1
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Ishibashi K, Hirata E. Multifaceted interactions between cancer cells and glial cells in brain metastasis. Cancer Sci 2024. [PMID: 38992968 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer brain metastasis has a poor prognosis, is commonly observed in clinical practice, and the number of cases is increasing as overall cancer survival improves. However, experiments in mouse models have shown that brain metastasis itself is an inefficient process. One reason for this inefficiency is the brain microenvironment, which differs significantly from that of other organs, making it difficult for cancer cells to adapt. The brain microenvironment consists of unique resident cell types such as neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. Accumulating evidence over the past decades suggests that the interactions between cancer cells and glial cells can positively or negatively influence the development of brain metastasis. Nevertheless, elucidating the complex interactions between cancer cells and glial cells remains challenging, in part due to the limitations of existing experimental models for glial cell culture. In this review, we first provide an overview of glial cell culture methods and then examine recent discoveries regarding the interactions between brain metastatic cancer cells and the surrounding glial cells, with a special focus on astrocytes and microglia. Finally, we discuss future perspectives for understanding the multifaceted interactions between cancer cells and glial cells for the treatment of metastatic brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Ishibashi
- Division of Tumor Cell Biology and Bioimaging, Cancer Research Institute of Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Eishu Hirata
- Division of Tumor Cell Biology and Bioimaging, Cancer Research Institute of Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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2
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Abdyeva A, Kurtova E, Savinkova I, Galkov M, Gorbacheva L. Long-Term Exposure of Cultured Astrocytes to High Glucose Impact on Their LPS-Induced Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1122. [PMID: 38256196 PMCID: PMC10816293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with various complications, mainly caused by the chronic exposure of the cells to high glucose (HG) concentrations. The effects of long-term HG exposure in vitro accompanied by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) application on astrocytes are relatively unknown. We used cell medium with normal (NG, 5.5 mM) or high glucose (HG, 25 mM) for rat astrocyte cultures and measured the release of NO, IL-6, β-hexosaminidase and cell survival in response to LPS. We first demonstrated that HG long-term incubation of astrocytes increased the release of β-hexosaminidase without decreasing MTT-detected cell survival, suggesting that there is no cell membrane damage or astrocyte death but could be lysosome exocytosis. Different from what was observed for NG, all LPS concentrations tested at HG resulted in an increase in IL-6, and this was detected for both 6 h and 48 h treatments. Interestingly, β-hexosaminidase level increased after 48 h of LPS and only at HG. The NO release from astrocytes also increased with LPS application at HG but was less significant. These data endorsed the original hypothesis that long-term hyperglycemia increases proinflammatory activation of astrocytes, and β-hexosaminidase could be a specific marker of excessive activation of astrocytes associated with exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayna Abdyeva
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (I.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Ekaterina Kurtova
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (I.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Irina Savinkova
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (I.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Maksim Galkov
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (I.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Liubov Gorbacheva
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (I.S.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Selistre NG, Rodrigues L, Federhen BC, Gayger-Dias V, Taday J, Wartchow KM, Gonçalves CA. S100B Secretion in Astrocytes, Unlike C6 Glioma Cells, Is Downregulated by Lactate. Metabolites 2023; 14:7. [PMID: 38276297 PMCID: PMC10819463 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein produced and secreted by astrocytes in response to various extracellular stimuli. C6 glioma cells are a lineage commonly employed for astroglial studies due to the expression of astrocyte specific markers and behavior. However, in high-glucose medium, C6 S100B secretion increases, in contrast to the trend in primary astrocyte cultures. Additionally, S100B secretion decreases due to fluorocitrate (FC), a Krebs cycle inhibitor, highlighting a connection between S100B and metabolism. Herein, we investigate the impact of FC on S100B secretion in primary astrocyte cultures, acute hippocampal slices and C6 glioma cells, as well as lactate mediation. Our results demonstrated that C6 responded similarly to astrocytes in various parameters, despite the decrease in S100B secretion, which was inversely observed in astrocytes and slices. Furthermore, FC inversely altered extracellular lactate in both models, suggesting a role for lactate in S100B secretion. This was reinforced by a decrease in S100B secretion in hippocampal slices treated with lactate and its agonist, but not in C6 cells, despite HCAR1 expression. Our findings indicate that extracellular lactate mediates the decrease in S100B secretion in astrocytes exposed to FC. They also emphasize the differences in C6 glioma cells regarding energetic metabolism. The proposed mechanism via HCAR1 provides further compelling evidence of the relationship between S100B and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Guerini Selistre
- Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90010-150, Brazil; (N.G.S.); (L.R.); (B.C.F.); (V.G.-D.); (J.T.); (C.-A.G.)
| | - Leticia Rodrigues
- Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90010-150, Brazil; (N.G.S.); (L.R.); (B.C.F.); (V.G.-D.); (J.T.); (C.-A.G.)
| | - Barbara Carolina Federhen
- Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90010-150, Brazil; (N.G.S.); (L.R.); (B.C.F.); (V.G.-D.); (J.T.); (C.-A.G.)
| | - Vitor Gayger-Dias
- Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90010-150, Brazil; (N.G.S.); (L.R.); (B.C.F.); (V.G.-D.); (J.T.); (C.-A.G.)
| | - Jéssica Taday
- Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90010-150, Brazil; (N.G.S.); (L.R.); (B.C.F.); (V.G.-D.); (J.T.); (C.-A.G.)
| | - Krista Mineia Wartchow
- Brain Health Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10044, USA
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90010-150, Brazil; (N.G.S.); (L.R.); (B.C.F.); (V.G.-D.); (J.T.); (C.-A.G.)
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4
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Fuma K, Kotani T, Ushida T, Imai K, Iitani Y, Nakamura N, Miki R, Katsuki S, Kinoshita F, Sato Y, Hayakawa M, Kajiyama H. Antenatal corticosteroids-to-delivery interval associates cord blood S100B levels. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2023; 49:1129-1136. [PMID: 36759328 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) are recommended for women at risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks' gestation. However, adverse effects of ACS on the fetal brain have also been reported. The time interval from ACS administration to delivery (ACS-to-delivery interval) might alter the effect of ACS on the fetal brain. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ACS-to-delivery interval on cord blood S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) levels as a biomarker of brain damage. METHODS Women who delivered between 2012 and 2020 at a tertiary medical center were divided into three groups according to ACS use and ACS-to-delivery interval, retrospectively: non-ACS, ACS ≤7 days, and ACS >7 days. Patients who did not complete the ACS regimen were excluded. The primary outcome was cord blood S100B levels. RESULTS Cord blood S100B levels were significantly lower in the ACS ≤7 days group than in the non-ACS and ACS >7 days groups. In the multiple regression analysis, birth ≤7 days after ACS showed a significant negative association with S100B level (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Reduced S100B levels were observed in infants born ≤7 days after ACS but not in infants born >7 days after ACS. These findings suggest the importance of ACS timing to optimize its effects on the fetal brain, although further studies are required to identify these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Fuma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kotani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Perinatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ushida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Perinatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Imai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukako Iitani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Japan
| | - Rika Miki
- Laboratory of Bell Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Collaborative Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Satoru Katsuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumie Kinoshita
- Data Science Division, Data Coordinating Center, Department of Advanced Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayakawa
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kajiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Sovrani V, Bobermin LD, Schmitz I, Leipnitz G, Quincozes-Santos A. Potential Glioprotective Strategies Against Diabetes-Induced Brain Toxicity. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1651-1664. [PMID: 34258694 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are crucial for the maintenance of brain homeostasis by actively participating in the metabolism of glucose, which is the main energy substrate for the central nervous system (CNS), in addition to other supportive functions. More specifically, astrocytes support neurons through the metabolic coupling of synaptic activity and glucose utilization. As such, diabetes mellitus (DM) and consequent glucose metabolism disorders induce astrocyte damage, affecting CNS functionality. Glioprotective molecules can promote protection by improving glial functions and avoiding toxicity in different pathological conditions, including DM. Therefore, this review discusses specific pathomechanisms associated with DM/glucose metabolism disorder-induced gliotoxicity, namely astrocyte metabolism, redox homeostasis/mitochondrial activity, inflammation, and glial signaling pathways. Studies investigating natural products as potential glioprotective strategies against these deleterious effects of DM/glucose metabolism disorders are also reviewed herein. These products include carotenoids, catechins, isoflavones, lipoic acid, polysaccharides, resveratrol, and sulforaphane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sovrani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Izaviany Schmitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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6
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Kubis-Kubiak A, Wiatrak B, Piwowar A. The Impact of High Glucose or Insulin Exposure on S100B Protein Levels, Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and DNA Damage in Neuron-Like Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115526. [PMID: 34073816 PMCID: PMC8197274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is attracting considerable interest due to its increasing number of cases as a consequence of the aging of the global population. The mainstream concept of AD neuropathology based on pathological changes of amyloid β metabolism and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles is under criticism due to the failure of Aβ-targeting drug trials. Recent findings have shown that AD is a highly complex disease involving a broad range of clinical manifestations as well as cellular and biochemical disturbances. The past decade has seen a renewed importance of metabolic disturbances in disease-relevant early pathology with challenging areas in establishing the role of local micro-fluctuations in glucose concentrations and the impact of insulin on neuronal function. The role of the S100 protein family in this interplay remains unclear and is the aim of this research. Intracellularly the S100B protein has a protective effect on neurons against the toxic effects of glutamate and stimulates neurites outgrowth and neuronal survival. At high concentrations, it can induce apoptosis. The aim of our study was to extend current knowledge of the possible impact of hyper-glycemia and -insulinemia directly on neuronal S100B secretion and comparison to oxidative stress markers such as ROS, NO and DBSs levels. In this paper, we have shown that S100B secretion decreases in neurons cultured in a high-glucose or high-insulin medium, while levels in cell lysates are increased with statistical significance. Our findings demonstrate the strong toxic impact of energetic disturbances on neuronal metabolism and the potential neuroprotective role of S100B protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Kubis-Kubiak
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Benita Wiatrak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Piwowar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
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7
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Levels of serum S100B are associated with cognitive dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:4193-4203. [PMID: 32112645 PMCID: PMC7093188 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Previous studies have provided robust evidence that cognitive impairment exists in patients with type 2 diabetes. The predictive role of S100B in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, has been shown to be closely related to cognitive function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between serum S100B levels and cognitive function in type 2 diabetes patients. Results: The type 2 diabetes group scored lower than the healthy control group in all domains of cognitive function except language and attention, and the former group also had lower serum levels of S100B. Besides, serum S100B levels were lower in the type 2 diabetes patients with impaired cognition than in those with normal cognition. In addition, the moderate to severe cognitive impairment group had significantly lower levels than that in mild cognitive impairment group. After adjusting for confounding factors, serum S100B levels were positively correlated with cognitive function in type 2 diabetes patients. Conclusions: Serum S100B levels were positively correlated with cognitive function in type 2 diabetes patients with cognitive impairment. It is suggested that S100B may be involved in the occurrence and development of cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetes patients and play a protective role. Methods: The clinical data and biochemical indexes of ninety-six patients with type 2 diabetes and sixty-eight healthy subjects were collected. The levels of serum S100B were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ninety-six type 2 diabetes patients were divided into a cognitive dysfunction group and a normal cognition group according to Mini-mental State Examination scores. To better understand the differences in various aspects of cognition, we used the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status scale for further evaluation. To study the relationship between serum S100B levels and cognitive impairment, the cognitive dysfunction group was divided into a mild cognitive impairment group and a moderate to severe cognitive impairment group for further study.
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8
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Galland F, Seady M, Taday J, Smaili SS, Gonçalves CA, Leite MC. Astrocyte culture models: Molecular and function characterization of primary culture, immortalized astrocytes and C6 glioma cells. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104538. [PMID: 31430518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the physiology of astrocytes and their role in brain function progresses continuously. Primary astrocyte culture is an alternative method to study these cells in an isolated system: in their physiologic and pathologic states. Cell lines are often used as an astrocyte model, since they are easier and faster to manipulate and cost less. However, there are a few studies evaluating the different features of these cells which may put into question the validity of using them as astrocyte models. The aim of this study was to compare primary cultures (PC) with two cell lines - immortalized astrocytes and C6 cells, in terms of protein characterization, morphology and metabolic functional activity. Our results showed, under the same culture condition, that immortalized astrocytes and C6 are positive for differentiated astrocytic markers (eg. GFAP, S100B, AQP4 and ALDH1L1), although expressing them in less quantities then primary astrocyte cultures. Glutamate metabolism and cell communication are reduced in proliferative cells. However, glucose uptake is elevated in C6 lineage cells in comparison with primary astrocytes, probably due to their tumorigenic origin and high proliferation rate. Immortalized astrocytes presented a lower growth rate than C6 cells, and a similar basal morphology as primary astrocytes. However, they did not prove to be as good reproductive models of some of the classic astrocytic functions, such as S100B secretion and GFAP content, especially while under stimulation. In contrast, C6 cells presented similar results in comparison to primary astrocytes in response to stimuli. Here we provide a functional comparison of three astrocytic models, in an attempt to select the most suitable model for the study of astrocytes, optimizing the research in this area of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Galland
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Seady
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jessica Taday
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Soraya Soubhi Smaili
- Departamento de Farmacologia da Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Concli Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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9
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Bozic I, Tesovic K, Laketa D, Adzic M, Jakovljevic M, Bjelobaba I, Savic D, Nedeljkovic N, Pekovic S, Lavrnja I. Voltage Gated Potassium Channel Kv1.3 Is Upregulated on Activated Astrocytes in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1020-1034. [PMID: 29574670 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kv1.3 is a voltage gated potassium channel that has been implicated in pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). In the present study we investigated temporal and cellular expression pattern of this channel in the lumbar part of spinal cords of animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), animal model of MS. EAE was actively induced in female Dark Agouti rats. Expression of Kv1.3 was analyzed at different time points of disease progression, at the onset, peak and end of EAE. We here show that Kv1.3 increased by several folds at the peak of EAE at both gene and protein level. Double immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated localization of Kv1.3 on activated microglia, macrophages, and reactive astrocytes around inflammatory lesions. In vitro experiments showed that pharmacological block of Kv1.3 in activated astrocytes suppresses the expression of proinflammatory mediators, suggesting a role of this channel in inflammation. Our results support the hypothesis that Kv1.3 may be a therapeutic target of interest for MS and add astrocytes to the list of cells whose activation would be suppressed by inhibiting Kv1.3 in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Bozic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Blvd Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Katarina Tesovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Blvd Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Laketa
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Adzic
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Jakovljevic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Blvd Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Bjelobaba
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Blvd Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Savic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Blvd Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadezda Nedeljkovic
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Pekovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Blvd Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Blvd Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
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10
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D'Cunha NM, McKune AJ, Panagiotakos DB, Georgousopoulou EN, Thomas J, Mellor DD, Naumovski N. Evaluation of dietary and lifestyle changes as modifiers of S100β levels in Alzheimer's disease. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:1-18. [PMID: 28696163 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1349032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant body of research undertaken in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as to discover early detection biomarkers and potential therapeutic strategies. One such proposed biomarker is the calcium binding protein S100β, which, depending on its local concentration, is known to exhibit both neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory properties in the central nervous system. At present, relatively little is known regarding the effect of chronic S100β disruption in AD. Dietary intake has been identified as a modifiable risk factor for AD. Preliminary in vitro and animal studies have demonstrated an association between S100β expression and dietary intake which links to AD pathophysiology. This review describes the association of S100β to fatty acids, ketone bodies, insulin, and botanicals as well as the potential impact of physical activity as a lifestyle factor. We also discuss the prospective implications of these findings, including support of the use of a Mediterranean dietary pattern and/or the ketogenic diet as an approach to modify AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M D'Cunha
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Andrew J McKune
- b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,c University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,d Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban 4041 , South Africa
| | - Demosthenes B Panagiotakos
- e Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, School of Health and Education , Harokopio University , Athens 176 71 , Greece
| | - Ekavi N Georgousopoulou
- b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,e Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, School of Health and Education , Harokopio University , Athens 176 71 , Greece
| | - Jackson Thomas
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Duane D Mellor
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
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11
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Quincozes-Santos A, Bobermin LD, de Assis AM, Gonçalves CA, Souza DO. Fluctuations in glucose levels induce glial toxicity with glutamatergic, oxidative and inflammatory implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:1-14. [PMID: 27663722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are dynamic cells that maintain brain homeostasis by regulating neurotransmitter systems, antioxidant defenses, inflammatory responses and energy metabolism. Astroglial cells are also primarily responsible for the uptake and metabolism of glucose in the brain. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a pathological condition characterized by hyperglycemia and is associated with several changes in the central nervous system (CNS), including alterations in glial function. Classically, excessive glucose concentrations are used to induce experimental models of astrocyte dysfunction; however, hypoglycemic episodes may also cause several brain injuries. The main focus of the present study was to evaluate how fluctuations in glucose levels induce cytotoxicity. The culture medium of astroglial cells was replaced twice as follows: (1) from 6mM (control) to 12mM (high glucose), and (2) from 12mM to 0mM (glucose deprivation). Cell viability, mitochondrial function, oxidative/nitrosative stress, glutamate metabolism, inflammatory responses, nuclear factor κB (NFκB) transcriptional activity and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) levels were assessed. Our in vitro experimental model showed that up and down fluctuations in glucose levels decreased cell proliferation, induced mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative/nitrosative stress with consequent cellular biomolecular damage, impaired glutamate metabolism and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Additionally, activation of the NFκB and p38 signaling pathways were putative mechanisms of the effects of glucose fluctuations on astroglial cells. In summary, for the first time, we show that changes in glucose concentrations, from high-glucose levels to glucose deprivation, exacerbate glial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Quincozes-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriano M de Assis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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12
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Oliveira WH, Nunes AK, França MER, Santos LA, Lós DB, Rocha SW, Barbosa KP, Rodrigues GB, Peixoto CA. Effects of metformin on inflammation and short-term memory in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Brain Res 2016; 1644:149-60. [PMID: 27174003 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the action of metformin on short-term memory, glial cell activation and neuroinflammation caused by experimental diabetic encephalopathy in C57BL/6 mice. Diabetes was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of a dose of 90mg/kg of streptozotocin on two successive days. Mice with blood glucose levels ≥200dl/ml were considered diabetic and were given metformin hydrochloride at doses of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg (by gavage, twice daily) for 21 days. On the final day of treatment, the mice underwent a T-maze test. On the 22nd day of treatment all the animals were anesthetized and euthanized. Diabetic animals treated with metformin had a higher spatial memory score. The hippocampus of the diabetic animals presented reactive gliosis, neuronal loss, NF-kB signaling activation, and high levels of IL-1 and VEGF. In addition, the T-maze test scores of these animals were low. Treatment with metformin reduced the expression of GFAP, Iba-1 (astrocyte and microglial markers) and the inflammation markers (p-IKB, IL-1 and VEGF), while enhancing p-AMPK and eNOS levels and increasing neuronal survival (Fox-1 and NeuN). Treatment with metformin also improved the spatial memory scores of diabetic animals. In conclusion, the present study showed that metformin can significantly reduce neuroinflammation and can decrease the loss of neurons in the hippocampus of diabetic animals, which can subsequently promote improvements in spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Helena Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), PE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, PE, Brazil.
| | - Ana Karolina Nunes
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Rocha França
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), PE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, PE, Brazil
| | - Laise Aline Santos
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), PE, Brazil
| | - Deniele Bezerra Lós
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), PE, Brazil; Laboratório de Plasticidade Neuromuscular, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, PE, Brazil
| | - Sura Wanessa Rocha
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), PE, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Barros Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM), PE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, PE, Brazil
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13
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Bajor M, Zaręba-Kozioł M, Zhukova L, Goryca K, Poznański J, Wysłouch-Cieszyńska A. An Interplay of S-Nitrosylation and Metal Ion Binding for Astrocytic S100B Protein. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154822. [PMID: 27159591 PMCID: PMC4861259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian S100B protein plays multiple important roles in cellular brain processes. The protein is a clinically used marker for several pathologies including brain injury, neurodegeneration and cancer. High levels of S100B released by astrocytes in Down syndrome patients are responsible for reduced neurogenesis of neural progenitor cells and induction of cell death in neurons. Despite increasing understanding of S100B biology, there are still many questions concerning the detailed molecular mechanisms that determine specific activities of S100B. Elevated overexpression of S100B protein is often synchronized with increased nitric oxide-related activity. In this work we show S100B is a target of exogenous S-nitrosylation in rat brain protein lysate and identify endogenous S-nitrosylation of S100B in a cellular model of astrocytes. Biochemical studies are presented indicating S-nitrosylation tunes the conformation of S100B and modulates its Ca2+ and Zn2+ binding properties. Our in vitro results suggest that the possibility of endogenous S-nitrosylation should be taken into account in the further studies of in vivo S100B protein activity, especially under conditions of increased NO-related activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Bajor
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Zaręba-Kozioł
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Liliya Zhukova
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Goryca
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Poznański
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Nardin P, Zanotto C, Hansen F, Batassini C, Gasparin MS, Sesterheim P, Gonçalves CA. Peripheral Levels of AGEs and Astrocyte Alterations in the Hippocampus of STZ-Diabetic Rats. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2006-16. [PMID: 27084774 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic patients and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) models exhibit signals of brain dysfunction, evidenced by neuronal damage and memory impairment. Astrocytes surrounding capillaries and synapses modulate many brain activities that are connected to neuronal function, such as nutrient flux and glutamatergic neurotransmission. As such, cognitive changes observed in diabetic patients and experimental models could be related to astroglial alterations. Herein, we investigate specific astrocyte changes in the rat hippocampus in a model of DM induced by STZ, particularly looking at glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100B protein and glutamate uptake, as well as the content of advanced glycated end products (AGEs) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as a consequence of elevated hyperglycemia and the content of receptor for AGEs in the hippocampus. We found clear peripheral alterations, including hyperglycemia, low levels of proinsulin C-peptide, elevated levels of AGEs in serum and CSF, as well as an increase in RAGE in hippocampal tissue. We found specific astroglial abnormalities in this brain region, such as reduced S100B content, reduced glutamate uptake and increased S100B secretion, which were not accompanied by changes in GFAP. We also observed an increase in the glucose transporter, GLUT-1. All these changes may result from RAGE-induced inflammation; these astroglial alterations together with the reduced content of GluN1, a subunit of the NMDA receptor, in the hippocampus may be associated with the impairment of glutamatergic communication in diabetic rats. These findings contribute to understanding the cognitive deficits in diabetic patients and experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Nardin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Zanotto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Hansen
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Batassini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Manuela Sangalli Gasparin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Sesterheim
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
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15
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Insulin Stimulates S100B Secretion and These Proteins Antagonistically Modulate Brain Glucose Metabolism. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1420-9. [PMID: 26875731 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Brain metabolism is highly dependent on glucose, which is derived from the blood circulation and metabolized by the astrocytes and other neural cells via several pathways. Glucose uptake in the brain does not involve insulin-dependent glucose transporters; however, this hormone affects the glucose influx to the brain. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid levels of S100B (an astrocyte-derived protein) have been associated with alterations in glucose metabolism; however, there is no evidence whether insulin modulates glucose metabolism and S100B secretion. Herein, we investigated the effect of S100B on glucose metabolism, measuring D-(3)H-glucose incorporation in two preparations, C6 glioma cells and acute hippocampal slices, and we also investigated the effect of insulin on S100B secretion. Our results showed that: (a) S100B at physiological levels decreases glucose uptake, through the multiligand receptor RAGE and mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK signaling, and (b) insulin stimulated S100B secretion via PI3K signaling. Our findings indicate the existence of insulin-S100B modulation of glucose utilization in the brain tissue, and may improve our understanding of glucose metabolism in several conditions such as ketosis, streptozotocin-induced dementia and pharmacological exposure to antipsychotics, situations that lead to changes in insulin signaling and extracellular levels of S100B.
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16
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Glaser N, Lo W, Tancredi D, Orgain M, Puvenna V, Janigro D, O׳Donnell M. Levels of S100B in brain and blood of rats with diabetic ketoacidosis. Brain Res 2015; 1624:536-544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Hansen F, Battú CE, Dutra MF, Galland F, Lirio F, Broetto N, Nardin P, Gonçalves CA. Methylglyoxal and carboxyethyllysine reduce glutamate uptake and S100B secretion in the hippocampus independently of RAGE activation. Amino Acids 2015; 48:375-85. [PMID: 26347375 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by high fasting-glucose levels. Diabetic complications have been associated with hyperglycemia and high levels of reactive compounds, such as methylglyoxal (MG) and advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) formation derived from glucose. Diabetic patients have a higher risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. Herein, we examined the effect of high glucose, MG and carboxyethyllysine (CEL), a MG-derived AGE of lysine, on oxidative, metabolic and astrocyte-specific parameters in acute hippocampal slices, and investigated some of the mechanisms that could mediate these effects. Glucose, MG and CEL did not alter reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, glucose uptake or glutamine synthetase activity. However, glutamate uptake and S100B secretion were decreased after MG and CEL exposure. RAGE activation and glycation reactions, examined by aminoguanidine and L-lysine co-incubation, did not mediate these changes. Acute MG and CEL exposure, but not glucose, were able to induce similar effects on hippocampal slices, suggesting that conditions of high glucose concentrations are primarily toxic by elevating the rates of these glycation compounds, such as MG, and by generation of protein cross-links. Alterations in the secretion of S100B and the glutamatergic activity mediated by MG and AGEs can contribute to the brain dysfunction observed in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Hansen
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Eickhoff Battú
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Márcio Ferreira Dutra
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Galland
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Franciane Lirio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Núbia Broetto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90046-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Nardin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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18
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Son H, Jung S, Kim JY, Goo YM, Cho KM, Lee DH, Roh GS, Kang SS, Cho GJ, Choi WS, Kim HJ. Type 1 diabetes alters astrocytic properties related with neurotransmitter supply, causing abnormal neuronal activities. Brain Res 2015; 1602:32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Caltana L, Rutolo D, Nieto ML, Brusco A. Further evidence for the neuroprotective role of oleanolic acid in a model of focal brain hypoxia in rats. Neurochem Int 2014; 79:79-87. [PMID: 25280833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury is a dynamic process involving oxidative stress, inflammation, cell death and the activation of endogenous adaptive and regenerative mechanisms depending on the activation of transcription factors such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha. Accordingly, we have previously described a new focal hypoxia model by direct intracerebral cobalt chloride injection. In turn, oleanolic acid, a plant-derived triterpenoid, has been extensively used in Asian countries for its anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. A variety of novel pharmacological effects have been attributed to this triterpenoid, including beneficial effects on neurodegenerative disorders--including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis--due to its immunomodulatory activities at systemic level, as well as within the central nervous system. In this context, we hypothesize that this triterpenoid may be capable of exerting neuroprotective effects in ischemic brain, suppressing glial activities that contribute to neurotoxicity while promoting those that support neuronal survival. In order to test this hypothesis, we used the intraperitoneal administration of oleanoic acid in adult rats for seven days previous to focal cortical hypoxia induced by cobalt chloride brain injection. We analyzed the neuroprotective effect of oleanoic acid from a morphological point of view, focusing on neuronal survival and glial reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Caltana
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Damián Rutolo
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Luisa Nieto
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-UVA, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alicia Brusco
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Pereira MSL, Zenki K, Cavalheiro MM, Thomé CC, Filippi-Chiela EC, Lenz G, de Souza DOG, de Oliveira DL. Cellular senescence induced by prolonged subculture adversely affects glutamate uptake in C6 lineage. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:973-84. [PMID: 24706093 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several researchers have recently used C6 cells to evaluate functional properties of high-affinity glutamate transporters. However, it has been demonstrated that this lineage suffers several morphological and biochemical alterations according to the number of passages in culture. Currently, there are no reports showing whether functional properties of high-affinity glutamate transporters comply with these sub culturing-dependent modifications. The present study aimed to compare the functional properties of high-affinity glutamate transporters expressed in early (EPC6) and late (LPC6) passage C6 cells through a detailed pharmacological and biochemical characterization. Between 60-180 min of L-[(3)H]glu incubation, LPC6 presented an intracellular [(3)H] 55% lower than EPC6. Both cultures showed a time-dependent increase of intracellular [(3)H] reaching maximal levels at 120 min. Cultures incubated with D-[(3)H]asp showed a time-dependent increase of [(3)H] until 180 min. Moreover, LPC6 have a D-[(3)H]asp-derived intracellular [(3)H] 30-45% lower than EPC6 until 120 min. Only EAAT3 was immunodetected in cultures and its total content was equal between them. PMA-stimulated EAAT3 trafficking to membrane increased 50% of L-[(3)H]glu-derived intracellular [(3)H] in EPC6 and had no effect in LPC6. LPC6 displayed characteristics that resemble senescence, such as high β-Gal staining, cell enlargement and increase of large and regular nuclei. Our results demonstrated that LPC6 exhibited glutamate uptake impairment, which may have occurred due to its inability to mobilize EAAT3 to cell membrane. This profile might be related to senescent process observed in this culture. Our results suggest that LPC6 cells are an inappropriate glial cellular model to investigate the functional properties of high-affinity glutamate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery Stéfani Leivas Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 prédio anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil,
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21
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Steiner J, Bernstein HG, Schiltz K, Haase T, Meyer-Lotz G, Dobrowolny H, Müller UJ, Martins-de-Souza D, Borucki K, Schroeter ML, Isermann B, Bogerts B, Westphal S. Decrease of serum S100B during an oral glucose tolerance test correlates inversely with the insulin response. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 39:33-38. [PMID: 24275002 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Increased S100B serum levels have been considered as a marker of glial pathology, brain damage, and blood-brain-barrier impairment. However, S100B expression has also been detected outside the nervous system, suggesting that altered S100B serum levels may not exclusively reflect brain-specific pathologies. Notably, S100B secretion in adipocytes seems to be down-regulated by insulin, and up-regulated by stress and fasting. Therefore, we assumed that dynamic changes of S100B could be observed by challenging healthy subjects with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). OGTT was performed in 17 healthy adult test persons (9 male and 8 female). Apart from S100B, glucose, free fatty acids, insulin, C-peptide, and cortisol were determined in all samples after an overnight fast (0 h), as well as 1h and 2h after ingestion of 75 g glucose. Mean S100B concentrations decreased about 20% during the first hour after glucose ingestion (P<0.001). This decrease of S100B levels was not related to the declining morning peak of cortisol. However, the decrease of serum-S100B 1h after glucose ingestion correlated inversely with the respective changes of serum-insulin (r = -0.484, P=0.049) and serum-C-peptide (r = -0.570, P = 0.017). Our study suggests an inverse correlation between insulin secretion and S100B release after a standardized OGTT. Additional experiments, including the administration of insulin and the measurement of other food intake-related factors are important to ascertain an insulin-regulated S100B release in vivo. To improve comparability between clinical studies assessing conditions with rather mild changes of serum S100B, blood should be taken in a more standardized way (e.g., after fasting overnight).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | - Kolja Schiltz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thekla Haase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulf J Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Borucki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias L Schroeter
- Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Day Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Westphal
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Dessau Hospital, Dessau, Germany
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Bobermin LD, Souza DO, Gonçalves CA, Quincozes-Santos A. Lipoic acid protects C6 cells against ammonia exposure through Na+-K+-Cl− co-transporter and PKC pathway. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2041-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Gliopreventive effects of guanosine against glucose deprivation in vitro. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:643-54. [PMID: 23846842 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine, a guanine-based purine, is recognized as an extracellular signaling molecule that is released from astrocytes and confers neuroprotective effects in several in vivo and in vitro studies. Astrocytes regulate glucose metabolism, glutamate transport, and defense mechanism against oxidative stress. C6 astroglial cells are widely used as an astrocyte-like cell line to study the astrocytic function and signaling pathways. Our previous studies showed that guanosine modulates the glutamate uptake activity, thus avoiding glutamatergic excitotoxicity and protecting neural cells. The goal of this study was to determine the gliopreventive effects of guanosine against glucose deprivation in vitro in cultured C6 cells. Glucose deprivation induced cytotoxicity, an increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) levels and lipid peroxidation as well as affected the metabolism of glutamate, which may impair important astrocytic functions. Guanosine prevented glucose deprivation-induced toxicity in C6 cells by modulating oxidative and nitrosative stress and glial responses, such as the glutamate uptake, the glutamine synthetase activity, and the glutathione levels. Glucose deprivation decreased the level of EAAC1, the main glutamate transporter present in C6 cells. Guanosine also prevented this effect, most likely through PKC, PI3K, p38 MAPK, and ERK signaling pathways. Taken together, these results show that guanosine may represent an important mechanism for protection of glial cells against glucose deprivation. Additionally, this study contributes to a more thorough understanding of the glial- and redox-related protective properties of guanosine in astroglial cells.
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Stenkamp-Strahm C, Patterson S, Boren J, Gericke M, Balemba O. High-fat diet and age-dependent effects on enteric glial cell populations of mouse small intestine. Auton Neurosci 2013; 177:199-210. [PMID: 23726157 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are increasing in prevalence at an alarming rate throughout the world. Autonomic diabetic neuropathy is evident in individuals that experience a long-standing diabetic disease state, and gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility is thought to be the outcome of neuropathies within the enteric nervous system (ENS) of these patients. To date, an analysis of enteric glial cell population changes during diabetic symptoms has not been performed, and may bring insight into disease pathology and neuropathy, given glial cell implications in gastrointestinal and neuronal homeostasis. Diabetes and obesity were monitored in C57Bl/6J mice fed a 72% high-fat diet, and duodenal glial expression patterns were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR for S100β, Sox10 and GFAP proteins and transcripts, as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The high-fat diet caused obesity, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance after 4 weeks. These changes were associated with a significant decline in the area density indices of mucosa-associated glial cell networks, evidenced by S100β staining at 8 and 20 weeks. All three markers and TEM showed that myenteric glial cells were unaffected by early and late disease periods. However, analysis of Sox10 transcript expression and immunoreactivity showed a diet independent, age-associated decline in glial cell populations. This is the first study showing that mucosal glia cell damage occurs during diabetic symptoms, suggesting that mucosal enteric glia injury may have a pathophysiological significance during this disease. Our results also provide support for age-associated changes in longitudinal studies of enteric glial cells.
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Bobermin LD, Quincozes-Santos A, Guerra MC, Leite MC, Souza DO, Gonçalves CA, Gottfried C. Resveratrol prevents ammonia toxicity in astroglial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52164. [PMID: 23284918 PMCID: PMC3528750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonia is implicated as a neurotoxin in brain metabolic disorders associated with hyperammonemia. Acute ammonia toxicity can be mediated by an excitotoxic mechanism, oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) production. Astrocytes interact with neurons, providing metabolic support and protecting against oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. Astrocytes also convert excess ammonia and glutamate into glutamine via glutamine synthetase (GS). Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes and red wines, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and modulates glial functions, such as glutamate metabolism. We investigated the effect of resveratrol on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), GS activity, S100B secretion, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels in astroglial cells exposed to ammonia. Ammonia induced oxidative stress, decreased GS activity and increased cytokines release, probably by a mechanism dependent on protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. Resveratrol prevented ammonia toxicity by modulating oxidative stress, glial and inflammatory responses. The ERK and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) are involved in the protective effect of resveratrol on cytokines proinflammatory release. In contrast, other antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid and trolox) were not effective against hyperammonemia. Thus, resveratrol could be used to protect against ammonia-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Cristina Guerra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marina Concli Leite
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carmem Gottfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Steiner J, Bernstein HG, Bogerts B, Gonçalves CA. Os possíveis papéis da S100B na esquizofrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-60832012005000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXTO: Evidências científicas do aumento da concentração da proteína S100B no sangue de pacientes esquizofrênicos são muito consistentes. No passado essa informação era principalmente considerada como reflexo da disfunção astroglial ou da barreira hematoencefálica. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa de publicações no PubMed até o dia 15 de junho de 2011 visando estabelecer potenciais ligações entre a proteína S100B e as hipóteses correntes da esquizofrenia. RESULTADOS: A S100B está potencialmente associada com as hipóteses dopaminérgica e glutamatérgica. O aumento da expressão de S100B tem sido detectado em astrócitos corticais em casos de esquizofrenia paranoide, enquanto se observa uma redução da expressão em oligodendrócitos na esquizofrenia residual, dando suporte à hipótese glial. Recentemente, a hipótese da neuroinflamação da esquizofrenia tem recebido atenção crescente. Nesse sentido, a S100B pode funcionar como uma citocina secretada por células gliais, linfócitos CD8+ e células NK, levando à ativação de monócitos e microglia. Além disso, a S100B apresenta propriedades do tipo adipocina e pode estar desregulada na esquizofrenia, devido a distúrbios da sinalização de insulina, levando ao aumento da liberação de S100B e ácidos graxos do tecido adiposo. CONCLUSÃO: A expressão de S100B em diferentes tipos celulares está envolvida em muitos processos regulatórios. Atualmente, não pode ser respondido qual mecanismo relacionado à esquizofrenia é o mais importante.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Steiner
- Universidade de Magdeburg, Germany; Universidade de Cambridge, UK
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Loureiro SO, Heimfarth L, de Lima BO, Leite MC, Guerra MC, Gonçalves CA, Pessoa-Pureur R. Dual action of chronic ethanol treatment on LPS-induced response in C6 glioma cells. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 249:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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High-Glucose and S100B Stimulate Glutamate Uptake in C6 Glioma Cells. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1399-408. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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de Senna PN, Ilha J, Baptista PPA, do Nascimento PS, Leite MC, Paim MF, Gonçalves CA, Achaval M, Xavier LL. Effects of physical exercise on spatial memory and astroglial alterations in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Metab Brain Dis 2011; 26:269-79. [PMID: 21892662 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-011-9262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with neurocognitive dysfunction and astrogliosis. Physical exercise prevents cognitive impairments and induces important brain modifications. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of treadmill exercise on spatial memory and astrocytic function in the hippocampus of a T1DM model. Fifty-seven Wistar rats were divided into four groups: trained control (TC) (n = 15), non-trained control (NTC) (n = 13), trained diabetic (TD) (n = 14) and non-trained diabetic (NTD) (n = 15). One month after streptozotocin-induced diabetes, exercise groups were submitted to 5 weeks of physical training, and then, all groups were assessed in the novel object-placement recognition task. Locomotor activity was analyzed in the open field apparatus using Any-maze software. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100B in hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were measured using ELISA assay, and hippocampal GFAP immunoreactivity was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry and optical densitometry. The results showed that physical exercise prevents and/or reverts spatial memory impairments observed in NTD animals (P < 0.01). Decreased locomotor activity was observed in both the NTD and TD groups when compared with controls (P < 0.05). ELISA and immunohistochemistry analyzes showed there was a reduction in GFAP levels in the hippocampus of NTD animals, which was not found in TD group. ELISA also showed an increase in S100B levels in the cerebrospinal fluid from the NTD group (P < 0.01) and no such increase was found in the TD group. Our findings indicate that physical exercise prevents and/or reverts the cognitive deficits and astroglial alterations induced by T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscylla Nunes de Senna
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Lipopolysaccharide modulates astrocytic S100B secretion: a study in cerebrospinal fluid and astrocyte cultures from rats. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:128. [PMID: 21970823 PMCID: PMC3198930 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory responses in brain are primarily mediated by microglia, but growing evidence suggests a crucial importance of astrocytes. S100B, a calcium-binding protein secreted by astrocytes, has properties of a neurotrophic or an inflammatory cytokine. However, it is not known whether primary signals occurring during induction of an inflammatory response (e.g. lipopolysaccharide, LPS) directly modulate S100B. Methods In this work, we evaluated whether S100B levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of Wistar rats are affected by LPS administered by intraperitoneal (IP) or intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection, as well as whether primary astrocyte cultures respond directly to lipopolysaccharide. Results Our data suggest that S100B secretion in brain tissue is stimulated rapidly and persistently (for at least 24 h) by ICV LPS administration. This increase in CSF S100B was transient when LPS was IP administered. In contrast to these S100B results, we observed an increase in in TNFα levels in serum, but not in CSF, after IP administration of LPS. In isolated astrocytes and in acute hippocampal slices, we observed a direct stimulation of S100B secretion by LPS at a concentration of 10 μg/mL. An involvement of TLR4 was confirmed by use of specific inhibitors. However, lower levels of LPS in astrocyte cultures were able to induce a decrease in S100B secretion after 24 h, without significant change in intracellular content of S100B. In addition, after 24 h exposure to LPS, we observed a decrease in astrocytic glutathione and an increase in astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein. Conclusions Together, these data contribute to the understanding of the effects of LPS on astrocytes, particularly on S100B secretion, and help us to interpret cerebrospinal fluid and serum changes for this protein in neuroinflammatory diseases. Moreover, non-brain S100B-expressing tissues may be differentially regulated, since LPS administration did not lead to increased serum levels of S100B.
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Nardin P, Tramontina AC, Quincozes-Santos A, Tortorelli LS, Lunardi P, Klein PR, Wartchow KM, Bobermin LD, Gottfried C, Elisabetsky E, Gonçalves CA. In vitro S100B secretion is reduced by apomorphine: effects of antipsychotics and antioxidants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1291-6. [PMID: 21513766 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes express dopamine receptors and respond to dopamine stimulation. However, the role of astrocytes in psychiatric disorders and the effects of antipsychotics on astroglial cells have only been investigated recently. S100B is a glial-derived protein, commonly used as a marker of astroglial activation in psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia. We investigated S100B secretion in three different rat brain preparations (fresh hippocampal slices, C6 glioma cells and primary astrocyte cultures) exposed to apomorphine and antipsychotics (haloperidol and risperidone), aiming to evaluate, ex vivo and in vitro, whether dopamine activation and dopaminergic antagonists modulate astroglial activation, as measured by changes in the extracellular levels of S100B. The serum S100B elevation observed in schizophrenic patients is not reflected by the in vitro decrease of S100B secretion that we observed in hippocampal slices, cortical astrocytes and C6 glioma cells treated with apomorphine, which mimics dopaminergic hyperactivation. This decrease in S100B secretion can be explained by a stimulation of D2 receptors negatively coupled to adenyl cyclase. Antipsychotic medications and antioxidant supplementation were able to prevent the decline in S100B secretion. Findings reinforce the benefits of antioxidant therapy in psychiatric disorders. Based on our results, in hippocampal slices exposed to apomorphine, it may be suggested that antipsychotics could help to normalize S100B secretion by astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Nardin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Ju H, So H, Ha K, Park K, Lee JW, Chung CM, Choi I. Sustained torpidity following multi-dose administration of 3-iodothyronamine in mice. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:853-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zong H, Ward M, Madden A, Yong PH, Limb GA, Curtis TM, Stitt AW. Hyperglycaemia-induced pro-inflammatory responses by retinal Müller glia are regulated by the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). Diabetologia 2010; 53:2656-66. [PMID: 20835858 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1900-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Up-regulation of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) and its ligands in diabetes has been observed in various tissues. Here, we sought to determine levels of RAGE and one of its most important ligands, S100B, in diabetic retina, and to investigate the regulatory role of S100B and RAGE in Müller glia. METHODS Streptozotocin-diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats. RAGE, S100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected in retinal cryosections. In parallel, the human retinal Müller cell line, MIO-M1, was maintained in normal glucose (5.5 mmol/l) or high glucose (25 mmol/l). RAGE knockdown was achieved using small interfering RNA (siRNA), while soluble RAGE was used as a competitive inhibitor of RAGE ligand binding. RAGE, S100B and cytokines were detected using quantitative RT-PCR, western blotting, cytokine protein arrays or ELISA. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by RAGE was determined by western blotting. RESULTS Compared with non-diabetic controls, RAGE and S100B were significantly elevated in the diabetic retina with apparent localisation in the Müller glia, occurring concomitantly with upregulation of GFAP. Exposure of MIO-M1 cells to high glucose induced increased production of RAGE and S100B. RAGE signalling via MAPK pathway was linked to cytokine production. Blockade of RAGE prevented cytokine responses induced by high glucose and S100B in Müller glia. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Hyperglycaemia in vivo and in vitro exposure to high glucose induce upregulation of RAGE and its ligands, leading to RAGE signalling, which links to pro-inflammatory responses by retinal Müller glia. These data shed light on the potential clinical application of RAGE blockade to inhibit the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zong
- Centre for Vision and Vascular Science, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland, UK
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Acute ethanol exposure disrupts actin cytoskeleton and generates reactive oxygen species in c6 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 25:28-36. [PMID: 20837132 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system dysfunctions are among the most significant effects of exposure to ethanol and the glial cells that play an important role in maintaining neuronal function, are extremely involved with these effects. The actin cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in a wide variety of cellular functions, especially when there is some injury. Therefore the aim of the present study was to analyze the short-term effects of ethanol (50, 100 and 200 mM) on the cytoskeleton of C6 glioma cells. Here we report that acute ethanol exposure profoundly disrupts the actin cytoskeleton in C6 cells decreasing stress fiber formation and downregulating RhoA and vinculin immunocontent. In contrast, microtubule and GFAP networks were not altered. We further demonstrate that anti-oxidants prevent ethanol-induced actin alterations, suggesting that the actions of ethanol on the actin cytoskeleton are related with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these cells. Our results show that ethanol at concentrations described to be toxic to the central nervous system was able to target the cytoskeleton of C6 cells and this effect could be related with increased ROS generation. Therefore, we propose that the dynamic restructuring of the cytoskeleton of glial cells might contribute to the response to the injury provoked by binge-like ethanol exposure in brain.
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Quincozes-Santos A, Rosa RB, Leipnitz G, de Souza DF, Seminotti B, Wajner M, Gonçalves CA. Induction of S100B secretion in C6 astroglial cells by the major metabolites accumulating in glutaric acidemia type I. Metab Brain Dis 2010; 25:191-8. [PMID: 20437086 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-010-9203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency or glutaric acidemia type I (GA I) is an inherited neurometabolic disorder biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation of predominantly glutaric (GA) and 3-hydroxyglutaric (3OHGA) acids and clinically by severe neurological symptoms and structural brain abnormalities, manifested as progressive cerebral atrophy and acute striatum degeneration following encephalopathic crises, whose pathophysiology is still in debate. Considering that reactive astrogliosis is a common finding in brain of GA I patients, in the present study we investigated the effects of GA and 3OHGA on glial activity determined by S100B release by rat C6-glioma cells. We also evaluated the effects of these organic acids on some parameters of oxidative stress in these astroglial cells. We observed that GA and 3OHGA significantly increased S100B secretion and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (lipid peroxidation), whereas GA markedly decreased reduced glutathione levels in these glioma cells. This is the first report demonstrating that the major metabolites accumulating in GA I activate S100B secretion in astroglial cells, indicating activation of these cells. We also showed that GA and 3OHGA induced oxidative stress in C6 lineage cells, confirming previous findings observed in brain fresh tissue. It is therefore presumed that reactive glial cells and oxidative damage may underlie at least in part the neuropathology of GA I.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Quincozes-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Haloperidol and clozapine decrease S100B release from glial cells. Neuroscience 2010; 167:1025-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Electroconvulsive therapy and biomarkers of neuronal injury and plasticity: Serum levels of neuron-specific enolase and S-100b protein. Psychiatry Res 2010; 177:97-100. [PMID: 20378182 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is considered an effective and safe treatment in major depressive disorders. However, the possibility that it may induce cognitive adverse effects observed in selected patients has raised a concern that ECT may induce neuronal damage. The biomarkers of brain damage, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100b protein (S-100b), were measured in serum before and after ECT to determine whether this treatment induces neuronal injury or glial activation. ECT was administered to 10 patients with major depressive disorder. The serum samples were analyzed before (baseline) and after ECT at 1 h, 2 h, 6 h, 24 h and 48 h. The severity of depression was scored with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) pre-to-post ECT. There were no statistically significant changes in the median concentrations of NSE or S-100b at various time points before or after ECT. However, there were substantial elevations in the levels of S-100b in four patients. High levels of S-100 at 2 and 6 h correlated with the response to the treatment. These results suggest that ECT does not produce neuronal injury. The transient increase in the levels of S-100b reflecting activation of glial cells may play a part in mediating the antidepressant effects of ECT.
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Bialowas-McGoey LA, Lesicka A, Whitaker-Azmitia PM. Vitamin E increases S100B-mediated microglial activation in an S100B-overexpressing mouse model of pathological aging. Glia 2009; 56:1780-90. [PMID: 18649404 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein released by astroglial cells of the brain capable of producing numerous extracellular effects. Although the direct molecular mechanism remains unknown, these effects can be trophic including differentiation, growth, recovery, and survival of neurons when the S100B protein is mainly oxidized and neurotoxic including apoptosis and neuroinflammatory processes marked by microglial activation when in a reduced state. S100B and its receptor RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) have been found to be increased in Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, with tissue trauma and ischemia. In the current study, we examined the binding of the S100B receptor (RAGE) on microglial cells and the developmental effects of the antioxidant vitamin E on microglial activation and the upregulation of RAGE in an S100B over-expressing mouse model of pathological aging. We report that RAGE is co-localized on activated microglial cells and vitamin E induced dramatic increases in microglial activation as well as total microglial relative optical density that was accompanied by upregulation of the RAGE receptor, particularly in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Our findings suggest further investigation into the potential role of vitamin E in reducing the oxidation state of the S100B protein and its influence on neuroinflammatory processes marked by microglial activation in vivo.
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González A, Salido GM. Ethanol alters the physiology of neuron-glia communication. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 88:167-98. [PMID: 19897078 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)88007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), both neurones and astrocytes play crucial roles. On a cellular level, brain activity involves continuous interactions within complex cellular circuits established between neural cells and glia. Although it was initially considered that neurones were the major cell type in cerebral function, nowadays astrocytes are considered to contribute to cerebral function too. Astrocytes support normal neuronal activity, including synaptic function, by regulating the extracellular environment with respect to ions and neurotransmitters. There is a plethora of noxious agents which can lead to the development of alterations in organs and functional systems, and that will end in a chronic prognosis. Among the potentially harmful external agents we can find ethanol consumption, whose consequences have been recognized as a major public health concern. Deregulation of cell cycle has devastating effects on the integrity of cells, and has been closely associated with the development of pathologies which can lead to dysfunction and cell death. An alteration of normal neuronal-glial physiology could represent the basis of neurodegenerative processes. In this review we will pay attention on to the recent findings in astrocyte function and their role toward neurons under ethanol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio González
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10071, Cáceres, Spain
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Donato R, Sorci G, Riuzzi F, Arcuri C, Bianchi R, Brozzi F, Tubaro C, Giambanco I. S100B's double life: intracellular regulator and extracellular signal. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1793:1008-22. [PMID: 19110011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+-binding protein of the EF-hand type, S100B, exerts both intracellular and extracellular functions. Recent studies have provided more detailed information concerning the mechanism(s) of action of S100B as an intracellular regulator and an extracellular signal. Indeed, intracellular S100B acts as a stimulator of cell proliferation and migration and an inhibitor of apoptosis and differentiation, which might have important implications during brain, cartilage and skeletal muscle development and repair, activation of astrocytes in the course of brain damage and neurodegenerative processes, and of cardiomyocyte remodeling after infarction, as well as in melanomagenesis and gliomagenesis. As an extracellular factor, S100B engages RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) in a variety of cell types with different outcomes (i.e. beneficial or detrimental, pro-proliferative or pro-differentiative) depending on the concentration attained by the protein, the cell type and the microenvironment. Yet, RAGE might not be the sole S100B receptor, and S100B's ability to engage RAGE might be regulated by its interaction with other extracellular factors. Future studies using S100B transgenic and S100B null mice might shed more light on the functional role(s) of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Section Anatomy, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto C.P. 81 Succ. 3, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
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de Souza DF, Leite MC, Quincozes-Santos A, Nardin P, Tortorelli LS, Rigo MM, Gottfried C, Leal RB, Gonçalves CA. S100B secretion is stimulated by IL-1beta in glial cultures and hippocampal slices of rats: Likely involvement of MAPK pathway. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 206:52-7. [PMID: 19042033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
S100B is an astrocyte-derived cytokine implicated in the IL-1beta-triggered cytokine cycle in Alzheimer's disease. However, the secretion of S100B following stimulation by IL-1beta has not been directly demonstrated. We investigated S100B secretion in cortical primary astrocyte cultures, C6 glioma cells and acute hippocampal slices exposed to IL-1beta. S100B secretion was induced by IL-1beta in all preparations, involving MAPK pathway and, apparently, NF-small ka, CyrillicB signaling. Astrocytes and C6 cells exhibited different sensitivities to IL-1beta. These results suggest that IL-1beta-induced S100B secretion is a component of the neuroinflammatory response, which would support the involvement of S100B in the genesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Perrone L, Peluso G, Melone MAB. RAGE recycles at the plasma membrane in S100B secretory vesicles and promotes Schwann cells morphological changes. J Cell Physiol 2008; 217:60-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Tramontina AC, Tramontina F, Bobermin LD, Zanotto C, Souza DF, Leite MC, Nardin P, Gottfried C, Gonçalves CA. Secretion of S100B, an astrocyte-derived neurotrophic protein, is stimulated by fluoxetine via a mechanism independent of serotonin. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1580-3. [PMID: 18582527 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 05/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein, produced and secreted by astrocytes, which has a putative paracrine neurotrophic activity. Clinical studies have suggested that peripheral elevation of this protein is positively correlated with a therapeutic antidepressant response, particularly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); however, the mechanism underlying this response remains unclear. Here, we measured S100B secretion directly in hippocampal astrocyte cultures and hippocampal slices exposed to fluoxetine and observed a significant increment of S100B release in the presence of this SSRI, apparently dependent on protein kinase A (PKA). Moreover, we found that serotonin (possibly via the 5HT1A receptor) reduces S100B secretion and antagonizes the effect of fluoxetine on S100B secretion. These data reinforce the effect of fluoxetine, independently of serotonin and serotonin receptors, suggesting a putative role for S100B in depressive disorders and suggesting that other molecular targets may be relevant for antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Tramontina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600- Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Gonçalves CA, Leite MC, Nardin P. Biological and methodological features of the measurement of S100B, a putative marker of brain injury. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:755-63. [PMID: 18454941 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The S100B astroglial protein is widely used as a parameter of glial activation and/or death in several conditions of brain injury. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum S100B variations have been proposed to evaluate clinical outcomes in these situations. Here, we briefly broach some aspects, commonly not sufficiently valorized, concerning the biology and measurements of this protein. S100B has molecular targets and activities in and outside of astrocytes, and variations of intra and extracellular content are not necessarily coupled. We discuss the extracellular origin of this protein in brain tissue, as well as extracerebral sources of this protein in serum, comparing it with other available protein markers of brain damage. The superestimation of the heterodimer S100A1-B in the current clinical literature is also analyzed. We affirm that poor dualistic views that consider S100B elevation as "bad" or "good" simplify clinical practice and delay our comprehension of the role of this protein, both in physiological conditions and in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Steiner J, Bernstein HG, Bogerts B, Gos T, Richter-Landsberg C, Wunderlich MT, Keilhoff G. S100B is expressed in, and released from, OLN-93 oligodendrocytes: Influence of serum and glucose deprivation. Neuroscience 2008; 154:496-503. [PMID: 18472341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
S100B (member of a family of proteins that are 100% soluble in ammonium sulfate at neutral pH) has been widely used as astrocyte marker in animal models and in human brain diseases. Recent studies revealed S100B-immunopositivity in oligodendrocytes and O2A oligodendroglial progenitor cells. It is unknown, however, if oligodendrocytes produce S100B themselves, or if the S100B-immunolabeling is caused by binding or absorption of the protein. To address this question, S100B expression and protein release were analyzed in a highly pure oligodendrocytic OLN-93 cell line (from rat), in the astrocytic C6 cell line (from rat) and primary astrocytes. S100B was gene expressed in all cultures, as revealed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. OLN-93 cells and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-negative astrocytes expressed the multiligand receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). S100B protein levels were determined in supernatants and cell homogenates by immunoluminometry under normal conditions and after serum and glucose deprivation (SGD). SGD led to a several-fold increased release of S100B (after 6 and 24 h), which was particularly pronounced in primary astrocytes. Increased S100B in cell homogenates was most notable in OLN-93 cells under SGD, indicating activated S100B synthesis. These cells also showed the highest percentage of dead cells, as determined by propidium iodide-positivity, after SGD. Incubation with 0.5, 2 and 5 microg/l exogenous S100B was not toxic to OLN-93 cells. In conclusion, OLN-93 cells produce more S100B under SGD than astrocytes and are more susceptible to cell death upon SGD, which provokes leakage of S100B. Our data indicate active S100B secretion from astrocytes under SGD since highly elevated levels of S100B were detected in the supernatant despite a low percentage of dead cells. The experimental results provide further evidence for a production/release of S100B in/from oligodendrocytes, e.g. in metabolic stress conditions like cerebral ischemia. Studies on S100B in bodily fluids should be carefully interpreted in order to avoid misleading hypotheses concerning the specific involvement of astrocytes, due to the various cellular sources of S100B.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Mello ADS, Santos AQ, Funchal C. Correlação entre Hiperglicemia e Células do SNC, com Enfoque na Atividade Glial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.34024/rnc.2012.v20.8284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Introdução. Entre os mecanismos biológicos que originam o quadro hiperglicêmico a predominância é do diabetes melittus (DM). O DM representa um grupo de desordens metabólicas caracterizadas por hiperglicemia crônica que ocasiona severas alterações celulares e teciduais. Objetivo. O presente trabalho analisou através de revisão da literatura o comportamento de células gliais expostas a elevadas concentrações de glicose, similares às observadas no DM. Método. Foi realizada uma revisão literária através de artigos científicos das bases de dados Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus e Scielo. Resultados. Foram selecionados artigos e livros entre 1988 e 2009 que discutiam hiperglicemia, sistema nervoso central e que relacionavam hiperglicemia e células gliais. Conclusão. A hiperglicemia crônica proporcionada pelo DM pode influenciar de maneira danosa o metabolismo cerebral exercendo ações sobre a atividade glial. Podendo afetar a sobrevivência neuronal através da excitotoxicidade glutamatérgica e da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e de espécies reativas de nitrogênio (ERN) que geram como consequência o processo de neuroinflamação. Tal processo inflamatório pode resultar em dano e morte neural caracterizando um processo neurodegerativo.
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