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Toribio-Fernandez R, Ceron C, Tristão-Pereira C, Fernandez-Nueda I, Perez-Castillo A, Fernandez-Ferro J, Moro MA, Ibañez B, Fuster V, Cortes-Canteli M. Oral anticoagulants: A plausible new treatment for Alzheimer's disease? Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:760-776. [PMID: 36633908 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are strongly associated. Both are multifactorial disorders with long asymptomatic phases and similar risk factors. Indeed, CVD signatures such as cerebral microbleeds, micro-infarcts, atherosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy and a procoagulant state are highly associated with AD. However, AD and CVD co-development and the molecular mechanisms underlying such associations are not understood. Here, we review the evidence regarding the vascular component of AD and clinical studies using anticoagulants that specifically evaluated the development of AD and other dementias. Most studies reported a markedly decreased incidence of composite dementia in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation, with the highest benefit for direct oral anticoagulants. However, sub-analyses by differential dementia diagnosis were scarce and inconclusive. We finally discuss whether anticoagulation could be a plausible preventive/therapeutic approach for AD and, if so, which would be the best drug and strategy to maximize clinical benefit and minimize potential risks. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue From Alzheimer's Disease to Vascular Dementia: Different Roads Leading to Cognitive Decline. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Toribio-Fernandez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ceron
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Irene Fernandez-Nueda
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Fernandez-Ferro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos (HURJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Moro
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Ibañez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentin Fuster
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marta Cortes-Canteli
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Ma Y, Chen S, Li Y, Wang J, Yang J, Jing J, Liu X, Li Y, Wang J, Zhang P, Tang Z. Effects of Dl-3-n-butylphthalide on cognitive functions and blood-brain barrier in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:3207-3220. [PMID: 37243759 PMCID: PMC10567816 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02530-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) has been one of the major types of cognitive impairment. Blood-brain barrier damage plays an essential part in the pathogenesis of VCI. At present, the treatment of VCI is mainly focused on prevention, with no drug clinically approved for the treatment of VCI. This study aimed to investigate the effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) on VCI rats. A modified bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (mBCCAO) model was applied to mimic VCI. The feasibility of the mBCCAO model was verified by laser Doppler, 13N-Ammonia-Positron Emission Computed Tomography (PET), and Morris Water Maze. Subsequently, the Morris water maze experiment, Evans blue staining, and western blot of tight junction protein were performed to evaluate the effect of different doses of NBP (40 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg) on the improvement of cognitive impairment and BBB disruption induced by mBCCAO. Immunofluorescence was employed to examine the changes in pericyte coverage in the mBCCAO model and the effect of NBP on pericyte coverage was preliminarily explored. mBCCAO surgery led to obvious cognitive impairment and the decrease of whole cerebral blood flow, among which the blood flow in the cortex, hippocampus and thalamus brain regions decreased more significantly. High-dose NBP (80 mg/kg) improved long-term cognitive function in mBCCAO rats, alleviated Evans blue leakage and reduced the loss of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-5) in the early course of the disease, thereby exerting a protective effect on the blood-brain barrier. No significant changes in pericyte coverage were observed after mBCCAO. High-dose NBP improved cognitive function in mBCCAO rats. High-dose NBP protected the integrity of BBB by upregulating TJ protein expression, rather than regulating pericyte coverage ratio. NBP could be a potential drug for the treatment of VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ma
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou First People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Shiling Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingfei Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Jing
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjie Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhouping Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Guo B, Zhang J, Zhang W, Chen F, Liu B. Gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids act as mediators of the gut-brain axis targeting age-related neurodegenerative disorders: a narrative review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37897083 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2272769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging are often accompanied by cognitive decline and gut microbiota disorder. But the impact of gut microbiota on these cognitive disturbances remains incompletely understood. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are major metabolites produced by gut microbiota during the digestion of dietary fiber, serving as an energy source for gut epithelial cells and/or circulating to other organs, such as the liver and brain, through the bloodstream. SCFAs have been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier and played crucial roles in brain metabolism, with potential implications in mediating Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the underlying mechanisms that SCFAs might influence psychological functioning, including affective and cognitive processes and their neural basis, have not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, the dietary sources which determine these SCFAs production was not thoroughly evaluated yet. This comprehensive review explores the production of SCFAs by gut microbiota, their transportation through the gut-brain axis, and the potential mechanisms by which they influence age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Also, the review discusses the importance of dietary fiber sources and the challenges associated with harnessing dietary-derived SCFAs as promoters of neurological health in elderly individuals. Overall, this study suggests that gut microbiota-derived SCFAs and/or dietary fibers hold promise as potential targets and strategies for addressing age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Guo
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Weihao Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Wang H, Huber CC, Li XP. Mesenchymal and Neural Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Treating Alzheimer's Disease. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:253. [PMID: 36829747 PMCID: PMC9952071 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most common form of dementia and a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects over 10% world population with age 65 and older. The disease is neuropathologically associated with progressive loss of neurons and synapses in specific brain regions, deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Despite the intensive effort, there is still no cure for the disorder. Stem cell-derived exosomes hold great promise in treating various diseases, including AD, as they contain a variety of anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant components. Moreover, stem cell-derived exosomes also promote neurogenesis and angiogenesis and can repair damaged BBB. In this review, we will first outline the major neuropathological features associated with AD; subsequently, a discussion of stem cells, stem cell-secreted exosomes, and the major exosome isolation methods will follow. We will then summarize the recent data involving the use of mesenchymal stem cell- or neural stem cell-derived exosomes in treating AD. Finally, we will briefly discuss the challenges, perspectives, and clinical trials using stem cell-derived exosomes for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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Roseborough AD, Zhu Y, Zhao L, Laviolette SR, Pasternak SH, Whitehead SN. Fibrinogen primes the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome and propagates pro-inflammatory signaling via extracellular vesicles: Implications for blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:106001. [PMID: 36646389 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain's response to acute injury is characterized by increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and pro-inflammatory microglia signaling, both of which have been linked to poor cognitive outcomes and neurological disease. The damaged BBB has increased leakiness, allowing serum proteins like fibrinogen into the brain, which interacts with local cells in a deleterious manner. At the same time, in response to injury, microglia demonstrate increased NLRP3 inflammasome activity and heightened release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The relationship between increased fibrinogen uptake and microglial inflammasome signaling in the injured brain has not been well described. In this work, we investigate fibrinogen mediated NLRP3 inflammasome priming of BV-2 cells and primary adult microglia and propose a role for extracellular vesicles (EVs) as propagators of this interaction. Following exposure to fibrinogen microglia significantly upregulate transcription of IL-1β, IL-6, NLRP3 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines which was sustained by repeated fibrinogen exposure. Inhibition of fibrinogen mediated NLRP3 signaling was achieved at the transcriptional and assembly level using cannabidiol (CBD) and the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950, respectively. EVs released following NLRP3 priming carry IL-1β, IL-18 mRNA and fibrinogen, propagate inflammatory signaling and can be detected in the circulation following BBB disruption in a preclinical stroke model. In conclusion, the interplay between fibrinogen extravasation, microglial NLRP3 signaling, and EV release can perpetuate chronic pro-inflammatory signaling and represents a novel method of inflammatory propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Roseborough
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y Zhu
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Zhao
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S R Laviolette
- Addictions Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S H Pasternak
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S N Whitehead
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Hase Y, Ameen‐Ali KE, Waller R, Simpson JE, Stafford C, Mahesh A, Ryan L, Pickering L, Bodman C, Hase M, Boche D, Horsburgh K, Wharton SB, Kalaria RN. Differential perivascular microglial activation in the deep white matter in vascular dementia developed post-stroke. Brain Pathol 2022; 32:e13101. [PMID: 35748290 PMCID: PMC9616090 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
With the hypothesis that perivascular microglia are involved as neuroinflammatory components of the gliovascular unit contributing to white matter hyperintensities on MRI and pathophysiology, we assessed their status in stroke survivors who develop dementia. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent methods were used to assess the distribution and quantification of total and perivascular microglial cell densities in 68 brains focusing on the frontal lobe WM and overlying neocortex in post-stroke dementia (PSD), post-stroke non-dementia (PSND) and similar age control subjects. We primarily used CD68 as a marker of phagocytic microglia, as well as other markers of microglia including Iba-1 and TMEM119, and the myeloid cell marker TREM2 to assess dementia-specific changes. We first noted greater total densities of CD68+ and TREM2+ cells per mm2 in the frontal WM compared to the overlying cortex across the stroke cases and controls (p = 0.001). PSD subjects showed increased percentage of activated perivascular CD68+ cells distinct from ramified or primed microglia in the WM (p < 0.05). However, there was no apparent change in perivascular TREM2+ cells. Total densities of TREM2+ cells were only ~10% of CD68+ cells but there was high degree of overlap (>70%) between them in both the WM and the cortex. CD68 and Iba-1 or CD68 and TMEM119 markers were colocalised by ~55%. Within the deep WM, ~30% of CD68+ cells were co-localised with fragments of degraded myelin basic protein. Among fragmented CD68+ cells in adjacent WM of PSD subjects, >80% of the cells expressed cleaved caspase-3. Our observations suggest although the overall repertoire of perivascular microglial cells is not changed in the parenchyma, PSD subjects accrue more perivascular-activated CD68+ microglia rather than TREM2+ cells. This implies there is a subset of CD68+ cells, which are responsible for the differential response in perivascular inflammation within the gliovascular unit of the deep WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Hase
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Kamar E. Ameen‐Ali
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Institute of Neuroscience and PsychologyUniversity of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University HospitalGlasgowUK
| | - Rachel Waller
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Julie E. Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Charlotte Stafford
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Ayushi Mahesh
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Lucy Ryan
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Lucy Pickering
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Caroline Bodman
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Mai Hase
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Southampton, Southampton General HospitalSouthamptonUK
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Stephen B. Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Raj N. Kalaria
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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Zamolodchikov D, Duffield M, Macdonald LE, Alessandri-Haber N. Accumulation of high molecular weight kininogen in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients may affect microglial function by altering phagocytosis and lysosomal cathepsin activity. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:1919-1929. [PMID: 34978145 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Increased activation of the contact system protein high molecular weight kininogen (HK) has been shown in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, but its potential role in the brain has not been explored. We assessed HK levels in brain tissue from 20 AD patients and controls and modeled the effects of HK on microglia-like cells in culture. We show increased levels of HK in the hippocampus of AD patients, which colocalized with amyloid beta (Aβ) deposits and activated microglia. Treatment of microglia with HK led to cell clustering and elevated levels of phagocytosed Aβ. We demonstrate that microglia internalize HK and traffic it to lysosomes, which is accompanied by reduced activity of lysosomal cathepsins L and S. Our results suggest that HK accumulation in the AD hippocampus may alter microglial uptake and degradation of Aβ fibrils, possibly contributing to microglial dysfunction in AD.
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Situ M, Citalan-Madrid AF, Stamatovic SM, Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV. Transcriptomic Profile of Blood–Brain Barrier Remodeling in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:931247. [PMID: 35813502 PMCID: PMC9257207 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.931247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a small vessel disease characterized by amyloid β (Aβ) peptide deposition within the walls of medium to small-caliber blood vessels, cerebral microhemorrhage, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage. It is commonly associated with late-stage Alzheimer’s disease. BBB dysfunction is indicated as a pathological substrate for CAA progression with hyperpermeability, enhancing the extravasation of plasma components and inducing neuroinflammation, further worsening BBB injury and contributing to cognitive decline. Although significant effort has been made in defining the gene mutations and risk factors involved in microvascular alterations with vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, the intra- and intercellular pathogenic mechanisms responsible for vascular hyperpermeability are still largely unknown. The present study aimed to elucidate the transcriptional profile of the cerebral microvessels (BBB) in a murine model with CAA vasculopathy to define potential causes and underlying mechanisms of BBB injury. A comprehensive RNA sequencing analysis was performed of CAA vasculopathy in Tg-SwDI mice at 6 and 18 months in comparison to age-matched wildtype controls to examine how age and amyloid accumulation impact the transcriptional signature of the BBB. Results indicate that Aβ has a critical role in triggering brain endothelial cell and BBB dysfunction in CAA vasculopathy, causing an intense proinflammatory response, impairing oxidative metabolism, altering the coagulation status of brain endothelial cells, and remodeling barrier properties. The proinflammatory response includes both adaptive and innate immunity, with pronounced induction of genes that regulate macrophage/microglial activation and chemokines/adhesion molecules that support T and B cell transmigration. Age has an important impact on the effects of Aβ, increasing the BBB injury in CAA vasculopathy. However, early inflammation, particularly microglia/macrophage activation and the mediators of B lymphocytes’ activities are underlying processes of BBB hyperpermeability and cerebral microbleeds in the early stage of CAA vasculopathy. These findings reveal a specific profile of the CAA-associated BBB injury that leads to a full progression of CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyu Situ
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Svetlana M. Stamatovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Richard F. Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Anuska V. Andjelkovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Anuska V. Andjelkovic,
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Blood-brain barrier leakage in Alzheimer's disease: From discovery to clinical relevance. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 234:108119. [PMID: 35108575 PMCID: PMC9107516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. AD brain pathology starts decades before the onset of clinical symptoms. One early pathological hallmark is blood-brain barrier dysfunction characterized by barrier leakage and associated with cognitive decline. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on the extent and clinical relevance of barrier leakage in AD. First, we focus on AD animal models and their susceptibility to barrier leakage based on age and genetic background. Second, we re-examine barrier dysfunction in clinical and postmortem studies, summarize changes that lead to barrier leakage in patients and highlight the clinical relevance of barrier leakage in AD. Third, we summarize signaling mechanisms that link barrier leakage to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD. Finally, we discuss clinical relevance and potential therapeutic strategies and provide future perspectives on investigating barrier leakage in AD. Identifying mechanistic steps underlying barrier leakage has the potential to unravel new targets that can be used to develop novel therapeutic strategies to repair barrier leakage and slow cognitive decline in AD and AD-related dementias.
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10
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Rippon B, Palta P, Tahmi M, Sherwood G, Soto L, Cespedes S, Mesen Y, He H, Laing K, Moreno H, Teresi J, Razlighi Q, Brickman AM, Zetterberg H, Luchsinger JA. Plasma Amyloid and in vivo Brain Amyloid in Late Middle-Aged Hispanics. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1229-1238. [PMID: 35466933 PMCID: PMC10361456 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining amyloid positivity is possible with cerebrospinal fluid and brain imaging of amyloid, but these methods are invasive and expensive. OBJECTIVE To relate plasma amyloid-β (Aβ), measured using Single-molecule array (Simoatrademark) assays, to in vivo brain Aβ, measured using positron emission tomography (PET), examine the accuracy of plasma Aβ to predict brain Aβ positivity, and the relation of APOE ɛ4 with plasma Aβ. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis in a cohort of 345 late middle-aged Hispanic men and women (age 64 years, 72% women). Our primary plasma variable was Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio measured with Simoa. Brain Aβ burden was measured as global SUVR with 18F-Florbetaben PET examined continuously and categorically. RESULTS Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio was inversely associated with global Aβ SUVR (β= -0.13, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): -0.23, -0.03; p = 0.013) and Aβ positivity (Odds Ratio: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.91; p = 0.016), independent of demographics and APOE ɛ4. ROC curves (AUC = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.64, 0.82; p < 0.0001) showed that the optimal threshold for plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio in relation to brain Aβ positivity was 0.060 with a sensitivity of 82.4% and specificity of 62.8%. APOE ɛ4 carriers had lower Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio and a higher Aβ positivity determined with the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio threshold of 0.060. CONCLUSION Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio assayed using Simoa is weakly correlated with in vivo brain amyloid and has limited accuracy in screening for amyloid positivity and for studying risk factors of brain amyloid burden when in vivo imaging is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Rippon
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Priya Palta
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, CUIMC, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mouna Tahmi
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Greysi Sherwood
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Luisa Soto
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandino Cespedes
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanette Mesen
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Hengda He
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, CUIMC, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krystal Laing
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, CUIMC, New York, NY, USA
| | - Herman Moreno
- Department of Neurology and Pharmacology/Physiology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jeanne Teresi
- Research Division, Hebrew Home in Riverdale, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Qolamreza Razlighi
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, CUIMC, New York, NY, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, CUIMC, New York, NY, USA.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, CUIMC, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - José A Luchsinger
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, CUIMC, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Rudge JD. A New Hypothesis for Alzheimer’s Disease: The Lipid Invasion Model. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:129-161. [PMID: 35530118 PMCID: PMC9028744 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes a new hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease (AD)—the lipid invasion model. It argues that AD results from external influx of free fatty acids (FFAs) and lipid-rich lipoproteins into the brain, following disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The lipid invasion model explains how the influx of albumin-bound FFAs via a disrupted BBB induces bioenergetic changes and oxidative stress, stimulates microglia-driven neuroinflammation, and causes anterograde amnesia. It also explains how the influx of external lipoproteins, which are much larger and more lipid-rich, especially more cholesterol-rich, than those normally present in the brain, causes endosomal-lysosomal abnormalities and overproduction of the peptide amyloid-β (Aβ). This leads to the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the most well-known hallmarks of AD. The lipid invasion model argues that a key role of the BBB is protecting the brain from external lipid access. It shows how the BBB can be damaged by excess Aβ, as well as by most other known risk factors for AD, including aging, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), and lifestyle factors such as hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, chronic sleep deprivation, stress, and head injury. The lipid invasion model gives a new rationale for what we already know about AD, explaining its many associated risk factors and neuropathologies, including some that are less well-accounted for in other explanations of AD. It offers new insights and suggests new ways to prevent, detect, and treat this destructive disease and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D’Arcy Rudge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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12
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Hüls A, Robins C, Conneely KN, Edgar R, De Jager PL, Bennett DA, Wingo AP, Epstein MP, Wingo TS. Brain DNA Methylation Patterns in CLDN5 Associated With Cognitive Decline. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:389-398. [PMID: 33838873 PMCID: PMC8329105 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive trajectory varies widely and can distinguish people who develop dementia from people who remain cognitively normal. Variation in cognitive trajectory is only partially explained by traditional neuropathologies. We sought to identify novel genes associated with cognitive trajectory using DNA methylation profiles from human postmortem brain. METHODS We performed a brain epigenome-wide association study of cognitive trajectory in 636 participants from the ROS (Religious Orders Study) and MAP (Rush Memory and Aging Project) using DNA methylation profiles of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. To maximize our power to detect epigenetic associations, we used the recently developed Gene Association with Multiple Traits test to analyze the 5 measured cognitive domains simultaneously. RESULTS We found an epigenome-wide association for differential methylation of sites in the CLDN5 locus and cognitive trajectory (p = 9.96 × 10-7) that was robust to adjustment for cell type proportions (p = 8.52 × 10-7). This association was primarily driven by association with declines in episodic (p = 4.65 × 10-6) and working (p = 2.54 × 10-7) memory. This association between methylation in CLDN5 and cognitive decline was significant even in participants with no or little signs of amyloid-β and neurofibrillary tangle pathology. CONCLUSIONS Differential methylation of CLDN5, a gene that encodes an important protein of the blood-brain barrier, is associated with cognitive trajectory beyond traditional Alzheimer's disease pathologies. The association between CLDN5 methylation and cognitive trajectory in people with low pathology suggests an early role for CLDN5 and blood-brain barrier dysfunction in cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hüls
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chloe Robins
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karen N Conneely
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rachel Edgar
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aliza P Wingo
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Mental Health, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | | | - Thomas S Wingo
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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13
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Roseborough AD, Rasheed B, Jung Y, Nishimura K, Pinsky W, Langdon KD, Hammond R, Pasternak SH, Khan AR, Whitehead SN. Microvessel stenosis, enlarged perivascular spaces, and fibrinogen deposition are associated with ischemic periventricular white matter hyperintensities. Brain Pathol 2021; 32:e13017. [PMID: 34538024 PMCID: PMC8713528 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Periventricular white matter hyperintensities (pvWMH) are neuroimaging abnormalities surrounding the lateral ventricles that are apparent on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They are associated with age, neurodegenerative disease, and cerebrovascular risk factors. While pvWMH ultimately represent a loss of white matter structural integrity, the pathological causes are heterogeneous in nature, and currently, cannot be distinguished using neuroimaging alone. pvWMH could occur because of a combination of small vessel disease (SVD), ependymal loss, blood–brain barrier dysfunction, and microgliosis. In this study we aimed to characterize microvascular stenosis, fibrinogen extravasation, and microgliosis within pvWMH with and without imaging evidence of periventricular infarction. Using postmortem neuroimaging of human brains (n = 20), we identified pvWMH with and without periventricular infarcts (PVI). We performed histological analysis of microvessel stenosis, perivascular spaces, microgliosis, and immunohistochemistry against fibrinogen as a measure of serum protein extravasation. Herein, we report distinctions between pvWMH with and without periventricular infarcts based on associations with microvessel stenosis, enlarged perivascular spaces, and fibrinogen IHC. Microvessel stenosis was significantly associated with PVI and with cellular deposition of fibrinogen in the white matter. The presence of fibrinogen was associated with PVI and increased number of microglia. These findings suggest that neuroimaging‐based detection of infarction within pvWMH may help distinguish more severe lesions, associated with underlying microvascular disease and BBB dysfunction, from milder pvWMH that are a highly frequent finding on MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austyn D Roseborough
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Berk Rasheed
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Youngkyung Jung
- Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Nishimura
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Pinsky
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristopher D Langdon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert Hammond
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen H Pasternak
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Robarts Research Institute, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali R Khan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn N Whitehead
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Ries M, Watts H, Mota BC, Lopez MY, Donat CK, Baxan N, Pickering JA, Chau TW, Semmler A, Gurung B, Aleksynas R, Abelleira-Hervas L, Iqbal SJ, Romero-Molina C, Hernandez-Mir G, d’Amati A, Reutelingsperger C, Goldfinger MH, Gentleman SM, Van Leuven F, Solito E, Sastre M. Annexin A1 restores cerebrovascular integrity concomitant with reduced amyloid-β and tau pathology. Brain 2021; 144:1526-1541. [PMID: 34148071 PMCID: PMC8262982 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, characterized by brain deposits of amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, is also linked to neurovascular dysfunction and blood-brain barrier breakdown, affecting the passage of substances into and out of the brain. We hypothesized that treatment of neurovascular alterations could be beneficial in Alzheimer's disease. Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is a mediator of glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory action that can suppress microglial activation and reduce blood-brain barrier leakage. We have reported recently that treatment with recombinant human ANXA1 (hrANXA1) reduced amyloid-β levels by increased degradation in neuroblastoma cells and phagocytosis by microglia. Here, we show the beneficial effects of hrANXA1 in vivo by restoring efficient blood-brain barrier function and decreasing amyloid-β and tau pathology in 5xFAD mice and Tau-P301L mice. We demonstrate that young 5xFAD mice already suffer cerebrovascular damage, while acute pre-administration of hrANXA1 rescued the vascular defects. Interestingly, the ameliorated blood-brain barrier permeability in young 5xFAD mice by hrANXA1 correlated with reduced brain amyloid-β load, due to increased clearance and degradation of amyloid-β by insulin degrading enzyme (IDE). The systemic anti-inflammatory properties of hrANXA1 were also observed in 5xFAD mice, increasing IL-10 and reducing TNF-α expression. Additionally, the prolonged treatment with hrANXA1 reduced the memory deficits and increased synaptic density in young 5xFAD mice. Similarly, in Tau-P301L mice, acute hrANXA1 administration restored vascular architecture integrity, affecting the distribution of tight junctions, and reduced tau phosphorylation. The combined data support the hypothesis that blood-brain barrier breakdown early in Alzheimer's disease can be restored by hrANXA1 as a potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ries
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Watts
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bibiana C Mota
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Nicoleta Baxan
- Biological Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Tsz Wing Chau
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Annika Semmler
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Brinda Gurung
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio d’Amati
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London SMD, London, UK
| | - Chris Reutelingsperger
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Fred Van Leuven
- Experimental Genetics Group-LEGTEGG, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Egle Solito
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London SMD, London, UK
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universitá degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Magdalena Sastre
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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15
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Scalise AA, Kakogiannos N, Zanardi F, Iannelli F, Giannotta M. The blood-brain and gut-vascular barriers: from the perspective of claudins. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1926190. [PMID: 34152937 PMCID: PMC8489939 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1926190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In some organs, such as the brain, endothelial cells form a robust and highly selective blood-to-tissue barrier. However, in other organs, such as the intestine, endothelial cells provide less stringent permeability, to allow rapid exchange of solutes and nutrients where needed. To maintain the structural and functional integrity of the highly dynamic blood–brain and gut–vascular barriers, endothelial cells form highly specialized cell-cell junctions, known as adherens junctions and tight junctions. Claudins are a family of four-membrane-spanning proteins at tight junctions and they have both barrier-forming and pore-forming properties. Tissue-specific expression of claudins has been linked to different diseases that are characterized by barrier impairment. In this review, we summarize the more recent progress in the field of the claudins, with particular attention to their expression and function in the blood–brain barrier and the recently described gut–vascular barrier, under physiological and pathological conditions. Abbreviations: 22q11DS 22q11 deletion syndrome; ACKR1 atypical chemokine receptor 1; AD Alzheimer disease; AQP aquaporin; ATP adenosine triphosphate; Aβ amyloid β; BAC bacterial artificial chromosome; BBB blood-brain barrier; C/EBP-α CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α; cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate (or 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic adenosine monophosphate); CD cluster of differentiation; CNS central nervous system; DSRED discosoma red; EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; ECV304 immortalized endothelial cell line established from the vein of an apparently normal human umbilical cord; EGFP enhanced green fluorescent protein; ESAM endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule; GLUT-1 glucose transporter 1; GVB gut-vascular barrier; H2B histone H2B; HAPP human amyloid precursor protein; HEK human embryonic kidney; JACOP junction-associated coiled coil protein; JAM junctional adhesion molecules; LYVE1 lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1; MADCAM1 mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1; MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCAO middle cerebral artery occlusion; MMP metalloprotease; MS multiple sclerosis; MUPP multi-PDZ domain protein; PATJ PALS-1-associated tight junction protein; PDGFR-α platelet-derived growth factor receptor α polypeptide; PDGFR-β platelet-derived growth factor receptor β polypeptide; RHO rho-associated protein kinase; ROCK rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase; RT-qPCR real time quantitative polymerase chain reactions; PDGFR-β soluble platelet-derived growth factor receptor, β polypeptide; T24 human urinary bladder carcinoma cells; TG2576 transgenic mice expressing the human amyloid precursor protein; TNF-α tumor necrosis factor α; WTwild-type; ZO zonula occludens.
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16
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Amelianchik A, Merkel J, Palanisamy P, Kaneki S, Hyatt E, Norris EH. The protective effect of early dietary fat consumption on Alzheimer's disease-related pathology and cognitive function in mice. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 7:e12173. [PMID: 34084889 PMCID: PMC8144936 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been suggested that obesity may influence Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, yet the numerous publications on this topic have inconsistent results and conclusions. METHODS Our study examined the effect of varying the timing of high-fat diet (HFD) consumption on AD-related pathology and cognition in transgenic Tg6799 AD mice. RESULTS HFD feeding starting at or before 3 months of age, prior to severe AD pathology, had protective effects in AD mice: reduced extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, decreased fibrinogen extravasation into the brain parenchyma, and improved cognitive function. However, delaying HFD consumption until 6 months of age, when AD pathology is ubiquitous, reduced these protective effects in AD mice. DISCUSSION Overall, we demonstrate that the timeline of HFD consumption may play an important role in how dietary fats affect AD pathogenesis and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Amelianchik
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Jonathan Merkel
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain ResearchLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Premkumar Palanisamy
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Shigeru Kaneki
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Emily Hyatt
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Erin H. Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
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17
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Chambers A, Bury JJ, Minett T, Richardson CD, Brayne C, Ince PG, Shaw PJ, Garwood CJ, Heath PR, Simpson JE, Matthews FE, Wharton SB. Advanced Glycation End Product Formation in Human Cerebral Cortex Increases With Alzheimer-Type Neuropathologic Changes but Is Not Independently Associated With Dementia in a Population-Derived Aging Brain Cohort. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 79:950-958. [PMID: 32766675 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for dementia, and nonenzymatic glycosylation of macromolecules results in formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). We determined the variation in AGE formation in brains from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study population-representative neuropathology cohort. AGEs were measured on temporal neocortex by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and cell-type specific expression on neurons, astrocytes and endothelium was detected by immunohistochemistry and assessed semiquantitatively. Fifteen percent of the cohort had self-reported diabetes, which was not significantly associated with dementia status at death or neuropathology measures. AGEs were expressed on neurons, astrocytes and endothelium and overall expression showed a positively skewed distribution in the population. AGE measures were not significantly associated with dementia. AGE measured by ELISA increased with Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) neurofibrillary tangle score (p = 0.03) and Thal Aβ phase (p = 0.04), while AGE expression on neurons (and astrocytes), detected immunohistochemically, increased with increasing Braak tangle stage (p < 0.001), CERAD tangle score (p = 0.002), and neuritic plaques (p = 0.01). Measures of AGE did not show significant associations with cerebral amyloid angiopathy, microinfarcts or neuroinflammation. In conclusion, AGE expression increases with Alzheimer's neuropathology, particular later stages but is not independently associated with dementia. AGE formation is likely to be important for impaired brain cell function in aging and Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Chambers
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Joanna J Bury
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thais Minett
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Connor D Richardson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul G Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Fiona E Matthews
- Population Health Sciences Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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18
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Rehiman SH, Lim SM, Lim FT, Chin AV, Tan MP, Kamaruzzaman SB, Ramasamy K, Abdul Majeed AB. Fibrinogen isoforms as potential blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease using a proteomics approach. Int J Neurosci 2020; 132:1014-1025. [PMID: 33280461 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1860038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Alzheimer's disease (AD), the commonest form of dementia which is characterized by progressive decline in cognitive function, can only be definitively diagnosed after death. Although biomarkers may aid diagnosis, currently available AD biomarkers, which are predominantly based on cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging facilities, are either invasive or costly. Blood-based biomarkers for AD diagnosis are highly sought after due to its practicality at the clinic. This study was undertaken to determine the differential protein expression in plasma amongst Malaysian AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and non-AD individuals. Methods: A proteomic approach which utilized two-dimensional differential in gel electrophoresis (2 D DIGE) was performed for blood samples from 15 AD, 14 MCI and 15 non-AD individuals. Results: Mass spectrometry (MS)-based protein identification via MALDI ToF/ToF showed that fibrinogen-β-chain (spot 64) and fibrinogen-γ-chain (spot 91) with differential expression ratio >1.5 were significantly upregulated (p < 0.05) in AD patients when compared to non-AD individuals. Further data analysis using Pearson correlation found that the upregulated fibrinogen-γ-chain was weakly but significantly (p < 0.05) and inversely correlated with cognitive decline. Conclusion: Fibrinogen isoforms may play important roles in the vascular pathology of AD as well as neuroinflammation. As such, fibrinogen appears to be a promising blood-based biomarker for AD. Further validation of the present findings in larger population is now warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Hajar Rehiman
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) and Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Siong Meng Lim
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) and Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Fei Tieng Lim
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) and Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ai-Vyrn Chin
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maw Pin Tan
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Bahyah Kamaruzzaman
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) and Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) and Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Stevenson R, Samokhina E, Rossetti I, Morley JW, Buskila Y. Neuromodulation of Glial Function During Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:278. [PMID: 32973460 PMCID: PMC7473408 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia, a non-excitable cell type once considered merely as the connective tissue between neurons, is nowadays acknowledged for its essential contribution to multiple physiological processes including learning, memory formation, excitability, synaptic plasticity, ion homeostasis, and energy metabolism. Moreover, as glia are key players in the brain immune system and provide structural and nutritional support for neurons, they are intimately involved in multiple neurological disorders. Recent advances have demonstrated that glial cells, specifically microglia and astroglia, are involved in several neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Epilepsy, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). While there is compelling evidence for glial modulation of synaptic formation and regulation that affect neuronal signal processing and activity, in this manuscript we will review recent findings on neuronal activity that affect glial function, specifically during neurodegenerative disorders. We will discuss the nature of each glial malfunction, its specificity to each disorder, overall contribution to the disease progression and assess its potential as a future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stevenson
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Evgeniia Samokhina
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ilaria Rossetti
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - John W. Morley
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Yossi Buskila
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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20
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Lochhead JJ, Yang J, Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. Structure, Function, and Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier Tight Junction in Central Nervous System Disorders. Front Physiol 2020; 11:914. [PMID: 32848858 PMCID: PMC7424030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) allows the brain to selectively import nutrients and energy critical to neuronal function while simultaneously excluding neurotoxic substances from the peripheral circulation. In contrast to the highly permeable vasculature present in most organs that reside outside of the central nervous system (CNS), the BBB exhibits a high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) along with a low rate of transcytosis and greatly restricted paracellular permeability. The property of low paracellular permeability is controlled by tight junction (TJ) protein complexes that seal the paracellular route between apposing brain microvascular endothelial cells. Although tight junction protein complexes are principal contributors to physical barrier properties, they are not static in nature. Rather, tight junction protein complexes are highly dynamic structures, where expression and/or localization of individual constituent proteins can be modified in response to pathophysiological stressors. These stressors induce modifications to tight junction protein complexes that involve de novo synthesis of new protein or discrete trafficking mechanisms. Such responsiveness of BBB tight junctions to diseases indicates that these protein complexes are critical for maintenance of CNS homeostasis. In fulfillment of this vital role, BBB tight junctions are also a major obstacle to therapeutic drug delivery to the brain. There is an opportunity to overcome this substantial obstacle and optimize neuropharmacology via acquisition of a detailed understanding of BBB tight junction structure, function, and regulation. In this review, we discuss physiological characteristics of tight junction protein complexes and how these properties regulate delivery of therapeutics to the CNS for treatment of neurological diseases. Specifically, we will discuss modulation of tight junction structure, function, and regulation both in the context of disease states and in the setting of pharmacotherapy. In particular, we will highlight how these properties can be potentially manipulated at the molecular level to increase CNS drug levels via paracellular transport to the brain.
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Luchsinger JA, Zetterberg H. Tracking the potential involvement of metabolic disease in Alzheimer's disease-Biomarkers and beyond. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:51-77. [PMID: 32739014 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is a vast literature linking systemic metabolic conditions to dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Advances in in vivo measurements of AD neuropathology using brain imaging, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and/or blood biomarkers have led to research in AD that uses in vivo biomarkers as outcomes, focusing primarily on amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration as constructs. Studies of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and AD biomarkers seem to show that T2DM is not related to amyloid deposition, but is related to neurodegeneration and tau deposition. There is a dearth of studies examining adiposity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in relation to AD biomarkers and the associations in these studies are inconsistent. Metabolomics studies have reported associations of unsaturated fatty acids with AD neuropathology at autopsy, and sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids in relation to neurodegeneration and amyloid and tau. There are other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Lewy body disease that may overlap with AD, and specific biomarkers for these pathologies are being developed and should be integrated into AD biomarker research. More longitudinal studies are needed with concurrent assessment of metabolic factors and AD biomarkers in order to improve the opportunity to assess causality. Ideally, AD biomarkers should be integrated into clinical trials of interventions that affect metabolic factors. Advances in blood-based AD biomarkers, which are less costly and invasive compared with CSF and brain imaging biomarkers, could facilitate widespread implementation of AD biomarkers in studies examining the metabolic contribution to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Luchsinger
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
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Abrahamson EE, Ikonomovic MD. Brain injury-induced dysfunction of the blood brain barrier as a risk for dementia. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113257. [PMID: 32092298 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex and dynamic physiological interface between brain parenchyma and cerebral vasculature. It is composed of closely interacting cells and signaling molecules that regulate movement of solutes, ions, nutrients, macromolecules, and immune cells into the brain and removal of products of normal and abnormal brain cell metabolism. Dysfunction of multiple components of the BBB occurs in aging, inflammatory diseases, traumatic brain injury (TBI, severe or mild repetitive), and in chronic degenerative dementing disorders for which aging, inflammation, and TBI are considered risk factors. BBB permeability changes after TBI result in leakage of serum proteins, influx of immune cells, perivascular inflammation, as well as impairment of efflux transporter systems and accumulation of aggregation-prone molecules involved in hallmark pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases with dementia. In addition, cerebral vascular dysfunction with persistent alterations in cerebral blood flow and neurovascular coupling contribute to brain ischemia, neuronal degeneration, and synaptic dysfunction. While the idea of TBI as a risk factor for dementia is supported by many shared pathological features, it remains a hypothesis that needs further testing in experimental models and in human studies. The current review focusses on pathological mechanisms shared between TBI and neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of pathological protein aggregates, such as Alzheimer's disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. We discuss critical knowledge gaps in the field that need to be explored to clarify the relationship between TBI and risk for dementia and emphasize the need for longitudinal in vivo studies using imaging and biomarkers of BBB dysfunction in people with single or multiple TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Abrahamson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Liu Y, Chen H, Zhao K, He W, Lin S, He J. High levels of plasma fibrinogen are related to post-stroke cognitive impairment. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01391. [PMID: 31475471 PMCID: PMC6790326 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have shown that high levels of the fibrinogen (FIB) are related to cognitive deficits. However, the relationship between fibrinogen and cognitive deficit after stroke remains unclear. Therefore, we explored the relationship between plasma fibrinogen and post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). METHODS This study is carried out in the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. A total of 210 patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled in this study. Ultimately, 134 patients completed 3-month follow-up. Blood samples were collected at hospital admission. Cognitive function was evaluated 3 months after stroke. All patients underwent the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) after 3 months. RESULTS Higher levels of fibrinogen were observed in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment compared with the non-PSCI group (p < .001). Additionally, elevated plasma fibrinogen levels were independently associated with PSCI (odds ratio [OR] = 2.000, 95% CI 1.062-3.770 p = .032). The plasma fibrinogen levels were negatively correlated with the 3-month MMSE scores (r = -.171, p = .048). In a multivariate linear regression, FIB was negatively associated with the 3-month MMSE scores after adjustment for the other variables (β = -0.782, p = .035). CONCLUSION High levels of plasma fibrinogen were associated with the presence and severity of PSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huijun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weilei He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shasha Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jincai He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Activates the Coagulation and Complement Cascades in Alzheimer's Disease Mice. Neuroscience 2019; 416:126-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Estrada LD, Ahumada P, Cabrera D, Arab JP. Liver Dysfunction as a Novel Player in Alzheimer's Progression: Looking Outside the Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:174. [PMID: 31379558 PMCID: PMC6650779 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) afflicts an estimated 20 million people worldwide and is the fourth-leading cause of death in the developed world. The most common cause of dementia in older individuals, AD is characterized by neuropathologies including synaptic and neuronal degeneration, amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles (NTFs). Amyloid plaques are primarily composed of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), which accumulates in the brains of patients with AD. Further, small aggregates termed Aβ oligomers are implicated in the synaptic loss and neuronal degeneration underlying early cognitive impairments. Whether Aβ accumulates in part because of dysregulated clearance from the brain remains unclear. The flow of substances (e.g., nutrients, drugs, toxins) in and out of the brain is mediated by the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). The BBB exhibits impairment in AD patients and animal models. The effect of BBB impairment on Aβ, and whether BBB function is affected by non-neurological pathologies that impair peripheral clearance requires further investigation. In particular, impaired peripheral clearance is a feature of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of liver disorders characterized by accumulation of fat in the liver accompanied by varying degrees of inflammation and hepatocyte injury. NAFLD has reached epidemic proportions, with an estimated prevalence between 20% and 30% of the general population. This chronic condition may influence AD pathogenesis. This review article summarizes the current state of the literature linking NAFLD and AD, highlighting the role of the major Aβ efflux and clearance protein, the LRP-1 receptor, which is abundantly expressed in liver, brain, and vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbell D. Estrada
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Integrative Center for Applied Biology and Chemistry (CIBQA), Department of Chemical & Biological Sciences, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Ahumada
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Integrative Center for Applied Biology and Chemistry (CIBQA), Department of Chemical & Biological Sciences, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Integrative Center for Applied Biology and Chemistry (CIBQA), Department of Chemical & Biological Sciences, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratório de Hepatologia Experimental, Gastroenterology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE Chile-UC), P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan P. Arab
- Laboratório de Hepatologia Experimental, Gastroenterology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE Chile-UC), P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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26
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Goodall EF, Leach V, Wang C, Cooper-Knock J, Heath PR, Baker D, Drew DR, Saffrey MJ, Simpson JE, Romero IA, Wharton SB. Age-Associated mRNA and miRNA Expression Changes in the Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123097. [PMID: 31242592 PMCID: PMC6627814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional and structural age-associated changes in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may affect the neurovascular unit and contribute to the onset and progression of age-associated neurodegenerative pathologies, including Alzheimer’s disease. The current study interrogated the RNA profile of the BBB in an ageing human autopsy brain cohort and an ageing mouse model using combined laser capture microdissection and expression profiling. Only 12 overlapping genes were altered in the same direction in the BBB of both ageing human and mouse cohorts. These included genes with roles in regulating vascular tone, tight junction protein expression and cell adhesion, all processes prone to dysregulation with advancing age. Integrated mRNA and miRNA network and pathway enrichment analysis of the datasets identified 15 overlapping miRNAs that showed altered expression. In addition to targeting genes related to DNA binding and/or autophagy, many of the miRNAs identified play a role in age-relevant processes, including BBB dysfunction and regulating the neuroinflammatory response. Future studies have the potential to develop targeted therapeutic approaches against these candidates to prevent vascular dysfunction in the ageing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Goodall
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, 385a Glossop Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| | - Vicki Leach
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, 385a Glossop Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| | - Chunfang Wang
- School of Life Science, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Johnathan Cooper-Knock
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, 385a Glossop Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| | - Paul R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, 385a Glossop Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| | - David Baker
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, 385a Glossop Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| | - David R Drew
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, 385a Glossop Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| | - M Jill Saffrey
- School of Life Science, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, 385a Glossop Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- School of Life Science, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, 385a Glossop Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
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Freeze WM, Bacskai BJ, Frosch MP, Jacobs HIL, Backes WH, Greenberg SM, van Veluw SJ. Blood-Brain Barrier Leakage and Microvascular Lesions in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Stroke 2019; 50:328-335. [PMID: 30661497 PMCID: PMC6415745 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.023788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a common small vessel disease that independently effects cognition in older individuals. The pathophysiology of CAA and CAA-related bleeding remains poorly understood. In this postmortem study, we explored whether blood-brain barrier leakage is associated with CAA and microvascular lesions. Methods- Eleven CAA cases (median [IQR] age=69 years [65-79 years], 8 males) and 7 cases without neurological disease or brain lesions (median [IQR] age=77 years [68-92 years], 4 males) were analyzed. Cortical sections were sampled from each lobe, and IgG and fibrin extravasation (markers of blood-brain barrier leakage) were assessed with immunohistochemistry. We hypothesized that IgG and fibrin extravasation would be increased in CAA cases compared with controls, that this would be more pronounced in parietooccipital brain regions compared with frontotemporal brain regions in parallel with the posterior predilection of CAA, and would be associated with CAA severity and number of cerebral microbleeds and cerebral microinfarcts counted on ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging of the intact brain hemisphere. Results- Our results demonstrated increased IgG positivity in the frontotemporal ( P=0.044) and parietooccipital ( P=0.001) cortex in CAA cases compared with controls. Within CAA cases, both fibrin and IgG positivity were increased in parietooccipital brain regions compared with frontotemporal brain regions ( P=0.005 and P=0.006, respectively). The percentage of positive vessels for fibrin and IgG was associated with the percentage of amyloid-β-positive vessels (Spearman ρ=0.71, P=0.015 and Spearman ρ=0.73, P=0.011, respectively). Moreover, the percentage of fibrin and IgG-positive vessels, but not amyloid-β-positive vessels, was associated with the number of cerebral microbleeds on magnetic resonance imaging (Spearman ρ=0.77, P=0.005 and Spearman ρ=0.70, P=0.017, respectively). Finally, we observed fibrin deposition in walls of vessels involved in cerebral microbleeds. Conclusions- Our results raise the possibility that blood-brain barrier leakage may be a contributory mechanism for CAA-related brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney M Freeze
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (W.M.F., H.I.L.J.)
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands (W.M.F., W.H.B.)
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (W.M.F., B.J.B., M.P.F., S.J.v.V.)
- Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (W.M.F., S.M.G., S.J.v.V.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Brian J Bacskai
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (W.M.F., B.J.B., M.P.F., S.J.v.V.)
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (W.M.F., B.J.B., M.P.F., S.J.v.V.)
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.P.F.)
| | - Heidi I L Jacobs
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (W.M.F., H.I.L.J.)
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology (H.I.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Walter H Backes
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands (W.M.F., W.H.B.)
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (W.M.F., S.M.G., S.J.v.V.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Susanne J van Veluw
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (W.M.F., B.J.B., M.P.F., S.J.v.V.)
- Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (W.M.F., S.M.G., S.J.v.V.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Xiang S, Huang Z, Wang T, Han Z, Yu CY, Ni D, Huang K, Zhang J. Condition-specific gene co-expression network mining identifies key pathways and regulators in the brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease patients. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:115. [PMID: 30598117 PMCID: PMC6311927 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene co-expression network (GCN) mining is a systematic approach to efficiently identify novel disease pathways, predict novel gene functions and search for potential disease biomarkers. However, few studies have systematically identified GCNs in multiple brain transcriptomic data of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and looked for their specific functions. Methods In this study, we first mined GCN modules from AD and normal brain samples in multiple datasets respectively; then identified gene modules that are specific to AD or normal samples; lastly, condition-specific modules with similar functional enrichments were merged and enriched differentially expressed upstream transcription factors were further examined for the AD/normal-specific modules. Results We obtained 30 AD-specific modules which showed gain of correlation in AD samples and 31 normal-specific modules with loss of correlation in AD samples compared to normal ones, using the network mining tool lmQCM. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis not only confirmed known gene functional categories related to AD, but also identified novel regulatory factors and pathways. Remarkably, pathway analysis suggested that a variety of viral, bacteria, and parasitic infection pathways are activated in AD samples. Furthermore, upstream transcription factor analysis identified differentially expressed upstream regulators such as ZFHX3 for several modules, which can be potential driver genes for AD etiology and pathology. Conclusions Through our state-of-the-art network-based approach, AD/normal-specific GCN modules were identified using multiple transcriptomic datasets from multiple regions of the brain. Bacterial and viral infectious disease related pathways are the most frequently enriched in modules across datasets. Transcription factor ZFHX3 was identified as a potential driver regulator targeting the infectious diseases pathways in AD-specific modules. Our results provided new direction to the mechanism of AD as well as new candidates for drug targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-018-0431-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunian Xiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Zhi Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tianfu Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhi Han
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Christina Y Yu
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Dong Ni
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Hara Y, McKeehan N, Fillit HM. Translating the biology of aging into novel therapeutics for Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2018; 92:84-93. [PMID: 30530798 PMCID: PMC6340342 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the leading risk factor for most chronic illnesses of old age, including Alzheimer disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease with currently no therapies that prevent, slow, or halt disease progression. Like other chronic diseases of old age, the progressive pathology of AD begins decades before the onset of symptoms. Many decades of research in biological gerontology have revealed common processes that are relevant to understanding why the aging brain is vulnerable to AD. In this review, we frame the development of novel therapeutics for AD in the context of biological gerontology. The many therapies currently in development based on biological gerontology principles provide promise for the development of a new generation of therapeutics to prevent and treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Hara
- From the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation, New York, NY
| | | | - Howard M Fillit
- From the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation, New York, NY.
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30
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Ott BR, Jones RN, Daiello LA, de la Monte SM, Stopa EG, Johanson CE, Denby C, Grammas P. Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier Gradients in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: Relationship to Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:245. [PMID: 30186149 PMCID: PMC6110816 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The pathophysiology underlying altered blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unknown but may relate to endothelial cell activation and cytokine mediated inflammation. Methods: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood were concurrently collected from cognitively healthy controls (N = 21) and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (N = 8) or AD (N = 11). The paired serum and CSF samples were assayed for a panel of cytokines, chemokines, and related trophic factors using multiplex ELISAs. Dominance analysis models were conducted to determine the relative importance of the inflammatory factors in relationship to BCSFB permeability, as measured by CSF/serum ratios for urea, creatinine, and albumin. Results: BCSFB disruption to urea, a small molecule distributed by passive diffusion, had a full model coefficient of determination (r2) = 0.35, and large standardized dominance weights (>0.1) for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin (IL)-15, IL-1rα, and IL-2 in serum. BCSFB disruption to creatinine, a larger molecule governed by active transport, had a full model r2 = 0.78, and large standardized dominance weights for monocyte inhibitor protein-1b in CSF and tumor necrosis factor-α in serum. BCSFB disruption to albumin, a much larger molecule, had a full model r2 = 0.62, and large standardized dominance weights for IL-17a, interferon-gamma, IL-2, and VEGF in CSF, as well IL-4 in serum. Conclusions: Inflammatory proteins have been widely documented in the AD brain. The results of the current study suggest that changes in BCSFB function resulting in altered permeability and transport are related to expression of specific inflammatory proteins, and that the shifting distribution of these proteins from serum to CSF in AD and MCI is correlated with more severe perturbations in BCSFB function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Ott
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States,George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States,*Correspondence: Brian R. Ott
| | - Richard N. Jones
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Lori A. Daiello
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Suzanne M. de la Monte
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Edward G. Stopa
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Conrad E. Johanson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Charles Denby
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Paula Grammas
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
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Verheggen I, Van Boxtel M, Verhey F, Jansen J, Backes W. Interaction between blood-brain barrier and glymphatic system in solute clearance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Hunter S, Smailagic N, Brayne C. Dementia Research: Populations, Progress, Problems, and Predictions. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:S119-S143. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-179927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Hunter
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadja Smailagic
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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The effects of cerebral amyloid angiopathy on integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 70:70-77. [PMID: 30007166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), in which amyloid accumulates predominantly in the walls of arterioles and capillaries, is seen in most patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and may contribute to compromise of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function seen in AD. We investigated the effects of CAA on BBB integrity by examining the expression of the endothelial marker CD31, basement membrane protein collagen IV (COL4), tight junction protein claudin-5, and fibrinogen, a marker of BBB leakage, by immunohistochemistry in the occipital cortex of autopsy brains with AD and capillary CAA (CAA type 1; n = 8), AD with noncapillary CAA (CAA type 2; n = 10), and AD without CAA (n = 7) compared with elderly controls (n = 10). Given the difference in pathogenesis of capillary and noncapillary CAA, we hypothesize that features of BBB breakdown are observed only in capillary CAA. We found decreased expression of CD31 in AD subjects with CAA types 1 and 2 compared with AD without CAA and an increase in COL4 in AD without CAA compared with controls. Furthermore, there was increased immunoreactivity for fibrinogen in AD with CAA type 1 compared with controls. These findings suggest that capillary CAA is associated with morphologic and possibly physiologic alterations of the neurovascular unit and increased BBB permeability in AD.
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Cole JH. Neuroimaging Studies Illustrate the Commonalities Between Ageing and Brain Diseases. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700221. [PMID: 29882974 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lack of specificity in neuroimaging studies of neurological and psychiatric diseases suggests that these different diseases have more in common than is generally considered. Potentially, features that are secondary effects of different pathological processes may share common neurobiological underpinnings. Intriguingly, many of these mechanisms are also observed in studies of normal (i.e., non-pathological) brain ageing. Different brain diseases may be causing premature or accelerated ageing to the brain, an idea that is supported by a line of "brain ageing" research that combines neuroimaging data with machine learning analysis. In reviewing this field, I conclude that such observations could have important implications, suggesting that we should shift experimental paradigm: away from characterizing the average case-control brain differences resulting from a disease toward methods that place individuals in their age-appropriate context. This will also lead naturally to clinical applications, whereby neuroimaging can contribute to a personalized-medicine approach to improve brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Cole
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
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Jenkins DR, Craner MJ, Esiri MM, DeLuca GC. Contribution of Fibrinogen to Inflammation and Neuronal Density in Human Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2259-2271. [PMID: 29609523 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability, particularly among the young. Despite this, no disease-specific treatments exist. Recently, blood-brain barrier disruption and parenchymal fibrinogen deposition have been reported in acute traumatic brain injury and in long-term survival; however, their contribution to the neuropathology of TBI remains unknown. The presence of fibrinogen-a well-documented activator of microglia/macrophages-may be associated with neuroinflammation, and neuronal/axonal injury. To test this hypothesis, cases of human TBI with survival times ranging from 12 h to 13 years (survival <2 months, n = 15; survival >1 year, n = 6) were compared with uninjured controls (n = 15). Tissue was selected from the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, corpus callosum, cingulate gyrus, and brainstem, and the extent of plasma protein (fibrinogen and immunoglobulin G [IgG]) deposition, microglial/macrophage activation (CD68 and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 [Iba-1] immunoreactivity), neuronal density, and axonal transport impairment (β-amyloid precursor protein [βAPP] immunoreactivity) were assessed. Quantitative analysis revealed a significant increase in parenchymal fibrinogen and IgG deposition following acute TBI compared with long-term survival and control. Fibrinogen, but not IgG, was associated with microglial/macrophage activation and a significant reduction in neuronal density. Perivascular fibrinogen deposition also was associated with microglial/macrophage clustering and accrual of βAPP in axonal spheroids, albeit rarely. These findings mandate the future exploration of causal relationships between fibrinogen deposition, microglia/macrophage activation, and potential neuronal loss in acute TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian R Jenkins
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Craner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret M Esiri
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele C DeLuca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
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Morgan SV, Garwood CJ, Jennings L, Simpson JE, Castelli LM, Heath PR, Mihaylov SR, Vaquéz-Villaseñor I, Minshull TC, Ince PG, Dickman MJ, Hautbergue GM, Wharton SB. Proteomic and cellular localisation studies suggest non-tight junction cytoplasmic and nuclear roles for occludin in astrocytes. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1444-1456. [PMID: 29738614 PMCID: PMC6079634 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Occludin is a component of tight junctions, which are essential structural components of the blood–brain barrier. However, occludin is expressed in cells without tight junctions, implying additional functions. We determined the expression and localisation of occludin in astrocytes in cell culture and in human brain tissue, and sought novel binding partners using a proteomic approach. Expression was investigated by immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting in the 1321N1 astrocytoma cell line and ScienCell human primary astrocytes, and by immunohistochemistry in human autopsy brain tissue. Recombinant N‐ and C‐terminal occludin was used to pull‐down proteins from 1321N1 cell lysates and protein‐binding partners identified by mass spectrometry analysis. Occludin was expressed in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Mass spectrometry identified binding to nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, particularly those related to RNA metabolism and nuclear function. Occludin is expressed in several subcellular compartments of brain cell‐types that do not form tight junctions and the expression patterns in cell culture reflect those in human brain tissue, indicating they are suitable model systems. Proteomic analysis suggests that occludin has novel functions in neuroepithelial cells that are unrelated to tight junction formation. Further research will establish the roles of these functions in both cellular physiology and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V Morgan
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Luke Jennings
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Lydia M Castelli
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simeon R Mihaylov
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Thomas C Minshull
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul G Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mark J Dickman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Guillaume M Hautbergue
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Johnson VE, Weber MT, Xiao R, Cullen DK, Meaney DF, Stewart W, Smith DH. Mechanical disruption of the blood-brain barrier following experimental concussion. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:711-726. [PMID: 29460006 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although concussion is now recognized as a major health issue, its non-lethal nature has limited characterization of the underlying pathophysiology. In particular, potential neuropathological changes have typically been inferred from non-invasive techniques or post-mortem examinations of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, we used a swine model of head rotational acceleration based on human concussion to examine blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity after injury in association with diffuse axonal injury and glial responses. We then determined the potential clinical relevance of the swine concussion findings through comparisons with pathological changes in human severe TBI, where post-mortem examinations are possible. At 6-72 h post-injury in swine, we observed multifocal disruption of the BBB, demonstrated by extravasation of serum proteins, fibrinogen and immunoglobulin-G, in the absence of hemorrhage or other focal pathology. BBB disruption was observed in a stereotyped distribution consistent with biomechanical insult. Specifically, extravasated serum proteins were frequently observed at interfaces between regions of tissue with differing material properties, including the gray-white boundary, periventricular and subpial regions. In addition, there was substantial overlap of BBB disruption with regions of axonal pathology in the white matter. Acute perivascular cellular uptake of blood-borne proteins was observed to be prominent in astrocytes (GFAP-positive) and neurons (MAP-2-positive), but not microglia (IBA1-positive). Parallel examination of human severe TBI revealed similar patterns of serum extravasation and glial uptake of serum proteins, but to a much greater extent than in the swine model, attributed to the higher injury severity. These data suggest that BBB disruption represents a new and important pathological feature of concussion.
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Abstract
The fundamental pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neuronal dysfunction leading to cognitive impairment. The amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), derived from amyloid precursor protein, is one driver of AD, but how it leads to neuronal dysfunction is not established. In this Review, I discuss the complexity of AD and possible cause-and-effect relationships between Aβ and the vascular and hemostatic systems. AD can be considered a multifactorial syndrome with various contributing pathological mechanisms. Therefore, as is routinely done with cancer, it will be important to classify patients with respect to their disease signature so that specific pathologies, including vascular pathways, can be therapeutically targeted.
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Ahn HJ, Chen ZL, Zamolodchikov D, Norris EH, Strickland S. Interactions of β-amyloid peptide with fibrinogen and coagulation factor XII may contribute to Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Hematol 2018; 24:427-431. [PMID: 28661939 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the evidence that the Alzheimer peptide β-amyloid interacts with the blood coagulation system and influences the pathophysiology of the disease. RECENT FINDINGS β-amyloid can interact with fibrinogen and blood coagulation factor XII and trigger ischemia and inflammation. SUMMARY β-amyloid interacts with fibrinogen and factor XII. These interactions can lead to increased clotting, abnormal clot formation, persistent fibrin deposition, and generation of proinflammatory molecules. These events can damage neurons and could contribute to the cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung J Ahn
- aPatricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York City bRegeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, USA *Hyung J. Ahn, Zu-Lin Chen, and Daria Zamolodchikov contributed equally to this article
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Goodall EF, Wang C, Simpson JE, Baker DJ, Drew DR, Heath PR, Saffrey MJ, Romero IA, Wharton SB. Age-associated changes in the blood-brain barrier: comparative studies in human and mouse. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2017; 44:328-340. [PMID: 28453876 PMCID: PMC5900918 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims While vascular pathology is a common feature of a range of neurodegenerative diseases, we hypothesized that vascular changes occur in association with normal ageing. Therefore, we aimed to characterize age‐associated changes in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in human and mouse cohorts. Methods Immunohistochemistry and Evans blue assays were used to characterize BBB dysfunction (tight junction protein expression and serum plasma protein accumulation), vascular pathology (pericyte loss and vascular density) and glial pathology (astrocyte and microglial density) in ageing neurological control human prefrontal cortex (a total of 23 cases from 5 age groups representing the spectrum of young adult to old age: 20–30 years, 31–45 years, 46–60 years, 61–75 years and 75+) and C57BL/6 mice (3 months, 12 months, 18 months and 24 months, n = 5/6 per group). Results Quantification of the tight junction protein ZO‐1 within the cortex and cerebellum of the mouse cohort showed a significant trend to both increased number (cortex P < 0.001, cerebellum P < 0.001) and length (cortex P < 0.001, cerebellum P < 0.001) of junctional breaks associated with increasing age. GFAP expression significantly correlated with ageing in the mice (P = 0.037). In the human cohort, assessment of human protein accumulation (albumin, fibrinogen and human IgG) demonstrated cells morphologically resembling clasmatodendritic astrocytes, indicative of BBB dysfunction. Semiquantitative assessment of astrogliosis in the cortex expression revealed an association with age (P = 0.003), while no age‐associated changes in microglial pathology, microvascular density or pericyte coverage were detected. Conclusions This study demonstrates BBB dysfunction in normal brain ageing, both in human and mouse cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Goodall
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - C Wang
- School of Life Science, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - J E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - D J Baker
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - D R Drew
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - P R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - M J Saffrey
- School of Life Science, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - I A Romero
- School of Life Science, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - S B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Idell RD, Florova G, Komissarov AA, Shetty S, Girard RBS, Idell S. The fibrinolytic system: A new target for treatment of depression with psychedelics. Med Hypotheses 2017; 100:46-53. [PMID: 28236848 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Current understanding of the neurobiology of depression has grown over the past few years beyond the traditional monoamine theory of depression to include chronic stress, inflammation and disrupted synaptic plasticity. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a key factor that not only promotes fibrinolysis via the activation of plasminogen, but also contributes to regulation of synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis through plasmin-mediated activation of a probrain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to mature BDNF. ProBDNF activation could potentially be supressed by competition with fibrin for plasmin and tPA. High affinity binding of plasmin and tPA to fibrin could result in a decrease of proBDNF activation during brain inflammation leading to fibrosis further perpetuating depressed mood. There is a paucity of data explaining the possible role of the fibrinolytic system or aberrant extravascular fibrin deposition in depression. We propose that within the brain, an imbalance between tPA and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and neuroserpin favors the inhibitors, resulting in changes in neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammation that result in depressive behavior. Our hypothesis is that peripheral inflammation mediates neuroinflammation, and that cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) can inhibit the fibrinolytic system by up- regulating PAI-1 and potentially neuroserpin. We propose that the decrement of the activity of tPA and uPA occurs with downregulation of uPA in part involving the binding and clearance from the surface of neural cells of uPA/PAI-1 complexes by the urokinase receptor uPAR. We infer that current antidepressants and ketamine mitigate depressive symptoms by restoring the balance of the fibrinolytic system with increased activity of tPA and uPA with down-regulated intracerebral expression of their inhibitors. We lastly hypothesize that psychedelic 5-ht2a receptor agonists, such as psilocybin, can improve mood through anti- inflammatory and pro-fibrinolytic effects that include blockade of TNF-α activity leading to decreased PAI-1 activity and increased clearance. The process involves disinhibition of tPA and uPA with subsequent increased cleavage of proBDNF which promotes neurogenesis, decreased neuroinflammation, decreased fibrin deposition, normalized glial-neuronal cross-talk, and optimally functioning neuro-circuits involved in mood. We propose that psilocybin can alleviate deleterious changes in the brain caused by chronic stress leading to restoration of homeostatic brain fibrinolytic capacity leading to euthymia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Idell
- Department of Behavioral Health, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, United States.
| | - G Florova
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, United States
| | - A A Komissarov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, United States
| | - S Shetty
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, United States
| | - R B S Girard
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, United States
| | - S Idell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, United States
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McArthur S, Loiola RA, Maggioli E, Errede M, Virgintino D, Solito E. The restorative role of annexin A1 at the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2016; 13:17. [PMID: 27655189 PMCID: PMC5031267 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-016-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A1 is a potent anti-inflammatory molecule that has been extensively studied in the peripheral immune system, but has not as yet been exploited as a therapeutic target/agent. In the last decade, we have undertaken the study of this molecule in the central nervous system (CNS), focusing particularly on the primary interface between the peripheral body and CNS: the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of this molecule in the brain, with a particular emphasis on its functions in the endothelium of the blood-brain barrier, and the protective actions the molecule may exert in neuroinflammatory, neurovascular and metabolic disease. We focus on the possible new therapeutic avenues opened up by an increased understanding of the role of annexin A1 in the CNS vasculature, and its potential for repairing blood-brain barrier damage in disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon McArthur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo Azevedo Loiola
- William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Elisa Maggioli
- William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Bari University School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Bari University School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Egle Solito
- William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
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McAleese KE, Alafuzoff I, Charidimou A, De Reuck J, Grinberg LT, Hainsworth AH, Hortobagyi T, Ince P, Jellinger K, Gao J, Kalaria RN, Kovacs GG, Kövari E, Love S, Popovic M, Skrobot O, Taipa R, Thal DR, Werring D, Wharton SB, Attems J. Post-mortem assessment in vascular dementia: advances and aspirations. BMC Med 2016; 14:129. [PMID: 27600683 PMCID: PMC5011905 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0676-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular lesions are a frequent finding in the elderly population. However, the impact of these lesions on cognitive performance, the prevalence of vascular dementia, and the pathophysiology behind characteristic in vivo imaging findings are subject to controversy. Moreover, there are no standardised criteria for the neuropathological assessment of cerebrovascular disease or its related lesions in human post-mortem brains, and conventional histological techniques may indeed be insufficient to fully reflect the consequences of cerebrovascular disease. DISCUSSION Here, we review and discuss both the neuropathological and in vivo imaging characteristics of cerebrovascular disease, prevalence rates of vascular dementia, and clinico-pathological correlations. We also discuss the frequent comorbidity of cerebrovascular pathology and Alzheimer's disease pathology, as well as the difficult and controversial issue of clinically differentiating between Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and mixed Alzheimer's disease/vascular dementia. Finally, we consider additional novel approaches to complement and enhance current post-mortem assessment of cerebral human tissue. CONCLUSION Elucidation of the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular disease, clarification of characteristic findings of in vivo imaging and knowledge about the impact of combined pathologies are needed to improve the diagnostic accuracy of clinical diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty E McAleese
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lea T Grinberg
- Departments of neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.,Department of Pathology - LIM-22, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Atticus H Hainsworth
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Tibor Hortobagyi
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Paul Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Jing Gao
- Neurological Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Enikö Kövari
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Seth Love
- Clincial Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mara Popovic
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olivia Skrobot
- Clincial Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ricardo Taipa
- Unit of Neuropathology, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dietmar R Thal
- Department of Neuroscience, KU-Leuven and Department of Pathology, UZ-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Werring
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Papuć E, Kurys-Denis E, Krupski W, Tatara M, Rejdak K. Can Antibodies Against Glial Derived Antigens be Early Biomarkers of Hippocampal Demyelination and Memory Loss in Alzheimer's Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:115-21. [PMID: 26401933 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known to exhibit well characterized pathologies including the extracellular accumulation of amyloid plaques, intra-axonal presence of neurofibrillary tangles, and glial hypertrophy. Nevertheless, the nature of myelin pathology in AD has not been well studied. Recent studies on animal models of AD, however, revealed focal demyelination within amyloid-β plaques in hippocampus. OBJECTIVES In a view of this finding, we decided to assess humoral response against proteins of myelin sheath in AD, in the hope of identifying early biomarkers of memory loss and neuropathological process characteristic of AD. METHODS We assessed antibodies levels against proteins of the myelin sheath: myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and proteolipoprotein (PLP) in sera of 26 AD patients and 26 healthy controls, using commercially available ELISA system (Mediagnost, Germany). RESULTS In the AD patient subgroup, significantly higher titers were observed for all types of assessed IgG autoantibodies compared to healthy control subjects (anti-MOG, anti-MAG, anti-MBP, anti-PLP). The titers of most of the investigated IgM antibodies were also higher in AD patients (p < 0.05), with the exception of anti-MAG IgM antibodies (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The study provides the evidence for the significantly increased production of autoantibodies against proteins of myelin sheath in AD. These results can be of importance in the light of emerging data from animal models of AD, indicating early demyelination of hippocampal region. Further studies on larger population are necessary to confirm whether these autoantibodies could serve as early biomarkers of AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Papuć
- Chair and Department, Neurology of Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurys-Denis
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Witold Krupski
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Tatara
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.,Department of Animal Physiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Konrad Rejdak
- Chair and Department, Neurology of Medical University of Lublin, Poland
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Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Is an Early Event That May Persist for Many Years After Traumatic Brain Injury in Humans. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:1147-57. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Hay JR, Johnson VE, Young AM, Smith DH, Stewart W. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Is an Early Event That May Persist for Many Years After Traumatic Brain Injury in Humans. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/74.12.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Antibodies against small heat-shock proteins in Alzheimer's disease as a part of natural human immune repertoire or activation of humoral response? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 123:455-61. [PMID: 26566902 PMCID: PMC4805726 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of autoantibodies specific for some disease-related proteins, would allow to better assess their role as diagnostic and prognostic markers. In the light of increasing evidence for both humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and data on the increased small heat-shock proteins (sHSP) expression in this disease, it seemed justified to assess humoral response against sHSP in AD patients. The aim of the study was to check whether AD has the ability to elicit immune response against small HSP, which could also serve as disease biomarkers. IgG and IgM autoantibodies against alpha B-crystallin and anti-HSP 60 IgG autoantibodies were assessed in 59 AD patients and 59 healthy subjects. Both IgM and IgG autoantibodies against alpha B-crystallin in AD patients were significantly higher compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between AD patients and healthy subjects were found in anti-HSP60 IgG autoantibody titers (p = 0.29). Anti-HSP60 antibodies present in AD patients may indeed belong to natural human immune repertoire, and chronic neurodegenerative process does not have significant inducing effect on the systemic immunoreactivity against HSP60. Increased titers of IgM and IgG autoantibodies against alpha B-crystallin in AD patients may reflect activation of humoral immune response in the course of this chronic disease, probably secondary to its increased expression. Further prospective studies, on larger group of AD patients and measuring a change in antibodies titers with disease progression are necessary to assess the exact role of these antibodies in AD.
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Wu L, Ramirez SH, Andrews AM, Leung W, Itoh K, Wu J, Arai K, Lo EH, Lok J. Neuregulin1-β decreases interleukin-1β-induced RhoA activation, myosin light chain phosphorylation, and endothelial hyperpermeability. J Neurochem 2015; 136:250-7. [PMID: 26438054 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) is an endogenous growth factor with multiple functions in the embryonic and postnatal brain. The NRG1 gene is large and complex, transcribing more than twenty transmembrane proteins and generating a large number of isoforms in tissue and cell type-specific patterns. Within the brain, NRG1 functions have been studied most extensively in neurons and glia, as well as in the peripheral vasculature. Recently, NRG1 signaling has been found to be important in the function of brain microvascular endothelial cells, decreasing IL-1β-induced increases in endothelial permeability. In the current experiments, we have investigated the pathways through which the NRG1-β isoform acts on IL-1β-induced endothelial permeability. Our data show that NRG1-β increases barrier function, measured by transendothelial electrical resistance, and decreases IL-1β-induced hyperpermeability, measured by dextran-40 extravasation through a monolayer of brain microvascular endothelial cells plated on transwells. An investigation of key signaling proteins suggests that the effect of NRG1-β on endothelial permeability is mediated through RhoA activation and myosin light chain phosphorylation, events which affect filamentous actin morphology. In addition, AG825, an inhibitor of the erbB2-associated tyrosine kinase, reduces the effect of NRG1-β on IL-1β-induced RhoA activation and myosin light chain phosphorylation. These data add to the evidence that NRG1-β signaling affects changes in the brain microvasculature in the setting of neuroinflammation. We propose the following events for neuregulin-1-mediated effects on Interleukin-1 β (IL-1β)-induced endothelial hyperpermeability: IL-1β leads to RhoA activation, resulting in an increase in phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC). Phosphorylation of MLC is known to result in actin contraction and alterations in the f-actin cytoskeletal structure. These changes are associated with increased endothelial permeability. Neuregulin-1β acts through its transmembrane receptors to activate intracellular signaling pathways which inhibit IL-1β-induced RhoA activation and MLC phosphorylation, thereby preserving the f-actin cytoskeletal structure and endothelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, the First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Servio H Ramirez
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allison M Andrews
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wendy Leung
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kanako Itoh
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Neurology, the First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Josephine Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Garwood CJ, Simpson JE, Al Mashhadi S, Axe C, Wilson S, Heath PR, Shaw PJ, Matthews FE, Brayne C, Ince PG, Wharton SB. DNA damage response and senescence in endothelial cells of human cerebral cortex and relation to Alzheimer's neuropathology progression: a population-based study in the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC-CFAS) cohort. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 40:802-14. [PMID: 24861546 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Abnormalities of the brain microvasculature in Alzheimer's disease have led to the vascular hypothesis of the disease, which predicts that vascular changes precede neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. To determine the spectrum of endothelial injury in the elderly and its relation to Alzheimer-type neuropathology we investigated DNA damage in a population-based sample derived from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. METHODS We examined endothelial damage in frontal and temporal cortex (n = 97) using immunohistochemistry for γH2AX and DNA-protein kinase (DNA-PKcs). To determine the effects of endothelial DNA damage at the earliest stages of Alzheimer's pathology we further focused our analysis on cases classified as Braak 0-II and examined endothelial senescence using histochemistry for β-galactosidase and the expression of genes related to DNA damage and senescence using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS We demonstrated large variation in endothelial DNA damage which was not associated with Alzheimer's neuropathology. Endothelial DNA-PKcs correlated with neuronal and glial DNA-PKcs counts. Focusing our further analysis on Braak 0-II cases, qPCR analysis demonstrated a trend to increased TP53 (P = 0.064) in cases with high compared with low endothelial DNA damage which was supported by immunohistochemical analysis of p53. Endothelial β-galactosidase expression was associated with increased neuronal (P = 0.033) and glial (P = 0.038), but not endothelial DNA-PKcs expression. CONCLUSIONS Damage to brain endothelial cells occurs early in relation to, or independently of, Alzheimer pathology, and parallels that in neurones and glia. Endothelial DNA damage and senescence are a brain ageing process that may contribute to dysfunction of the neurovascular unit in some elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield
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Bardehle S, Rafalski VA, Akassoglou K. Breaking boundaries-coagulation and fibrinolysis at the neurovascular interface. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:354. [PMID: 26441525 PMCID: PMC4584986 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood proteins at the neurovascular unit (NVU) are emerging as important molecular determinants of communication between the brain and the immune system. Over the past two decades, roles for the plasminogen activation (PA)/plasmin system in fibrinolysis have been extended from peripheral dissolution of blood clots to the regulation of central nervous system (CNS) functions in physiology and disease. In this review, we discuss how fibrin and its proteolytic degradation affect neuroinflammatory, degenerative and repair processes. In particular, we focus on novel functions of fibrin—the final product of the coagulation cascade and the main substrate of plasmin—in the activation of immune responses and trafficking of immune cells into the brain. We also comment on the suitability of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems as potential biomarkers and drug targets in diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and stroke. Studying coagulation and fibrinolysis as major molecular pathways that regulate cellular functions at the NVU has the potential to lead to the development of novel strategies for the detection and treatment of neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Bardehle
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victoria A Rafalski
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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