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Cardiotrophin-1 Improves Kidney Preservation, Graft Function, and Survival in Transplanted Rats. Transplantation 2018; 102:e404-e412. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang D, Liu X, Liu Y, Li S, Wang C. The Effects of Cardiotrophin-1 on Early Synaptic Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Synaptic Pathology in APPswe/PS1dE9 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:1255-1267. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luolong District, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaozhuan Liu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luolong District, Luoyang, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luolong District, Luoyang, China
| | - Sanqiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luolong District, Luoyang, China
| | - Chenying Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luolong District, Luoyang, China
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Targeting antioxidant enzyme expression as a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2016; 107:23-32. [PMID: 28043837 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During ischemic stroke, neurons and glia are subjected to damage during the acute and neuroinflammatory phases of injury. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from calcium dysregulation in neural cells and the invasion of activated immune cells are responsible for stroke-induced neurodegeneration. Scientists have failed thus far to identify antioxidant-based drugs that can enhance neural cell survival and improve recovery after stroke. However, several groups have demonstrated success in protecting against stroke by increasing expression of antioxidant enzymes in neural cells. These enzymes, which include but are not limited to enzymes in the glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase families, degrade ROS that otherwise damage cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. Several groups have identified cellular therapies including neural stem cells and human umbilical cord blood cells, which exert neuroprotective and oligoprotective effects through the release of pro-survival factors that activate PI3K/Akt signaling to upregulation of antioxidant enzymes. Other studies demonstrate that treatment with soluble factors released by these cells yield similar changes in enzyme expression after stroke. Treatment with the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor increases the expression of peroxiredoxin IV and metallothionein III in glia and boosts expression of superoxide dismutase 3 in neurons. Through cell-specific upregulation of these enzymes, LIF and other Akt-inducing factors have the potential to protect multiple cell types against damage from ROS during the early and late phases of ischemic damage.
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López-Yoldi M, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Bustos M. Cardiotrophin-1: A multifaceted cytokine. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:523-32. [PMID: 26188636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) is a member of the gp130 family of cytokines that have pleiotropic functions on different tissues and cell types. Although many effects of CT-1 have been described on the heart, there is an extensive research showing important protective effects in other organs such as liver, kidney or nervous system. Recently, several studies have pointed out that CT-1 might also play a key role in the regulation of body weight and intermediate metabolism. This paper will review many aspects of CT-1 physiological role in several organs and discuss data for consideration in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López-Yoldi
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Moreno-Aliaga
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matilde Bustos
- Area of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA (Center for Applied Medical Research) University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Herencia C, Almadén Y, Ferrín G, Martínez-Romero R, de la Mata M, Ciria R, Briceño FJ, Muñoz-Castañeda JR. Cardiotrophin-1 decreases liver apoptosis through calpastatin induction. J Surg Res 2015; 193:119-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wang D, Li X, Gao K, Lu D, Zhang X, Ma C, Ye F, Zhang L. Cardiotrophin-1 (CTF1) ameliorates glucose-uptake defects and improves memory and learning deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 107:48-57. [PMID: 23541490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotrophin-1 (CTF1) has been reported to act as a trophic factor for a few neurons, such as sensory, cholinergic, dopaminergic, motor and cortical neurons. Studies have indicated that CTF1 delays degenerative disease progression in motor neuron disease. However, little is known about the effects of CTF1 on degenerative disease in the brain. We have shown that expression of CTF1 is strongly down-regulated in the brain of the APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Transgenic mice with brain tissue-specific CTF1 expression alone or in combination with APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice were produced to study the effects of CTF1 on AD. CTF1 expressing APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice exhibited improvements in learning and memory, less severe abnormalities in locomotor activity, reduced scattered senile plaques and ameliorated disturbances of brain energy metabolism compared to APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice. Furthermore, CTF1 inhibited the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in SH-SY5Y cell line and in the brain tissues of APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice. The transgenic expression of CTF1 compensated for the loss of CTF1 expression and brought about a marked improvement on cognitive functioning in the APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that the inhibition of GSK-3β activity might play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
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Anderton RS, Meloni BP, Mastaglia FL, Boulos S. Spinal muscular atrophy and the antiapoptotic role of survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 47:821-32. [PMID: 23315303 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating and often fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects spinal motor neurons and leads to progressive muscle wasting and paralysis. The survival of motor neuron (SMN) gene is mutated or deleted in most forms of SMA, which results in a critical reduction in SMN protein. Motor neurons appear particularly vulnerable to reduced SMN protein levels. Therefore, understanding the functional role of SMN in protecting motor neurons from degeneration is an essential prerequisite for the design of effective therapies for SMA. To this end, there is increasing evidence indicating a key regulatory antiapoptotic role for the SMN protein that is important in motor neuron survival. The aim of this review is to highlight key findings that support an antiapoptotic role for SMN in modulating cell survival and raise possibilities for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Anderton
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia and Australian Neuromuscular Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
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Covey MV, Loporchio D, Buono KD, Levison SW. Opposite effect of inflammation on subventricular zone versus hippocampal precursors in brain injury. Ann Neurol 2011; 70:616-26. [PMID: 21710624 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation promotes epidermal wound healing but is considered detrimental to recovery from central nervous system injury. Sick infants have increased levels of cytokines in their cerebrospinal fluid that correlate with poor neurological outcome. In this study, we investigated the role of neuroinflammation and more specifically interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the amplification of subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) neural precursors after neonatal brain injury. METHODS Neonatal hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) was induced in P6 rat pups, and IL-6 was quantified with or without indomethacin administration. Neural precursor responses were evaluated by neurosphere assays as well as by stereological analyses. Studies were performed to determine how IL-6 and leukemia-inhibiting factor (LIF) affect SVZ cell expansion, proliferation, and self-renewal. RESULTS Consistent with earlier studies, medially situated SVZ cells expanded after H/I. Contrary to our expectations, indomethacin significantly decreased both the initial reactive increase in these precursors and their ability to self-renew. By contrast, indomethacin increased proliferation in the SGZ and lateral SVZ. Indomethacin diminished the accumulation of microglia/macrophages and IL-6 production after H/I. In vitro IL-6 enhanced neurosphere growth, self-renewal, and tripotentiality and was more effective than LIF in promoting self-renewal. Enhanced precursor self-renewal also was obtained using prostaglandin E2, which is downstream of cyclooxygenase 2 and a target of indomethacin. INTERPRETATION These data implicate neuroinflammation and in particular IL-6 as a positive effector of primitive neural precursor expansion after neonatal brain injury. These findings have important clinical implications, as indomethacin and other anti-inflammatory agents are administered to premature infants for a variety of reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V Covey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Zhang S, He B, Ge J, Li H, Luo X, Zhang H, Li Y, Zhai C, Liu P, Liu X, Fei X. Extraction, chemical analysis of Angelica sinensis polysaccharides and antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides in ischemia–reperfusion rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 47:546-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Moidunny S, Dias RB, Wesseling E, Sekino Y, Boddeke HWGM, Sebastião AM, Biber K. Interleukin-6-type cytokines in neuroprotection and neuromodulation: oncostatin M, but not leukemia inhibitory factor, requires neuronal adenosine A1 receptor function. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1667-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Peng H, Sola A, Moore J, Wen T. Caspase inhibition by cardiotrophin-1 prevents neuronal death in vivo and in vitro. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1041-51. [PMID: 19859964 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), a cytokine in the interleukin-6 family, protected the developing rat brain against focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) in vivo and prevented cortical neuron death in vitro. However, the mechanisms by which CT-1 prevents neuronal death are not clearly understood. This in vivo study focused on whether CT-1 treatment prevented FCI-induced brain injuries in the postnatal day 7 (P7) rat through modulating activation of the initiator caspase-8 (C-8) and the downstream effector caspase-3 (C-3). FCI caused a significant increase in expressions of cleaved C-8 and C-3 and, meanwhile, a significant decrease in expression of microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2) in the left ischemic cortex of the P7 rat brain after FCI. Exogenous treatment of CT-1 significantly reduced the expression of cleaved C-8 or C-3 and attenuated the decline in MAP2 expression in the ischemic cortex from 12 to 24 hr after FCI. Subsequent in vitro experiments demonstrated that CT-1 treatment inhibited sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced activation of C-8 and C-3 and loss of MAP2-positive neurons in cortical neuron cultures. More importantly, CT-1 activated several pathways, including Janus kinase 2, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3, nuclear factor kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and MAPK kinase in the cultures exposed to SNP. This is the first suggestion that CT-1 prevents neuronal injury in the developing central nervous system possibly through mediating multiple signal pathways, inhibiting activation of C-8 and C-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Atlantic Neonatal Research Institute, MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, and Atlantic Health, Morristown, New Jersey, USA
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Casales E, Aranda A, Quetglas JI, Ruiz-Guillen M, Rodriguez-Madoz JR, Prieto J, Smerdou C. A novel system for the production of high levels of functional human therapeutic proteins in stable cells with a Semliki Forest virus noncytopathic vector. N Biotechnol 2010; 27:138-48. [PMID: 20188220 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Semliki Forest virus (SFV) vectors lead to high protein expression in mammalian cells, but expression is transient due to vector cytopathic effects, inhibition of host cell proteins and RNA-based expression. We have used a noncytopathic SFV mutant (ncSFV) RNA vector to generate stable cell lines expressing two human therapeutic proteins: insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1). Therapeutic genes were fused at the carboxy-terminal end of Puromycin N-acetyl-transferase gene by using as a linker the sequence coding for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A autoprotease. These cassettes were cloned into the ncSFV vector. Recombinant ncSFV vectors allowed rapid and efficient selection of stable BHK cell lines with puromycin. These cells expressed IGF-I and CT-1 in supernatants at levels reaching 1.4 and 8.6 microg/10(6)cells/24 hours, respectively. Two cell lines generated with each vector were passaged ten times during 30 days, showing constant levels of protein expression. Recombinant proteins expressed at different passages were functional by in vitro signaling assays. Stability at RNA level was unexpectedly high, showing a very low mutation rate in the CT-1 sequence, which did not increase at high passages. CT-1 was efficiently purified from supernatants of ncSFV cell lines, obtaining a yield of approximately 2mg/L/24 hours. These results indicate that the ncSFV vector has a great potential for the production of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkuden Casales
- Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Farran I, Río-Manterola F, Iñiguez M, Gárate S, Prieto J, Mingo-Castel AM. High-density seedling expression system for the production of bioactive human cardiotrophin-1, a potential therapeutic cytokine, in transgenic tobacco chloroplasts. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2008; 6:516-27. [PMID: 18384506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Histidine-tagged human cardiotrophin-1 (hCT-1), a recently discovered cytokine with excellent therapeutic potential, was expressed in tobacco chloroplasts under the transcriptional and translational control of two different promoters (rrn and psbA) and 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTRs) (psbA and phage T7 gene 10). The psbA 5'-UTR promotes recombinant hCT-1 (rhCT-1) accumulation in chloroplasts at higher levels (eight-fold) than those obtained for the phage T7 gene 10 5'-UTR, regardless of the promoter used, indicating that the correct choice of translational control element is most important for protein production in chloroplasts. The maximum level of rhCT-1 achieved was 1.14 mg/g fresh weight (equivalent to 5% of total soluble protein) with the psbA promoter and 5'-UTR in young leaves harvested after 32 h of continuous light, although the bioactivity was significantly lower (approximately 35%) than that of commercial hCT-1. However, harvesting in the dark or after 12 h of light did not result in a significant decrease in the bioactivity of rhCT-1, suggesting that 32 h of over-lighting affects the biological activity of rhCT-1. Because high levels of rhCT-1 accumulation took place mainly in young leaves, it is proposed that seedlings should be used in a 'closed system' unit, yielding up to 3.2 kg per year of rhCT-1. This amount would be sufficient to meet the estimated annual worldwide needs of hCT-1 for liver transplantation surgery in a cost-effective manner. Furthermore, our strategy is an environmentally friendly method for the production of plant-based biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imma Farran
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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Sola A, Peng H, Rogido M, Wen T. Animal models of neonatal stroke and response to erythropoietin and cardiotrophin‐1. Int J Dev Neurosci 2007; 26:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Sola
- Division of NeonatologyMANA and Atlantic Neonatal Research InstituteMorristownNJ07960United States
| | - Hui Peng
- Division of NeonatologyMANA and Atlantic Neonatal Research InstituteMorristownNJ07960United States
| | - Marta Rogido
- Division of NeonatologyMANA and Atlantic Neonatal Research InstituteMorristownNJ07960United States
| | - Tong‐Chun Wen
- Division of NeonatologyMANA and Atlantic Neonatal Research InstituteMorristownNJ07960United States
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Covey MV, Levison SW. Leukemia inhibitory factor participates in the expansion of neural stem/progenitors after perinatal hypoxia/ischemia. Neuroscience 2007; 148:501-9. [PMID: 17664044 PMCID: PMC2034515 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Subsequent to perinatal hypoxia/ischemia there is an increase in the number of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSP) within the subventricular zone (SVZ). Gene expression analyses have implicated Notch signaling in the expansion of these tripotential cells but there are limited data as to which signals are stimulating Notch activation. There is evidence that the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR)/gp130 receptor heterodimer induces Notch1 to maintain NSP populations during normal development. LIF and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) bind to these receptor components and they coordinate injury responses in the CNS. Therefore, the aim of these studies was to investigate whether CNTF and/or leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) participate in NSP expansion in the rat SVZ after hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) as well as to characterize the downstream events that regulate NSP numbers. We report that LIF mRNA is induced 48 h post-insult by 13-fold but that it returns almost to baseline by 72 h. Commensurate with increased LIF expression there is a corresponding increase in phosphorylated Stat-3 within the SVZ. Modeling the changes that occur in vivo, we show that LIF induces Stat-3 phosphorylation in neurospheres to enhance Delta-like-1 and Notch1 expression as well as to increase Notch1 activation. LIF also expands neurosphere number and size in vitro. Whereas CNTF can mimic the effects of LIF in vitro, CNTF expression in the SVZ was unchanged during recovery from H/I. Cumulatively, these data implicate LIF and not CNTF in the expansion of NSPs in the rat SVZ after perinatal brain injury. As both LIF expression and the endogenous regenerative response after brain injury are time-delimited, these findings provide insights into strategies to expand the endogenous pool of NSPs to repopulate the damaged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Covey
- Laboratory for Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience and NJMS-UH Cancer Center, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Avenue, H-1226, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Iñiguez M, Berasain C, Martinez-Ansó E, Bustos M, Fortes P, Pennica D, Avila MA, Prieto J. Cardiotrophin-1 defends the liver against ischemia-reperfusion injury and mediates the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2809-15. [PMID: 17178916 PMCID: PMC2118168 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) liver injury occurs when blood flow is restored after prolonged ischemia. A short interruption of blood flow (ischemic preconditioning [IP]) induces tolerance to subsequent prolonged ischemia through ill-defined mechanisms. Cardiotrophin (CT)-1, a cytokine of the interleukin-6 family, exerts hepatoprotective effects and activates key survival pathways like JAK/STAT3. Here we show that administration of CT-1 to rats or mice protects against I/R liver injury and that CT-1-deficient mice are exceedingly sensitive to this type of damage. IP markedly reduced transaminase levels and abrogated caspase-3 and c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase activation after I/R in normal mice but not in CT-1-null mice. Moreover, the protective effect afforded by IP was reduced by previous administration of neutralizing anti-CT-1 antibody. Prominent STAT3 phosphorylation in liver tissue was observed after IP plus I/R in normal mice but not in CT-1-null mice. Oxidative stress, a process involved in IP-induced hepatoprotection, was found to stimulate CT-1 release from isolated hepatocytes. Interestingly, brief ischemia followed by short reperfusion caused mild serum transaminase elevation and strong STAT3 activation in normal and IL-6-deficient mice, but failed to activate STAT3 and provoked marked hypertransaminasemia in CT-1-null animals. In conclusion, CT-1 is an essential endogenous defense of the liver against I/R and is a key mediator of the protective effect induced by IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Iñiguez
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Clinica Universitaria and Medical School, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
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