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Giorgi C, Castelli V, d’Angelo M, Cimini A. Organoids Modeling Stroke in a Petri Dish. Biomedicines 2024; 12:877. [PMID: 38672231 PMCID: PMC11048104 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a common neurological disorder, the second leading cause of death, and the third leading cause of disability. Unfortunately, the only approved drug for it is tissue plasminogen, but the therapeutic window is limited. In this context, preclinical studies are relevant to better dissect the underlying mechanisms of stroke and for the drug screening of potential therapies. Brain organoids could be relevant in this setting. They are derived from pluripotent stem cells or isolated organ progenitors that differentiate to form an organ-like tissue, exhibiting multiple cell types that self-organize to form a structure not unlike the organ in vivo. Brain organoids mimic many key features of early human brain development at molecular, cellular, structural, and functional levels and have emerged as novel model systems that can be used to investigate human brain diseases including stroke. Brain organoids are a promising and powerful tool for ischemic stroke studies; however, there are a few concerns that need to be addressed, including the lack of vascularization and the many cell types that are typically present in the human brain. The aim of this review is to discuss the potential of brain organoids as a novel model system for studying ischemic stroke, highlighting both the advantages and disadvantages in the use of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michele d’Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (C.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (C.G.); (V.C.)
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2
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Giorgi C, Lombardozzi G, Ammannito F, Scenna MS, Maceroni E, Quintiliani M, d’Angelo M, Cimini A, Castelli V. Brain Organoids: A Game-Changer for Drug Testing. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:443. [PMID: 38675104 PMCID: PMC11054008 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are the second cause of death and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Unfortunately, no cure exists for these disorders, but the actual therapies are only able to ameliorate people's quality of life. Thus, there is an urgent need to test potential therapeutic approaches. Brain organoids are a possible valuable tool in the study of the brain, due to their ability to reproduce different brain regions and maturation stages; they can be used also as a tool for disease modelling and target identification of neurological disorders. Recently, brain organoids have been used in drug-screening processes, even if there are several limitations to overcome. This review focuses on the description of brain organoid development and drug-screening processes, discussing the advantages, challenges, and limitations of the use of organoids in modeling neurological diseases. We also highlighted the potential of testing novel therapeutic approaches. Finally, we examine the challenges and future directions to improve the drug-screening process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (C.G.); (G.L.); (F.A.); (M.S.S.); (E.M.); (M.Q.); (M.d.)
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (C.G.); (G.L.); (F.A.); (M.S.S.); (E.M.); (M.Q.); (M.d.)
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3
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Danics L, Abbas AA, Kis B, Pircs K. Fountain of youth—Targeting autophagy in aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1125739. [PMID: 37065462 PMCID: PMC10090449 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1125739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
As our society ages inexorably, geroscience and research focusing on healthy aging is becoming increasingly urgent. Macroautophagy (referred to as autophagy), a highly conserved process of cellular clearance and rejuvenation has attracted much attention due to its universal role in organismal life and death. Growing evidence points to autophagy process as being one of the key players in the determination of lifespan and health. Autophagy inducing interventions show significant improvement in organismal lifespan demonstrated in several experimental models. In line with this, preclinical models of age-related neurodegenerative diseases demonstrate pathology modulating effect of autophagy induction, implicating its potential to treat such disorders. In humans this specific process seems to be more complex. Recent clinical trials of drugs targeting autophagy point out some beneficial effects for clinical use, although with limited effectiveness, while others fail to show any significant improvement. We propose that using more human-relevant preclinical models for testing drug efficacy would significantly improve clinical trial outcomes. Lastly, the review discusses the available cellular reprogramming techniques used to model neuronal autophagy and neurodegeneration while exploring the existing evidence of autophagy’s role in aging and pathogenesis in human-derived in vitro models such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cell derived neurons (iPSC-neurons) or induced neurons (iNs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Danics
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - Semmelweis University (HCEMM-SU), Neurobiology and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network and Semmelweis University (ELKH-SU), Cerebrovascular and Neurocognitive Disorders Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Anoir Abbas
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - Semmelweis University (HCEMM-SU), Neurobiology and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kis
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - Semmelweis University (HCEMM-SU), Neurobiology and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Karolina Pircs
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - Semmelweis University (HCEMM-SU), Neurobiology and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Karolina Pircs,
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4
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Segal D, Mazloom-Farsibaf H, Chang BJ, Roudot P, Rajendran D, Daetwyler S, Fiolka R, Warren M, Amatruda JF, Danuser G. In vivo 3D profiling of site-specific human cancer cell morphotypes in zebrafish. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213501. [PMID: 36155740 PMCID: PMC9516844 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202109100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue microenvironments affect the functional states of cancer cells, but determining these influences in vivo has remained a challenge. We present a quantitative high-resolution imaging assay of single cancer cells in zebrafish xenografts to probe functional adaptation to variable cell-extrinsic cues and molecular interventions. Using cell morphology as a surrogate readout of cell functional states, we examine environmental influences on the morphotype distribution of Ewing Sarcoma, a pediatric cancer associated with the oncogene EWSR1-FLI1 and whose plasticity is thought to determine disease outcome through non-genomic mechanisms. Computer vision analysis reveals systematic shifts in the distribution of 3D morphotypes as a function of cell type and seeding site, as well as tissue-specific cellular organizations that recapitulate those observed in human tumors. Reduced expression of the EWSR1-FLI1 protein product causes a shift to more protrusive cells and decreased tissue specificity of the morphotype distribution. Overall, this work establishes a framework for a statistically robust study of cancer cell plasticity in diverse tissue microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagan Segal
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Hanieh Mazloom-Farsibaf
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Bo-Jui Chang
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Philippe Roudot
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Divya Rajendran
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Stephan Daetwyler
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Reto Fiolka
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Mikako Warren
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - James F Amatruda
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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5
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Nikolić L, Ferracin C, Legname G. Recent advances in cellular models for discovering prion disease therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:985-996. [PMID: 35983689 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2113773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prion diseases are a group of rare and lethal rapidly progressive neurodegenerative diseases arising due to conversion of the physiological cellular prion protein into its pathological counterparts, denoted as "prions". These agents are resistant to inactivation by standard decontamination procedures and can be transmitted between individuals, consequently driving the irreversible brain damage typical of the diseases. AREAS COVERED Since its infancy, prion research has mainly depended on animal models for untangling the pathogenesis of the disease as well as for the drug development studies. With the advent of prion-infected cell lines, relevant animal models have been complemented by a variety of cell-based models presenting a much faster, ethically acceptable alternative. EXPERT OPINION To date, there are still either no effective prophylactic regimens or therapies for human prion diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more relevant cellular models that best approximate in vivo models. Each cellular model presented and discussed in detail in this review has its own benefits and limitations. Once embarking in a drug screening campaign for the identification of molecules that could interfere with prion conversion and replication, one should carefully consider the ideal cellular model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Nikolić
- PhD Student in Functional and Structural Genomics, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy,
| | - Chiara Ferracin
- PhD Student in Functional and Structural Genomics, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- D.Phil., Full Professor of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
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6
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Yoon J, Kim HW, Shin M, Lim J, Lee JY, Lee SN, Choi JW. 3D Neural Network Composed of Neurospheroid and Bionanohybrid on Microelectrode Array to Realize the Spatial Input Signal Recognition in Neurospheroid. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200127. [PMID: 35595685 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There have been several studies for demonstration of 2D neural network using living cells or organic/inorganic molecules, but to date, there is no report of development of a 3D neural network in vitro. Based on developed bionanohybrid composed of protein, DNA, molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles, and peptides for controlling electrophysiological states of living cells, here, the in vitro 3D neural network composed of the bionanohybrid, 3D neurospheroid and the microelectrode array (MEA) is developed. After production of the 3D neurospheroid derived from human neural stem cells, the bionanohybrid developed on the MEA successfully semi-penetrates the neurites of the 3D neurospheroid and forms the 3D neural network. The developed 3D neural network successfully exhibited the electrophysiological output signals of the 3D neurospheroid by transmitting the input signal applied by the bionanohybrid. Moreover, by using the selectively immobilized bionanohybrid on the MEA, the spatial input signal recognition in the neurospheroid of 3D neural network is realized for the first time. This newly developed in vitro 3D neural network provides a promising strategy to be applied in brain-on-a-chip, brain disease-related drug efficacy evaluation, bioelectronics, and bioelectronic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Yoon
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Hyun-Woong Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Shin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Joungpyo Lim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Nam Lee
- Uniance Gene Inc., Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
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7
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Van Breedam E, Ponsaerts P. Promising Strategies for the Development of Advanced In Vitro Models with High Predictive Power in Ischaemic Stroke Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137140. [PMID: 35806146 PMCID: PMC9266337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although stroke is one of the world’s leading causes of death and disability, and more than a thousand candidate neuroprotective drugs have been proposed based on extensive in vitro and animal-based research, an effective neuroprotective/restorative therapy for ischaemic stroke patients is still missing. In particular, the high attrition rate of neuroprotective compounds in clinical studies should make us question the ability of in vitro models currently used for ischaemic stroke research to recapitulate human ischaemic responses with sufficient fidelity. The ischaemic stroke field would greatly benefit from the implementation of more complex in vitro models with improved physiological relevance, next to traditional in vitro and in vivo models in preclinical studies, to more accurately predict clinical outcomes. In this review, we discuss current in vitro models used in ischaemic stroke research and describe the main factors determining the predictive value of in vitro models for modelling human ischaemic stroke. In light of this, human-based 3D models consisting of multiple cell types, either with or without the use of microfluidics technology, may better recapitulate human ischaemic responses and possess the potential to bridge the translational gap between animal-based in vitro and in vivo models, and human patients in clinical trials.
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8
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Park JC, Jang SY, Lee D, Lee J, Kang U, Chang H, Kim HJ, Han SH, Seo J, Choi M, Lee DY, Byun MS, Yi D, Cho KH, Mook-Jung I. A logical network-based drug-screening platform for Alzheimer's disease representing pathological features of human brain organoids. Nat Commun 2021; 12:280. [PMID: 33436582 PMCID: PMC7804132 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing effective drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, has been difficult because of complicated pathogenesis. Here, we report an efficient, network-based drug-screening platform developed by integrating mathematical modeling and the pathological features of AD with human iPSC-derived cerebral organoids (iCOs), including CRISPR-Cas9-edited isogenic lines. We use 1300 organoids from 11 participants to build a high-content screening (HCS) system and test blood-brain barrier-permeable FDA-approved drugs. Our study provides a strategy for precision medicine through the convergence of mathematical modeling and a miniature pathological brain model using iCOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chan Park
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905SNU Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG United Kingdom
| | - So-Yeong Jang
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjoon Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905SNU Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongha Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Uiryong Kang
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Hongjun Chang
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng Jun Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905SNU Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Han
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905SNU Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsoo Seo
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Sciences and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Murim Choi
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Psychiatry, College of medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea ,grid.412484.f0000 0001 0302 820XDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- grid.412480.b0000 0004 0647 3378Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620 Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Cho
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905SNU Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
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Yadav A, Seth B, Chaturvedi RK. Brain Organoids: Tiny Mirrors of Human Neurodevelopment and Neurological Disorders. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:388-426. [PMID: 32723210 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420943192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unravelling the complexity of the human brain is a challenging task. Nowadays, modern neurobiologists have developed 3D model systems called "brain organoids" to overcome the technical challenges in understanding human brain development and the limitations of animal models to study neurological diseases. Certainly like most model systems in neuroscience, brain organoids too have limitations, as these minuscule brains lack the complex neuronal circuitry required to begin the operational tasks of human brain. However, researchers are hopeful that future endeavors with these 3D brain tissues could provide mechanistic insights into the generation of circuit complexity as well as reproducible creation of different regions of the human brain. Herein, we have presented the contemporary state of brain organoids with special emphasis on their mode of generation and their utility in modelling neurological disorders, drug discovery, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Brashket Seth
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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10
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Studying ALS: Current Approaches, Effect on Potential Treatment Strategy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1241:195-217. [PMID: 32383122 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41283-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by inevitable progressive paralysis. To date, only two disease modifying therapeutic options are available for the patients with ALS, although they show very modest effect on disease course. The main reason of failure in the field of pharmacological correction of ALS is inability to untangle complex relationships taking place during ALS initiation and progression. Traditional methods of research, based on morphology or transgenic animal models studying provided lots of information about ALS throughout the years. However, translation of these results to humans was unsuccessful due to incomplete recapitulation of molecular pathology and overall inadequacy of the models used in the research.In this review we summarize current knowledge regarding ALS molecular pathology with depiction of novel methods applied recently for the studies. Furthermore we describe present and potential treatment strategies that are based on the recent findings in ALS disease mechanisms.
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11
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Salick MR, Lubeck E, Riesselman A, Kaykas A. The future of cerebral organoids in drug discovery. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 111:67-73. [PMID: 32654970 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Until the discovery of human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells, biotechnology companies were severely limited in the number of human tissues that they could model in large-scale in vitro studies. Until this point, companies have been limited to immortalized cancer lines or a small number of primary cell types that could be extracted and expanded. Nowadays, protocols continue to be developed in the stem cell field, enabling researchers to model an ever-growing library of cell types in controlled, large-scale screens. One differentiation method in particular- cerebral organoids- shows substantial potential in the field of neuroscience and developmental neurobiology. Cerebral organoid technology is still in an early phase of development, and there are several challenges that are currently being addressed by academic and industrial researchers alike. Here we briefly describe some of the early adopters of cerebral organoids, several of the challenges that they are likely facing, and various technologies that are currently being implemented to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R Salick
- insitro 279 East Grand Avenue South, San Francisco CA, United States
| | - Eric Lubeck
- insitro 279 East Grand Avenue South, San Francisco CA, United States
| | - Adam Riesselman
- insitro 279 East Grand Avenue South, San Francisco CA, United States
| | - Ajamete Kaykas
- insitro 279 East Grand Avenue South, San Francisco CA, United States
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12
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Silva MC, Haggarty SJ. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived models and drug screening in CNS precision medicine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1471:18-56. [PMID: 30875083 PMCID: PMC8193821 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of effective therapeutics for neurological disorders has historically been challenging partly because of lack of accurate model systems in which to investigate disease etiology and test new therapeutics at the preclinical stage. Human stem cells, particularly patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) upon differentiation, have the ability to recapitulate aspects of disease pathophysiology and are increasingly recognized as robust scalable systems for drug discovery. We review advances in deriving cellular models of human central nervous system (CNS) disorders using iPSCs along with strategies for investigating disease-relevant phenotypes, translatable biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Given their potential to identify novel therapeutic targets and leads, we focus on phenotype-based, small-molecule screens employing human stem cell-derived models. Integrated efforts to assemble patient iPSC-derived cell models with deeply annotated clinicopathological data, along with molecular and drug-response signatures, may aid in the stratification of patients, diagnostics, and clinical trial success, shifting translational science and precision medicine approaches. A number of remaining challenges, including the optimization of cost-effective, large-scale culture of iPSC-derived cell types, incorporation of aging into neuronal models, as well as robustness and automation of phenotypic assays to support quantitative drug efficacy, toxicity, and metabolism testing workflows, are covered. Continued advancement of the field is expected to help fully humanize the process of CNS drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Catarina Silva
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
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13
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Zurina IM, Gorkun AA, Dzhussoeva EV, Kolokoltsova TD, Markov DD, Kosheleva NV, Morozov SG, Saburina IN. Human Melanocyte-Derived Spheroids: A Precise Test System for Drug Screening and a Multicellular Unit for Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:540. [PMID: 32582665 PMCID: PMC7287162 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigmentation is the result of melanin synthesis, which takes place in melanocytes, and its further distribution. A dysregulation in melanocytes' functionality can result in the loss of pigmentation, the appearance of pigment spots and melanoma development. Tissue engineering and the screening of new skin-lightening drugs require the development of simple and reproducible in vitro models with maintained functional activity. The aim of the study was to obtain and characterize spheroids from normal human melanocytes as a three-dimensional multicellular structure and as a test system for skin-lightening drug screening. Melanocytes are known to lose their ability to synthesize melanin in monolayer culture. When transferred under non-adhesive conditions in agarose multi-well plates, melanocytes aggregated and formed spheroids. As a result, the amount of melanin elevated almost two times within seven days. MelanoDerm™ (MatTek) skin equivalents were used as a comparison system. Cells in spheroids expressed transcription factors that regulate melanogenesis: MITF and Sox10, the marker of developed melanosomes-gp100, as well as tyrosinase (TYR)-the melanogenesis enzyme and melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R)-the main receptor regulating melanin synthesis. Expression was maintained during 3D culturing. Thus, it can be stated that spheroids maintain melanocytes' functional activity compared to that in the multi-layered MelanoDerm™ skin equivalents. Culturing both spheroids and MelanoDerm™ for seven days in the presence of the skin-lightening agent fucoxanthin resulted in a more significant lowering of melanin levels in spheroids. Significant down-regulation of gp100, MITF, and Sox10 transcription factors, as well as 10-fold down-regulation of TYR expression, was observed in spheroids by day 7 in the presence of fucoxanthin, thus inhibiting the maturation of melanosomes and the synthesis of melanin. MelanoDerm™ samples were characterized by significant down-regulation of only MITF, Sox10 indicating that spheroids formed a more sensitive system allowed for quantitative assays. Collectively, these data illustrate that normal melanocytes can assemble themselves into spheroids-the viable structures that are able to accumulate melanin and maintain the initial functional activity of melanocytes. These spheroids can be used as a more affordable and easy-to-use test system than commercial skin equivalents for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina M Zurina
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Developmental Pathology, FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Modern Biomaterials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,FSBEI FPE Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Russian Ministry of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya A Gorkun
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Developmental Pathology, FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Modern Biomaterials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,FSBEI FPE Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Russian Ministry of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Dzhussoeva
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Developmental Pathology, FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tamara D Kolokoltsova
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Developmental Pathology, FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.,FSBEI FPE Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Russian Ministry of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy D Markov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nastasia V Kosheleva
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Developmental Pathology, FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.,FSBEI FPE Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Russian Ministry of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey G Morozov
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Developmental Pathology, FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina N Saburina
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Developmental Pathology, FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.,FSBEI FPE Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Russian Ministry of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Walus K, Beyer S, Willerth SM. Three-dimensional bioprinting healthy and diseased models of the brain tissue using stem cells. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Zhang X, Jiang T, Chen D, Wang Q, Zhang LW. Three-dimensional liver models: state of the art and their application for hepatotoxicity evaluation. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:279-309. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1756219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Tianyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Leshuai W. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
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16
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Unprecedented Potential for Neural Drug Discovery Based on Self-Organizing hiPSC Platforms. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051150. [PMID: 32143423 PMCID: PMC7179160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have transformed conventional drug discovery pathways in recent years. In particular, recent advances in hiPSC biology, including organoid technologies, have highlighted a new potential for neural drug discovery with clear advantages over the use of primary tissues. This is important considering the financial and social burden of neurological health care worldwide, directly impacting the life expectancy of many populations. Patient-derived iPSCs-neurons are invaluable tools for novel drug-screening and precision medicine approaches directly aimed at reducing the burden imposed by the increasing prevalence of neurological disorders in an aging population. 3-Dimensional self-assembled or so-called ‘organoid’ hiPSCs cultures offer key advantages over traditional 2D ones and may well be gamechangers in the drug-discovery quest for neurological disorders in the coming years.
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17
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Durens M, Nestor J, Williams M, Herold K, Niescier RF, Lunden JW, Phillips AW, Lin YC, Dykxhoorn DM, Nestor MW. High-throughput screening of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 335:108627. [PMID: 32032714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need for scalable high-throughput screening (HTS) approaches for 3D human stem cell platforms remains a central challenge for disease modeling and drug discovery. We have developed a workflow to screen cortical organoids across platforms. NEW METHOD We used serum-free embryoid bodies (SFEBs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and employed high-content imaging (HCI) to assess neurite outgrowth and cellular composition within SFEBs. We multiplexed this screening assay with both multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) and single-cell calcium imaging. RESULTS HCI was used to assess the number of excitatory neurons (VGlut+) in experimental replicates of hiPSC-derived SFEBs, demonstrating experiment-to-experiment consistency. Neurite detection using HCI was applied to assess neurite morphology. MEA analysis showed that firing and burst rates in SFEBs decreased with blockade of NMDARs and AMPARs and increased with GABAR blockade. We also demonstrate effective combination of both MEA and HCI to analyze VGlut+ populations surrounding electrodes within MEAs. HCI-based (Ca2+) transient analysis revealed firing in individual cells surrounding active MEA electrodes. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Current methods to generate neural organoids show high degrees of variability, and often require sectioning or special handling for analysis. The protocol outlined in this manuscript generates SFEBs with high degree of consistency making them amenable to complex assays combining HTS and electrophysiology allowing for an in-depth, unbiased analysis. CONCLUSIONS SFEBs can be used in combination with HTS to compensate for experimental variability common in 3D cultures, while significantly decreasing processing speed, making this an efficient starting point for phenotypic drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madel Durens
- Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Jonathan Nestor
- Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Madeline Williams
- Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Kevin Herold
- Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Robert F Niescier
- Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Jason W Lunden
- Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Andre W Phillips
- Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Yu-Chih Lin
- Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Derek M Dykxhoorn
- John P. Hussman Institute of Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave., Miami, FL, 33136, United States
| | - Michael W Nestor
- Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States.
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18
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Grenier K, Kao J, Diamandis P. Three-dimensional modeling of human neurodegeneration: brain organoids coming of age. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:254-274. [PMID: 31444473 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases is rapidly increasing in aging nations. These relentless and progressive diseases remain largely without disease-modifying treatments despite decades of research and investments. It is becoming clear that traditional two-dimensional culture and animal model systems, while providing valuable insights on the major pathophysiological pathways associated with these diseases, have not translated well to patients' bedside. Fortunately, the advent of induced-pluripotent stem cells and three-dimensional cell culture now provide tools that are revolutionizing the study of human diseases by permitting analysis of patient-derived human tissue with non-invasive procedures. Specifically, brain organoids, self-organizing neural structures that can mimic human fetal brain development, have now been harnessed to develop alternative models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease, and Frontotemporal dementia by recapitulating important neuropathological hallmarks found in these disorders. Despite these early breakthroughs, several limitations need to be vetted in brain organoid models in order to more faithfully match human tissue qualities, including relative tissue immaturity, lack of vascularization and incomplete cellular diversity found in this culture system. Here, we review current brain organoid protocols, the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, and early studies with brain organoid neurodegeneration models. We then discuss the multiple engineering and conceptual challenges surrounding their use and provide possible solutions and exciting avenues to be pursued. Altogether, we believe that brain organoids models, improved with classical and emerging molecular and analytic tools, have the potential to unravel the opaque pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegeneration and devise novel treatments for an array of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Grenier
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Phedias Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada. .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, MacFeeters Hamilton Centre for Neuro-Oncology Research, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
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19
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Sirenko O, Parham F, Dea S, Sodhi N, Biesmans S, Mora-Castilla S, Ryan K, Behl M, Chandy G, Crittenden C, Vargas-Hurlston S, Guicherit O, Gordon R, Zanella F, Carromeu C. Functional and Mechanistic Neurotoxicity Profiling Using Human iPSC-Derived Neural 3D Cultures. Toxicol Sci 2019; 167:58-76. [PMID: 30169818 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders affect millions of people worldwide and appear to be on the rise. Whereas the reason for this increase remains unknown, environmental factors are a suspected contributor. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop more complex, biologically relevant, and predictive in vitro assays to screen larger sets of compounds with the potential for neurotoxicity. Here, we employed a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based 3D neural platform composed of mature cortical neurons and astrocytes as a model for this purpose. The iPSC-derived human 3D cortical neuron/astrocyte co-cultures (3D neural cultures) present spontaneous synchronized, readily detectable calcium oscillations. This advanced neural platform was optimized for high-throughput screening in 384-well plates and displays highly consistent, functional performance across different wells and plates. Characterization of oscillation profiles in 3D neural cultures was performed through multi-parametric analysis that included the calcium oscillation rate and peak width, amplitude, and waveform irregularities. Cellular and mitochondrial toxicity were assessed by high-content imaging. For assay characterization, we used a set of neuromodulators with known mechanisms of action. We then explored the neurotoxic profile of a library of 87 compounds that included pharmaceutical drugs, pesticides, flame retardants, and other chemicals. Our results demonstrated that 57% of the tested compounds exhibited effects in the assay. The compounds were then ranked according to their effective concentrations based on in vitro activity. Our results show that a human iPSC-derived 3D neural culture assay platform is a promising biologically relevant tool to assess the neurotoxic potential of drugs and environmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederick Parham
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Steven Dea
- StemoniX, Inc, Maple Grove, Minnesota 55311
| | - Neha Sodhi
- StemoniX, Inc, Maple Grove, Minnesota 55311
| | | | | | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Mamta Behl
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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20
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Mofazzal Jahromi MA, Abdoli A, Rahmanian M, Bardania H, Bayandori M, Moosavi Basri SM, Kalbasi A, Aref AR, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Microfluidic Brain-on-a-Chip: Perspectives for Mimicking Neural System Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8489-8512. [PMID: 31264092 PMCID: PMC6842047 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) include more than 600 types of nervous system disorders in humans that impact tens of millions of people worldwide. Estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO) suggest NDDs will increase by nearly 50% by 2030. Hence, development of advanced models for research on NDDs is needed to explore new therapeutic strategies and explore the pathogenesis of these disorders. Different approaches have been deployed in order to investigate nervous system disorders, including two-and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) cell cultures and animal models. However, these models have limitations, such as lacking cellular tension, fluid shear stress, and compression analysis; thus, studying the biochemical effects of therapeutic molecules on the biophysiological interactions of cells, tissues, and organs is problematic. The microfluidic "organ-on-a-chip" is an inexpensive and rapid analytical technology to create an effective tool for manipulation, monitoring, and assessment of cells, and investigating drug discovery, which enables the culture of various cells in a small amount of fluid (10-9 to 10-18 L). Thus, these chips have the ability to overcome the mentioned restrictions of 2D and 3D cell cultures, as well as animal models. Stem cells (SCs), particularly neural stem cells (NSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the capability to give rise to various neural system cells. Hence, microfluidic organ-on-a-chip and SCs can be used as potential research tools to study the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders. Accordingly, in the present review, we discuss the latest progress in microfluidic brain-on-a-chip as a powerful and advanced technology that can be used in basic studies to investigate normal and abnormal functions of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahmanian
- Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Hassan Bardania
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Bayandori
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Kalbasi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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21
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Abstract
This review addresses novel approaches for influencing the transcriptome, the
epigenome, the microbiome, the proteome, and the energy metabolome. These innovations
help develop psychotropic medications which will directly reach the molecular
targets, leading to beneficial effects, and which will be individually adapted to
provide more efficacy and less toxicity. The series of advances described here show
that these once utopian goals for psychiatric treatment are now real themes of
research, indicating that the future path for psychopharmacology might not be as
narrow and grim as considered during the last few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Schulz
- Private practice as psychiatrist; Head of the Unit of Clinical Psychopharmacology (retired), Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Hor CHH, Tang BL. Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) as a genetically simple model of multifaceted neuropathology resulting from defects in autophagy. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:261-277. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAutophagy is an essential and conserved cellular homeostatic process. Defects in the core and accessory components of the autophagic machinery would most severely impact terminally differentiated cells, such as neurons. The neurodevelopmental/neurodegenerative disorder β-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) resulted from heterozygous or hemizygous germline mutations/pathogenic variant of the X chromosome geneWDR45, encoding WD40 repeat protein interacting with phosphoinositides 4 (WIPI4). This most recently identified subtype of the spectrum of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation diseases is characterized by a biphasic mode of disease manifestation and progression. The first phase involves early-onset of epileptic seizures, global developmental delay, intellectual disability and autistic syndrome. Subsequently, Parkinsonism and dystonia, as well as dementia, emerge in a subacute manner in adolescence or early adulthood. BPAN disease phenotypes are thus complex and linked to a wide range of other neuropathological disorders. WIPI4/WDR45 has an essential role in autophagy, acting as a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate binding effector that participates in autophagosome biogenesis and size control. Here, we discuss recent updates on WIPI4’s mechanistic role in autophagy and link the neuropathological manifestations of BPAN’s biphasic infantile onset (epilepsy, autism) and adolescent onset (dystonic, Parkinsonism, dementia) phenotypes to neurological consequences of autophagy impairment that are now known or emerging in many other neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. As monogenicWDR45mutations in BPAN result in a large spectrum of disease phenotypes that stem from autophagic dysfunctions, it could potentially serve as a simple and unique genetic model to investigate disease pathology and therapeutics for a wider range of neuropathological conditions with autophagy defects.
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23
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Schulz P. Opportunities and challenges in psychopharmacology
. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 21:119-130. [PMID: 31636486 PMCID: PMC6787536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses novel approaches for influencing the transcriptome, the epigenome, the microbiome, the proteome, and the energy metabolome. These innovations help develop psychotropic medications which will directly reach the molecular targets, leading to beneficial effects, and which will be individually adapted to provide more efficacy and less toxicity. The series of advances described here show that these once utopian goals for psychiatric treatment are now real themes of research, indicating that the future path for psychopharmacology might not be as narrow and grim as considered during the last few decades.
.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Schulz
- Private practice as psychiatrist; Head of the Unit of Clinical Psychopharmacology (retired), Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Marshall LJ, Willett C. Parkinson's disease research: adopting a more human perspective to accelerate advances. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1950-1961. [PMID: 30240875 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) affects 1% of the population over 60 years old and, with global increases in the aging population, presents huge economic and societal burdens. The etiology of PD remains unknown; most cases are idiopathic, presumed to result from genetic and environmental risk factors. Despite 200 years since the first description of PD, the mechanisms behind initiation and progression of the characteristic neurodegenerative processes are not known. Here, we review progress and limitations of the multiple PD animal models available and identify advances that could be implemented to better understand pathological processes, improve disease outcome, and reduce dependence on animal models. Lessons learned from reducing animal use in PD research could serve as guideposts for wider biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J Marshall
- Humane Society International, The Humane Society of the United States, 700 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Catherine Willett
- Humane Society International, The Humane Society of the United States, 700 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Birth defects are a common occurrence in the United States and worldwide. Currently, evaluation of potential developmental toxicants (i.e., teratogens) relies heavily on animal-based models which do not always adequately mimic human development. In order to address this, researchers are developing in vitro human-based models which utilize human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to assess the teratogenic potential of chemical substances. The field of human developmental toxicity assays includes a variety of platforms including monolayer, micropattern, embryoid body, and 3D organoid cultures. In this review, we will overview the field of human teratogenic assays, detail the most recent advances, and discuss current limitations and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Worley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 2147, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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26
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Wang H. Modeling Neurological Diseases With Human Brain Organoids. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:15. [PMID: 29937727 PMCID: PMC6002496 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity and delicacy of human brain make it challenging to recapitulate its development, function and disorders. Brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) provide a new tool to model both normal and pathological human brain, and greatly enhance our ability to study brain biology and diseases. Currently, human brain organoids are increasingly used in modeling neurological disorders and relative therapeutic discovery. This review article focuses on recent advances in human brain organoid system and its application in disease modeling. It also discusses the limitations and future perspective of human brain organoids in modeling neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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27
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Kamiya K, Abe Y, Inoue K, Osaki T, Kawano R, Miki N, Takeuchi S. Well-Controlled Cell-Trapping Systems for Investigating Heterogeneous Cell-Cell Interactions. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701208. [PMID: 29369539 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems have been developed for patterning single cells to study cell-cell interactions. However, patterning multiple types of cells to understand heterogeneous cell-cell interactions remains difficult. Here, it is aimed to develop a cell-trapping device to assemble multiple types of cells in the well-controlled order and morphology. This device mainly comprises a parylene sheet for assembling cells and a microcomb for controlling the cell-trapping area. The cell-trapping area is controlled by moving the parylene sheet on an SU-8 microcomb using tweezers. Gentle downward flow is used as a driving force for the cell-trapping. The assembly of cells on a parylene sheet with round and line-shaped apertures is demonstrated. The cell-cell contacts of the trapped cells are then investigated by direct cell-cell transfer of calcein via connexin nanopores. Finally, using the device with a system for controlling the cell-trapping area, three different types of cells in the well-controlled order are assembled. The correct cell order rate obtained using the device is 27.9%, which is higher than that obtained without the sliding parylene system (0.74%). Furthermore, the occurrence of cell-cell contact between the three cell types assembled is verified. This cell-patterning device will be a useful tool for investigating heterogeneous cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Kamiya
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology KSP EAST 303, 3‐2‐1, Sakado Takatsu‐ku, Kawasaki Kanagawa 213‐0012 Japan
| | - Yuta Abe
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology KSP EAST 303, 3‐2‐1, Sakado Takatsu‐ku, Kawasaki Kanagawa 213‐0012 Japan
- School of Integrated Design Engineering Keio University 3‐14‐1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku‐ku Yokohama Kanagawa 223‐8522 Japan
| | - Kosuke Inoue
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology KSP EAST 303, 3‐2‐1, Sakado Takatsu‐ku, Kawasaki Kanagawa 213‐0012 Japan
- School of Integrated Design Engineering Keio University 3‐14‐1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku‐ku Yokohama Kanagawa 223‐8522 Japan
| | - Toshihisa Osaki
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology KSP EAST 303, 3‐2‐1, Sakado Takatsu‐ku, Kawasaki Kanagawa 213‐0012 Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo 4‐6‐1 Komaba Meguro‐ku Tokyo 153‐8505 Japan
| | - Ryuji Kawano
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology KSP EAST 303, 3‐2‐1, Sakado Takatsu‐ku, Kawasaki Kanagawa 213‐0012 Japan
| | - Norihisa Miki
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology KSP EAST 303, 3‐2‐1, Sakado Takatsu‐ku, Kawasaki Kanagawa 213‐0012 Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Keio University 3‐14‐1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku‐ku Yokohama Kanagawa 223‐8522 Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology KSP EAST 303, 3‐2‐1, Sakado Takatsu‐ku, Kawasaki Kanagawa 213‐0012 Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo 4‐6‐1 Komaba Meguro‐ku Tokyo 153‐8505 Japan
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Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to the entire nervous system. Animal models suggest that defects in NSC proliferation and differentiation contribute to several brain disorders (e.g., microcephaly, macrocephaly, autism, schizophrenia, and Huntington's disease). However, animal models of such diseases do not fully recapitulate all disease-related phenotypes because of substantial differences in brain development between rodents and humans. Therefore, additional human-based evidence is required to understand the mechanisms that are involved in the development of neurological diseases that result from human NSC (hNSC) dysfunction. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells provide a new model to investigate the contribution of hNSCs to various neurological pathologies. In this chapter, we review the role of hNSCs in both neurodevelopment- and neurodegeneration-related human brain pathologies, with an emphasis on recent evidence that has been obtained using embryonic stem cell- or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hNSCs and progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Liszewska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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Phenotypic Assays for Characterizing Compound Effects on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Spheroids. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2017; 15:280-296. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Arber C, Lovejoy C, Wray S. Stem cell models of Alzheimer's disease: progress and challenges. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:42. [PMID: 28610595 PMCID: PMC5470327 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been the lack of physiologically relevant in vitro models which capture the precise patient genome, in the cell type of interest, with physiological expression levels of the gene(s) of interest. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, together with advances in 2D and 3D neuronal differentiation, offers a unique opportunity to overcome this challenge and generate a limitless supply of human neurons for in vitro studies. iPSC-neuron models have been widely employed to model AD and we discuss in this review the progress that has been made to date using patient-derived neurons to recapitulate key aspects of AD pathology and how these models have contributed to a deeper understanding of AD molecular mechanisms, as well as addressing the key challenges posed by using this technology and what progress is being made to overcome these. Finally, we highlight future directions for the use of iPSC-neurons in AD research and highlight the potential value of this technology to neurodegenerative research in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Arber
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Christopher Lovejoy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Selina Wray
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK.
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31
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Powell SK, Gregory J, Akbarian S, Brennand KJ. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 to the study of brain development and neuropsychiatric disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 82:157-166. [PMID: 28549865 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 technology has transformed our ability to manipulate the genome and epigenome, from efficient genomic editing to targeted localization of effectors to specific loci. Through the manipulation of DNA- and histone-modifying enzyme activities, activation or repression of gene expression, and targeting of transcriptional regulators, the role of gene-regulatory and epigenetic pathways in basic biology and disease processes can be directly queried. Here, we discuss emerging CRISPR-based methodologies, with specific consideration of neurobiological applications of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Powell
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - J Gregory
- Instructional Technology Group, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - S Akbarian
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - K J Brennand
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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32
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Watmuff B, Liu B, Karmacharya R. Stem cell-derived neurons in the development of targeted treatment for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:471-479. [PMID: 28346060 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent advent of induced pluripotent stem cells has enabled the study of patient-specific and disease-related neurons in vitro and has facilitated new directions of inquiry into disease mechanisms. With these approaches, we now have the possibility of correlating ex vivo cellular phenotypes with individual patient response to treatment and/or side effects, which makes targeted treatments for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder a distinct prospect in the coming years. Here, we briefly review the current state of stem cell-based models and explore studies that are providing new insights into the disease biology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, which are laying the foundations for the development of novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Watmuff
- Center for Experimental Drugs & Diagnostics, Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard & MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bangyan Liu
- Center for Experimental Drugs & Diagnostics, Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rakesh Karmacharya
- Center for Experimental Drugs & Diagnostics, Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard & MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Schizophrenia & Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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