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Larauche M, Kim YS, Mulak A, Duboc H, Taché Y. Intracerebroventricular administration of TRH Agonist, RX-77368 alleviates visceral pain induced by colorectal distension in rats. Peptides 2024; 175:171181. [PMID: 38423212 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) acts centrally to exert pleiotropic actions independently from its endocrine function, including antinociceptive effects against somatic pain in rodents. Whether exogenous or endogenous activation of TRH signaling in the brain modulates visceral pain is unknown. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the stable TRH analog, RX-77368 (10, 30 and 100 ng/rat) or saline (5 µl) or were semi-restrained and exposed to cold (4°C) for 45 min. The visceromotor response (VMR) to graded phasic colorectal distensions (CRD) was monitored using non-invasive intracolonic pressure manometry. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously 10 min before ICV RX-77368 or saline. Fecal pellet output was monitored for 1 h after ICV injection. RX-77368 ICV (10, 30 and 100 ng/rat) reduced significantly the VMR by 56.7%, 67.1% and 81.1% at 40 mmHg and by 30.3%, 58.9% and 87.4% at 60 mmHg respectively vs ICV saline. Naloxone reduced RX-77368 (30 and 100 ng, ICV) analgesic response by 51% and 28% at 40 mmHg and by 30% and 33% at 60 mmHg respectively, but had no effect per se. The visceral analgesia was mimicked by the acute exposure to cold. At the doses of 30 and 100 ng, ICV RX-77368 induced defecation within 30 min. These data established the antinociceptive action of RX-77368 injected ICV in a model of visceral pain induced by colonic distension through recruitment of both opioid and non-opioid dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Larauche
- Digestive Diseases Research Center and G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA.
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Digestive Diseases Research Center and G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA
| | - Agata Mulak
- Digestive Diseases Research Center and G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA
| | - Henri Duboc
- Digestive Diseases Research Center and G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- Digestive Diseases Research Center and G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA
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Soberanes-Chávez P, de Gortari P, García-Luna C, Cruz SL. Repeated toluene and cyclohexane inhalation produces differential effects on HPA and HPT axes in adolescent male rats. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:244-253. [PMID: 37944760 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Misused volatile solvents typically contain toluene (TOL) as the main psychoactive ingredient. Cyclohexane (CHX) can also be present and is considered a safer alternative. Solvent misuse often occurs at early stages of life, leading to permanent neurobehavioral impairment and growth retardation. However, a comprehensive examination of the effects of TOL and CHX on stress regulation and energy balance is lacking. Here, we compared the effect of a binge-pattern exposure to TOL or CHX (4,000 or 8,000 ppm) on body weight, food intake, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axes in male adolescent Wistar rats. At 8,000 ppm, TOL decreased body weight gain without affecting food intake. In addition, TOL and CHX altered the HPA and HPT axes' function in a solvent- and concentration-dependent manner. The highest TOL concentration produced HPA axis hyperactivation in animals not subjected to stress, which was evidenced by increased corticotropin-releasing-factor (CRF) release from the median eminence (ME), elevated adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone serum levels, and decreased CRF mRNA levels in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). TOL (8,000 ppm) also increased triiodothyronine (T3) serum levels, decreased pro-thyrotropin-releasing-hormone (pro-TRH) mRNA transcription in the PVN, pro-TRH content in the ME, and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. CHX did not affect the HPA axis. We propose that the increased HPT axis activity induced by TOL can be related to the impaired body weight gain associated with inhalant misuse. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the effects of the misused solvents TOL and CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Soberanes-Chávez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, 14370, Mexico.
| | - P de Gortari
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, 14370, Mexico
| | - C García-Luna
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, 14370, Mexico
| | - S L Cruz
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Calzada de los Tenorios 235, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
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O’Brien F, Feetham CH, Staunton CA, Hext K, Barrett-Jolley R. Temperature modulates PVN pre-sympathetic neurones via transient receptor potential ion channels. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1256924. [PMID: 37920211 PMCID: PMC10618372 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1256924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and modulates cardiovascular function via autonomic pre-sympathetic neurones. We have previously shown that coupling between transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V Member 4 (Trpv4) and small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SK) in the PVN facilitate osmosensing, but since TRP channels are also thermosensitive, in this report we investigated the temperature sensitivity of these neurones. Methods: TRP channel mRNA was quantified from mouse PVN with RT-PCR and thermosensitivity of Trpv4-like PVN neuronal ion channels characterised with cell-attached patch-clamp electrophysiology. Following recovery of temperature-sensitive single-channel kinetic schema, we constructed a predictive stochastic mathematical model of these neurones and validated this with electrophysiological recordings of action current frequency. Results: 7 thermosensitive TRP channel genes were found in PVN punches. Trpv4 was the most abundant of these and was identified at the single channel level on PVN neurones. We investigated the thermosensitivity of these Trpv4-like channels; open probability (Po) markedly decreased when temperature was decreased, mediated by a decrease in mean open dwell times. Our neuronal model predicted that PVN spontaneous action current frequency (ACf) would increase as temperature is decreased and in our electrophysiological experiments, we found that ACf from PVN neurones was significantly higher at lower temperatures. The broad-spectrum channel blocker gadolinium (100 µM), was used to block the warm-activated, Ca2+-permeable Trpv4 channels. In the presence of gadolinium (100 µM), the temperature effect was largely retained. Using econazole (10 µM), a blocker of Trpm2, we found there were significant increases in overall ACf and the temperature effect was inhibited. Conclusion: Trpv4, the abundantly transcribed thermosensitive TRP channel gene in the PVN appears to contribute to intrinsic thermosensitive properties of PVN neurones. At physiological temperatures (37°C), we observed relatively low ACf primarily due to the activity of Trpm2 channels, whereas at room temperature, where most of the previous characterisation of PVN neuronal activity has been performed, ACf is much higher, and appears to be predominately due to reduced Trpv4 activity. This work gives insight into the fundamental mechanisms by which the body decodes temperature signals and maintains homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Richard Barrett-Jolley
- Department of Musculoskeletal Ageing Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Filfilan WM. Thyroid Hormones Regulate the Thermoregulatory Mechanisms of the Body: Review. Pak J Biol Sci 2023; 26:453-457. [PMID: 38044694 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2023.453.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) play a critical role in metabolism, energy balance and thermogenesis. The mechanisms whereby thyroid hormone increases heat production have been analyzed with emphasis in more recent developments. Thyroid hormone increases obligatory thermogenesis as a result of the stimulation of numerous metabolic pathways involved in the development, remodeling and delivery of energy to the tissues. In this section, alterations in primary hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism will be contrasted with the physiological characteristics of TH-dependent regulation in response to fasting and exposure to cold. The current review will discuss the situation with regard to regional thyroid hormones in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and more specifically, in peripheral cells. When caused by exposure to cold or fasting, local anomalies in the CNS are distinct from peripheral compartments, in contrast to hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, which differ when similar changes are observed. Lower hypothalamic TH concentrations are associated with cold exposure, although higher peripheral TH levels. The TH tendency is reversed by fasting. Primary hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism impair them. The current study aims to trace the various mechanisms used by the thyroid gland to regulate the body's energy production process.
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Vargas Y, Parra-Montes de Oca M, Sánchez-Jaramillo E, Jaimes-Hoy L, Sánchez-Islas E, Uribe RM, Joseph-Bravo P, Charli JL. Sex-dependent and -independent regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone expression in the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus by negative energy balance, exercise, and chronic stress. Brain Res 2022; 1796:148083. [PMID: 36108782 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) is part of the brain circuits that modulate organism responses to the circadian cycle, energy balance, and psychological stress. A large group of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (Trh) neurons is localized in the DMH; they comprise about one third of the DMH neurons that project to the lateral hypothalamus area (LH). We tested their response to various paradigms. In male Wistar rats, food restriction during adulthood, or chronic variable stress (CVS) during adolescence down-regulated adult DMH Trh mRNA levels compared to those in sedentary animals fed ad libitum; two weeks of voluntary wheel running during adulthood enhanced DMH Trh mRNA levels compared to pair-fed rats. Except for their magnitude, female responses to exercise were like those in male rats; in contrast, in female rats CVS did not change DMH Trh mRNA levels. A very strong negative correlation between DMH Trh mRNA levels and serum corticosterone concentration in rats of either sex was lost in CVS rats. CVS canceled the response to food restriction, but not that to exercise in either sex. TRH receptor 1 (Trhr) cells were numerous along the rostro-caudal extent of the medial LH. In either sex, fasting during adulthood reduced DMH Trh mRNA levels, and increased LH Trhr mRNA levels, suggesting fasting may inhibit the activity of TRHDMH->LH neurons. Thus, in Wistar rats DMH Trh mRNA levels are regulated by negative energy balance, exercise and chronic variable stress through sex-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamili Vargas
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Marco Parra-Montes de Oca
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Edith Sánchez-Jaramillo
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Molecular, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Sánchez-Islas
- Departamento de Neuromorfología Funcional, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Uribe
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
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John LM, Petersen N, Gerstenberg MK, Torz L, Pedersen K, Christoffersen BØ, Kuhre RE. Housing-temperature reveals energy intake counter-balances energy expenditure in normal-weight, but not diet-induced obese, male mice. Commun Biol 2022; 5:946. [PMID: 36088386 PMCID: PMC9464191 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most metabolic studies on mice are performed at room temperature, although under these conditions mice, unlike humans, spend considerable energy to maintain core temperature. Here, we characterize the impact of housing temperature on energy expenditure (EE), energy homeostasis and plasma concentrations of appetite- and glucoregulatory hormones in normal-weight and diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6J mice fed chow or 45% high-fat-diet, respectively. Mice were housed for 33 days at 22, 25, 27.5, and 30 °C in an indirect-calorimetry-system. We show that energy expenditure increases linearly from 30 °C towards 22 °C and is ~30% higher at 22 °C in both mouse models. In normal-weight mice, food intake counter-balances EE. In contrast, DIO mice do not reduce food intake when EE is lowered. By end of study, mice at 30 °C, therefore, had higher body weight, fat mass and plasma glycerol and triglycerides than mice at 22 °C. Dysregulated counterbalancing in DIO mice may result from increased pleasure-based eating. The impact of ambient housing temperature on the interaction of energy intake, energy expenditure and glycemic control in normal and diet-induced obese mice is examined.
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7
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Yu X, Li W. Comparative insights into the integration mechanism of neuropeptides to starvation and temperature stress. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 316:113945. [PMID: 34826429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stress is known as the process of biological responses evoked by internal or external stimuli. The ability to sense, integrate and respond to stress signals is a requisite for life. Temperature and photoperiod are very important environmental factors for animals. In addition, stress signals can also be inputted from peripheral tissue, such as starvation and inflammation. Through afferent pathways, stress signals input to the central nervous system (CNS), where various signals will integrate, and the integrated information will transmit to the peripheral effectors. As the regulators of neural activity, neuropeptides play important roles in these processes. The present review summarizes recent findings about the integration mechanism of stress signals in the CNS, emphasizing on the role of neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wensheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Weiner J, Roth L, Kranz M, Brust P, Boelen A, Klöting N, Heiker JT, Blüher M, Tönjes A, Pfluger PT, Stumvoll M, Mittag J, Krause K. Leptin counteracts hypothermia in hypothyroidism through its pyrexic effects and by stabilizing serum thyroid hormone levels. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101348. [PMID: 34610354 PMCID: PMC8556519 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for the homeostatic control of energy metabolism and the regulation of body temperature. The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms, ensuring that TH levels are maintained at a constant level. However, the feedback mechanisms underlying the resetting of the HPT axis regulation in the control of body temperature are still not fully understood. Here, we aimed to determine the thermoregulatory response in hypothyroid mice to different environmental temperatures and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Distinct thermogenic challenges were induced in hypothyroid female C57BL/6N and leptin-deficient ob/ob mice through housing at either room temperature or thermoneutrality. The thermogenic and metabolic effects were analyzed through metabolic chambers, 18F-FDG-PET/MRI, infrared thermography, metabolic profiling, histology, gene expression and Western blot analysis. Results In hypothyroid mice maintained at room temperature, high leptin serum levels induce a pyrexic effect leading to the stabilization of body temperature through brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and white adipose tissue browning. Housing at thermoneutrality leads to the normalization of leptin levels and a reduction of the central temperature set point, resulting in decreased thermogenesis in brown and white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and a significant decline in body temperature. Furthermore, anapyrexia in hypothyroid leptin-deficient ob/ob mice indicates that besides its pyrexic actions, leptin exerts a stimulatory effect on the HPT axis to stabilize the remaining TH serum levels in hypothyroid mice. Conclusion This study led to the identification of a previously unknown endocrine loop in which leptin acts in concert with the HPT axis to stabilize body temperature in hypothyroid mice. Thyroid hormones are essential for the regulation of body temperature. Thyroid hormone-deficient (hypothyroid) mice show distinct leptin serum concentrations in response to changes in ambient housing temperature. High leptin serum levels confer a stimulatory effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. High leptin serum level prevents fall in body temperature in hypothyroid mice at room temperature through its pyrexic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Weiner
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Roth
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Kranz
- University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nora Klöting
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John T Heiker
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul T Pfluger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich (TUM), TUM School of Medicine, NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Institute for Endocrinology & Diabetes/CBBM, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krause
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
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Volke L, Krause K. Effect of Thyroid Hormones on Adipose Tissue Flexibility. Eur Thyroid J 2021; 10:1-9. [PMID: 33777816 PMCID: PMC7983599 DOI: 10.1159/000508483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment and activation of energy-consuming brown adipocytes is currently considered as potential therapeutic approach to combat obesity. Thyroid hormones (TH) significantly contribute to full thermogenic capacity of brown adipocytes. A number of recent studies suggest that TH also induce the recruitment of brown adipocytes in white adipose depots, a process known as browning. In this review, we will summarize underlying mechanisms by which TH mediate brown adipose tissue activity and white adipose tissue browning. Furthermore, we will discuss the relevance of TH-induced white adipose tissue browning for thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Volke
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krause
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Kerstin Krause, Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, DE–04103 Leipzig (Germany),
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10
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Abstract
AbstractThyroid hormones are essential for the full thermogenic capacity of brown adipose
tissue. The thermogenic response of brown adipocytes to thyroid hormones is
resulting from the synergistic interaction of thyroid hormones with the
sympathetic nervous system. In recent years, evidence has been provided that
thyroid hormones also induce the browning of white adipose tissues. This review
will provide a brief overview about the recent findings regarding the effects of
thyroid hormones on adipose tissue thermogenesis including central and
peripheral regulation of white adipose tissue browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Krause
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital
Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Muta K, Matsen ME, Acharya NK, Stefanovski D, Bergman RN, Schwartz MW, Morton GJ. Glucoregulatory responses to hypothalamic preoptic area cooling. Brain Res 2019; 1710:136-145. [PMID: 30610874 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Normal glucose homeostasis depends on the capacity of pancreatic β-cells to adjust insulin secretion in response to a change of tissue insulin sensitivity. In cold environments, for example, the dramatic increase of insulin sensitivity required to ensure a sufficient supply of glucose to thermogenic tissues is offset by a proportionate reduction of insulin secretion, such that overall glucose tolerance is preserved. That these cold-induced changes of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity are dependent on sympathetic nervous system (SNS) outflow suggests a key role for thermoregulatory neurons in the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) in this metabolic response. As these POA neurons are themselves sensitive to changes in local hypothalamic temperature, we hypothesized that direct cooling of the POA would elicit the same glucoregulatory responses that we observed during cold exposure. To test this hypothesis, we used a thermode to cool the POA area, and found that as predicted, short-term (8-h) intense POA cooling reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), yet glucose tolerance remained unchanged due to an increase of insulin sensitivity. Longer-term (24-h), more moderate POA cooling, however, failed to inhibit GSIS and improved glucose tolerance, an effect associated with hyperthermia and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, indicative of a stress response. Taken together, these findings suggest that POA cooling is sufficient to recapitulate key glucoregulatory responses to cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Muta
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miles E Matsen
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nikhil K Acharya
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gregory J Morton
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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12
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Estradiol administration suppresses body temperature elevation induced by application of menthol to ovariectomized rats. J Therm Biol 2018; 78:281-289. [PMID: 30509649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of estradiol (E2) on thermoregulatory responses induced by menthol in ovariectomized rats. Wistar rats were ovariectomized, and implanted with a silastic tube with or without E2 (E2(+) and E2(-) groups). L-menthol (10%) or vehicle was applied to the skin of the whole trunk in selected animals, which were then exposed to 27 °C or 16 °C for 2 h. Continuous body temperature (Tb), tail skin temperature (Ttail), and treatment-associated behaviors were measured. cFos immunoreactive (cFos-IR) cells in the median preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus (PVN), medial preoptic area, posterior hypothalamus, and dorsomedial hypothalamus were counted. At 27 °C, in the E2(+) and E2(-) groups, the Tb and Ttail were greater in rats applied menthol than that in rats applied vehicle. In rats applied menthol, the Tb in the E2(+) group was lower than that in the E2(-) group. In the E2(+) and E2(-) groups, the number of cFos-IR cells in the PVN was greater in rats applied menthol than that in rats applied vehicle. These results suggested that menthol treatment increased Tb in ovariectomized rats with or without E2 at 27 °C, and that activation of the PVN might be involved in this response. E2 administration suppresses Tb elevation induced by application of menthol to ovariectomized rats.
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Zhang Z, Boelen A, Kalsbeek A, Fliers E. TRH Neurons and Thyroid Hormone Coordinate the Hypothalamic Response to Cold. Eur Thyroid J 2018; 7:279-288. [PMID: 30574457 PMCID: PMC6276749 DOI: 10.1159/000493976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a key role in regulating body temperature in mammals. Cold exposure stimulates the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis at the hypothalamic level by activating hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-producing neurons, ultimately resulting in increased plasma TH concentrations. Importantly, the local TH metabolism within various cold-responsive organs enables tissue-specific action of TH on heat production and adaption to cold independently of the circulating TH levels. In addition to these neuroendocrine effects, TRH neurons in the hypothalamus also have neural connections with brown adipose tissue (BAT), probably contributing to regulation of thermogenesis by the autonomic nervous system. Recent studies have demonstrated that intrahypothalamic TH has profound metabolic effects on BAT, the liver, and the heart that are mediated via the autonomic nervous system. These effects originate in various hypothalamic nuclei, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the ventromedial nucleus, and recently reported neurons in the anterior hypothalamic area, indicating a potential central function for TH on thermoregulation. Finally, although robust stimulation of the thermogenic program in BAT was shown upon TH administration in the ventromedial hypothalamus, the physiological relevance of these neurally mediated effects of TH is unclear at present. This review provides an overview of studies reporting the role of TH in cold defense, with a focus on recent literature evidencing the centrally mediated effects of TRH and TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- *Eric Fliers, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, NL–1105AZ Amsterdam (The Netherlands), E-Mail
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14
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Heinen CA, Zhang Z, Klieverik LP, de Wit TC, Poel E, Yaqub M, Boelen A, Kalsbeek A, Bisschop PH, van Trotsenburg ASP, Verberne HJ, Booij J, Fliers E. Effects of intravenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in human brown adipose tissue: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 179:31-38. [PMID: 29724865 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity in humans is stimulated by cold and by a limited number of pharmacological agents, including β3-adrenergic agonists and bile acids. Although thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is known to activate BAT in several mammals, this has not been reported in humans. DESIGN A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial. METHODS We investigated the effects of intravenous bolus administration of 400 µg TRH or 2 mL saline on BAT activity in healthy, lean men. BAT activity was measured as standardized 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake and glucose metabolic rate (MRglu) using dynamic PET/CT imaging. The first six individuals were studied at room temperature, while subsequently nine were exposed to mild cold (17°C ± 1°C) for 60 min before imaging. During the dynamic scan, blood was withdrawn for measurement of thyroid hormone and catecholamine concentrations. This trial is registered with The Netherlands National Trial Register (number NTR5512). RESULTS Sixteen participants were recruited. Six men studied at room temperature showed no visible BAT activity during either session. After exposure to mild cold, four of nine men (44.4%) showed clear increase of 18F-FDG uptake after TRH administration compared to placebo. Maximal standardized 18F-FDG uptake showed a trend toward increase after TRH compared to placebo (P = 0.066). MRglu showed a significant increase after TRH administration (P = 0.014). The increase in 18F-FDG uptake was not paralleled by changes in plasma thyroid hormone or catecholamine concentrations. CONCLUSION Systemic TRH administration can increase the activity of cold-stimulated BAT in adult men. These findings may assist developing pharmacological strategies for modulating BAT activity in the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Heinen
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Emma Children's Hospital
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children's Hospital
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Emma Children's Hospital
| | - Lars P Klieverik
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Emma Children's Hospital
| | - Tim C de Wit
- Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Poel
- Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maqsood Yaqub
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Emma Children's Hospital
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Emma Children's Hospital
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Bisschop
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Emma Children's Hospital
| | | | - Hein J Verberne
- Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Emma Children's Hospital
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15
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Iwen KA, Oelkrug R, Brabant G. Effects of thyroid hormones on thermogenesis and energy partitioning. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 60:R157-R170. [PMID: 29434028 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are of central importance for thermogenesis, energy homeostasis and metabolism. Here, we will discuss these aspects by focussing on the physiological aspects of TH-dependent regulation in response to cold exposure and fasting, which will be compared to alterations in primary hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. In particular, we will summarise current knowledge on regional thyroid hormone status in the central nervous system (CNS) and in peripheral cells. In contrast to hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, where parallel changes are observed, local alterations in the CNS differ to peripheral compartments when induced by cold exposure or fasting. Cold exposure is associated with low hypothalamic TH concentrations but increased TH levels in the periphery. Fasting results in a reversed TH pattern. Primary hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism disrupt these fine-tuned adaptive mechanisms and both, the hypothalamus and the periphery, will have the same TH status. These important mechanisms need to be considered when discussing thyroid hormone replacement and other therapeutical interventions to modulate TH status.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Alexander Iwen
- Medizinische Klinik IExperimentelle und Klinische Endokrinologie, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyCenter of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rebecca Oelkrug
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyCenter of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Medizinische Klinik IExperimentelle und Klinische Endokrinologie, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Christie Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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16
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Zhang Z, Machado F, Zhao L, Heinen CA, Foppen E, Ackermans MT, Zhou J, Bisschop PH, Boelen A, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A. Administration of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus of Male Rats Mimics the Metabolic Cold Defense Response. Neuroendocrinology 2018; 107:267-279. [PMID: 30092582 PMCID: PMC6390456 DOI: 10.1159/000492785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold exposure increases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) expression primarily in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The PVN is a well-known hypothalamic hub in the control of energy metabolism. TRH terminals and receptors are found on PVN neurons. We hypothesized that TRH release in the PVN plays an important role in the control of thermogenesis and energy mobilization during cold exposure. METHODS Male Wistar rats were exposed to a cold environment (4°C) or TRH retrodialysis in the PVN for 2 h. We compared the effects of cold exposure and TRH administration in the PVN on plasma glucose, corticosterone, and thyroid hormone concentrations, body temperature, locomotor activity, as well as metabolic gene expression in the liver and brown adipose tissue. RESULTS Cold exposure increased body temperature, locomotor activity, and plasma corticosterone concentrations, but blood glucose concentrations were similar to that of room temperature control animals. TRH administration in the PVN also promptly increased body temperature, locomotor activity and plasma corticosterone concentrations. However, TRH administration in the PVN markedly increased blood glucose concentrations and endogenous glucose production (EGP) compared to saline controls. Selective hepatic sympathetic or parasympathetic denervation reduced the TRH-induced increase in glucose concentrations and EGP. Gene expression data indicated increased gluconeogenesis in liver and lipolysis in brown adipose tissue, both after cold exposure and TRH administration. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TRH administration in the rat PVN largely mimics the metabolic and behavioral changes induced by cold exposure indicating a potential link between TRH release in the PVN and cold defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederico Machado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Li Zhao
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte A Heinen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariette T Ackermans
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jiangning Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Peter H Bisschop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, the
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17
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Zhang Z, Boelen A, Bisschop PH, Kalsbeek A, Fliers E. Hypothalamic effects of thyroid hormone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:143-148. [PMID: 28088468 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is a key driver of metabolism in mammals. Plasma concentrations of TH are kept within a narrow range by negative feedback regulation in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Plasma TH concentrations are an important determinant of metabolic processes in liver and brown adipose tissue (BAT). In addition to endocrine effects of TH derived from the circulation, recent studies have demonstrated additional neural routes for intrahypothalamic thyroid hormone to regulate metabolism in liver and BAT via the sympathetic and parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This review provides an overview of studies reporting metabolic effects of selective administration of T3 within hypothalamic nuclei including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the ventromedial nucleus (VMH), the arcuate nucleus (Arc), and the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA). This overview of the literature suggests that intrahypothalamic T3 can have profound effects on hepatic glucose production and insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure in BAT, cardiovascular function and feeding behavior. As the experiments have been performed in experimental animals exclusively, and the timing and route of T3 administration may be an important determinant of effect size, the clinical relevance of these metabolic effects in the chronic setting remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Bisschop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Nguyen NLT, Barr CL, Ryu V, Cao Q, Xue B, Bartness TJ. Separate and shared sympathetic outflow to white and brown fat coordinately regulates thermoregulation and beige adipocyte recruitment. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 312:R132-R145. [PMID: 27881398 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00344.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are innervated and regulated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). It is not clear, however, whether there are shared or separate central SNS outflows to WAT and BAT that regulate their function. We injected two isogenic strains of pseudorabies virus, a retrograde transneuronal viral tract tracer, with unique fluorescent reporters into interscapular BAT (IBAT) and inguinal WAT (IWAT) of the same Siberian hamsters to define SNS pathways to both. To test the functional importance of SNS coordinated control of BAT and WAT, we exposed hamsters with denervated SNS nerves to IBAT to 4°C for 16-24 h and measured core and fat temperatures and norepinephrine turnover (NETO) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in fat tissues. Overall, there were more SNS neurons innervating IBAT than IWAT across the neuroaxis. However, there was a greater percentage of singly labeled IWAT neurons in midbrain reticular nuclei than singly labeled IBAT neurons. The hindbrain had ~30-40% of doubly labeled neurons while the forebrain had ~25% suggesting shared SNS circuitry to BAT and WAT across the brain. The raphe nucleus, a key region in thermoregulation, had ~40% doubly labeled neurons. Hamsters with IBAT SNS denervation maintained core body temperature during acute cold challenge and had increased beige adipocyte formation in IWAT. They also had increased IWAT NETO, temperature, and UCP1 expression compared with intact hamsters. These data provide strong neuroanatomical and functional evidence of WAT and BAT SNS cross talk for thermoregulation and beige adipocyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Ly T Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Candace L Barr
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Vitaly Ryu
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Qiang Cao
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; .,Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and.,Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy J Bartness
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and.,Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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19
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Lautenschläger G, Habig K, Best C, Kaps M, Elam M, Birklein F, Krämer HH. The impact of baroreflex function on endogenous pain control: a microneurography study. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2996-3003. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gothje Lautenschläger
- Department of Neurology; Justus-Liebig-University; Klinikstraße 33 Giessen 35392 Germany
| | - Kathrin Habig
- Department of Neurology; Justus-Liebig-University; Klinikstraße 33 Giessen 35392 Germany
| | - Christoph Best
- Department of Neurology; Philipps University; Marburg Germany
| | - Manfred Kaps
- Department of Neurology; Justus-Liebig-University; Klinikstraße 33 Giessen 35392 Germany
| | - Mikael Elam
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy of Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Frank Birklein
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center; Johannes Gutenberg-University; Mainz Germany
| | - Heidrun H. Krämer
- Department of Neurology; Justus-Liebig-University; Klinikstraße 33 Giessen 35392 Germany
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20
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Browning KN, Travagli RA. Central nervous system control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and modulation of gastrointestinal functions. Compr Physiol 2015; 4:1339-68. [PMID: 25428846 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the gastrointestinal (GI) tract possesses intrinsic neural plexuses that allow a significant degree of autonomy over GI functions, the central nervous system (CNS) provides extrinsic neural inputs that regulate, modulate, and control these functions. While the intestines are capable of functioning in the absence of extrinsic inputs, the stomach and esophagus are much more dependent upon extrinsic neural inputs, particularly from parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways. The sympathetic nervous system exerts a predominantly inhibitory effect upon GI muscle and provides a tonic inhibitory influence over mucosal secretion while, at the same time, regulates GI blood flow via neurally mediated vasoconstriction. The parasympathetic nervous system, in contrast, exerts both excitatory and inhibitory control over gastric and intestinal tone and motility. Although GI functions are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and occur, by and large, independently of conscious perception, it is clear that the higher CNS centers influence homeostatic control as well as cognitive and behavioral functions. This review will describe the basic neural circuitry of extrinsic inputs to the GI tract as well as the major CNS nuclei that innervate and modulate the activity of these pathways. The role of CNS-centered reflexes in the regulation of GI functions will be discussed as will modulation of these reflexes under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Finally, future directions within the field will be discussed in terms of important questions that remain to be resolved and advances in technology that may help provide these answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsteen N Browning
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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21
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Lazcano I, Cabral A, Uribe RM, Jaimes-Hoy L, Perello M, Joseph-Bravo P, Sánchez-Jaramillo E, Charli JL. Fasting Enhances Pyroglutamyl Peptidase II Activity in Tanycytes of the Mediobasal Hypothalamus of Male Adult Rats. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2713-23. [PMID: 25942072 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fasting down-regulates the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis activity through a reduction of TRH synthesis in neurons of the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). These TRH neurons project to the median eminence (ME), where TRH terminals are close to the cytoplasmic extensions of β2 tanycytes. Tanycytes express pyroglutamyl peptidase II (PPII), the TRH-degrading ectoenzyme that controls the amount of TRH that reaches the anterior pituitary. We tested the hypothesis that regulation of ME PPII activity is another mechanism by which fasting affects the activity of the HPT axis. Semiquantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry data indicated that PPII and deiodinase 2 mRNA levels increased in tanycytes after 48 hours of fasting. This increase was transitory, followed by an increase of PPII activity in the ME, and a partial reversion of the reduction in PVN pro-TRH mRNA levels and the number of TRH neurons detected by immunohistochemistry. In fed animals, adrenalectomy and corticosterone treatment did not change ME PPII activity 72 hours later. Methimazole-induced hypothyroidism produced a profound drop in tanycytes PPII mRNA levels, which was reverted by 3 days of treatment with T4. The activity of thyroliberinase, the serum isoform of PPII, was increased at most fasting time points studied. We conclude that delayed increases in both the ME PPII as well as the thyroliberinase activities in fasted male rats may facilitate the maintenance of the deep down-regulation of the HPT axis function, despite a partial reactivation of TRH expression in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Lazcano
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
| | - Agustina Cabral
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
| | - Rosa María Uribe
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
| | - Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
| | - Mario Perello
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
| | - Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
| | - Edith Sánchez-Jaramillo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (I.L., R.M.U., L.J.-H., P.J.-B., J.-L.C.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.), Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires), La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F. 14370, México
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Jaroslawska J, Chabowska-Kita A, Kaczmarek MM, Kozak LP. Npvf: Hypothalamic Biomarker of Ambient Temperature Independent of Nutritional Status. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005287. [PMID: 26070086 PMCID: PMC4466399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which mice, exposed to the cold, mobilize endogenous or exogenous fuel sources for heat production is unknown. To address this issue we carried out experiments using 3 models of obesity in mice: C57BL/6J+/+ (wild-type B6) mice with variable susceptibility to obesity in response to being fed a high-fat diet (HFD), B6. Ucp1-/- mice with variable diet-induced obesity (DIO) and a deficiency in brown fat thermogenesis and B6. Lep-/- with defects in thermogenesis, fat mobilization and hyperphagia. Mice were exposed to the cold and monitored for changes in food intake and body composition to determine their energy balance phenotype. Upon cold exposure wild-type B6 and Ucp1-/- mice with diet-induced obesity burned endogenous fat in direct proportion to their fat reserves and changes in food intake were inversely related to fat mass, whereas leptin-deficient and lean wild-type B6 mice fed a chow diet depended on increased food intake to fuel thermogenesis. Analysis of gene expression in the hypothalamus to uncover a central regulatory mechanism revealed suppression of the Npvf gene in a manner that depends on the reduced ambient temperature and degree of exposure to the cold, but not on adiposity, leptin levels, food intake or functional brown fat. Current knowledge does not provide a clear, definite view of central mechanisms controlling energy balance upon cold-activated thermogenesis. Here we show that upon cold exposure lean mice maintain body composition but increase food intake to fuel thermogenesis, whereas cold-exposed mice with DIO utilize endogenous fat stores and then transition to increased food intake as body composition approaches that of the lean controls. Using knockout mice with leptin and Ucp1 gene deficiency our study indicates that the relative energy utilization from food intake and endogenous energy reserves to maintain body temperature during cold exposure is independent of both leptin action and brown fat-linked thermogenesis. Using a combination of genetic and biological approaches, we demonstrate that Npvf gene expression in the hypothalamus is regulated by changes in ambient temperature in a manner independent of the nutritional status of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jaroslawska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Monika M. Kaczmarek
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Leslie P. Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
- * E-mail:
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23
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Méquinion M, Chauveau C, Viltart O. The use of animal models to decipher physiological and neurobiological alterations of anorexia nervosa patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:68. [PMID: 26042085 PMCID: PMC4436882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies were performed to decipher the mechanisms regulating feeding due to the worldwide obesity pandemy and its complications. The data obtained might be adapted to another disorder related to alteration of food intake, the restrictive anorexia nervosa. This multifactorial disease with a complex and unknown etiology is considered as an awful eating disorder since the chronic refusal to eat leads to severe, and sometimes, irreversible complications for the whole organism, until death. There is an urgent need to better understand the different aspects of the disease to develop novel approaches complementary to the usual psychological therapies. For this purpose, the use of pertinent animal models becomes a necessity. We present here the various rodent models described in the literature that might be used to dissect central and peripheral mechanisms involved in the adaptation to deficient energy supplies and/or the maintenance of physiological alterations on the long term. Data obtained from the spontaneous or engineered genetic models permit to better apprehend the implication of one signaling system (hormone, neuropeptide, neurotransmitter) in the development of several symptoms observed in anorexia nervosa. As example, mutations in the ghrelin, serotonin, dopamine pathways lead to alterations that mimic the phenotype, but compensatory mechanisms often occur rendering necessary the use of more selective gene strategies. Until now, environmental animal models based on one or several inducing factors like diet restriction, stress, or physical activity mimicked more extensively central and peripheral alterations decribed in anorexia nervosa. They bring significant data on feeding behavior, energy expenditure, and central circuit alterations. Animal models are described and criticized on the basis of the criteria of validity for anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Méquinion
- INSERM UMR-S1172, Development and Plasticity of Postnatal Brain, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bone Diseases, EA 4490, University of the Littoral Opal Coast, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- INSERM UMR-S1172, Early stages of Parkinson diseases, University Lille 1, Lille, France
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24
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Morrison SF, Madden CJ, Tupone D. Central neural regulation of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Cell Metab 2014; 19:741-756. [PMID: 24630813 PMCID: PMC4016184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thermogenesis, the production of heat energy, is the specific, neurally regulated, metabolic function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and contributes to the maintenance of body temperature during cold exposure and to the elevated core temperature during several behavioral states, including wakefulness, the acute phase response (fever), and stress. BAT energy expenditure requires metabolic fuel availability and contributes to energy balance. This review summarizes the functional organization and neurochemical influences within the CNS networks governing the level of BAT sympathetic nerve activity to produce the thermoregulatory and metabolically driven alterations in BAT thermogenesis and energy expenditure that contribute to overall energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun F Morrison
- Department of Neurological Surgery Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR, 97239 USA
| | - Christopher J Madden
- Department of Neurological Surgery Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR, 97239 USA
| | - Domenico Tupone
- Department of Neurological Surgery Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR, 97239 USA
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25
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de Carvalho Borges B, Rorato R, Uchoa ET, Marangon P, da Silva GSF, de Paula FJ, Branco LGS, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Elias LLK. High-fat diet induces site-specific unresponsiveness to LPS-stimulated STAT3 activation in the hypothalamus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R34-44. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00147.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypophagia induced by inflammation is associated with Janus kinase (JAK)-2/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 signaling pathway, and leptin-mediated hypophagia is also mediated by JAK2-STAT3 pathway. We have previously reported that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not reduce food intake in leptin-resistant high-fat diet (HFD) rats but maintained body weight loss. We investigated whether changes in p-STAT3 expression in the hypothalamus and brain stem could account for the desensitization of hypophagia in HFD animals after a low LPS dose (100 μg/kg). Wistar rats fed standard diet (3.95 kcal/g) or HFD (6.3 kcal/g) for 8 wk were assigned into control diet-saline, control diet-LPS, HFD-saline, and HFD-LPS groups. LPS reduced feeding in the control diet but not HFD. This group showed no p-STAT3 expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), but sustained, though lower than control, p-STAT3 in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and raphe pallidus (RPa). LPS decreased body weight in HFD rats and increased Fos expression in the NTS. LPS increased body temperature, oxygen consumption, and energy expenditure in both control diet and HFD rats, and this response was more pronounced in HFD-LPS group. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and increased energy expenditure seem to contribute to body weight loss in HFD-LPS. This response might be related with increased brain stem activation. In conclusion, LPS activates STAT3-mediated pathway in the hypothalamus and brain stem, leading to hypophagia, however, LPS effects on food intake, but not body weight loss, are abolished by leptin resistance induced by HFD. The preserved STAT3 phosphorylation in the brain stem suggests that unresponsiveness to LPS on STAT3 activation under HFD might be selective to the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Glauber S. F. da Silva
- Department of Physiology and
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco José de Paula
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Luiz G. S. Branco
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Santos GA, Pereira VD, Roman EAFR, Ignacio-Souza L, Vitorino DC, de Moura RF, Razolli DS, Torsoni AS, Velloso LA, Torsoni MA. Hypothalamic inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase stimulates hepatic counter-regulatory response independent of AMPK activation in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62669. [PMID: 23626844 PMCID: PMC3633841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothalamic AMPK acts as a cell energy sensor and can modulate food intake, glucose homeostasis, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Intrahypothalamic fatty acid injection is known to suppress liver glucose production, mainly by activation of hypothalamic ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels. Since all models employed seem to involve malonyl-CoA biosynthesis, we hypothesized that acetyl-CoA carboxylase can modulate the counter-regulatory response independent of nutrient availability. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study employing immunoblot, real-time PCR, ELISA, and biochemical measurements, we showed that reduction of the hypothalamic expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by antisense oligonucleotide after intraventricular injection increased food intake and NPY mRNA, and diminished the expression of CART, CRH, and TRH mRNA. Additionally, as in fasted rats, in antisense oligonucleotide-treated rats, serum glucagon and ketone bodies increased, while the levels of serum insulin and hepatic glycogen diminished. The reduction of hypothalamic acetyl-CoA carboxylase also increased PEPCK expression, AMPK phosphorylation, and glucose production in the liver. Interestingly, these effects were observed without modification of hypothalamic AMPK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Hypothalamic ACC inhibition can activate hepatic counter-regulatory response independent of hypothalamic AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius D. Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika A. F. R. Roman
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Ignacio-Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele C. Vitorino
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela S. Razolli
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana S. Torsoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Licio A. Velloso
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio A. Torsoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
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