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Yoshida T, Yokoi T, Tanaka T, Matsuzaka E, Saida Y, Nishina S, Takada S, Shimizu S, Azuma N. Modeling of Retina and Optic Nerve Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury through Hypoxia-Reoxygenation in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Ganglion Cells. Cells 2024; 13:130. [PMID: 38247823 PMCID: PMC10814087 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are specialized projection neurons that constitute part of the retina, and the death of RGCs causes various eye diseases, but the mechanism of RGC death is still unclear. Here, we induced cell death in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived RGC-rich retinal tissues using hypoxia-reoxygenation in vitro. Flow cytometry, immunochemistry, and Western blotting showed the apoptosis and necrosis of RGCs under hypoxia-reoxygenation, and they were rescued by an apoptosis inhibitor but not by a necrosis inhibitor. This revealed that the cell death induced in our model was mainly due to apoptosis. To our knowledge, this is the first model to reproduce ischemia-reperfusion in hiPSC-derived RGCs. Thus, the efficacy of apoptosis inhibitors and neuroprotective agents can be evaluated using this model, bringing us closer to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Yoshida
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-4, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan;
| | - Tadashi Yokoi
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
- Department of ophthalmology, Kyorin University, 6-20-2, Arakawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818611, Japan
| | - Taku Tanaka
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Emiko Matsuzaka
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Yuki Saida
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Sachiko Nishina
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Shuji Takada
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Shigeomi Shimizu
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-4, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan;
| | - Noriyuki Azuma
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-4, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan
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2
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Redding A, Grabocka E. Stress granules and hormetic adaptation of cancer. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:995-1005. [PMID: 37704502 PMCID: PMC10843007 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell stress is inherent to cancer and a key driver of tumorigenesis. Recent studies have proposed that cell stress promotes tumorigenesis through non-membranous organelles known as stress granules (SGs). While the biology of SGs is an emerging field, all studies to date point to the enhanced ability of cancer cells to form SGs compared with normal cells, a heightened dependence on SGs for survival under adverse conditions and for chemotherapy resistance, and the dependence of tumors on SGs for growth. Why cancer cells become dependent on SGs and how SGs promote tumorigenesis remain to be elucidated. Here, we attempt to provide a framework for answering these questions by framing SGs as a hormetic response to tumor-associated stress stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Redding
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Elda Grabocka
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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3
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Feng L, Wang C, Zhang C, Zhang W, Song W. Role of epigenetic regulation in glaucoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115633. [PMID: 37806089 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the world's leading irreversible blinding eye disease. Lowering intraocular pressure is currently the only effective clinical treatment. However, there is a lack of long-acting IOP-lowering drugs, and some patients still experience retinal ganglion cell loss even with good intraocular pressure control. Currently, there is no effective method for neuroprotection and regeneration in clinical practice for glaucoma. In recent years, epigenetics has been widely researched and reported for its role in glaucoma's neuroprotection and regeneration. This article reviews the changes in histone modifications, DNA methylation, non-coding RNA, and m6A methylation in glaucoma, aiming to provide new perspectives for glaucoma management, protection of retinal ganglion cells, and axon regeneration by understanding epigenetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Feng
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Wulong Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Weitao Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China.
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4
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Oruc OA, Boyaci MG, Ozdinc Ş, Celik S, Aslan E. Protective effect of valproic acid on ischemia-reperfusion induced spinal cord injury in a rat model. J Spinal Cord Med 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37975793 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2023.2257854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to determine the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects of valproic acid (VPA) on rat spinal cord tissue in ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury model created by abdominal aorta occlusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague Dawley rat (male sex) weighing 190-260 g divided into four experimental groups: control only underwent laparotomy, sham group, pre-IR injury (200 mg/kg dose), and post-IR injury (300 mg/kg) VPA. We measured serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, Total Oxidant Status (TOS) and Total Antioxidant Status (TAS), and serum Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) ratio, and tissue expression of Bax and Bcl2, Caspase3, and Bax/Bcl2 ratio. RESULTS Serum IL-18 was higher in the sham than the control group(P = 0.001), and there were declines in the pre-IR treatment (P = 0.002) and the post-IR treatment when compared to sham (P = 0.001). Despite these reductions, IL-18 expression levels in both the pre- and post-IR treatment groups were higher than in the control group (P = 0.001 & P = 0.003). The favorable effects of pre-IR VPA administration on immunohistochemical biomarkers were superior to post-IR VPA administration. CONCLUSIONS Comparative analyses between prophylactic VPA administration and post-IR interventions revealed congruence in their anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic ramifications. VPA can reduce spinal cord IR injury in an aortic occlusion model of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oya Akpinar Oruc
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gazi Boyaci
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Şerife Ozdinc
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Sefa Celik
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Esra Aslan
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Chen X, Shi C, He M, Xiong S, Xia X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: molecular mechanism and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:352. [PMID: 37709773 PMCID: PMC10502142 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01570-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a quality-control organelle for protein homeostasis, or "proteostasis". The protein quality control systems involve ER-associated degradation, protein chaperons, and autophagy. ER stress is activated when proteostasis is broken with an accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in the ER. ER stress activates an adaptive unfolded protein response to restore proteostasis by initiating protein kinase R-like ER kinase, activating transcription factor 6, and inositol requiring enzyme 1. ER stress is multifaceted, and acts on aspects at the epigenetic level, including transcription and protein processing. Accumulated data indicates its key role in protein homeostasis and other diverse functions involved in various ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, achromatopsia, cataracts, ocular tumors, ocular surface diseases, and myopia. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying the aforementioned ocular diseases from an ER stress perspective. Drugs (chemicals, neurotrophic factors, and nanoparticles), gene therapy, and stem cell therapy are used to treat ocular diseases by alleviating ER stress. We delineate the advancement of therapy targeting ER stress to provide new treatment strategies for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Chen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaoran Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meihui He
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siqi Xiong
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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6
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Wang J, Feng S, Zhang Q, Qin H, Xu C, Fu X, Yan L, Zhao Y, Yao K. Roles of Histone Acetyltransferases and Deacetylases in the Retinal Development and Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2330-2354. [PMID: 36637745 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The critical role of epigenetic modification of histones in maintaining the normal function of the nervous system has attracted increasing attention. Among these modifications, the level of histone acetylation, modulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), is essential in regulating gene expression. In recent years, the research progress on the function of HDACs in retinal development and disease has advanced remarkably, while that regarding HATs remains to be investigated. Here, we overview the roles of HATs and HDACs in regulating the development of diverse retinal cells, including retinal progenitor cells, photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and Müller glial cells. The effects of HATs and HDACs on the progression of various retinal diseases are also discussed with the highlight of the proof-of-concept research regarding the application of available HDAC inhibitors in treating retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.,College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Shuyu Feng
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.,College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.,College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Huan Qin
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.,College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Chunxiu Xu
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.,College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Xuefei Fu
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.,College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.,College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yaqin Zhao
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.,College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Kai Yao
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China. .,College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China. .,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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Suliman M, Schmidtke MW, Greenberg ML. The Role of the UPR Pathway in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:735622. [PMID: 34531727 PMCID: PMC8439382 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.735622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mood disorder that affects millions worldwide and is associated with severe mood swings between mania and depression. The mood stabilizers valproate (VPA) and lithium (Li) are among the main drugs that are used to treat BD patients. However, these drugs are not effective for all patients and cause serious side effects. Therefore, better drugs are needed to treat BD patients. The main barrier to developing new drugs is the lack of knowledge about the therapeutic mechanism of currently available drugs. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the mechanism of action of mood stabilizers. However, it is still not known how they act to alleviate both mania and depression. The pathology of BD is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and abnormalities in calcium signaling. A deficiency in the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway may be a shared mechanism that leads to these cellular dysfunctions. This is supported by reported abnormalities in the UPR pathway in lymphoblasts from BD patients. Additionally, studies have demonstrated that mood stabilizers alter the expression of several UPR target genes in mouse and human neuronal cells. In this review, we outline a new perspective wherein mood stabilizers exert their therapeutic mechanism by activating the UPR. Furthermore, we discuss UPR abnormalities in BD patients and suggest future research directions to resolve discrepancies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Suliman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michael W Schmidtke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Singh D, Gupta S, Verma I, Morsy MA, Nair AB, Ahmed ASF. Hidden pharmacological activities of valproic acid: A new insight. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112021. [PMID: 34463268 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is an approved drug for managing epileptic seizures, bipolar disorders, and migraine. VPA has been shown to elevate the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain through competitive inhibition of GABA transaminase, thus promoting the availability of synaptic GABA and facilitating GABA-mediated responses. VPA, which is a small chain of fatty acids, prevents histone deacetylases (HDACs). HDACs play a crucial role in chromatin remodeling and gene expression through posttranslational changes of chromatin-associated histones. Recent studies reported a possible effect of VPA against particular types of cancers. This effect was partially attributed to its role in regulating epigenetic modifications through the inhibition of HDACs, which affect the expression of genes associated with cell cycle control, cellular differentiation, and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the current information on the actions of VPA in diseases such as diabetes mellitus, kidney disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, muscular dystrophy, and cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, M.M. College of Pharmacy, M.M. (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, M.M. College of Pharmacy, M.M. (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India.
| | - Inderjeet Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, M.M. College of Pharmacy, M.M. (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Mohamed A Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Al-Shaimaa F Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
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9
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Automatic Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder Using Optical Coherence Tomography Data and Artificial Intelligence. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11080803. [PMID: 34442447 PMCID: PMC8402059 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11080803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study is to explore an objective approach that aids the diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD), based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) data which are analyzed using artificial intelligence. Methods: Structural analyses of nine layers of the retina were analyzed in 17 type I BD patients and 42 controls, according to the areas defined by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart. The most discriminating variables made up the feature vector of several automatic classifiers: Gaussian Naive Bayes, K-nearest neighbors and support vector machines. Results: BD patients presented retinal thinning affecting most layers, compared to controls. The retinal thickness of the parafoveolar area showed a high capacity to discriminate BD subjects from healthy individuals, specifically for the ganglion cell (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.82) and internal plexiform (AUC = 0.83) layers. The best classifier showed an accuracy of 0.95 for classifying BD versus controls, using as variables of the feature vector the IPL (inner nasal region) and the INL (outer nasal and inner inferior regions) thickness. Conclusions: Our patients with BD present structural alterations in the retina, and artificial intelligence seem to be a useful tool in BD diagnosis, but larger studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Retinal structural changes in mood disorders: The optical coherence tomography to better understand physiopathology? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110080. [PMID: 32827610 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mood disorders are particularly common, disabling conditions. Diagnosis can be difficult as it may involve different pathophysiological assumptions. This could explain why such disorders are resistant to treatment. The retina is part of the central nervous system and shares a common embryonic origin with the brain. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique for analysing the different layers of the retina. We reviewed studies that examined the retina with OCT in mood disorders. METHODS We conducted Pubmed search and additional manual research based on the bibliography in each of selected articles. We found and analysed 11 articles relevant to our subject. RESULTS This literature review confirms that it is possible to use OCT to detect neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in mood disorders. Their impact is thought to depend on the duration and severity of the disease, and whether it is in acute or chronic stage. The differences seen in studies dealing with depression and those looking at bipolar disorder may reflect the particular characteristics of each disorder. A number of OCT parameters can be proposed as biomarkers of active or chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration. Markers of predisposition to an at-risk mental state are also suggested. LIMITATIONS The main limitation is selection bias, studies including more varied population would help to confirm and precise these results. CONCLUSION OCT is thus a particularly promising tool for evaluating some of the etiopathogenetic mechanisms involved in mood disorders. The combination with other approaches could help to find more specific biomarkers.
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11
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Pethő D, Hendrik Z, Nagy A, Beke L, Patsalos A, Nagy L, Póliska S, Méhes G, Tóth C, Potor L, Eaton JW, Jacob HS, Balla G, Balla J, Gáll T. Heme cytotoxicity is the consequence of endoplasmic reticulum stress in atherosclerotic plaque progression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10435. [PMID: 34001932 PMCID: PMC8129109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhage and hemolysis with subsequent heme release are implicated in many pathologies. Endothelial cells (ECs) encounter large amount of free heme after hemolysis and are at risk of damage from exogenous heme. Here we show that hemorrhage aggravates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in human carotid artery plaques compared to healthy controls or atheromas without hemorrhage as demonstrated by RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry. In EC cultures, heme also induces ER stress. In contrast, if cultured ECs are pulsed with heme arginate, cells become resistant to heme-induced ER (HIER) stress that is associated with heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and ferritin induction. Knocking down HO-1, HO-2, biliverdin reductase, and ferritin show that HO-1 is the ultimate cytoprotectant in acute HIER stress. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) but not bilirubin protects cultured ECs from HIER stress via HO-1 induction, at least in part. Knocking down HO-1 aggravates heme-induced cell death that cannot be counterbalanced with any known cell death inhibitors. We conclude that endothelium and perhaps other cell types can be protected from HIER stress by induction of HO-1, and heme-induced cell death occurs via HIER stress that is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of diverse pathologies with hemolysis and hemorrhage including atherosclerosis.
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12
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Sahib S, Sharma A, Menon PK, Muresanu DF, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Bryukhovetskiy I, Tian ZR, Patnaik R, Buzoianu AD, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Cerebrolysin enhances spinal cord conduction and reduces blood-spinal cord barrier breakdown, edema formation, immediate early gene expression and cord pathology after injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 258:397-438. [PMID: 33223040 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord evoked potentials (SCEP) are good indicators of spinal cord function in health and disease. Disturbances in SCEP amplitudes and latencies during spinal cord monitoring predict spinal cord pathology following trauma. Treatment with neuroprotective agents preserves SCEP and reduces cord pathology after injury. The possibility that cerebrolysin, a balanced composition of neurotrophic factors improves spinal cord conduction, attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption, edema formation, and cord pathology was examined in spinal cord injury (SCI). SCEP is recorded from epidural space over rat spinal cord T9 and T12 segments after peripheral nerves stimulation. SCEP consists of a small positive peak (MPP), followed by a prominent negative peak (MNP) that is stable before SCI. A longitudinal incision (2mm deep and 5mm long) into the right dorsal horn (T10 and T11 segments) resulted in an immediate long-lasting depression of the rostral MNP with an increase in the latencies. Pretreatment with either cerebrolysin (CBL 5mL/kg, i.v. 30min before) alone or TiO2 nanowired delivery of cerebrolysin (NWCBL 2.5mL/kg, i.v.) prevented the loss of MNP amplitude and even enhanced further from the pre-injury level after SCI without affecting latencies. At 5h, SCI induced edema, BSCB breakdown, and cell injuries were significantly reduced by CBL and NWCBL pretreatment. Interestingly this effect on SCEP and cord pathology was still prominent when the NWCBL was delivered 2min after SCI. Moreover, expressions of c-fos and c-jun genes that are prominent at 5h in untreated SCI are also considerably reduced by CBL and NWCBL treatment. These results are the first to show that CBL and NWCBL enhanced SCEP activity and thwarted the development of cord pathology after SCI. Furthermore, NWCBL in low doses has superior neuroprotective effects on SCEP and cord pathology, not reported earlier. The functional significance and future clinical potential of CBL and NWCBL in SCI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Preeti K Menon
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Igor Bryukhovetskiy
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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13
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Osman A, Benameur T, Korashy HM, Zeidan A, Agouni A. Interplay between Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Large Extracellular Vesicles (Microparticles) in Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E409. [PMID: 33053883 PMCID: PMC7599704 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon increased demand for protein synthesis, accumulation of misfolded and/or unfolded proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a pro-survival response is activated termed unfolded protein response (UPR), aiming at restoring the proper function of the ER. Prolonged activation of the UPR leads, however, to ER stress, a cellular state that contributes to the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases including obesity and diabetes. ER stress response by itself can result in endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of cardiovascular disease, through various cellular mechanisms including apoptosis, insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly large EVs (lEVs) commonly referred to as microparticles (MPs), are membrane vesicles. They are considered as a fingerprint of their originating cells, carrying a variety of molecular components of their parent cells. lEVs are emerging as major contributors to endothelial cell dysfunction in various metabolic disease conditions. However, the mechanisms underpinning the role of lEVs in endothelial dysfunction are not fully elucidated. Recently, ER stress emerged as a bridging molecular link between lEVs and endothelial cell dysfunction. Therefore, in the current review, we summarized the roles of lEVs and ER stress in endothelial dysfunction and discussed the molecular crosstalk and relationship between ER stress and lEVs in endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.O.); (H.M.K.)
| | - Tarek Benameur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hesham M. Korashy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.O.); (H.M.K.)
| | - Asad Zeidan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Abdelali Agouni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.O.); (H.M.K.)
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14
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Sun X, Sun Y, Lin S, Xu Y, Zhao D. Histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid attenuates high glucose‑induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in NRK‑52E cells. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4041-4047. [PMID: 32901855 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, alleviates diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the biological mechanisms underlying this protective effect remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of histone deacetylase inhibitor VPA on hyperglycemic induction of NRK‑52E cell ERS and apoptosis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)‑related apoptosis is involved in DN, and improving ERS may delay the symptoms of DN. Histone deacetylase regulates gene transcription or expression of ERS‑related proteins. The present study established an ERS model by treating the rat renal tubular epithelial cells NRK‑52E with high glucose (HG) and investigated the effects of VPA on the apoptosis of the NRK‑52E cells. HG stimulation significantly increased the protein levels of the ERS‑related proteins including glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), caspase‑12 and phosphorylated (p)‑JNK. VPA treatment further upregulated GRP78 expression and attenuated the levels of ATF4, CHOP, caspase‑12 and p‑JNK. Notably, HG markedly promoted apoptosis of NRK‑52E cells by regulating the protein levels of Bax, cleaved caspase‑3 and Bcl‑2, which was attenuated by simultaneous VPA treatment. Mechanistically, VPA increased the total acetylation levels of histone H4 in NRK‑52E cells and increased the histone H4 acetylation of the GRP78 promoter region. In conclusion, VPA attenuated HG‑induced ERS and apoptosis in NRK‑52E cells, which may be due to the regulation of acetylation levels of ERS‑related proteins. In addition, the present study suggested that HDACIs are promising drugs for treating patients with DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Sun
- Endocrine Department, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Chuanying, Jilin 132011, P.R. China
| | - Yuman Sun
- Endocrine Department, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Chuanying, Jilin 132011, P.R. China
| | - Sitong Lin
- Endocrine Department, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Chuanying, Jilin 132011, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- Endocrine Department, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Chuanying, Jilin 132011, P.R. China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- Cardiovascular Department, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Chuanying, Jilin 132011, P.R. China
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15
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Mazzoli V, Zhong LH, Dang VT, Shi Y, Werstuck GH. Characterization of Retinal Microvascular Complications and the Effects of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Mouse Models of Diabetic Atherosclerosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:49. [PMID: 32852545 PMCID: PMC7452854 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recent evidence suggests that there is a correlation between the micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which diabetes promotes the development of microvascular disease (diabetic retinopathy [DR]) through characterization of the effects of hyperglycemia in the retina of mouse models of diabetic atherosclerosis. Methods Hyperglycemia was induced in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice, a model of accelerated atherosclerosis, either through streptozotocin (STZ) injection or introduction of the Ins2Akita mutation (ApoE-/-Ins2+/Akita). Another subset of ApoE-/- mice was supplemented with glucosamine (GlcN). To attenuate atherosclerosis, subsets of mice from each experimental group were treated with the chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4PBA). Eyes from 15-week-old mice were either trypsin digested and stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) or frozen for cryostat sectioning and immunostained for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, including C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78). PAS-stained retinal flatmounts were analyzed for microvessel density, acellular capillaries, and pericyte ghosts. Results Features of DR, including pericyte ghosts and reduced microvessel density, were observed in hyperglycemic and GlcN-supplemented mice. Treatment with 4PBA reduced ER stress in the retinal periphery and attenuated DR in the experimental groups. Conclusions Mouse models of diabetic atherosclerosis show characteristic pathologies of DR that correlate with atherosclerosis. The increased magnitude of these changes and responses to 4PBA in the peripheral retina suggest that future studies should be aimed at assessing regional differences in mechanisms of ER stress-related pathways in these mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vienna Mazzoli
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lexy H. Zhong
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vi T. Dang
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoff H. Werstuck
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Pickell Z, Williams AM, Alam HB, Hsu CH. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: A Novel Strategy for Neuroprotection and Cardioprotection Following Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016349. [PMID: 32441201 PMCID: PMC7428975 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury is a complex molecular cascade that causes deleterious cellular damage and organ dysfunction. Stroke, sudden cardiac arrest, and acute myocardial infarction are the most common causes of ischemia/reperfusion injury without effective pharmacologic therapies. Existing preclinical evidence suggests that histone deacetylase inhibitors may be an efficacious, affordable, and clinically feasible therapy that can improve neurologic and cardiac outcomes following ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology and epigenetic modulations of ischemia/reperfusion injury and focus on the neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors. We also summarize the protective effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors for other vital organs and highlight the key research priorities for their successful translation to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Pickell
- College of Literature Science and the Arts University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI.,Department of Emergency Medicine Michigan Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Aaron M Williams
- Department of Surgery Michigan Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Hasan B Alam
- Department of Surgery Michigan Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Cindy H Hsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine Michigan Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI.,Department of Surgery Michigan Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI.,Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
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17
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Jia J, Cui Y, Tan Z, Ma W, Jiang Y. MicroRNA-579-3p Exerts Neuroprotective Effects Against Ischemic Stroke via Anti-Inflammation and Anti-Apoptosis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1229-1238. [PMID: 32494142 PMCID: PMC7231765 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s240698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Multiple studies have found that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the development of cerebral ischemia. MiR-579-3p can inhibit inflammatory responses and apoptosis, leading to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage. However, the mechanism of how miR-579-3p actions in brain I/R injury remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of the role of miR-579-3p in brain I/R injury. METHODS A rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was established by suture method. The effects of miR-579-3p on cerebral infarction size, brain water content, and neurological symptoms were evaluated. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis. ELISA was used to detect the level of inflammatory factors. Western blot was used to detect the expression of P65, NCOA1, Bcl-2 and Bax. The relationship between miR-579-3p and NCOA1 was analyzed by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assay. RESULTS Overexpression of miR-579-3p reduced infarct volume, brain water content and neurological deficits. Overexpression of miR-579-3p inhibited the expression level of the inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2 and iNOS, and increased the expression level of IL-10. MiR-579-3p overexpression inhibited NF-кB activity by reducing NRIP1. In addition, miR-579-3p could reduce the apoptotic rate of cortical neurons. Overexpression of miR-579-3p inhibited the activity of caspase-3, increased the expression level of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 in neurons, and decreased the expression level of apoptotic gene Bax. CONCLUSION miR-579-3p can be used to treat brain I/R injury, and its neuroprotective effect may be ascribed to the reduction of inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoying Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjia Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yugang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410011, People's Republic of China
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Ruan Z, Liang M, Deng X, Lai M, Shang L, Su X. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide protects fatty liver against ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced autophagy in macrophage through mediating the class A scavenger receptor pathway in rats. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:306-316. [PMID: 31483550 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is a disease manifested with excessive alcohol intake and obese. Importantly, hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) has been revealed to participate in the progression of fatty liver; however, the underlying mechanism has not been clearly elucidated yet. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of exogenous H2 S on fatty liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) through mediating class A scavenger receptor (SRA) pathway in rats. By determining endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related factors, autophagy markers and apoptosis-related factors in liver tissue and liver function, levels of oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, and hepatocyte apoptosis, the effects of H2 S on IRI-induced autophagy, oxidative stress, and inflammation were all examined in rat model of fatty liver IRI. Results from obtained data showed that H2 S decreased the expression of SRA, Grp78, PERK, CHOP, and Caspase-3, and increased that of LC3-II/LC3-I, in addition to alleviating the pathological changes of liver and reducing the levels of ALT, AST, LDH TBARS, and MDA. Moreover, H2 S decreased the levels of oxidative stress, the expression of pro-inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1, and interleukin 6, and the apoptosis of hepatocytes. Our findings suggested exogenous H2 S could reduce ERS by mediating the SRA pathway and protect liver function by inducing autophagy, and protect against IRI by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Ruan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Food & Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, 510520, P.R. China
| | - Minhua Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Food & Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, 510520, P.R. China
| | - Xiangliang Deng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Manxiang Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Food & Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, 510520, P.R. China
| | - Ling Shang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Food & Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, 510520, P.R. China
| | - Xinguo Su
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Food & Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, 510520, P.R. China
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Fu J, Peng L, Wang W, He H, Zeng S, Chen TC, Chen Y. Sodium Valproate Reduces Neuronal Apoptosis in Acute Pentylenetetrzole-Induced Seizures via Inhibiting ER Stress. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2517-2526. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02870-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Zhou C, Luo D, Xia W, Gu C, Lahm T, Xu X, Qiu Q, Zhang Z. Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-Derived 2)-Like 2 (Nrf2) Contributes to the Neuroprotective Effects of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors In Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neuroscience 2019; 418:25-36. [PMID: 31442569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) have displayed neuroprotective effects in animal models of retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a redox-sensitive transcription factor responds to oxidative damage. We investigated the role of Nrf2 in retinal I/R injury, and further explored the mechanisms underlying Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection exerted by HDACi. High intraocular pressure was used to establish retinal I/R model in wild type (WT) and Nrf2 knockout (KO) mice. Nrf2 KO mice displayed more severe retinal damage after I/R. Trichostatin A (TSA) was administered to both WT and Nrf2 KO mice with retinal I/R damage. TSA significantly diminished the retinal ganglion cell degeneration in WT mice but offered no notable protection in Nrf2 KO mice. TSA markedly promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation and its acetylation. In addition, TSA upregulated Nrf2 downstream proteins, such as Ho-1 and Nqo1, in retinal tissues. In the retinal neuronal cell line 661W, TSA reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, Il-1β, Il-6, Tnf-α and Mmp-9, and it upregulated Bdnf under oxidative stress. However, this trend was not continued after silencing Nrf2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that Nrf2 at the Ho-1 promoter significantly increased transcriptional activity after oxidative stress induction. Nrf2, which is dispensable in HDACi-mediated neuroprotection, plays a major neuroprotective role in retinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuandi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, China
| | - Dawei Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, China
| | - Wenwen Xia
- Department of Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chufeng Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, China
| | - Tashi Lahm
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shigatse People's Hospital, China
| | - Xiaofang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qinghua Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Shigatse People's Hospital, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Coucha M, Shanab AY, Sayed M, Vazdarjanova A, El-Remessy AB. Modulating Expression of Thioredoxin Interacting Protein (TXNIP) Prevents Secondary Damage and Preserves Visual Function in a Mouse Model of Ischemia/Reperfusion. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163969. [PMID: 31443163 PMCID: PMC6721134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal neurodegeneration, an early characteristic of several blinding diseases, triggers glial activation, resulting in inflammation, secondary damage and visual impairment. Treatments that aim only at neuroprotection have failed clinically. Here, we examine the impact of modulating thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) to the inflammatory secondary damage and visual impairment in a model of ischemia/reperfusion (IR). Wild type (WT) and TXNIP knockout (TKO) mice underwent IR injury by increasing intraocular pressure for 40 min, followed by reperfusion. An additional group of WT mice received intravitreal TXNIP-antisense oligomers (ASO, 100 µg/2 µL) 2 days post IR injury. Activation of Müller glial cells, apoptosis and expression of inflammasome markers and visual function were assessed. IR injury triggered early TXNIP mRNA expression that persisted for 14 days and was localized within activated Müller cells in WT-IR, compared to sham controls. Exposure of Müller cells to hypoxia-reoxygenation injury triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers and inflammasome activation in WT cells, but not from TKO cells. Secondary damage was evident by the significant increase in the number of occluded acellular capillaries and visual impairment in IR-WT mice but not in IR-TKO. Intervention with TXNIP-ASO prevented ischemia-induced glial activation and neuro-vascular degeneration, and improved visual function compared to untreated WT. Targeting TXNIP expression may offer an effective approach in the prevention of secondary damage associated with retinal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Coucha
- Augusta Biomedical Research Corporation, Augusta, GA 30901, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South University, School of Pharmacy, Savannah, GA 31406, USA
| | - Ahmed Y Shanab
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Mohamed Sayed
- Augusta Biomedical Research Corporation, Augusta, GA 30901, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Almira Vazdarjanova
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30901, USA
| | - Azza B El-Remessy
- Augusta Biomedical Research Corporation, Augusta, GA 30901, USA.
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA.
- Department of Pharmacy, Doctors Hospital of Augusta, Augusta, GA 30909, USA.
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22
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Pallotta MT, Tascini G, Crispoldi R, Orabona C, Mondanelli G, Grohmann U, Esposito S. Wolfram syndrome, a rare neurodegenerative disease: from pathogenesis to future treatment perspectives. J Transl Med 2019; 17:238. [PMID: 31337416 PMCID: PMC6651977 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wolfram syndrome (WS), a rare genetic disorder, is considered the best prototype of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) diseases. Classical WS features are childhood-onset diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, deafness, diabetes insipidus, neurological signs, and other abnormalities. Two causative genes (WFS1 and WFS2) have been identified. The transmission of the disease takes place in an autosomal recessive mode but autosomal dominant mutations responsible for WS-related disorders have been described. Prognosis is poor, death occurs at the median age of 39 years with a major cause represented by respiratory failure as a consequence of brain stem atrophy and neurodegeneration. The aim of this narrative review is to focus on etiology, pathogenesis and natural history of WS for an adequate patient management and for the discussion of future therapeutic interventions. Main body WS requires a multidisciplinary approach in order to be successfully treated. A prompt diagnosis decreases morbidity and mortality through prevention and treatment of complications. Being a monogenic pathology, WS represents a perfect model to study the mechanisms of ER stress and how this condition leads to cell death, in comparison with other prevalent diseases in which multiple factors interact to produce the disease manifestations. WS is also an important disease prototype to identify drugs and molecules associated with ER homeostasis. Evidence indicates that specific metabolic diseases (type 1 and type 2 diabetes), neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis, inflammatory pathologies and also cancer are closely related to ER dysfunction. Conclusions Therapeutic strategies in WS are based on drug repurposing (i.e., investigation of approved drugs for novel therapeutic indications) with the aim to stop the progression of the disease by reducing the endoplasmic reticulum stress. An extensive understanding of WS from pathophysiology to therapy is fundamental and more studies are necessary to better manage this devastating disease and guarantee the patients a better quality of life and longer life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Pallotta
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Tascini
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Crispoldi
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy.
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23
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Mohan S, R PRM, Brown L, Ayyappan P, G RK. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: A master regulator of metabolic syndrome. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 860:172553. [PMID: 31325433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a change in the ER homeostasis, leads to initiation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The primary functions of the UPR are to restore the ER's physiological activity and coordinate the apoptotic and adaptive responses. Pathophysiological conditions that augment ER stress include hypoxia, misfolded and/or mutated protein accumulation, and high glucose. Prolonged ER stress is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, obesity, and fatty liver disease. UPR is a complex homeostatic pathway between newly synthesized proteins and their maturation, although the regulatory mechanisms contributing to the UPR and the possible therapeutic strategies are yet to be clarified. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is necessary to develop therapeutic interventions targeting ER stress response. In this review, we discuss the role of ER stress and UPR signaling in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, highlighting the main functions of UPR components. We have emphasized the use of novel small molecular chemical chaperones, considered as modulators of ER stress. The initial studies with these chemical chaperones are promising, but detailed studies are required to define their efficacy and adverse effects during therapeutic use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreelekshmi Mohan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Preetha Rani M R
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Lindsay Brown
- School of Health and Wellbeing/Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Prathapan Ayyappan
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Raghu K G
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
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24
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Maamoun H, Abdelsalam SS, Zeidan A, Korashy HM, Agouni A. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: A Critical Molecular Driver of Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disturbances Associated with Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071658. [PMID: 30987118 PMCID: PMC6480154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle contribute to the widespread epidemic of obesity among both adults and children leading to rising cases of diabetes. Cardiovascular disease complications associated with obesity and diabetes are closely linked to insulin resistance and its complex implications on vascular cells particularly endothelial cells. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is activated following disruption in post-translational protein folding and maturation within the ER in metabolic conditions characterized by heavy demand on protein synthesis, such as obesity and diabetes. ER stress has gained much interest as a key bridging and converging molecular link between insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and endothelial cell dysfunction and, hence, represents an interesting drug target for diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. We reviewed here the role of ER stress in endothelial cell dysfunction, the primary step in the onset of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. We specifically focused on the contribution of oxidative stress, insulin resistance, endothelial cell death, and cellular inflammation caused by ER stress in endothelial cell dysfunction and the process of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Maamoun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbaseyya, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
| | - Shahenda S Abdelsalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Asad Zeidan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, QU health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Hesham M Korashy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Abdelali Agouni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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25
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Wang Q, Cai H, Hu Z, Wu Y, Guo X, Li J, Wang H, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xie L, Xu K, Xu H, He H, Zhang H, Xiao J. Loureirin B Promotes Axon Regeneration by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Regulating the Akt/GSK-3β Pathway after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1949-1964. [PMID: 30543130 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon retraction greatly limits functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) and neuron polarization, which affects processes including axon formation and development, is a promising target for promoting axon regeneration. Increasing microtubule stability has been demonstrated to improve intrinsic axon regeneration processes and is critically related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria interactions. We used real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence to screen a variety of natural compounds, and found that Loureirin B (LrB) effectively promoted neuron polarization and axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo. LrB significantly inhibited ER stress and thereby promoted mitochondrial functions by regulating mitochondrial fusion. Further, LrB reactivated the Akt/GSK-3β pathway, which plays critical roles in cell survival and microtubule stabilization. Taken together, our results suggest that the effects of LrB on neuron regeneration involve the inhibition of ER stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of the Akt/GSK-3β pathway, which further promotes microtubule stabilization. LrB may therefore be a promising candidate for facilitating recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hanxiao Cai
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenxin Hu
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- 3 The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin Guo
- 2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- 2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haoli Wang
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yani Liu
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- 2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling Xie
- 2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Xu
- 3 The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huacheng He
- 4 College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- 2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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26
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Zhao X, Zhu L, Liu D, Chi T, Ji X, Liu P, Yang X, Tian X, Zou L. Sigma-1 receptor protects against endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in mice with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Apoptosis 2019; 24:157-167. [PMID: 30387007 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Reports have showed that Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) activation can protect neurons against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice and alleviate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cultured cells, but little known is about the protective role of Sig-1R on ER stress induced by cerebral I/R. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Sig-1R exerts a protective effect against ER stress-mediated apoptosis in cerebral I/R using a 15-min bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) mouse model. At 72 h after reperfusion in BCCAO mice, we found that Sig-1R knockout (Sig-1R KO) significantly increased terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells and nuclear structural damage in cortical neurons. Treatment with the Sig-1R agonist PRE084 once daily for three consecutive days reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells and improved the ultrastructural damage of neurons in the cerebral cortex. These protective effects could be blocked by the Sig-1R antagonist BD1047. Then, we used BCCAO mice at 24 h after reperfusion to detect the expression of ER stress-mediated apoptotic pathway proteins. We found that expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF, CHOP, p-IRE, p-JNK, Bim, PUMA, cleaved-caspase-12 and cleaved-caspase-3 was significantly increased and that expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was significantly decreased in Sig-1R KO-BCCAO mice compared with BCCAO mice. Meanwhile, we found that treatment with PRE084 twice a day decreased pro-apoptotic protein expression and increased anti-apoptotic protein expression. The effects of PRE084 were blocked by the Sig-1R antagonist BD1047. These results suggest that Sig-1R activation inhibits ER stress-mediated apoptosis in BCCAO mice, indicating that Sig-1R may be a therapeutic target for neuroprotection particularly relevant to ER stress-induced apoptosis after cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, Qiqihar Medical University, 333 BuKui Street, JianHua District, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyan Chi
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuexue Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Shang L, Dong P, Du L, Yang X, Wang H, Li S. SERP1 prevents hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced H9c2 apoptosis through activating JAK2/STAT3 pathway-dependent attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:256-262. [PMID: 30497776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. SERP1, the stress-associated endoplasmic reticulum protein 1, is involved in regulating ER stress response. However, whether it associates with MI/R injury is not identified. Here, we show that SERP1 is induced in the mouse heart after MI/R injury as well as in H9c2 cells under hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) treatment. Additionally, SERP1 overexpression reduces H/R-induced H9c2 apoptosis. Moreover, SERP1 overexpression suppresses H/R-induced ER stress and activates JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Furthermore, JAK2/STAT3 pathway inhibition by the specific inhibitor JSI-124 minimizes the suppressive effect of SERP1 overexpression on H/R-induced ER stress and H9c2 apoptosis. Together, these results uncover the protection of SERP1 against H/R-induced H9c2 apoptosis and further relate it to JAK2/STAT3 pathway-dependent attenuation of ER stress. This study suggests SERP1 as a potential regulator invovled in the pathophysiology of MI/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Collage of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Pingshuan Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, China.
| | - Laijing Du
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, China
| | - Xuming Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, China
| | - Shangyang Li
- Department of Surgery, Luoyang New District People's Hospital, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, China
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28
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Wang L, Chen HC, Yang X, Tao JJ, Liang G, Wu JZ, Wu WC, Wang Y, Song ZM, Zhang X. The novel chalcone analog L2H17 protects retinal ganglion cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1665-1672. [PMID: 30127130 PMCID: PMC6126127 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.237140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chalcone is a plant metabolite widely found in fruits, vegetables, spices and tea, and has anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, antibacterial and anti-oxidation activities, as well as many other pharmacological and biological effects. Our team has shown that its analogs have antioxidant activity, and oxidative stress is a pathological hallmark of retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury that can lead to retinal damage and visual loss. This investigation aims to identify a chalcone that protects retinal ganglion cells in vitro from the effects of oxidative stress and examine its mechanism. Rat retinal ganglion cell-5 cells were pretreated with chalcones and then exposed to tert-butyl hydroperoxide that causes oxidative damage. Controls received dimethyl sulfoxide only or tert-butyl hydroperoxide in dimethyl sulfoxide. Only (E)-3,4-dihydroxy-2'-methylether ketone (L2H17), of the five chalcone analogs, markedly increased the survival rate of oxidatively injured RGC-5 cells. Thus, subsequent experiments only analyzed the results of the L2H17 intervention. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured. Intracellular superoxide dismutase and reactive oxygen species levels were used to assess induced oxidative stress. The mechanism of action by L2H17 was explored by measuring the ER stress/UPR pathway and the expression and localization of Nrf2. All results demonstrated that L2H17 could reduce the apoptosis of oxidatively injured cells, inhibit caspase-3 activity, increase Bcl-2 expression, decrease Bad expression, increase the activity of superoxide dismutase, inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species, increase Nrf2 immunoreactivity, and reduce the activating transcription factor 4, phospho-eukaryotic initiation factor 2 and CHOP expression. L2H17 protects retinal ganglion cells induced by oxidative stress by regulating Nrf2, which indicates that it has the potential to become a drug for retinal ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huai-Cheng Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian-Jian Tao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian-Zhang Wu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Can Wu
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zong-Ming Song
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Bengesser SA, Reininghaus EZ, Dalkner N, Birner A, Hohenberger H, Queissner R, Fellendorf F, Platzer M, Pilz R, Hamm C, Rieger A, Kapfhammer HP, Mangge H, Reininghaus B, Meier-Allard N, Stracke A, Fuchs R, Holasek S. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in bipolar disorder? - BiP and CHOP gene expression- and XBP1 splicing analysis in peripheral blood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 95:113-119. [PMID: 29843019 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic Reticulum stress activates the Unfolded Protein Response, which is partially impaired in Bipolar Disorder (BD) according to previous in-vitro studies. Thus, BiP and CHOP gene expression and XBP1 splicing were analyzed in peripheral blood of study participants with BD and controls. METHODS RNA was isolated from fasting blood of study participants with BD (n = 81) and controls (n = 54) and reverse transcribed into cDNA. BiP and CHOP gene expression was analyzed with quantitative RT-PCR. Atypical splicing of XBP1 mRNA was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, gel-electrophoresis and densitometry. ANCOVAs with the covariates age, BMI, sex, lithium and anticonvulsants intake were used with SPSS. Bonferroni correction was used to correct for multiple testing (adjusted p = 0.0083). RESULTS BiP gene expression was significantly higher in BD than in controls (F(1/128) = 10.076, p = 0.002, Partial η2 = 0.073). Total XBP1 (F(1/126) = 9.550, p = 0.002, Partial η2 = 0.070) and unspliced XBP1 (F(1/128)= 8.803, p= 0.004, Patial η2 = 0.065) were significantly decreased in BD. Spliced XBP1 (F(1/126) = 5.848, p = 0.017, Partial η2 = 0.044) and the ratio spliced XBP1/ unspliced XBP1 did not differ between BD and controls (F(1/126) = 0.599, p = 0.441, Partial η2 = 0.005). Gene expression did not differ between euthymia, depression and mania. DISCUSSION BiP gene expression was significantly higher in BD compared to controls. Total and unspliced XBP1 were significantly lower in BD than in the control group. Thus, both genes may be considered as putative trait markers. Nevertheless, XBP1 splicing itself did not differ between both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne A Bengesser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Z Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Nina Dalkner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Birner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Helena Hohenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Queissner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Frederike Fellendorf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Platzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Rene Pilz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Carlo Hamm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandra Rieger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Kapfhammer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Mangge
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Nathalie Meier-Allard
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31A, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anika Stracke
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31A, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Fuchs
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31A, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Holasek
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31A, 8010 Graz, Austria
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30
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Chen M, Liu Q, Chen L, Zhang L, Gu E. Remifentanil postconditioning ameliorates histone H3 acetylation modification in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts after hypoxia/reoxygenation via attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Apoptosis 2018; 22:662-671. [PMID: 28205129 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Remifentanil postconditioning (RPC) elicits cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) by attenuating apoptosis associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Histone H3, acetylation modifications of histone H3, and histone deacetylases (HDAC) also have key roles in the mediation of the survival and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. In this study, an in vitro IRI model was established with H9c2 cardiomyoblasts to investigate the role of histone H3 acetylation and HDAC3 in RPC-induced attenuation of ERS-associated apoptosis. Briefly, H9c2 cardiomyoblasts were randomly subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation with and without remifentanil administered at the onset of reoxygenation. Results showed that RPC increased cell viability and prevented cell apoptosis (evidenced by CCK-8 cell viability assays and flow cytometry), and these effects were accompanied by lower levels of expression of GRP78, CHOP, cleaved caspase-12, and cleaved caspase-3. RPC also mimicked the effects of SAHA by increasing the amount of histone H3 deacetylation and decreasing up-regulation of HDAC at both the mRNA and protein levels in response to HR. Finally, RPC-induced protective effects against HR, including attenuation of ERS-associated protein markers, deacetylation of histone H3, and down-regulation of HDAC3 were completely abolished by pretreatment with thapsigargin (TG, a specific ERS activator). In contrast, these effects were not found to be enhanced after pretreatment with 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA, a widely used ERS inhibitor). The present results demonstrate that RPC protects H9c2 cardiomyoblasts from HR injury, and this protection involves an attenuation of ERS-associated apoptosis, which mediates a reduction in HDAC3 expression and an increase in histone H3 deacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lijian Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Erwei Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Athanasiou D, Aguila M, Bellingham J, Li W, McCulley C, Reeves PJ, Cheetham ME. The molecular and cellular basis of rhodopsin retinitis pigmentosa reveals potential strategies for therapy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 62:1-23. [PMID: 29042326 PMCID: PMC5779616 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inherited mutations in the rod visual pigment, rhodopsin, cause the degenerative blinding condition, retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Over 150 different mutations in rhodopsin have been identified and, collectively, they are the most common cause of autosomal dominant RP (adRP). Mutations in rhodopsin are also associated with dominant congenital stationary night blindness (adCSNB) and, less frequently, recessive RP (arRP). Recessive RP is usually associated with loss of rhodopsin function, whereas the dominant conditions are a consequence of gain of function and/or dominant negative activity. The in-depth characterisation of many rhodopsin mutations has revealed that there are distinct consequences on the protein structure and function associated with different mutations. Here we categorise rhodopsin mutations into seven discrete classes; with defects ranging from misfolding and disruption of proteostasis, through mislocalisation and disrupted intracellular traffic to instability and altered function. Rhodopsin adRP offers a unique paradigm to understand how disturbances in photoreceptor homeostasis can lead to neuronal cell death. Furthermore, a wide range of therapies have been tested in rhodopsin RP, from gene therapy and gene editing to pharmacological interventions. The understanding of the disease mechanisms associated with rhodopsin RP and the development of targeted therapies offer the potential of treatment for this currently untreatable neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Aguila
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - James Bellingham
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Wenwen Li
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Caroline McCulley
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Philip J Reeves
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK.
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Chitranshi N, Dheer Y, Abbasi M, You Y, Graham SL, Gupta V. Glaucoma Pathogenesis and Neurotrophins: Focus on the Molecular and Genetic Basis for Therapeutic Prospects. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1018-1035. [PMID: 29676228 PMCID: PMC6120108 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180419121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is a major feature of glaucoma pathology. Neuroprotective approaches that delay or halt the progression of RGC loss are needed to prevent vision loss which can occur even after conventional medical or surgical treatments to lower intraocular pressure. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to examine the progress in genetics and cellular mechanisms associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, RGC dysfunction and cell death pathways in glaucoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we review the involvement of neurotrophins like brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high affinity receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase (TrkB) in glaucoma. The role of ER stress markers in human and animal retinas in health and disease conditions is also discussed. Further, we analysed the literature highlighting genetic linkage in the context of primary open angle glaucoma and suggested mechanistic insights into potential therapeutic options relevant to glaucoma management. RESULTS The literature review of the neurobiology underlying neurotrophin pathways, ER stress and gene associations provide critical insights into association of RGCs death in glaucoma. Alteration in signalling pathway is associated with increased risk of misfolded protein aggregation in ER promoting RGC apoptosis. Several genes that are linked with neurotrophin signalling pathways have been reported to be associated with glaucoma pathology. CONCLUSION Understanding genetic heterogeneity and involvement of neurotrophin biology in glaucoma could help to understand the complex pathophysiology of glaucoma. Identification of novel molecular targets will be critical for drug development and provide neuroprotection to the RGCs and optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Chitranshi
- Address correspondence to this author at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 75, Talavera Road, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Tel: +61-298502760; E-mail:
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Zheng B, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Yang G, Hong Z, Han D, Wang Q, He Z, Liu Y, Wu F, Zhang X, Tong S, Xu H, Xiao J. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide prevents the disruption of blood-spinal cord barrier via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress following spinal cord injury. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1520-1531. [PMID: 29230100 PMCID: PMC5723918 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.21107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), the destruction of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is shown to accelerate gathering of noxious blood-derived components in the nervous system, leading to secondary neurodegenerative damages. SCI activates endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), which is considered to evoke secondary damages of neurons and glia. Recent evidence indicates that Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) has the neuroprotective effect in ischaemic brain injury, but whether it has protective effects on SCI or not is largely unclear. Here, we show that NBP prevented BSCB disruption after SCI via inhibition of ER stress. Following a moderate contusion injury of the T9 level of spinal cord, NBP was administered by oral gavage and further treated once a day. NBP significantly attenuated BSCB permeability and breakdown of adherens junction (AJ) and tight junction (TJ) proteins, then improved locomotion recovery following SCI. The protective role of NBP on BSCB disruption is associated with the restrain of ER stress caused by SCI. Furthermore, NBP considerably constrained the expression of ER stress-associated proteins and degradation of TJ and AJ in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) treated with TG. In conclusion, our results indicate that ER stress is associated with the disruption of BSCB integrity after injury, NBP attenuates BSCB disruption via inhibiting ER stress and improve functional recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317000 PR China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
| | - Guangyong Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317000 PR China
| | - Zhenghua Hong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317000 PR China
| | - Dandan Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317000 PR China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
| | - Zili He
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
| | - Fenzan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, PR China
| | - Xie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Li Hui-li Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, PR China
| | - Songlin Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, PR China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
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Segar KP, Chandrawanshi V, Mehra S. Activation of unfolded protein response pathway is important for valproic acid mediated increase in immunoglobulin G productivity in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:459-468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Periyasamy P, Shinohara T. Age-related cataracts: Role of unfolded protein response, Ca 2+ mobilization, epigenetic DNA modifications, and loss of Nrf2/Keap1 dependent cytoprotection. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:1-19. [PMID: 28864287 PMCID: PMC5600869 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-related cataracts are closely associated with lens chronological aging, oxidation, calcium imbalance, hydration and crystallin modifications. Accumulating evidence indicates that misfolded proteins are generated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by most cataractogenic stresses. To eliminate misfolded proteins from cells before they can induce senescence, the cells activate a clean-up machinery called the ER stress/unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR also activates the nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a central transcriptional factor for cytoprotection against stress. Nrf2 activates nearly 600 cytoprotective target genes. However, if ER stress reaches critically high levels, the UPR activates destructive outputs to trigger programmed cell death. The UPR activates mobilization of ER-Ca2+ to the cytoplasm and results in activation of Ca2+-dependent proteases to cleave various enzymes and proteins which cause the loss of normal lens function. The UPR also enhances the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage lens constituents and induce failure of the Nrf2 dependent cytoprotection. Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) is an oxygen sensor protein and regulates the levels of Nrf2 by the proteasomal degradation. A significant loss of DNA methylation in diabetic cataracts was found in the Keap1 promoter, which overexpresses the Keap1 protein. Overexpressed Keap1 significantly decreases the levels of Nrf2. Lower levels of Nrf2 induces loss of the redox balance toward to oxidative stress thereby leading to failure of lens cytoprotection. Here, this review summarizes the overall view of ER stress, increases in Ca2+ levels, protein cleavage, and loss of the well-established stress protection in somatic lens cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Toshimichi Shinohara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Thomas CN, Berry M, Logan A, Blanch RJ, Ahmed Z. Caspases in retinal ganglion cell death and axon regeneration. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17032. [PMID: 29675270 PMCID: PMC5903394 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) are terminally differentiated CNS neurons that possess limited endogenous regenerative capacity after injury and thus RGC death causes permanent visual loss. RGC die by caspase-dependent mechanisms, including apoptosis, during development, after ocular injury and in progressive degenerative diseases of the eye and optic nerve, such as glaucoma, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy and multiple sclerosis. Inhibition of caspases through genetic or pharmacological approaches can arrest the apoptotic cascade and protect a proportion of RGC. Novel findings have also highlighted a pyroptotic role of inflammatory caspases in RGC death. In this review, we discuss the molecular signalling mechanisms of apoptotic and inflammatory caspase responses in RGC specifically, their involvement in RGC degeneration and explore their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe N Thomas
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Berry
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard J Blanch
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Sarangi SC, Kakkar AK, Kumar R, Gupta YK. Effect of lamotrigine, levetiracetam & topiramate on neurobehavioural parameters & oxidative stress in comparison with valproate in rats. Indian J Med Res 2017; 144:104-111. [PMID: 27834333 PMCID: PMC5116881 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.193296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Though newer antiepileptic drugs are considered safer than conventional antiepileptics, the effects of lamotrigine, levetiracetam and topiramate on neurobehavioural functions are yet to be established. This study evaluated neurobehavioural parameters and oxidative stress markers in brain tissue of rats treated with lamotrigine, levetiracetam and topiramate compared to sodium valproate. Methods: Five groups of male Wistar rats were treated respectively with normal saline (control), sodium valproate (370 mg/kg), lamotrigine (50 mg/kg), levetiracetam (310 mg/kg) and topiramate (100 mg/kg) for 45 days. Neurobehavioural parameters were assessed using elevated plus maze (EPM), actophotometer, rotarod, passive avoidance and Morris water maze (MWM) at baseline and at the end of treatment. Oxidative stress parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] were estimated in rat brain at the end of treatment. Results: Valproate and lamotrigine showed no significant effect on learning and memory in passive avoidance and MWM tests. However, levetiracetam and topiramate reduced retention memory significantly as compared to control (P<0.01) and lamotrigine (P<0.05) groups. Performances on EPM, rotarod and actophotometer were not significantly different between the groups. In comparison to control group, MDA was higher in the levetiracetam and topiramate (360.9 and 345.9 nmol/g of homogenized brain tissue, respectively) groups. GSH and SOD activity were significantly reduced by valproate and levetiracetam treatment. Lamotrigine did not induce significant oxidative stress. Interpretation & conclusions: Long-term and therapeutic dose treatment with levetiracetam and topiramate significantly impaired learning and memory, which was not seen with valproate and lamotrigine in rats. Levetiracetam, topiramate and valproate augmented oxidative stress, whereas lamotrigine has little effect on it. These antiepileptic drugs are used in clinical practice, hence pharmacovigilance studies are required to evaluate their safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Kumar Kakkar
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Department of Pharmacology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside protects murine hearts against ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating Notch1/Hes1 signaling and attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:317-330. [PMID: 28112174 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) is a water-soluble active component extracted from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. A number of studies demonstrate that TSG exerts cardioprotective effects. Since endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a key role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R)-induced cell apoptosis, we sought to determine whether modulation of the ER stress during MI/R injury was involved in the cardioprotective action of TSG. Male mice were treated with TSG (60 mg·kg-1·d-1, ig) for 2 weeks and then were subjected to MI/R surgery. Pre-administration of TSG significantly improved post-operative cardiac function, and suppressed MI/R-induced myocardial apoptosis, evidenced by the reduction in the myocardial apoptotic index, serum levels of LDH and CK after 6 h of reperfusion. TSG (0.1-1000 μmol/L) did not affect the viability of cultured H9c2 cardiomyoblasts in vitro, but pretreatment with TSG dose-dependently decreased simulated ischemia/reperfusion (SIR)-induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, both in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that TSG treatment activated the Notch1/Hes1 signaling pathway and suppressed ER stress, as evidenced by increasing Notch1, Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), Hes1, and Bcl-2 expression levels and by decreasing p-PERK/PERK ratio, p-eIF2α/eIF2α ratio, and ATF4, CHOP, Bax, and caspase-3 expression levels. Moreover, the protective effects conferred by TSG on SIR-treated H9c2 cardiomyoblasts were abolished by co-administration of DAPT (the Notch1 signaling inhibitor). In summary, TSG ameliorates MI/R injury in vivo and in vitro by activating the Notch1/Hes1 signaling pathway and attenuating ER stress-induced apoptosis.
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Olivares-González L, Martínez-Fernández de la Cámara C, Hervás D, Marín MP, Lahoz A, Millán JM, Rodrigo R. cGMP-Phosphodiesterase Inhibition Prevents Hypoxia-Induced Cell Death Activation in Porcine Retinal Explants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166717. [PMID: 27861632 PMCID: PMC5115799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal hypoxia and oxidative stress are involved in several retinal degenerations including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, central retinal artery occlusion, or retinopathy of prematurity. The second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) has been reported to be protective for neuronal cells under several pathological conditions including ischemia/hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the accumulation of cGMP through the pharmacological inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) with Zaprinast prevented retinal degeneration induced by mild hypoxia in cultures of porcine retina. Exposure to mild hypoxia (5% O2) for 24h reduced cGMP content and induced retinal degeneration by caspase dependent and independent (PARP activation) mechanisms. Hypoxia also produced a redox imbalance reducing antioxidant response (superoxide dismutase and catalase activities) and increasing superoxide free radical release. Zaprinast reduced mild hypoxia-induced cell death through inhibition of caspase-3 or PARP activation depending on the cell layer. PDE inhibition also ameliorated the effects of mild hypoxia on antioxidant response and the release of superoxide radical in the photoreceptor layer. The use of a PKG inhibitor, KT5823, suggested that cGMP-PKG pathway is involved in cell survival and antioxidant response. The inhibition of PDE, therefore, could be useful for reducing retinal degeneration under hypoxic/ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Olivares-González
- Grupo de Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - David Hervás
- Unidad de Bioestadística, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Pilar Marín
- Unidad de Microscopía, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Agustin Lahoz
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Unidad Analítica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Millán
- Grupo de Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Regina Rodrigo
- Grupo de Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Meyerovich K, Ortis F, Allagnat F, Cardozo AK. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response in pancreatic islet inflammation. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:R1-R17. [PMID: 27067637 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells are extremely dependent on their endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to cope with the oscillatory requirement of secreted insulin to maintain normoglycemia. Insulin translation and folding rely greatly on the unfolded protein response (UPR), an array of three main signaling pathways designed to maintain ER homeostasis and limit ER stress. However, prolonged or excessive UPR activation triggers alternative molecular pathways that can lead to β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis. An increasing number of studies suggest a role of these pro-apoptotic UPR pathways in the downfall of β-cells observed in diabetic patients. Particularly, the past few years highlighted a cross talk between the UPR and inflammation in the context of both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this article, we describe the recent advances in research regarding the interplay between ER stress, the UPR, and inflammation in the context of β-cell apoptosis leading to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Meyerovich
- ULB Center for Diabetes ResearchUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fernanda Ortis
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Florent Allagnat
- Department of Vascular SurgeryCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra K Cardozo
- ULB Center for Diabetes ResearchUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Valproic Acid Prevents Renal Dysfunction and Inflammation in the Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5985903. [PMID: 27195290 PMCID: PMC4852329 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5985903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major contributor to acute kidney injury (AKI). At present, there are no effective therapies to prevent AKI. The aim of this study was to analyse whether valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory properties, prevents renal IRI. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: SHAM rats were subjected to a SHAM surgery, IRI rats underwent bilateral renal ischemia for 45 min, and IRI + VPA rats were treated with VPA at 300 mg/kg twice daily 2 days before bilateral IRI. Animals were euthanized at 48 hours after IRI. VPA attenuated renal dysfunction after ischemia, which was characterized by a decrease in BUN (mg/dL), serum creatinine (mg/dL), and FENa (%) in the IRI + VPA group (39 ± 11, 0.5 ± 0.05, and 0.5 ± 0.06, resp.) compared with the IRI group (145 ± 35, 2.7 ± 0.05, and 4.9 ± 1, resp.; p < 0.001). Additionally, significantly lower acute tubular necrosis grade and number of apoptotic cells were found in the IRI + VPA group compared to the IRI group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, VPA treatment reduced inflammatory cellular infiltration and expression of proinflammatory cytokines. These data suggest that VPA prevents the renal dysfunction and inflammation that is associated with renal IRI.
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Laxative effects of Liriope platyphylla are tightly correlated with suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats. Lab Anim Res 2016; 32:16-23. [PMID: 27051439 PMCID: PMC4816993 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2016.32.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysfunction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response can result in various diseases, including cancer, inflammation, diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. To investigate whether ER stress response can play an essential role in the induction and treatment of chronic constipation, alterations in the key parameters for ER stress were measured in loperamide (Lop) induced constipation Sprague Dawley (SD) rats treated with aqueous extracts of Liriope platyphylla (AEtLP), which has been shown to have a laxative effect. Symptoms of chronic constipation including alteration of stool parameters and the transverse colon's structure were successfully induced by Lop treatment. Laxative effects such as enhancement of stools parameters, recovery of the mucosa thickness, increased muscle thickness and recovery of flat luminal surface were also observed in the Lop+AEtLP treated group. Furthermore, enhancement of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) phosphorylation and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 beta (IRE1β) expression, key indicators for ER stress, that were observed in the Lop+vehicle treated group were significantly recovered in the Lop+AEtLP treated group, although the phosphorylation level of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) remained constant. Moreover, alterations in the transcription level of the marker genes X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) and growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein (GADD34) were similar to those of eIF2α and IRE1β. However, their level was slightly or completely recovered after AEtLP treatment. Overall, this study provides the first evidence that ER stress response may be tightly correlated with chronic constipation induced by Lop treatment, as well as the laxative effects of AEtLP.
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Abstract
Postcardiac arrest syndrome yields poor neurological outcomes, but the mechanisms underlying this condition remain poorly understood. This study investigated whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis is induced in injured brain after resuscitation. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 6 min of cardiac arrest (CA) and then resuscitated successfully. In the first experiment, animals were sacrificed 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24 h (n = 3 per group) after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Brain tissues were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. In the second experiment, either dimethyl sulfoxide or salubrinal (Sal; 1 mg/kg), an ER stress inhibitor, was injected 30 min before the induction of CA (n = 10 per group). Neurological deficits were evaluated 24 h after CA. Brain specimens were analyzed using electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays and immunohistochemistry. We found that the messenger RNA and protein levels of glucose-regulated protein 78, X-box binding protein 1, C/EBP homologous protein, and caspase 12 were significantly elevated after resuscitation. We also observed that rats treated with Sal exhibited an improved neurological deficit score (32.3 ± 15.5 in the Sal group vs. 49.8 ± 20.9 in controls, P < 0.05). In addition, morphological improvements in the hippocampal ER were observed in the Sal group compared with the dimethyl sulfoxide group 24 h after reperfusion. Furthermore, in situ immunostaining revealed that markers of ER stress were significantly inhibited by Sal pretreatment. Our findings suggested that ER stress and the associated apoptotic pathways were activated in the hippocampus after resuscitation. Administration of Sal 30 min before cardiopulmonary resuscitation ameliorated neurological dysfunction 24 h after CA, possibly through the inhibition of ER stress after postresuscitation brain injury.
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The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17020193. [PMID: 26840309 PMCID: PMC4783927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is a complex process involving several metabolic and signalling pathways. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that endoplasmic reticulum stress and associated apoptosis can be induced in the pathological conditions of atherosclerotic lesions and contribute to the disease progression. Notably, they may play a role in the development of vulnerable plaques that induce thrombosis and are therefore especially dangerous. Endoplasmic reticulum stress response is regulated by several signaling mechanisms that involve protein kinases and transcription factors. Some of these molecules can be regarded as potential therapeutic targets to improve treatment of atherosclerosis. In this review we will discuss the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in atherosclerosis development in different cell types and summarize the current knowledge on potential therapeutic agents targeting molecules regulating these pathways and their possible use for anti-atherosclerotic therapy.
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Sun XY, Qin HJ, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Yang XC, Zhao DM, Li XN, Sun LK. Valproate attenuates diabetic nephropathy through inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress‑induced apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:661-8. [PMID: 26647757 PMCID: PMC4686073 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is one of the mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Histone acetylation modification can regulate the transcription of genes and is involved in the regulation of ERS. Valproate (VPA), a nonselective histone deacetylase inhibitor, has been reported to have a protective role in kidney tissue injury, however, whether VPA can prevent DN remains to be elucidated. In the present study, it was found that VPA increases the expression of glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and reduces the protein expression of C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible gene 153 and caspase-12 in a rat model of DN. VPA can reduce renal cell apoptosis and alleviate proteinuria and alterations in serum creatinine. VPA also upregulates the acetylation level of histone H4 in the promoter of GRP78 and downregulates the acetylation level of histone H4 in the promoter of CHOP. Collectively, the data indicate that VPA can relieve ERS and reduce renal cell apoptosis, and thus attenuate renal injury in a rat model of DN by regulating the acetylation level of histone H4 in ERS-associated protein promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Han-Jiao Qin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Clinical Hospital of Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Research Laboratory, Jilin Medical College, Changchun, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chun Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Ming Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin 132011, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ning Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Kun Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Zhu SP, Wang ZG, Zhao YZ, Wu J, Shi HX, Ye LB, Wu FZ, Cheng Y, Zhang HY, He S, Wei X, Fu XB, Li XK, Xu HZ, Xiao J. Gelatin Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Incorporating Nerve Growth Factor Inhibit Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis and Improve Recovery in Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4375-86. [PMID: 26232067 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Clinical translation of growth factor therapies faces multiple challenges; the most significant one is the short half-life of the naked protein. Gelatin nanostructured lipid carriers (GNLs) had previously been used to encapsulate the basic fibroblast growth factor to enhance the functional recovery in hemiparkinsonian rats. In this research, we comparatively study the enhanced therapy between nerve growth factor (NGF) loaded GNLs (NGF-GNLs) and NGF only in spinal cord injury (SCI). The effects of NGF-GNLs and NGF only were tested by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotion scale, inclined plane test, and footprint analysis. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining were further performed to identify the expression of ER stress-related proteins, neuron-specific marker neuronal nuclei (NeuN), and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43). Correlated downstream signals Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2 were also analyzed with or without inhibitors. Results showed that NGF-GNLs, compared to NGF only, enhanced the neuroprotection effect in SCI rats. The ER stress-induced apoptosis response proteins CHOP, GRP78 and caspase-12 inhibited by NGF-GNL treatment were more obvious. Meanwhile, NGF-GNLs in the recovery of SCI are related to the inhibition of ER stress-induced cell death via the activation of downstream signals PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Pin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhou-Guang Wang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying-Zheng Zhao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Xue Shi
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Bing Ye
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fen-Zan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Songbin He
- Department of Neurology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Xiaojie Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Fu
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua-Zi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China. .,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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Aune SE, Herr DJ, Kutz CJ, Menick DR. Histone Deacetylases Exert Class-Specific Roles in Conditioning the Brain and Heart Against Acute Ischemic Injury. Front Neurol 2015; 6:145. [PMID: 26175715 PMCID: PMC4485035 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury comprises a significant portion of morbidity and mortality from heart and brain diseases worldwide. This enduring clinical problem has inspired myriad reports in the scientific literature of experimental interventions seeking to elucidate the pathology of IR injury. Elective cardiac surgery presents perhaps the most viable scenario for protecting the heart and brain from IR injury due to the opportunity to condition the organs prior to insult. The physiological parameters for the preconditioning of vital organs prior to insult through mechanical and pharmacological maneuvers have been heavily examined. These investigations have revealed new insights into how preconditioning alters cellular responses to IR injury. However, the promise of preconditioning remains unfulfilled at the clinical level, and research seeking to implicate cell signals essential to this protection continues. Recent discoveries in molecular biology have revealed that gene expression can be controlled through posttranslational modifications, without altering the chemical structure of the genetic code. In this scenario, gene expression is repressed by enzymes that cause chromatin compaction through catalytic removal of acetyl moieties from lysine residues on histones. These enzymes, called histone deacetylases (HDACs), can be inhibited pharmacologically, leading to the de-repression of protective genes. The discovery that HDACs can also alter the function of non-histone proteins through posttranslational deacetylation has expanded the potential impact of HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of human disease. HDAC inhibitors have been applied in a very small number of experimental models of IR. However, the scientific literature contains an increasing number of reports demonstrating that HDACs converge on preconditioning signals in the cell. This review will describe the influence of HDACs on major preconditioning signaling pathways in the heart and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sverre E Aune
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Daniel J Herr
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Craig J Kutz
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Donald R Menick
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
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Histone Deacetylases Inhibitors in the Treatment of Retinal Degenerative Diseases: Overview and Perspectives. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:250812. [PMID: 26137316 PMCID: PMC4468288 DOI: 10.1155/2015/250812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases are one of the important refractory ophthalmic diseases, featured with apoptosis of photoreceptor cells. Histone acetylation and deacetylation can regulate chromosome assembly, gene transcription, and posttranslational modification, which are regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), respectively. The histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) have the ability to cause hyperacetylation of histone and nonhistone proteins, resulting in a variety of effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. Several HDACis have been approved for clinical trials to treat cancer. Studies have shown that HDACis have neuroprotective effects in nervous system damage. In this paper, we will summarize the neuroprotective effects of common HDACis in retinal degenerative diseases and make a prospect to the applications of HDACis in the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases in the future.
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Fei F, Li J, Rao W, Liu W, Chen X, Su N, Wang Y, Fei Z. Upregulation of Homer1a Promoted Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival After Retinal Ischemia and Reperfusion via Interacting with Erk Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:1039-48. [PMID: 25924704 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) is extensively involved in ocular diseases, causing retinal ganglion cell (RGCs) death resulting in visual impairment and blindness. Homer1a is considered as an endogenous neuroprotective protein in traumatic brain injury. However, the roles of Homer1a in RGCs I/R injury have not been elucidated. The present study investigated the changes in expression and effect of Homer1a in RGCs both in vitro and in vivo after I/R injury using Western blot, TUNEL assay, gene interference and overexpression, and gene knockout procedures. The levels of Homer1a and phosphorylated Erk (p-Erk) increased in RGCs and retinas after I/R injury. Upregulation of Homer1a in RGCs after I/R injury decreased the level of p-Erk, and mitigated RGCs apoptosis. Conversely, downregulation of Homer1a increased the level of p-Erk, and augmented RGCs apoptosis. Furthermore, inhibition of the p-ERK reduced RGCs apoptosis, and increased the expression of Homer 1a after I/R injury. Finally, the retinas of Homer1a KO mice treated with I/R injury had significantly less dendrites and RGCs, compared with Homer1a WT mice. These findings demonstrated that Homer1a may contribute to RGCs survival after I/R injury by interacting with Erk pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 71032, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusheng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 71032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhou Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Stress signaling in mammalian oocytes and embryos: a basis for intervention and improvement of outcomes. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:159-167. [PMID: 25743689 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oocytes and early stage embryos are highly sensitive to variation in diverse exogenous factors such as temperature, osmolarity, oxygen, nutrient restriction, pH, shear stress, toxins, amino acid availability, and lipids. It is becoming increasingly apparent that many such factors negatively affect the endoplasmic reticulum, protein synthesis and protein processing, initiating ER stress and unfolded protein responses. As a result, ER stress signaling serves as a common mediator of cellular responses to diverse stressors. In oocytes and embryos, this leads to developmental arrest and epigenetic changes. Recent studies have revealed that preventing ER stress or inhibiting ER stress signaling can preserve or even enhance oocyte and embryo developmental potential. This review examines ER stress signaling, how it arises, how it affects oocytes and embryos, and how its occurrence can be managed or prevented.
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