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Wikarska A, Roszak K, Roszek K. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Purinergic Signaling in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Bridging the Gap between Cell-Based Strategies and Neuro-Immune Modulation. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1310. [PMID: 38927517 PMCID: PMC11201695 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is still increasing, which means that this neurodevelopmental lifelong pathology requires special scientific attention and efforts focused on developing novel therapeutic approaches. It has become increasingly evident that neuroinflammation and dysregulation of neuro-immune cross-talk are specific hallmarks of ASD, offering the possibility to treat these disorders by factors modulating neuro-immunological interactions. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy has already been postulated as one of the therapeutic approaches for ASD; however, less is known about the molecular mechanisms of stem cell influence. One of the possibilities, although still underestimated, is the paracrine purinergic activity of MSCs, by which stem cells ameliorate inflammatory reactions. Modulation of adenosine signaling may help restore neurotransmitter balance, reduce neuroinflammation, and improve overall brain function in individuals with ASD. In our review article, we present a novel insight into purinergic signaling, including but not limited to the adenosinergic pathway and its role in neuroinflammation and neuro-immune cross-talk modulation. We anticipate that by achieving a greater understanding of the purinergic signaling contribution to ASD and related disorders, novel therapeutic strategies may be devised for patients with autism in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarzyna Roszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.W.); (K.R.)
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Noshadian M, Ragerdi Kashani I, Asadi-Golshan R, Zarini D, Ghafari N, Zahedi E, Pasbakhsh P. Benefits of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells compared to their conditioned medium in valproic acid-induced autism in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:353. [PMID: 38401030 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive behaviors, a limited range of activities, and deficiencies in social communications. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), which secrete factors that stimulate surrounding microenvironment, and BM-MSCs conditioned medium (BM-MSCs-CM), which contains cell-secreted products, have been speculated to hold potential as a therapy for ASD. This study aimed to compare the therapeutic effects of BM-MSCs and BM-MSCs-CM on behavioral and microglial changes in an animal model of autism induced by valproic acid (VPA). METHODS AND RESULTS Pregnant Wistar rats were administered by VPA at a dose of 600 mg/kg at 12.5 days post-conception. After birth, male pups were included in the study. At 6 weeks of age, one group of rats received intranasal administration of BM-MSCs, while another group received BM-MSCs-CM. The rats were allowed to recover for 2 weeks. Behavioral tests, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry were performed. Both BM-MSCs and BM-MSCs-CM administration significantly improved some behavioral deficits. Furthermore, these treatments notably reduced Iba-1 marker associated with microgliosis. Additionally, there was a significant reduction in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, and an increase in the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in rats administered by BM-MSCs and BM-MSCs-CM. CONCLUSIONS Post-developmental administration of BM-MSCs and BM-MSCs-CM can ameliorate prenatal neurodevelopmental deficits, restore cognitive and social behaviors, and modulate microglial and inflammatory markers. Results indicated that the improvement rate was higher in the BM-MSCs group than BM-MSCs-CM group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrazin Noshadian
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1461884513, Iran
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1461884513, Iran
| | - Reza Asadi-Golshan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1461884513, Iran
| | - Davood Zarini
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1461884513, Iran
| | - Neda Ghafari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1461884513, Iran
| | - Elham Zahedi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehr Pasbakhsh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1461884513, Iran.
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Zarate-Lopez D, Torres-Chávez AL, Gálvez-Contreras AY, Gonzalez-Perez O. Three Decades of Valproate: A Current Model for Studying Autism Spectrum Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:260-289. [PMID: 37873949 PMCID: PMC10788883 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231003121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with increased prevalence and incidence in recent decades. Its etiology remains largely unclear, but it seems to involve a strong genetic component and environmental factors that, in turn, induce epigenetic changes during embryonic and postnatal brain development. In recent decades, clinical studies have shown that inutero exposure to valproic acid (VPA), a commonly prescribed antiepileptic drug, is an environmental factor associated with an increased risk of ASD. Subsequently, prenatal VPA exposure in rodents has been established as a reliable translational model to study the pathophysiology of ASD, which has helped demonstrate neurobiological changes in rodents, non-human primates, and brain organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. This evidence supports the notion that prenatal VPA exposure is a valid and current model to replicate an idiopathic ASD-like disorder in experimental animals. This review summarizes and describes the current features reported with this animal model of autism and the main neurobiological findings and correlates that help elucidate the pathophysiology of ASD. Finally, we discuss the general framework of the VPA model in comparison to other environmental and genetic ASD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zarate-Lopez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
- Physiological Science Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Torres-Chávez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
- Physiological Science Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Alma Yadira Gálvez-Contreras
- Department of Neuroscience, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, México
| | - Oscar Gonzalez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
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Nasini S, Tidei S, Shkodra A, De Gregorio D, Cambiaghi M, Comai S. Age-Related Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on Anxiety-like Behavior in C57/B6J Mice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1705. [PMID: 37371801 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of melatonin (MLT) physiologically decreases during aging. Treatment with MLT has shown anxiolytic, hypnotic, and analgesic effects, but little is known about possible age-dependent differences in its efficacy. Therefore, we studied the effects of MLT (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) on anxiety-like behavior (open field (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPMT), three-chamber sociability, and marble-burying (MBT) tests), and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)-dorsal hippocampus (dHippo) circuit in adolescent (35-40 days old) and adult (three-five months old) C57BL/6 male mice. MLT did not show any effect in adolescents in the OFT and EPMT. In adults, compared to vehicles, it decreased locomotor activity and time spent in the center of the arena in the OFT and time spent in the open arms in the EPMT. In the MBT, no MLT effects were observed in both age groups. In the three-chamber sociability test, MLT decreased sociability and social novelty in adults, while it increased sociability in adolescents. Using local field potential recordings, we found higher mPFC-dHippo synchronization in the delta and low-theta frequency ranges in adults but not in adolescents after MLT treatment. Here, we show age-dependent differences in the effects of MLT in anxiety paradigms and in the modulation of the mPFC-dHippo circuit, indicating that when investigating the pharmacology of the MLT system, age can significantly impact the study outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Nasini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Tidei
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Atea Shkodra
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Danilo De Gregorio
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cambiaghi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Comai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
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Tran NB, Lee H, Lee SJ. Extracts from the edible insects Gryllus bimaculatus and Oxya chinensis sinuosa as an effective postnatal therapy for improving autistic behavior through blood-brain barrier control and gut microbiota. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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Savino R, Polito AN, Marsala G, Ventriglio A, Di Salvatore M, De Stefano MI, Valenzano A, Marinaccio L, Bellomo A, Cibelli G, Monda M, Monda V, Messina A, Polito R, Carotenuto M, Messina G. Agomelatine: A Potential Multitarget Compound for Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Brain Sci 2023; 13:734. [PMID: 37239206 PMCID: PMC10216109 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Agomelatine (AGM) is one of the latest atypical antidepressants, prescribed exclusively for the treatment of depression in adults. AGM belongs to the pharmaceutical class of melatonin agonist and selective serotonin antagonist ("MASS"), as it acts both as a selective agonist of melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2, and as a selective antagonist of 5-HT2C/5-HT2B receptors. AGM is involved in the resynchronization of interrupted circadian rhythms, with beneficial effects on sleep patterns, while antagonism on serotonin receptors increases the availability of norepinephrine and dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, with an antidepressant and nootropic effect. The use of AGM in the pediatric population is limited by the scarcity of data. In addition, few studies and case reports have been published on the use of AGM in patients with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Considering this evidence, the purpose of this review is to report the potential role of AGM in neurological developmental disorders. AGM would increase the expression of the cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC) in the prefrontal cortex, with optimization of learning, long-term memory consolidation, and improved survival of neurons. Another important feature of AGM is the ability to modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission in regions associated with mood and cognition. With its synergistic activity a melatoninergic agonist and an antagonist of 5-HT2C, AGM acts as an antidepressant, psychostimulant, and promoter of neuronal plasticity, regulating cognitive symptoms, resynchronizing circadian rhythms in patients with autism, ADHD, anxiety, and depression. Given its good tolerability and good compliance, it could potentially be administered to adolescents and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Savino
- Department of Woman and Child, Neuropsychiatry for Child and Adolescent Unit, General Hospital "Riuniti" of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Nunzia Polito
- Department of Woman and Child, Neuropsychiatry for Child and Adolescent Unit, General Hospital "Riuniti" of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Ventriglio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Melanie Di Salvatore
- Department of Woman and Child, Neuropsychiatry for Child and Adolescent Unit, General Hospital "Riuniti" of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Ida De Stefano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigi Marinaccio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples "Parthenope", 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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Tüfekci KK, Bakirhan EG, Terzi F. A Maternal High-Fat Diet Causes Anxiety-Related Behaviors by Altering Neuropeptide Y1 Receptor and Hippocampal Volumes in Rat Offspring: the Potential Effect of N-Acetylcysteine. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1499-1514. [PMID: 36502431 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The children of obese mothers are known to have a high risk of obesity and metabolic disease and are prone to developing cognitive deficits, although the underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood. This study investigated the relationship between neuropeptide Y1 receptor (NPY1R) and anxiety-like behaviors in the hippocampi of male rat offspring exposed to maternal obesity and the potential neuroprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC). A maternal obesity model was created using a high-fat (60% k/cal) diet. NAC (150 mg/kg) was administered by intragastric gavage for 25 days in both the NAC and obesity + NAC (ObNAC) groups. All male rat offspring were subjected to behavioral testing on postnatal day 28, the end of the experiment. Stereological analysis was performed on hippocampal sections, while NPY1R expression was determined using immunohistochemical methods. Stereological data indicated significant decreases in the total volume of the hippocampus and CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions in the obese (Ob) group (p < 0.01). Decreased NPY1R expression was observed in the Ob group hippocampus (p < 0.01). At behavioral assessments, the Ob group rats exhibited increased anxiety and less social interaction, although the ObNAC group rats exhibited stronger responses than the Ob group (p < 0.01). The study results show that NAC attenuated anxiety-like behaviors and NPY1R expression and also protected hippocampal volume against maternal obesity. The findings indicate that a decrease in NPY1R-positive neurons in the hippocampus of male rats due to maternal conditions may be associated with increased levels of anxiety and a lower hippocampal volume. Additionally, although there is no direct evidence, maintenance of NPY1R expression by NAC may be critical for regulating maternal obesity-induced anxiety-related behaviors and hippocampal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kıymet Kübra Tüfekci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey.
| | - Elfide Gizem Bakirhan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Funda Terzi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
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Si L, Xiao L, Xie Y, Xu H, Yuan G, Xu W, Wang G. Social isolation after chronic unpredictable mild stress perpetuates depressive-like behaviors, memory deficits and social withdrawal via inhibiting ERK/KEAP1/NRF2 signaling. J Affect Disord 2023; 324:576-588. [PMID: 36584714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social withdrawal in patients with depression can aggravate depressive symptoms. However, few studies focus on the behavioral changes of social isolation after CUMS. NRF2 had been reported to be down-regulated after CUMS. But whether NRF2 participates in behavioral changes induced by social isolation after CUMS remains unclear. This study aims to develop a new model combined social isolation with CUMS, and investigate whether such behavioral changes are related to NRF2 signaling. METHODS This study included two stages. In Stage 1, rats were subjected to 4-week CUMS and CUMS-susceptible rats were selected. In Stage 2, the CUMS-susceptible rats received 4-week social isolation or social support. Behavioral tests were carried out to observe behavioral changes, including sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, open field test, novel object recognition and social interaction test. QRT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence staining detected the ERK/KEAP1/NRF2 signaling. RESULTS CUMS-susceptible rats exhibited depressive-like behaviors accompanied by the down-regulated ERK/KEAP1/NRF2 signaling in hippocampus. In Stage 2, compared with 4-week social support (group CUMSG), 4-week social isolation (group CUMSI) perpetuated the depressive-like behaviors, memory deficits and social withdrawal in CUMS-susceptible rats, as well as lower levels of p-ERK, NRF2, p-NRF2, HO-1 and NQO1, and the higher levels of KEAP1 in hippocampus. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that social isolation after CUMS perpetuated depressive-like behaviors, memory deficits and social withdrawal via inhibiting ERK/KEAP1/NRF2 signaling. This study provided molecular evidence for the effects of post-stress social isolation on mental health, and the antioxidant stress signaling might be a target to rescue these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Si
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinping Xie
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohao Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Kim JO, Jung DY, Min BI. Avocado peel extract: The effect of radiation-induced on neuroanatomical and behavioral changes in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 129:102240. [PMID: 36738850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Avocado (Persea americana) contains a variety of physiological active substances such as polyphenol, which has excellent antioxidant properties. This study investigated the radioprotective effect of avocado peel extract on congenital malformations and on the behavior of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Experimental animals were randomly classified into four groups: NC Group, normal control; PA Group, oral administration with avocado peel extract (200 mg/kg/day); IR Group, irradiation; and PA+IR Group, irradiation after orally administered with avocado peel extract. For irradiation, 2 Gy of 6 MV X-ray was used once for the whole body. After that, congenital malformations, histopathological evaluation of the brain, and behavioral evaluation were performed in the obtained offspring. Although the body weight of the offspring was decreased by radiation exposure, it was confirmed that the decrease in weight was smaller when treated with PA. As the congenital malformations, hydrocephalus, loss of eyes, and abnormal rat tail occurred, and the result for the PA+IR Group was significantly lower than that of IR Group. Histopathologically, the length of the cerebral cortex of the PA+IR Group was similar to that of the non-radiation group. It was confirmed that emotional and behavioral disorders such as anxiety and depression were improved in the open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) test. And proved that working memory and cognitive ability were enhanced in the novel object recognition (NOR) test and spontaneous alternation Y-maze (SAY) test. Therefore, it was concluded that avocado peel extract can reduce the incidence of congenital malformations and improve growth disorders, memory and cognitive abilities. In the future, based on these results, we will conduct research on the hippocampus and amygdala, which are major regions of the brain, and additional research on cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Oh Kim
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, Inje University, 197, Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Young Jung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences Cancer Center, 40, Jwadong-gil, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung In Min
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, Inje University, 197, Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50834, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Applied Engineering, Inje University, 197, Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50834, Republic of Korea.
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Sharma N, Luhach K, Golani LK, Singh B, Sharma B. Vinpocetine, a PDE1 modulator, regulates markers of cerebral health, inflammation, and oxidative stress in a rat model of prenatal alcohol-induced experimental attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Alcohol 2022; 105:25-34. [PMID: 35995260 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been shown to induce symptomatology associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by altering neurodevelopmental trajectories. Phosphodiesterase-1 (PDE1) is expressed centrally and has been used in various experimental brain conditions. We investigated the role of vinpocetine, a PDE1 inhibitor, on behavioral phenotypes and important biochemical deficits associated with a PAE rat model of ADHD. Protein markers of cerebral health (synapsin-IIa, BDNF, and pCREB), inflammation (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α), and oxidative stress (TBARS, GSH, and SOD) were analyzed in three brain regions (frontal cortex, striatum, and cerebellum). Hyperactivity, inattention, and anxiety introduced in the offspring due to PAE were assayed using open-field, Y-maze, and elevated plus maze, respectively. Administration of vinpocetine (10 & 20 mg/kg, p.o. [by mouth]) to PAE rat offspring for 4 weeks resulted in improvement of the behavioral profile of the animals. Additionally, levels of protein markers such as synapsin-IIa, BDNF, pCREB, IL-10, SOD, and GSH were found to be significantly increased, with a significant reduction in markers such as TNF-α, IL-6, and TBARS in selected brain regions of vinpocetine-treated animals. Vinpocetine, a selective PDE1 inhibitor, rectified behavioral phenotypes associated with ADHD, possibly by improving cerebral function, reducing brain inflammation, and reducing brain oxidative stress. This study provides preliminary analysis and suggests that the PDE1 enzyme may be an important pharmacological tool to study ADHD as a result of PAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niti Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Kanishk Luhach
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Bhagwat Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
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Kumar H, Diwan V, Sharma B. Protective Effect of Nimodipine Against Valproic-acid Induced Biochemical and Behavioral Phenotypes of Autism. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 20:725-736. [PMID: 36263647 PMCID: PMC9606438 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2022.20.4.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Present study was designed to investigate behavioral and biochemical role of nimodipine in prenatal valproic acid (Pre-VPA) induced autism in rats. METHODS Valproic acid was utilized to induce autistic phenotypes in Wistar rats. The rats were assessed for social behavior. Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were utilized for various biochemical assessments, whereas cerebellum was used to assess blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability. RESULTS Pre-VPA rats showed reduction social interaction. Pre-VPA administration were decreased PFC levels of interleukin- 10 (IL-10), and glutathione along with hippocampus cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Also, the animals have shown increase in PFC levels of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, Evans blue leakage and water content. Nimodipine countered Pre-VPA administered reduction in social interaction, CREB, BDNF, inflammation, oxidative stress, BBB permeability. CONCLUSION Pre-VPA has induced autistic phenotype, which were attenuated by nimodipine in rats. Nimodipine and other calcium channel blockers should further investigate to check the management of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariom Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Vishal Diwan
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India,CNS Pharmacology, Conscience Research, New Delhi, India,Address for correspondence: Bhupesh Sharma Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India, E-mail: , ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3423-007X
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12
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Ľupták M, Fišar Z, Hroudová J. Agomelatine, Ketamine and Vortioxetine Attenuate Energy Cell Metabolism-In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213824. [PMID: 36430306 PMCID: PMC9697131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This determination of the mitochondrial effect of pharmacologically different antidepressants (agomelatine, ketamine and vortioxetine) was evaluated and quantified in vitro in pig brain-isolated mitochondria. We measured the activity of mitochondrial complexes, citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase, and the mitochondrial respiratory rate. Total hydrogen peroxide production and ATP production were assayed. The most potent inhibitor of all mitochondrial complexes and complex I-linked respiration was vortioxetine. Agomelatine and ketamine inhibited only complex IV activity. None of the drugs affected complex II-linked respiration, citrate synthase or malate dehydrogenase activity. Hydrogen peroxide production was mildly increased by agomelatine, which might contribute to increased oxidative damage and adverse effects at high drug concentrations. Vortioxetine significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide concentrations, which might suggest antioxidant mechanism activation. All tested antidepressants were partial MAO-A inhibitors, which might contribute to their antidepressant effect. We observed vortioxetine-induced MAO-B inhibition, which might be linked to decreased hydrogen peroxide formation and contribute to its procognitive and neuroprotective effects. Mitochondrial dysfunction could be linked to the adverse effects of vortioxetine, as vortioxetine is the most potent inhibitor of mitochondrial complexes and complex I-linked respiration. Clarifying the molecular interaction between drugs and mitochondria is important to fully understand their mechanism of action and the connection between their mechanisms and their therapeutic and/or adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Ľupták
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hroudová
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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13
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Adıgüzel E, Çiçek B, Ünal G, Aydın MF, Barlak-Keti D. Probiotics and prebiotics alleviate behavioral deficits, inflammatory response, and gut dysbiosis in prenatal VPA-induced rodent model of autism. Physiol Behav 2022; 256:113961. [PMID: 36100109 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are neuropsychiatric conditions characterized by social interaction and communication disorders and repetitive stereotypical behaviors. These disorders are also accompanied by an inflammatory status. Bidirectional communication between microbiome, gut, and brain has been discovered as a major mechanism influencing core symptoms and biomarkers of autism. Therefore, the modulation of the gut microbiota in autism has recently attracted interest. In this study, probiotic- and prebiotic-mediated modulation of the gut microbiota was compared in terms of different symptoms and findings in an experimental autism model. Valproic acid (VPA) (500 mg/kg) was administered to Wistar rats (on prenatal day 12.5) to induce autistic-like behaviors. Based on the supply of probiotics and prebiotics, animals were grouped as control (saline), autistic-like (prenatal VPA), probiotic (prenatal VPA + 22.5 × 109 cfu/day probiotic), prebiotic (prenatal VPA + 100 mg/day prebiotic), and combined treatment (prenatal VPA + 22.5 × 109 cfu/day probiotic + 100 mg/day prebiotic). After the treatment process, behavioral tests (social behaviors, anxiety, stereotypical behavior, sensorimotor gating, and behavioral despair) and biochemical analyses (serum and brain tissue) were conducted, and the quantities of some phyla and genera were determined in stool samples. Significant positive effects of probiotic and combined treatments were observed on the sociability, social interaction, and anxiety parameters. In addition, all three treatments had positive effects on stereotypical behavior. However, the treatments did not affect sensorimotor gating deficits and behavioral despair. Further, probiotic treatment reversed the VPA-induced increase and decrease in serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels, respectively. Combined treatment also significantly increased the IL-10 levels. Prenatal VPA exposure decreased 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in the prefrontal cortex of the brain; however, combined treatment reversed this decrease. Prenatal VPA exposure also caused a decrease in Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio in the gut microbiota, while the probiotic treatment significantly increased this ratio. These findings indicate that probiotic- and prebiotic-mediated microbial modulation may represent a new therapeutic approach to alleviate autistic-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Adıgüzel
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, İbrahim Öktem Street, Karaman 70200, Turkey.
| | - Betül Çiçek
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Gökhan Ünal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Fatih Aydın
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey,.
| | - Didem Barlak-Keti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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14
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Neuwirth LS, Verrengia MT, Harikinish-Murrary ZI, Orens JE, Lopez OE. Under or Absent Reporting of Light Stimuli in Testing of Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Rodents: The Need for Standardization. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:912146. [PMID: 36061362 PMCID: PMC9428565 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.912146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral neuroscience tests such as the Light/Dark Test, the Open Field Test, the Elevated Plus Maze Test, and the Three Chamber Social Interaction Test have become both essential and widely used behavioral tests for transgenic and pre-clinical models for drug screening and testing. However, as fast as the field has evolved and the contemporaneous involvement of technology, little assessment of the literature has been done to ensure that these behavioral neuroscience tests that are crucial to pre-clinical testing have well-controlled ethological motivation by the use of lighting (i.e., Lux). In the present review paper, N = 420 manuscripts were examined from 2015 to 2019 as a sample set (i.e., n = ~20–22 publications per year) and it was found that only a meager n = 50 publications (i.e., 11.9% of the publications sampled) met the criteria for proper anxiogenic and anxiolytic Lux reported. These findings illustrate a serious concern that behavioral neuroscience papers are not being vetted properly at the journal review level and are being released into the literature and public domain making it difficult to assess the quality of the science being reported. This creates a real need for standardizing the use of Lux in all publications on behavioral neuroscience techniques within the field to ensure that contributions are meaningful, avoid unnecessary duplication, and ultimately would serve to create a more efficient process within the pre-clinical screening/testing for drugs that serve as anxiolytic compounds that would prove more useful than what prior decades of work have produced. It is suggested that improving the standardization of the use and reporting of Lux in behavioral neuroscience tests and the standardization of peer-review processes overseeing the proper documentation of these methodological approaches in manuscripts could serve to advance pre-clinical testing for effective anxiolytic drugs. This report serves to highlight this concern and proposes strategies to proactively remedy them as the field moves forward for decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz S. Neuwirth
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Lorenz S. Neuwirth
| | - Michael T. Verrengia
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Zachary I. Harikinish-Murrary
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Jessica E. Orens
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Oscar E. Lopez
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
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15
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Jagadapillai R, Qiu X, Ojha K, Li Z, El-Baz A, Zou S, Gozal E, Barnes GN. Potential Cross Talk between Autism Risk Genes and Neurovascular Molecules: A Pilot Study on Impact of Blood Brain Barrier Integrity. Cells 2022; 11:2211. [PMID: 35883654 PMCID: PMC9315816 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a common pediatric neurobiological disorder with up to 80% of genetic etiologies. Systems biology approaches may make it possible to test novel therapeutic strategies targeting molecular pathways to alleviate ASD symptoms. A clinical database of autism subjects was queried for individuals with a copy number variation (CNV) on microarray, Vineland, and Parent Concern Questionnaire scores. Pathway analyses of genes from pathogenic CNVs yielded 659 genes whose protein-protein interactions and mRNA expression mapped 121 genes with maximal antenatal expression in 12 brain regions. A Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)-derived neural circuits map revealed significant differences in anxiety, motor, and activities of daily living skills scores between altered CNV genes and normal microarrays subjects, involving Positive Valence (reward), Cognition (IQ), and Social Processes. Vascular signaling was identified as a biological process that may influence these neural circuits. Neuroinflammation, microglial activation, iNOS and 3-nitrotyrosine increase in the brain of Semaphorin 3F- Neuropilin 2 (Sema 3F-NRP2) KO, an ASD mouse model, agree with previous reports in the brain of ASD individuals. Signs of platelet deposition, activation, release of serotonin, and albumin leakage in ASD-relevant brain regions suggest possible blood brain barrier (BBB) deficits. Disruption of neurovascular signaling and BBB with neuroinflammation may mediate causative pathophysiology in some ASD subgroups. Although preliminary, these data demonstrate the potential for developing novel therapeutic strategies based on clinically derived data, genomics, cognitive neuroscience, and basic neuroscience methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Jagadapillai
- Department of Neurology, Pediatric Research Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (R.J.); (X.Q.); (K.O.)
- University of Louisville Autism Center, Louisville, KY 40217, USA
| | - Xiaolu Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Pediatric Research Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (R.J.); (X.Q.); (K.O.)
- University of Louisville Autism Center, Louisville, KY 40217, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Child Health, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Donghu District, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Kshama Ojha
- Department of Neurology, Pediatric Research Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (R.J.); (X.Q.); (K.O.)
- University of Louisville Autism Center, Louisville, KY 40217, USA
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Ayman El-Baz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School, Louisville, KY 40292, USA;
| | - Shipu Zou
- Department of Child Health, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Donghu District, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Evelyne Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Gregory N. Barnes
- Department of Neurology, Pediatric Research Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (R.J.); (X.Q.); (K.O.)
- University of Louisville Autism Center, Louisville, KY 40217, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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16
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Mehra S, Ul Ahsan A, Seth E, Chopra M. Critical Evaluation of Valproic Acid-Induced Rodent Models of Autism: Current and Future Perspectives. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1259-1273. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Pathophysiological Studies of Monoaminergic Neurotransmission Systems in Valproic Acid-Induced Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030560. [PMID: 35327362 PMCID: PMC8945169 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with complex etiology. The core syndromes of ASD are deficits in social communication and self-restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. Social communication relies on the proper integration of sensory and motor functions, which is tightly interwoven with the limbic function of reward, motivation, and emotion in the brain. Monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, are key players in the modulation of neuronal activity. Owing to their broad distribution, the monoamine neurotransmitter systems are well suited to modulate social communication by coordinating sensory, motor, and limbic systems in different brain regions. The complex and diverse functions of monoamine neurotransmission thus render themselves as primary targets of pathophysiological investigation of the etiology of ASD. Clinical studies have reported that children with maternal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) have an increased risk of developing ASD. Extensive animal studies have confirmed that maternal treatments of VPA include ASD-like phenotypes, including impaired social communication and repetitive behavior. Here, given that ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, we begin with an overview of the neural development of monoaminergic systems with their neurochemical properties in the brain. We then review and discuss the evidence of human clinical and animal model studies of ASD with a focus on the VPA-induced pathophysiology of monoamine neurotransmitter systems. We also review the potential interactions of microbiota and monoamine neurotransmitter systems in ASD pathophysiology. Widespread and complex changes in monoamine neurotransmitters are detected in the brains of human patients with ASD and validated in animal models. ASD animal models are not only essential to the characterization of pathogenic mechanisms, but also provide a preclinical platform for developing therapeutic approaches to ASD.
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18
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Kim HY, Lee YJ, Kim SJ, Lee JD, Kim S, Ko MJ, Kim JW, Shin CY, Kim KB. Metabolomics profiling of valproic acid-induced symptoms resembling autism spectrum disorders using 1H NMR spectral analysis in rat model. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:1-13. [PMID: 34445937 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1967821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) has been implicated in the manifestation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-like behavioral and functional changes both in human and rodents including mice and rats. The objective of this study was to determine metabolomics profiling and biomarkers related to VPA-induced symptoms resembling ASD using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectral data. VPA was administered to pregnant rats at gestation day 12.5 and effects measured subsequently in male 4-week-old offspring pups. The sociability of VPA-treated animals was significantly diminished and exhibited ASD-like behavior as evidenced by reduction of social adaptation disorder and lack of social interactions. To find biomarkers related to ASD, the following were collected prefrontal brain cortices, urine bladder and blood samples directly from heart puncture. In all samples, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) displayed significant clustering pattern differences between control and treated groups. Valine, taurine, myo-inositol, 3-hydroxybutyrate and 1,3-dihydroxyacetone were significantly decreased in brain cortices in treated rats. Serum metabolites of glucose, creatine phosphate, lactate, glutamine and threonine were significantly increased in VPA-administered animals. Urinary metabolites of pimelate, 3-hydroxyisovalerate and valerate were significantly reduced in VPA-treated rat, whereas galactose and galactonate levels were elevated. Various metabolites were associated with mitochondrial dysfunction metabolism and central nervous system disorders. Data demonstrated that VPA-induced alterations in endogenous metabolites of serum, urine, and brain cortex which might prove useful as biomarkers for symptoms resembling ASD as a model of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Dae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam Republic of Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Jung Ko
- Department Of Neuroscience, School Of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Woon Kim
- Department Of Neuroscience, School Of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department Of Neuroscience, School Of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam Republic of Korea
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19
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Ouellette J, Lacoste B. From Neurodevelopmental to Neurodegenerative Disorders: The Vascular Continuum. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:749026. [PMID: 34744690 PMCID: PMC8570842 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.749026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional integrity of the cerebral vasculature ensures proper brain development and function, as well as healthy aging. The inability of the brain to store energy makes it exceptionally dependent on an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients from the blood stream for matching colossal demands of neural and glial cells. Key vascular features including a dense vasculature, a tightly controlled environment, and the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) all take part in brain health throughout life. As such, healthy brain development and aging are both ensured by the anatomical and functional interaction between the vascular and nervous systems that are established during brain development and maintained throughout the lifespan. During critical periods of brain development, vascular networks remodel until they can actively respond to increases in neural activity through neurovascular coupling, which makes the brain particularly vulnerable to neurovascular alterations. The brain vasculature has been strongly associated with the onset and/or progression of conditions associated with aging, and more recently with neurodevelopmental disorders. Our understanding of cerebrovascular contributions to neurological disorders is rapidly evolving, and increasing evidence shows that deficits in angiogenesis, CBF and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are causally linked to cognitive impairment. Moreover, it is of utmost curiosity that although neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders express different clinical features at different stages of life, they share similar vascular abnormalities. In this review, we present an overview of vascular dysfunctions associated with neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, Down Syndrome) and neurodegenerative (multiple sclerosis, Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases) disorders, with a focus on impairments in angiogenesis, CBF and the BBB. Finally, we discuss the impact of early vascular impairments on the expression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ouellette
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Baptiste Lacoste
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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20
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Luhach K, Kulkarni GT, Singh VP, Sharma B. Cilostazol attenuated prenatal valproic acid-induced behavioural and biochemical deficits in a rat model of autism spectrum disorder. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1460-1469. [PMID: 34459916 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is categorized as a neurodevelopmental disorder, presenting with a variety of aetiological and phenotypical features. Inhibiting the enzyme phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3) with cilostazol is known to produce beneficial effects in several brain disorders. The pharmacological outcome of cilostazol administration was investigated in prenatal valproic acid (VPA)-induced ASD deficits in albino Wistar rats. METHODS Cilostazol was administered in two doses (30/60 mg/kg) to male rats born of females administered with VPA on gestational day 12. Behavioural assays on locomotion (open field), social interaction, repetitive behaviour (y-maze) and anxiety (elevated plus maze) were performed in all groups. Further, biochemical assessments of markers associated with neuronal function (BDNF, pCREB), inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10) and oxidative stress were carried out in frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum. KEY FINDINGS The cilostazol regimen, attenuated prenatal VPA exposure associated hyperlocomotion, social interaction deficits, repetitive behavior, and anxiety. Further, biochemical markers such as BDNF, pCREB, IL-10 and GSH were found to be significantly increased contrary to markers such as TNF-α, IL-6 and TBARS in the assessed brain regions. CONCLUSIONS Cilostazol rectified core behavioural traits while producing significant changes to biochemistry in the brain, suggesting benefits of cilostazol administration in experimental models of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishk Luhach
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Giriraj T Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vijay P Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- CNS and CVS Pharmacology, Conscience Research, New Delhi, India
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21
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Luhach K, Kulkarni GT, Singh VP, Sharma B. Vinpocetine amended prenatal valproic acid induced features of ASD possibly by altering markers of neuronal function, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Autism Res 2021; 14:2270-2286. [PMID: 34415116 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with complex etiology and phenotypes. Phosphodiesterase-1 (PDE1) inhibitors are known to provide benefits in various brain conditions manifesting similar behavioral phenotypes. The pharmacological consequences of vinpocetine administration a PDE1 inhibitor in prenatal-valproic acid (pre-VPA) induced ASD related behavioral phenotypes (social behavior deficits, repetitive behavior, anxiety, hyperlocomotion, and nociception) was assessed. Also, effects on important biochemical markers of neuronal function (DCX-neurogenesis, BDNF-neuronal survival, synapsin-IIa-synaptic transmission, pCREB-neuronal transcription factor), inflammation (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-10, and TNF-α) and oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance [TBARS] and glutathione (GSH) were studied in important brain areas (frontal cortex, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum). Further, neuronal cell viability was determined in dentate gyrus using Nissl staining. Pre-VPA administration resulted into impaired behavior, brain biochemistry, and neuronal cell viability. Administration of vinpocetine resulted in improvements of pre-VPA impaired social behavior, repetitive behavior, anxiety, locomotion, and nociception. Also, vinpocetine resulted in a significant increase in the levels of BDNF, synapsin-IIa, DCX, pCREB/CREB, IL-10, and GSH along with significant decrease in TNF-α, IL-6, TBARS, number of pyknotic and chromatolytic cells in different brain areas of pre-VPA group. Finally, high association between behavioral parameters and biochemical parameters was observed upon Pearson's correlation analysis. Vinpocetine, a PDE1 inhibitor rectified important behavioral phenotypes related with ASD, possibly by improving neuronal function, brain inflammation and brain oxidative stress. Thus, PDE1 may be a possible target for further understanding ASD. LAY SUMMARY: ASD is a brain developmental disorder with a wide array of genetic and environmental factors. Many targets have been identified till date, but a clinical treatment is still afar. The results of this study indicate that vinpocetine administration resulted in amelioration of ASD associated symptomatology in rats, prenatally exposed to VPA. Our research adds a widely expressed brain enzyme PDE1, as a possible novel pharmacological target and opens-up a new line of enquiry for ASD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishk Luhach
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Vijay P Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Academy of scientific and Innovative research, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.,CNS and CVS Pharmacology, Conscience Research, Delhi, India
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22
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Deckmann I, Santos-Terra J, Fontes-Dutra M, Körbes-Rockenbach M, Bauer-Negrini G, Schwingel GB, Riesgo R, Bambini-Junior V, Gottfried C. Resveratrol prevents brain edema, blood-brain barrier permeability, and altered aquaporin profile in autism animal model. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:579-604. [PMID: 34196408 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder can present a plethora of clinical conditions associated with the disorder, such as greater brain volume in the first years of life in a significant percentage of patients. We aimed to evaluate the brain water content, the blood-brain barrier permeability, and the expression of aquaporin 1 and 4, and GFAP in a valproic acid-animal model, assessing the effect of resveratrol. On postnatal day 30, Wistar rats of the valproic acid group showed greater permeability of the blood-brain barrier to the Evans blue dye and a higher proportion of brain water volume, prevented both by resveratrol. Prenatal exposition to valproic acid diminished aquaporin 1 in the choroid plexus, in the primary somatosensory area, in the amygdala region, and in the medial prefrontal cortex, reduced aquaporin 4 in medial prefrontal cortex and increased aquaporin 4 levels in primary somatosensory area (with resveratrol prevention). Valproic acid exposition also increased the number of astrocytes and GFAP fluorescence in both primary somatosensory area and medial prefrontal cortex. In medial prefrontal cortex, resveratrol prevented the increased fluorescence. Finally, there was an effect of resveratrol per se on the number of astrocytes and GFAP fluorescence in the amygdala region and in the hippocampus. Thus, this work demonstrates significant changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, edema formation, distribution of aquaporin 1 and 4, in addition to astrocytes profile in the animal model of autism, as well as the use of resveratrol as a tool to investigate the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iohanna Deckmann
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorder - GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation - INCT-NIM, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Autism Wellbeing and Research Development - AWARD - Initiative BR-UK-CA, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Júlio Santos-Terra
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorder - GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation - INCT-NIM, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Autism Wellbeing and Research Development - AWARD - Initiative BR-UK-CA, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Mellanie Fontes-Dutra
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorder - GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation - INCT-NIM, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Autism Wellbeing and Research Development - AWARD - Initiative BR-UK-CA, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Marília Körbes-Rockenbach
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorder - GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation - INCT-NIM, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Bauer-Negrini
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorder - GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation - INCT-NIM, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Autism Wellbeing and Research Development - AWARD - Initiative BR-UK-CA, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Gustavo Brum Schwingel
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorder - GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation - INCT-NIM, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Autism Wellbeing and Research Development - AWARD - Initiative BR-UK-CA, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Rudimar Riesgo
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorder - GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation - INCT-NIM, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Autism Wellbeing and Research Development - AWARD - Initiative BR-UK-CA, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.,Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Victorio Bambini-Junior
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorder - GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation - INCT-NIM, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Autism Wellbeing and Research Development - AWARD - Initiative BR-UK-CA, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.,School of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Carmem Gottfried
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorder - GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation - INCT-NIM, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Autism Wellbeing and Research Development - AWARD - Initiative BR-UK-CA, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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23
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Gozal E, Jagadapillai R, Cai J, Barnes GN. Potential crosstalk between sonic hedgehog-WNT signaling and neurovascular molecules: Implications for blood-brain barrier integrity in autism spectrum disorder. J Neurochem 2021. [PMID: 34169527 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease originating from combined genetic and environmental factors. Post-mortem human studies and some animal ASD models have shown brain neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. However, the signaling pathways leading to these inflammatory findings and vascular alterations are currently unclear. The BBB plays a critical role in controlling brain homeostasis and immune response. Its dysfunction can result from developmental genetic abnormalities or neuroinflammatory processes. In this review, we explore the role of the Sonic Hedgehog/Wingless-related integration site (Shh/Wnt) pathways in neurodevelopment, neuroinflammation, and BBB development. The balance between Wnt-β-catenin and Shh pathways controls angiogenesis, barriergenesis, neurodevelopment, central nervous system (CNS) morphogenesis, and neuronal guidance. These interactions are critical to maintain BBB function in the mature CNS to prevent the influx of pathogens and inflammatory cells. Genetic mutations of key components of these pathways have been identified in ASD patients and animal models, which correlate with the severity of ASD symptoms. Disruption of the Shh/Wnt crosstalk may therefore compromise BBB development and function. In turn, impaired Shh signaling and glial activation may cause neuroinflammation that could disrupt the BBB. Elucidating how ASD-related mutations of Shh/Wnt signaling could cause BBB leaks and neuroinflammation will contribute to our understanding of the role of their interactions in ASD pathophysiology. These observations may provide novel targeted therapeutic strategies to prevent or alleviate ASD symptoms while preserving normal developmental processes. Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15081.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Rekha Jagadapillai
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Gregory N Barnes
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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24
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Gozal E, Jagadapillai R, Cai J, Barnes GN. Potential crosstalk between sonic hedgehog-WNT signaling and neurovascular molecules: Implications for blood-brain barrier integrity in autism spectrum disorder. J Neurochem 2021; 159:15-28. [PMID: 34169527 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease originating from combined genetic and environmental factors. Post-mortem human studies and some animal ASD models have shown brain neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. However, the signaling pathways leading to these inflammatory findings and vascular alterations are currently unclear. The BBB plays a critical role in controlling brain homeostasis and immune response. Its dysfunction can result from developmental genetic abnormalities or neuroinflammatory processes. In this review, we explore the role of the Sonic Hedgehog/Wingless-related integration site (Shh/Wnt) pathways in neurodevelopment, neuroinflammation, and BBB development. The balance between Wnt-β-catenin and Shh pathways controls angiogenesis, barriergenesis, neurodevelopment, central nervous system (CNS) morphogenesis, and neuronal guidance. These interactions are critical to maintain BBB function in the mature CNS to prevent the influx of pathogens and inflammatory cells. Genetic mutations of key components of these pathways have been identified in ASD patients and animal models, which correlate with the severity of ASD symptoms. Disruption of the Shh/Wnt crosstalk may therefore compromise BBB development and function. In turn, impaired Shh signaling and glial activation may cause neuroinflammation that could disrupt the BBB. Elucidating how ASD-related mutations of Shh/Wnt signaling could cause BBB leaks and neuroinflammation will contribute to our understanding of the role of their interactions in ASD pathophysiology. These observations may provide novel targeted therapeutic strategies to prevent or alleviate ASD symptoms while preserving normal developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Rekha Jagadapillai
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Gregory N Barnes
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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25
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Luhach K, Kulkarni GT, Singh VP, Sharma B. Effect of papaverine on developmental hyperserotonemia induced autism spectrum disorder related behavioural phenotypes by altering markers of neuronal function, inflammation, and oxidative stress in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:614-625. [PMID: 33480092 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hyperserotonemia, in the early developmental phase, generates a variety of behavioural and biochemical phenotypes associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in rats. Papaverine is known to provide benefits in various brain conditions. We investigated the role of a selective phosphodiesterase-10A (PDE10A) inhibitor, papaverine on ASD related behavioural phenotypes (social behaviour deficits, repetitive behaviour, anxiety and hyperlocomotion) in developmental hyperserotonemia (DHS) rat model. Also, effects on important biochemical markers related with neuronal function (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-neuronal survival and phosphorylated-cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB)-neuronal transcription factor), brain inflammation (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and brain oxidative stress (TBARS and GSH) were studied in important brain areas (frontal cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus and striatum). Administration of a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, such as 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) to rats prenatally (gestational day 12 - day of parturition) and during early stages (postnatal day (PND) 0 -PND20) of development, resulted in impaired behaviour and brain biochemistry. Administration of papaverine (15/30 mg/kg ip) to 5-MT administered rats from PND21 to PND48, resulted in improvement of behavioural deficits. Also, papaverine administration significantly increased the levels of BDNF, pCREB/CREB, IL-10, GSH and significantly decreased TNF-α, IL-6 and TBARS levels in different brain areas. Papaverine, in both doses rectified important behavioural phenotypes related with ASD, the higher dose (30 mg/kg ip) showed significantly greater improvement than 15 mg/kg ip, possibly by improving neuronal function, brain inflammation and brain oxidative stress. Thus, PDE10A could be a probable target for pharmacological interventions and furthering our understanding of ASD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishk Luhach
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Giriraj T Kulkarni
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Vijay P Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Academy of scientific and Innovative research, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
- CNS and CVS Pharmacology, Conscience Research, Delhi, India
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26
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Cleal M, Fontana BD, Ranson DC, McBride SD, Swinny JD, Redhead ES, Parker MO. The Free-movement pattern Y-maze: A cross-species measure of working memory and executive function. Behav Res Methods 2021; 53:536-557. [PMID: 32748238 PMCID: PMC8062322 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-020-01452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders are associated with deficits in executive functions such as working memory and cognitive flexibility. Progress in developing effective treatments for disorders may benefit from targeting these cognitive impairments, the success of which is predicated on the development of animal models with validated behavioural assays. Zebrafish offer a promising model for studying complex brain disorders, but tasks assessing executive function are lacking. The Free-movement pattern (FMP) Y-maze combines aspects of the common Y-maze assay, which exploits the inherent motivation of an organism to explore an unknown environment, with analysis based on a series of sequential two-choice discriminations. We validate the task as a measure of working memory and executive function by comparing task performance parameters in adult zebrafish treated with a range of glutamatergic, cholinergic and dopaminergic drugs known to impair working memory and cognitive flexibility. We demonstrate the cross-species validity of the task by assessing performance parameters in adapted versions of the task for mice and Drosophila, and finally a virtual version in humans, and identify remarkable commonalities between vertebrate species' navigation of the maze. Together, our results demonstrate that the FMP Y-maze is a sensitive assay for assessing working memory and cognitive flexibility across species from invertebrates to humans, providing a simple and widely applicable behavioural assay with exceptional translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Cleal
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Old St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Barbara D Fontana
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Old St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Daniel C Ranson
- Medicines Research Group, University of East London, London, UK
| | | | - Jerome D Swinny
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Old St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Edward S Redhead
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew O Parker
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Old St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK.
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27
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Emerging mechanisms of valproic acid-induced neurotoxic events in autism and its implications for pharmacological treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111322. [PMID: 33761592 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a sort of mental disorder marked by deficits in cognitive and communication abilities. To date no effective cure for this pernicious disease has been available. Valproic acid (VPA) is a broad-spectrum, antiepileptic drug, and it is also a potent teratogen. Epidemiological studies have shown that children exposed to VPA are at higher risk for ASD during the first trimester of their gestational development. Several animal and human studies have demonstrated important behavioral impairments and morphological changes in the brain following VPA treatment. However, the mechanism of VPA exposure-induced ASD remains unclear. Several factors are involved in the pathological phase of ASD, including aberrant excitation/inhibition of synaptic transmission, neuroinflammation, diminished neurogenesis, oxidative stress, etc. In this review, we aim to outline the current knowledge of the critical pathophysiological mechanisms underlying VPA exposure-induced ASD. This review will give insight toward understanding the complex nature of VPA-induced neuronal toxicity and exploring a new path toward the development of novel pharmacological treatment against ASD.
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Sharma N, Dhiman N, Golani LK, Sharma B. Papaverine ameliorates prenatal alcohol-induced experimental attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by regulating neuronal function, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:71-81. [PMID: 33175424 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with complex aetiology and phenotypes. Phosphodiesterase10A (PDE10A) has been shown to provide benefits in various brain conditions. We investigated the role of papaverine, a selective PDE10A inhibitor on core phenotypes in prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) model of ADHD. In order to identify probable mechanisms involved, the effects on several protein markers of neuronal function such as, neuronal survival-BDNF, neuronal transcription factor-pCREB, brain inflammation (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α), and brain oxidative stress (TBARS and GSH) were studied in frontal cortex, cerebellum, and striatum. PAE resulting hyper-locomotion, inattention, and anxiety were studied by the use of open-field, y-maze, and elevated plus maze, respectively. Administration of papaverine (15/30 mg kg-1 ) to PAE group of animals resulted in amelioration of hyperactivity, inattention, and anxiety. Also, papaverine resulted in significant increase of the levels in BDNF, pCREB, IL-10, and GSH along with significant decrease of TNF-α, IL-6, and TBARS in different brain areas of PAE group. Papaverine, a selective PDE10A inhibitor rectified behavioural phenotypes associated with ADHD, possibly by altering the protein markers associated with neuronal survival, neuronal transcription factor, brain inflammation, and brain oxidative stress. Implicating PDE10A as a possible target for furthering our understanding of ADHD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niti Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Neerupma Dhiman
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
- CNS and CVS Pharmacology, Conscience Research, Delhi, India
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Cheng F, Chang H, Yan F, Yang A, Liu J, Liu Y. Agomelatine Attenuates Isoflurane-Induced Inflammation and Damage in Brain Endothelial Cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:5589-5598. [PMID: 33376303 PMCID: PMC7755371 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s281582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose Neurotoxicity of anesthetics has been widely observed by clinicians. It is reported that inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the pathological process. In the present study, we aimed to assess the therapeutic effects of agomelatine against isoflurane-induced inflammation and damage to brain endothelial cells. Materials and Methods MTT assay was used to detect cell viability in order to determine the optimized concentration of agomelatine. The bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells were treated with 2% isoflurane in the presence or absence of agomelatine (5, 10 μM) for 24 h. LDH release was evaluated and the ROS levels were checked using DHE staining assay. The expressions of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, VEGF, TF, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 were evaluated using real-time PCR and ELISA. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were used to determine the expression level of Egr-1. Results The decreased cell viability promoted LDH release and elevated ROS levels induced by isoflurane were significantly reversed by the introduction of agomelatine in a dose-dependent manner. The expression levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, VEGF, TF, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 were elevated by stimulation with isoflurane, which were significantly suppressed by the administration of agomelatine. The up-regulation of transcriptional factor Egr-1 induced by isoflurane was down-regulated by agomelatine. Conclusion Agomelatine might attenuate isoflurane-induced inflammation and damage via down-regulating Egr-1 in brain endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Huanxian Chang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Fengfeng Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Aixing Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, People's Republic of China
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Attenuation of neurobehavioural abnormalities by papaverine in prenatal valproic acid rat model of ASD. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 890:173663. [PMID: 33127361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with complex aetiology and phenotypes. Phosphodiesterase-10A (PDE10A) inhibition has shown to provide benefits in various brain conditions. We investigated the role of a PDE10A inhibitor, papaverine on core phenotypes in prenatal-valproic acid (Pre-VPA) model of ASD. In order to identify probable mechanisms involved, the effects on several protein markers of neuronal function such as, neurogenesis-DCX, neuronal survival-BDNF, synaptic transmission-synapsin-IIa, neuronal transcription factor-pCREB, neuronal inflammation (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) and neuronal oxidative stress (TBARS and GSH) were studied in frontal cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus and striatum. Pre-VPA induced impairments in social behaviour, presence of repetitive behaviour, hyper-locomotion, anxiety, and diminished nociception were studied in male Albino Wistar rats. Administration of papaverine to Pre-VPA animals resulted in improvements of social behaviour, corrected repetitive behaviour, anxiety, locomotor, and nociceptive changes. Also, papaverine resulted in a significant increase in the levels of BDNF, synapsin-IIa, DCX, pCREB, IL-10 and GSH along with significant decrease in TNF-α, IL-6 and TBARS in different brain areas of Pre-VPA group. Finally, high association between behavioural parameters and biochemical parameters was observed upon Pearson's correlation analysis. Papaverine, administration rectified core behavioural phenotype of ASD, possibly by altering protein markers associated with neuronal survival, neurogenesis, neuronal transcription factor, neuronal transmission, neuronal inflammation, and neuronal oxidative stress. Implicating PDE10A as a possible target for furthering our understanding of ASD phenotypes.
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31
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Wu ZY, Huang SD, Zou JJ, Wang QX, Naveed M, Bao HN, Wang W, Fukunaga K, Han F. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Disturbance of the melatonin system and its implications. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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33
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Chaliha D, Albrecht M, Vaccarezza M, Takechi R, Lam V, Al-Salami H, Mamo J. A Systematic Review of the Valproic-Acid-Induced Rodent Model of Autism. Dev Neurosci 2020; 42:12-48. [DOI: 10.1159/000509109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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34
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Hughes EM, Thornton AM, Kerr DM, Smith K, Sanchez C, Kelly JP, Finn DP, Roche M. Kappa Opioid Receptor-mediated Modulation of Social Responding in Adolescent Rats and in Rats Prenatally Exposed to Valproic Acid. Neuroscience 2020; 444:9-18. [PMID: 32763285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOP) system modulates social play responding, however a paucity of studies have examined effects on social motivation and cognition in the absence of play. Prenatal exposure to the anti-epileptic and mood stabiliser valproic acid (VPA) is associated with impaired social responding and altered gene expression of KOP (oprk1) and dynorphin (pdyn) in several brain regions. The present study examined if pharmacological modulation of KOP altered social motivation and cognition, immediate early gene (IEG) and oprk1-pdyn expression in adolescent male rats and rats prenatally exposed to VPA. In control rats, the KOP antagonist DIPPA enhanced sociability, while both DIPPA and the KOP agonist U50488 decreased social novelty preference. In rats exposed prenatally to VPA, neither U50488 nor DIPPA altered sociability or social novelty preference. Analysis of IEG expression revealed that DIPPA reduced expression of egr-1 expression in the prefrontal cortex of control rats and U50488 increased junb expression in the PFC of both control and VPA-exposed rats. VPA-exposed rats exhibited increased expression of oprk1 and pdyn in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala compared with control rats. DIPPA and U50488 increased oprk1 expression in the amygdala of control rats and decreased oprk1 expression in the prefrontal cortex of VPA-exposed rats. Taken together, these data demonstrate that pharmacological modulation of the KOP system alters social motivation and cognition in control rats, an effect not observed in rats prenatally exposed to VPA. These data provide support that prenatal exposure to VPA is associated with alterations in the expression and functionality of KOP system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel M Hughes
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aoife M Thornton
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel M Kerr
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - John P Kelly
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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35
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The Changes of Expression and Methylation of Genes Involved in Oxidative Stress in Course of Chronic Mild Stress and Antidepressant Therapy with Agomelatine. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060644. [PMID: 32545212 PMCID: PMC7349414 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies conducted so far suggest that oxidative stress processes may be associated with the mechanism of depression development. This study shows the effects of chronic administration of agomelatine on expression and the methylation status of Sod1, Sod2, Gpx1, Gpx4, Cat, Nos1, and Nos2 in the brain stricture and blood in the chronic mild stress (CMS) animal model of depression. The animals were exposed to the CMS procedure and treatment with agomelatine (10 mg/kg/day, IP) for five weeks and then were sacrificed. TaqMan Gene Expression Assay, Western blot, and methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting techniques were used to evaluate mRNA and protein expression of the genes, and the methylation status of their promoters. Gpx1, Gpx4, and Sod2 expression in the PBMCs and Sod1 and Sod2 expression in the brain were reduced in the stressed group after agomelatine administration. CMS caused an increase in the methylation of the third Gpx4 promoter in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Gpx1 promoter in the cerebral cortex. Additionally, stressed rats treated with agomelatine displayed a significantly lower Gpx4 level in the hypothalamus. The results confirm the hypothesis that the CMS procedure and agomelatine administration change the expression level and methylation status of the promoter region of genes involved in oxidative and nitrosative stress.
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Ishola IO, Balogun AO, Adeyemi OO. Novel potential of metformin on valproic acid-induced autism spectrum disorder in rats: involvement of antioxidant defence system. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 34:650-661. [PMID: 32415700 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) has been shown to increase the risk of autism in children. This study examined the effect of metformin on VPA-induced autism spectrum disorders in rats. Pregnant albino rats administered VPA (500 mg/kg, i.p.) or normal saline (10 mL/kg, i.p.; vehicle-control) on gestational day 12.5. The pups were given metformin (5, 50 or 500 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle (10 mL/kg, p.o.) daily from postnatal day (PND) 21-50. Social behaviour, spatial learning/reference memory, repetitive behaviour and anxiety were assessed using the three-chamber social assay, Morris water maze (MWM), Y maze and elevated plus maze tests (EPM), respectively. On PND 51, the animals were euthanized and brains removed for biochemical assay. In utero VPA exposure caused significant reduction in sociability index, social novelty preference index in three-chambered apparatus and spatial learning and reference memory deficits in the MWM task as well as increase in repetitive/anxiety-like behaviour in Y maze and EPM tests, respectively, which were ameliorated by post-treatment with metformin in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, prenatal VPA increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels as well as deficits in antioxidant enzymes activities in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) which were attenuated by metformin administration. Similarly, VPA-induced increase in acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampus and PFC were attenuated by postnatal treatment with metformin. Findings from this study showed that postnatal administration of metformin prevented valproic acid-induced autistic-like behaviour. Hence, metformin could be a potential adjunct in the management of autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail O Ishola
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Aishat O Balogun
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Olufunmilayo O Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
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Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Cieślik M, Czapski GA, Jęśko H, Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Gewartowska M, Dominiak A, Polowy R, Filipkowski RK, Babiec L, Adamczyk A. Prenatal Exposure to Valproic Acid Affects Microglia and Synaptic Ultrastructure in a Brain-Region-Specific Manner in Young-Adult Male Rats: Relevance to Autism Spectrum Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103576. [PMID: 32443651 PMCID: PMC7279050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental conditions categorized as synaptopathies. Environmental risk factors contribute to ASD aetiology. In particular, prenatal exposure to the anti-epileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) may increase the risk of autism. In the present study, we investigated the effect of prenatal exposure to VPA on the synaptic morphology and expression of key synaptic proteins in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of young-adult male offspring. To characterize the VPA-induced autism model, behavioural outcomes, microglia-related neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress were analysed. Our data showed that prenatal exposure to VPA impaired communication in neonatal rats, reduced their exploratory activity, and led to anxiety-like and repetitive behaviours in the young-adult animals. VPA-induced pathological alterations in the ultrastructures of synapses accompanied by deregulation of key pre- and postsynaptic structural and functional proteins. Moreover, VPA exposure altered the redox status and expression of proinflammatory genes in a brain region-specific manner. The disruption of synaptic structure and plasticity may be the primary insult responsible for autism-related behaviour in the offspring. The vulnerability of specific synaptic proteins to the epigenetic effects of VPA may highlight the potential mechanisms by which prenatal VPA exposure generates behavioural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gąssowska-Dobrowolska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (G.A.C.); (H.J.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.-D.); (A.A.); Tel.: +48-22-6086420 (M.G-D.); +48-22-6086572 (A.A.)
| | - Magdalena Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (G.A.C.); (H.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Grzegorz Arkadiusz Czapski
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (G.A.C.); (H.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Henryk Jęśko
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (G.A.C.); (H.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Małgorzata Frontczak-Baniewicz
- Electron Microscopy Platform, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.-B.); (M.G.)
| | - Magdalena Gewartowska
- Electron Microscopy Platform, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.-B.); (M.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Dominiak
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Rafał Polowy
- Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (R.P.); (R.K.F.)
| | - Robert Kuba Filipkowski
- Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (R.P.); (R.K.F.)
| | - Lidia Babiec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (G.A.C.); (H.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (G.A.C.); (H.J.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.-D.); (A.A.); Tel.: +48-22-6086420 (M.G-D.); +48-22-6086572 (A.A.)
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38
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Che X, Fang Y, You M, Xu Y, Wang Y. Exposure to nonylphenol in early life increases pro-inflammatory cytokines in the prefrontal cortex: Involvement of gut-brain communication. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 323:109076. [PMID: 32240654 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that exposure to nonylphenol (NP), a typical persistent organic pollutant (POP), in early life results in the impairment of the central nervous system (CNS), but the underlying mechanism still remains to be elucidated. High levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain have been implicated in the CNS damages. The animal model of exposure to NP in early life was established by maternal gavage during the pregnancy and lactation in the present study. We found that exposure to NP in early life increased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the rat prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the intestine as well as in the serum were also increased by NP exposure. Furthermore, the increased permeability of intestinal barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB), two critical barriers in the gut to brain communication, was observed in the rats exposed to NP in early lives. The decreased expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-1 (CLDN-1), tight junction proteins (TJs) that responsible for maintaining the permeability of intestinal barrier and BBB, was found, which may underlie these increases in permeability. Taken together, these results suggested that the disturbed gut-brain communication may contribute to the increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the prefrontal cortex caused by NP exposure in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Che
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Fang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingdan You
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Hughes EM, Calcagno P, Clarke M, Sanchez C, Smith K, Kelly JP, Finn DP, Roche M. Prenatal exposure to valproic acid reduces social responses and alters mRNA levels of opioid receptor and pre-pro-peptide in discrete brain regions of adolescent and adult male rats. Brain Res 2020; 1732:146675. [PMID: 31978376 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Altered social behaviours are a hallmark of several psychiatric and developmental disorders. Clinical and preclinical data have demonstrated that prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA), an anti-epileptic and mood stabiliser, is associated with impaired social responses, and thus provides a useful model for the evaluation of neurobiological mechanisms underlying altered social behaviours. The opioid system is widely recognised to regulate and modulate social behaviours, however few studies have examined if the endogenous opioid system is altered in animal models of social impairment. The present study examined social behavioural responses of adolescent and adult male rats prenatally exposed to VPA, and the expression of mRNA encoding opioid receptors and pre-pro-peptides in discrete brain regions. Adolescent and adult rats prenatally exposed to VPA spent less time engaging in social behaviours in the direct social interaction test and exhibited reduced sociability and social novelty preference in the 3-chamber sociability test, compared to saline-treated counterparts. The VPA-exposed adolescent rats exhibited significantly reduced kappa opioid receptor (oprk1) and pre-pro-dynorphin (pdyn) mRNA expression in the cerebral cortex, and reduced oprk1 and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (oprl1) mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. Adult rats prenatally exposed to VPA exhibited decreased mRNA expression of oprk1 and pdyn in hypothalamus, reduced pro-opiomelanocortin(pomc) in the striatum and an increase in delta opioid receptor (oprd1) mRNA in the amygdaloid cortex, when compared to saline-treated counterparts. Mu opioid receptor (oprm1) mRNA expression did not differ between saline and VPA-exposed rats in any region examined. The data demonstrate that impaired social behaviours in adolescent and adult rats prenatally exposed to VPA is accompanied by altered mRNA expression of opioid receptors and pre-pro-peptides in a region specific manner. In particular, both adolescent and adult VPA-exposed rats exhibit reduced oprk1-pdyn mRNA expression in several brain regions, which are associated with deficits in social behavioural responding in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel M Hughes
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Patricia Calcagno
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Morgane Clarke
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - John P Kelly
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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40
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Hirsch MM, Deckmann I, Santos-Terra J, Staevie GZ, Fontes-Dutra M, Carello-Collar G, Körbes-Rockenbach M, Brum Schwingel G, Bauer-Negrini G, Rabelo B, Gonçalves MCB, Corrêa-Velloso J, Naaldijk Y, Castillo ARG, Schneider T, Bambini-Junior V, Ulrich H, Gottfried C. Effects of single-dose antipurinergic therapy on behavioral and molecular alterations in the valproic acid-induced animal model of autism. Neuropharmacology 2020; 167:107930. [PMID: 31904357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by deficits in communication and social interaction, restricted interests, and stereotyped behavior. Environmental factors, such as prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA), may contribute to the increased risk of ASD. Since disturbed functioning of the purinergic signaling system has been associated with the onset of ASD and used as a potential therapeutic target for ASD in both clinical and preclinical studies, we analyzed the effects of suramin, a non-selective purinergic antagonist, on behavioral, molecular and immunological in an animal model of autism induced by prenatal exposure to VPA. Treatment with suramin (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) restored sociability in the three-chamber apparatus and decreased anxiety measured by elevated plus maze apparatus, but had no impact on decreased reciprocal social interactions or higher nociceptive threshold in VPA rats. Suramin treatment did not affect VPA-induced upregulation of P2X4 and P2Y2 receptor expression in the hippocampus, and P2X4 receptor expression in the medial prefrontal cortex, but normalized an increased level of interleukin 6 (IL-6). Our results suggest an important role of purinergic signaling modulation in behavioral, molecular, and immunological aberrations described in VPA model, and indicate that the purinergic signaling system might be a potential target for pharmacotherapy in preclinical studies of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mozael Hirsch
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders-GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Iohanna Deckmann
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders-GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Júlio Santos-Terra
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders-GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Zanotto Staevie
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders-GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mellanie Fontes-Dutra
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders-GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Carello-Collar
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders-GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marília Körbes-Rockenbach
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders-GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Brum Schwingel
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders-GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Bauer-Negrini
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders-GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruna Rabelo
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders-GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Bittencourt Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes , 748, 05508-000, Vila Universitãria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Corrêa-Velloso
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes , 748, 05508-000, Vila Universitãria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes , 748, 05508-000, Vila Universitãria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Regina Geciauskas Castillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes , 748, 05508-000, Vila Universitãria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tomasz Schneider
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Durham, DH1, UK
| | - Victorio Bambini-Junior
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders-GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE, Lancashire, Preston, England, UK; Autism Wellbeing And Research Development (AWARD) Institute, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE, Lancashire, Preston, England, UK
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes , 748, 05508-000, Vila Universitãria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Autism Wellbeing And Research Development (AWARD) Institute, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE, Lancashire, Preston, England, UK
| | - Carmem Gottfried
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders-GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Autism Wellbeing And Research Development (AWARD) Institute, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE, Lancashire, Preston, England, UK.
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Wang J, Zheng B, Zhou D, Xing J, Li H, Li J, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Li P. Supplementation of Diet With Different n-3/n-6 PUFA Ratios Ameliorates Autistic Behavior, Reduces Serotonin, and Improves Intestinal Barrier Impairments in a Valproic Acid Rat Model of Autism. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:552345. [PMID: 33033482 PMCID: PMC7509584 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.552345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The implication of different dietary n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratios has been investigated in some neurodevelopmental disorders (including autism and depression). However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of different PUFAs ratios on the autism are still poorly understood. In the present study, a valproic acid (VPA) rat model of autism was used to study the effects of diet with different n-3/n-6 PUFA ratios on the autism, and the underlying mechanisms explored. Our results showed that rats with prenatal administration of VPA took less response time to sniff three odorants in the olfactory habituation/dishabituation tests, had lower frequency of pinning and following patterns, and had decreased hippocampal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), increased serum 5-HT and downregulated expression of tight junction protein (occludin and claudin-1) in the colon. However, supplementation of n-3/n-6 PUFAs (1:5) in the VPA treated rats ameliorated the autistic behaviors, increased hippocampal 5-HT and tight junction expression in the colon, and decreased serum 5-HT. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of n-3/n-6 PUFAs (1:5) significantly improves VPA-induced autism-like behaviors in rats, which may be, at least partially, related to the increased hippocampal 5-HT. Furthermore, this diet can increase the expression of tight junction proteins to improve intestinal barrier impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baihong Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Xing
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Honghua Li
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zehui Zhang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Beilin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Jin Y, Choi J, Lee S, Kim JW, Hong Y. Pathogenetical and Neurophysiological Features of Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Phenomena and Diagnoses. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1588. [PMID: 31581672 PMCID: PMC6832208 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is accompanied by social deficits, repetitive and restricted interests, and altered brain development. The majority of ASD patients suffer not only from ASD itself but also from its neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Alterations in brain structure, synaptic development, and misregulation of neuroinflammation are considered risk factors for ASD and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Electroencephalography has been developed to quantitatively explore effects of these neuronal changes of the brain in ASD. The pineal neurohormone melatonin is able to contribute to neural development. Also, this hormone has an inflammation-regulatory role and acts as a circadian key regulator to normalize sleep. These functions of melatonin may play crucial roles in the alleviation of ASD and its neuropsychiatric comorbidities. In this context, this article focuses on the presumable role of melatonin and suggests that this hormone could be a therapeutic agent for ASD and its related neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunho Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Jeonghyun Choi
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Gimhae Industry Promotion & Biomedical Foundation, Gimhae 50969, Korea.
| | - Jong Won Kim
- Department of Healthcare Information Technology, College of Bio-Nano Information Technology, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School-Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Holper L, Ben-Shachar D, Mann JJ. Psychotropic and neurological medication effects on mitochondrial complex I and IV in rodent models. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:986-1002. [PMID: 31320210 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex I (NADH-dehydrogenase) and complex IV (cytochrome-c-oxidase) are reported to be affected by drugs used to treat psychiatric or neurodegenerative diseases, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, stimulants, antidementia, and antiparkinsonian drugs. We conducted meta-analyses examining the effects of each drug category on complex I and IV. The electronic databases Pubmed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published between 1970 and 2018. Of 3105 screened studies, 68 articles covering 53 drugs were included in the meta-analyses. All studies assessed complex I and IV in rodent brain at the level of enzyme activity. Results revealed that selected antidepressants increase or decrease complex I and IV, antipsychotics and stimulants decrease complex I but increase complex IV, whereas anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, antidementia, and antiparkinsonian drugs preserve or even enhance both complex I and IV. Potential contributions to the drug effects were found to be related to the drugs' neurotransmitter receptor profiles with adrenergic (α1B), dopaminergic (D1/2), glutaminergic (NMDA1,3), histaminergic (H1), muscarinic (M1,3), opioid (OP1-3), serotonergic (5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3A) and sigma (σ1) receptors having the greatest effects. The findings are discussed in relation to pharmacological mechanisms of action that might have relevance for clinical and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Holper
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - D Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | - J J Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
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Wang M, Li W, Tao Y, Zhao L. Emerging trends and knowledge structure of epilepsy during pregnancy research for 2000-2018: a bibliometric analysis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7115. [PMID: 31211023 PMCID: PMC6557303 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy during pregnancy presents a unique set of challenges for pregnant women, the fetus, and the health care community. As research in this area advances rapidly, it is critical to keep up with the emerging trends and key turning points of the development of the domain knowledge. This study aimed to construct a series of science maps to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the intellectual landscape and research frontiers in the field of epilepsy during pregnancy research. Methods All publications were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Bibliometric analysis was used to analyze the scientific research outputs, including journals, countries/regions, institutions, authors (cited authors), intellectual base and research hotspots. Results A total of 2,225 publications related to epilepsy during pregnancy were identified as published between 2000 and 2018. The overall trend of the number of publications showed a fluctuating growth from 59 articles in 2000 to 198 in 2018. Neurology was the leading journal in the field of epilepsy and pregnancy research both in terms of impact factor score (8.055) and H-index value (77). The US retained its leading position and exerted a pivotal influence in this area. The University of Melbourne was identified as a good research institution for research collaboration. Prof. Pennell and Tomson have made great achievements in this area, and Prof. Tomson laid a foundation for the development of this domain. The keyword “neonatal seizures” ranked first in research hotspots, and the keyword “autism spectrum disorders (ASD)” ranked first in research frontiers. Conclusions Epilepsy during pregnancy is a fascinating and rapid development of subject matter. A more recent emerging trend focused on comprehensive management of pregnant and lactating women, evaluation of the safety and efficacy of newer antiepileptic drugs. The keywords “management issue,” “brain injury,” “meta-analysis,” “in utero exposure,” and “ASD” were the latest research frontiers and should be closely observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Weitao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yuying Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z. Prevention or Amelioration of Autism-Like Symptoms in Animal Models: Will it Bring Us Closer to Treating Human ASD? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051074. [PMID: 30832249 PMCID: PMC6429371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first animal model of valproic acid (VPA) induced autistic-like behavior, many genetic and non-genetic experimental animal models for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have been described. The more common non-genetic animal models induce ASD in rats and mice by infection/inflammation or the prenatal or early postnatal administration of VPA. Through the establishment of these models, attempts have been made to ameliorate or even prevent ASD-like symptoms. Some of the genetic models have been successfully treated by genetic manipulations or the manipulation of neurotransmission. Different antioxidants have been used (i.e., astaxanthin, green tea, piperine) to reduce brain oxidative stress in VPA-induced ASD models. Agents affecting brain neurotransmitters (donepezil, agmatine, agomelatine, memantine, oxytocin) also successfully reduced ASD-like symptoms. However, complete prevention of the development of symptoms was achieved only rarely. In our recent study, we treated mouse offspring exposed on postnatal day four to VPA with S-adenosine methionine (SAM) for three days, and prevented ASD-like behavior, brain oxidative stress, and the changes in gene expression induced by VPA. In this review, we describe, in addition to our data, the existing literature on the prevention/amelioration of ASD-like symptoms. We also discuss the possible mechanisms underlying some of these phenomena. Finally, we describe some of the clinical trials in children with ASD that were carried out as a result of data from animal studies, especially those with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Ornoy
- Laboratory of Teratology, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
| | - Liza Weinstein-Fudim
- Laboratory of Teratology, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
| | - Zivanit Ergaz
- Laboratory of Teratology, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
- Neonatology Department, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
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Mirza R, Sharma B. Benefits of Fenofibrate in prenatal valproic acid-induced autism spectrum disorder related phenotype in rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 147:36-46. [PMID: 30769127 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with two major behavioral symptoms i.e. repetitive behavior and social-communication impairment. The unknown etiology of ASD is responsible for the difficulty in identifying the possible therapeutic modulators for ASD. Valproic acid (VPA) is an anticonvulsant drug in both human and rodents with teratogenic effects during pregnancy. Therefore, prenatal exposure of VPA induced autism spectrum disorder like phenotypes in both human and rodents. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) is widely localized in the brain. This research investigates the utility of fenofibrate, a selective agonist of PPAR-α in prenatal VPA-induced experimental ASD in Wistar rats. The prenatal VPA has induced social impairment (three chambers social behavior apparatus), repetitive behavior (Y-maze), hyperlocomotion (actophotometer), anxiety (elevated plus maze) and low exploratory activity (hole board test). Also, prenatal VPA treated rats have shown higher levels of oxidative stress (increased in thiobarbituric acid reactive species and decreased in reduced glutathione level) and inflammation (increased in interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and decreased in interleukin-10) in the cerebellum, brainstem and prefrontal cortex. Treatment with fenofibrate significantly attenuated prenatal VPA-induced social impairment, repetitive behavior, hyperactivity, anxiety, and low exploratory activity. Furthermore, fenofibrate also decreased the prenatal VPA-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in brain regions. Hence, it may be concluded that fenofibrate may provide neurobehavioral and biochemical benefits in prenatal VPA-induced autism phenotypes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohi Mirza
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, India; CNS Pharmacology, Conscience Research, Delhi, India.
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Kuo HY, Liu FC. Molecular Pathology and Pharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder-Like Phenotypes Using Rodent Models. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:422. [PMID: 30524240 PMCID: PMC6262306 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with a high prevalence rate. The core symptoms of ASD patients are impaired social communication and repetitive behavior. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to pathophysiology of ASD. Regarding environmental risk factors, it is known that valproic acid (VPA) exposure during pregnancy increases the chance of ASD among offspring. Over a decade of animal model studies have shown that maternal treatment with VPA in rodents recapitulates ASD-like pathophysiology at a molecular, cellular and behavioral level. Here, we review the prevailing theories of ASD pathogenesis, including excitatory/inhibitory imbalance, neurotransmitter dysfunction, dysfunction of mTOR and endocannabinoid signaling pathways, neuroinflammation and epigenetic alterations that have been associated with ASD. We also describe the evidence linking neuropathological changes to ASD-like behavioral abnormalities in maternal VPA-treated rodents. In addition to obtaining an understanding of the neuropathological mechanisms, the VPA-induced ASD-like animal models also serve as a good platform for testing pharmacological reagents that might be use treating ASD. We therefore have summarized the various pharmacological studies that have targeted the classical neurotransmitter systems, the endocannabinoids, the Wnt signal pathway and neuroinflammation. These approaches have been shown to often be able to ameliorate the ASD-like phenotypes induced by maternal VPA treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ying Kuo
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chin Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mirza R, Sharma B. Selective modulator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α protects propionic acid induced autism-like phenotypes in rats. Life Sci 2018; 214:106-117. [PMID: 30366038 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study investigated the neuropharmacological role of PPAR-α modulator, fenofibrate in postnatal-propionic acid induced symptomatology related with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in Wistar rats. MAIN METHODS The propionic acid (250 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to rats from postnatal 21st day to 23rd day to induce autism-related neurobehavioral and neurobiochemical alterations in rats. Then, rats were treated with fenofibrate (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, orally) from postnatal 24th day till 48th day. The social behavior (three chambers social testing apparatus), repetitive behavior (Y-maze), locomotor activity (actophotometer), anxiety (elevated plus maze) and exploratory behavior (hole board test) were assessed. Biochemically, oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive species and reduced glutathione level) and neuroinflammation (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10) were evaluated in the cerebellum, brainstem and prefrontal cortex of rats. KEY FINDINGS Propionic acid-treated rats showed social impairment, repetitive behavior, hyperlocomotion, anxiety and low exploratory activity. Also, these animals showed higher levels of oxidative stress (increased in thiobarbituric acid reactive species and decreased in reduced glutathione level) as well as inflammation (increased in interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and decreased in interleukin-10) and inflammation in aforementioned brain-regions. Treatment with fenofibrate significantly attenuated the propionic acid induced-social impairment, repetitive behavior, hyperactivity, anxiety and low exploratory activity. Furthermore, fenofibrate also reduced the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in propionic acid-treated rats. SIGNIFICANCE A selective PPAR-α agonist, fenofibrate provides neurobehavioral and neurobiochemical benefits in postnatal-propionic acid induced autism-related phenotype in rats. Thus, fenofibrate may further be studied for its possible benefits in ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohi Mirza
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, India; CNS Pharmacology, Conscience Research, Delhi, India.
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Ornoy A, Koren G, Yanai J. Is post exposure prevention of teratogenic damage possible: Studies on diabetes, valproic acid, alcohol and anti folates in pregnancy: Animal studies with reflection to human. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 80:92-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Blood-brain barrier regulation in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Lett 2018; 726:133664. [PMID: 29966749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface between the peripheral blood supply and the cerebral parenchyma, controlling the transport of material to and from the brain. Tight junctions between the endothelial cells of the cerebral microvasculature limit the passage of large, negatively charged molecules via paracellular diffusion whereas transcellular transportation across the endothelial cell is controlled by a number of mechanisms including transporter proteins, endocytosis, and diffusion. Here, we review the evidence that perturbation of these processes may underlie the development of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and affective disorders. Increased permeability of the BBB appears to be a common factor in these disorders, leading to increased infiltration of peripheral material into the brain culminating in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. However, although there is no common mechanism underpinning BBB dysfunction even within each particular disorder, the tight junction protein claudin-5 may be a clinically relevant target given that both clinical and pre-clinical research has linked it to schizophrenia, ASD, and depression. Additionally, we discuss the clinical significance of the BBB in diagnosis (genetic markers, dynamic contrast-enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging, and blood biomarkers) and in treatment (drug delivery).
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