolin, presenilin, huntingtin, Parkinson disease protein 7/Protein deglycase DJ-1, and amyloid precursor protein, thus providing a stable genetic background for L. stagnalis in this field. Our study supports the notion that molluscan species are highly suitable for studying molecular, cellular, and circuit mechanisms of the mentioned neurophysiological and neuropathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Fodor
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Péter Urbán
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facilities, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - György Kemenes
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Joris M Koene
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, 8237, Hungary.
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