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Guo J, Li L, Chen F, Fu M, Cheng C, Wang M, Hu J, Pei L, Sun J. Forces Bless You: Mechanosensitive Piezo Channels in Gastrointestinal Physiology and Pathology. Biomolecules 2024; 14:804. [PMID: 39062518 PMCID: PMC11274378 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is an organ actively involved in mechanical processes, where it detects forces via a mechanosensation mechanism. Mechanosensation relies on specialized cells termed mechanoreceptors, which convert mechanical forces into electrochemical signals via mechanosensors. The mechanosensitive Piezo1 and Piezo2 are widely expressed in various mechanosensitive cells that respond to GI mechanical forces by altering transmembrane ionic currents, such as epithelial cells, enterochromaffin cells, and intrinsic and extrinsic enteric neurons. This review highlights recent research advances on mechanosensitive Piezo channels in GI physiology and pathology. Specifically, the latest insights on the role of Piezo channels in the intestinal barrier, GI motility, and intestinal mechanosensation are summarized. Additionally, an overview of Piezo channels in the pathogenesis of GI disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and GI cancers, is provided. Overall, the presence of mechanosensitive Piezo channels offers a promising new perspective for the treatment of various GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.G.); (C.C.); (M.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Li Li
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; (L.L.); (F.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Feiyi Chen
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; (L.L.); (F.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Minhan Fu
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; (L.L.); (F.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.G.); (C.C.); (M.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Meizi Wang
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.G.); (C.C.); (M.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Jun Hu
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.G.); (C.C.); (M.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Lixia Pei
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; (L.L.); (F.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Jianhua Sun
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; (L.L.); (F.C.); (M.F.)
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He H, Zhou J, Xu X, Zhou P, Zhong H, Liu M. Piezo channels in the intestinal tract. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1356317. [PMID: 38379701 PMCID: PMC10877011 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1356317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestine is the largest mechanosensitive organ in the human body whose epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, neurons and enteroendocrine cells must sense and respond to various mechanical stimuli such as motility, distension, stretch and shear to regulate physiological processes including digestion, absorption, secretion, motility and immunity. Piezo channels are a newly discovered class of mechanosensitive ion channels consisting of two subtypes, Piezo1 and Piezo2. Piezo channels are widely expressed in the intestine and are involved in physiological and pathological processes. The present review summarizes the current research progress on the expression, function and regulation of Piezo channels in the intestine, with the aim of providing a reference for the future development of therapeutic strategies targeting Piezo channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolong He
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingying Zhou
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuan Xu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pinxi Zhou
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Bioinformatics, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mi Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Bioinformatics, Education Department of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
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3
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Swain SM, Liddle RA. Mechanosensing Piezo channels in gastrointestinal disorders. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e171955. [PMID: 37781915 PMCID: PMC10541197 DOI: 10.1172/jci171955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
All cells in the body are exposed to physical force in the form of tension, compression, gravity, shear stress, or pressure. Cells convert these mechanical cues into intracellular biochemical signals; this process is an inherent property of all cells and is essential for numerous cellular functions. A cell's ability to respond to force largely depends on the array of mechanical ion channels expressed on the cell surface. Altered mechanosensing impairs conscious senses, such as touch and hearing, and unconscious senses, like blood pressure regulation and gastrointestinal (GI) activity. The GI tract's ability to sense pressure changes and mechanical force is essential for regulating motility, but it also underlies pain originating in the GI tract. Recent identification of the mechanically activated ion channels Piezo1 and Piezo2 in the gut and the effects of abnormal ion channel regulation on cellular function indicate that these channels may play a pathogenic role in disease. Here, we discuss our current understanding of mechanically activated Piezo channels in the pathogenesis of pancreatic and GI diseases, including pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, irritable bowel syndrome, GI tumors, and inflammatory bowel disease. We also describe how Piezo channels could be important targets for treating GI diseases.
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Liu L, Zhao Y, An W, Zhao M, Ding N, Liu H, Ge N, Wen J, Zhang X, Zu S, Sun W. Piezo2 Channel Upregulation is Involved in Mechanical Allodynia in CYP-Induced Cystitis Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5000-5012. [PMID: 37227654 PMCID: PMC10415424 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical sensing Piezo2 channel in primary sensory neurons has been shown contribute to mechanical allodynia in somatic chronic pain conditions. Interstitial cystitis (IC)-associated pain is often triggered by bladder filling, a presentation that mimics the mechanical allodynia. In the present study, we aimed to examine the involvement of sensory Piezo2 channel in IC-associated mechanical allodynia using a commonly employed cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced IC model rat. Piezo2 channels in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) was knocked down by intrathecal injections of Piezo2 anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) in CYP-induced cystitis rats, and mechanical stimulation-evoked referred bladder pain was measured in the lower abdomen overlying the bladder using von Frey filaments. Piezo2 expression at the mRNA, protein, and functional levels in DRG neurons innervating the bladder was detected by RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and Ca2+ imaging, respectively. We found that Piezo2 channels were expressed on most (> 90%) of the bladder primary afferents, including afferents that express CGRP, TRPV1 and stained with isolectin B4. CYP-induced cystitis was associated with Piezo2 upregulation in bladder afferent neurons at the mRNA, protein, and functional levels. Knockdown of Piezo2 expression in DRG neurons significantly suppressed mechanical stimulation-evoked referred bladder pain as well as bladder hyperactivity in CYP rats compared to CYP rats treated with mismatched ODNs. Our results suggest upregulation of Piezo2 channels is involved in the development of bladder mechanical allodynia and bladder hyperactivity in CYP-induced cystitis. Targeting Piezo2 might be an attractive therapeutic approach for IC-related bladder pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Wenhan An
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Hanwen Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Nan Ge
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Jiliang Wen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Xiulin Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Shulu Zu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Wendong Sun
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China.
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Stover JD, Trone MA, Lawrence B, Bowles RD. Multiplex epigenome editing of ion channel expression in nociceptive neurons abolished degenerative IVD-conditioned media-induced mechanical sensitivity. JOR Spine 2023; 6:e1253. [PMID: 37361323 PMCID: PMC10285767 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low back pain is a major contributor to disability worldwide and generates a tremendous socioeconomic impact. The degenerative intervertebral disc (IVD) has been hypothesized to contribute to discogenic pain by sensitizing nociceptive neurons innervating the disc to stimuli that is nonpainful in healthy patients. Previously, we demonstrated the ability of degenerative IVDs to sensitize neurons to mechanical stimuli; however, elucidation of degenerative IVDs discogenic pain mechanisms is required to develop therapeutic strategies that directly target these mechanisms. Aims In this study, we utilized CRISPR epigenome editing of nociceptive neurons to identify mechanisms of degenerative IVD-induced changes to mechanical nociception and demonstrated the ability of multiplex CRISPR epigenome editing of nociceptive neurons to modulate inflammation-induced mechanical nociception. Methods and Results Utilizing an in vitro model, we demonstrated degenerative IVD-produced IL-6-induced increases in nociceptive neuron activity in response to mechanical stimuli, mediated by TRPA1, ASIC3, and Piezo2 ion channel activity. Once these ion channels were identified as mediators of degenerative IVD-induced mechanical nociception, we developed singleplex and multiplex CRISPR epigenome editing vectors that modulate endogenous expression of TRPA1, ASIC3, and Piezo2 via targeted gene promoter histone methylation. When delivered to nociceptive neurons, the multiplex CRISPR epigenome editing vectors abolished degenerative IVD-induced mechanical nociception while preserving nonpathologic neuron activity. Conclusion This work demonstrates the potential of multiplex CRISPR epigenome editing as a highly targeted gene-based neuromodulation strategy for the treatment of discogenic pain, specifically; and, for the treatment of inflammatory chronic pain conditions, more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Stover
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Matthew A. Trone
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Brandon Lawrence
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Robby D. Bowles
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
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Madar J, Tiwari N, Smith C, Sharma D, Shen S, Elmahdi A, Qiao LY. Piezo2 regulates colonic mechanical sensitivity in a sex specific manner in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2158. [PMID: 37061508 PMCID: PMC10105732 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo2 in mucosa and primary afferents transduces colonic mechanical sensation. Here we show that chemogenetic activation or nociceptor-targeted deletion of Piezo2 is sufficient to regulate colonic mechanical sensitivity in a sex dependent manner. Clozapine N-oxide-induced activation of Piezo2;hM3Dq-expressing sensory neurons evokes colonic hypersensitivity in male mice, and causes dyspnea in female mice likely due to effects on lung sensory neurons. Activation of Piezo2-expressing colonic afferent neurons also induces colonic hypersensitivity in male but not female mice. Piezo2 levels in nociceptive neurons are higher in female than in male mice. We also show that Piezo2 conditional deletion from nociceptive neurons increases body weight growth, slows colonic transits, and reduces colonic mechanosensing in female but not male mice. Piezo2 deletion blocks colonic hypersensitivity in male but not female mice. These results suggest that Piezo2 in nociceptive neurons mediates innocuous colonic mechanosensing in female mice and painful sensation in male mice, suggesting a sexual dimorphism of Piezo2 function in the colonic sensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Madar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Namrata Tiwari
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Cristina Smith
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Divya Sharma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shanwei Shen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Alsiddig Elmahdi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Liya Y Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Zhang YY, Li XS, Ren KD, Peng J, Luo XJ. Restoration of metal homeostasis: a potential strategy against neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101931. [PMID: 37031723 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal homeostasis is critical to normal neurophysiological activity. Metal ions are involved in the development, metabolism, redox and neurotransmitter transmission of the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, disturbance of homeostasis (such as metal deficiency or excess) can result in serious consequences, including neurooxidative stress, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and nerve cell death. The uptake, transport and metabolism of metal ions are highly regulated by ion channels. There is growing evidence that metal ion disorders and/or the dysfunction of ion channels contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, metal homeostasis-related signaling pathways are emerging as promising therapeutic targets for diverse neurological diseases. This review summarizes recent advances in the studies regarding the physiological and pathophysiological functions of metal ions and their channels, as well as their role in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, currently available metal ion modulators and in vivo quantitative metal ion imaging methods are also discussed. Current work provides certain recommendations based on literatures and in-depth reflections to improve neurodegenerative diseases. Future studies should turn to crosstalk and interactions between different metal ions and their channels. Concomitant pharmacological interventions for two or more metal signaling pathways may offer clinical advantages in treating the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xi-Sheng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013,China
| | - Kai-Di Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xiu-Ju Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013,China.
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Kola JB, Docsa T, Uray K. Mechanosensing in the Physiology and Pathology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010177. [PMID: 36613619 PMCID: PMC9820522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal gastrointestinal function relies on sensing and transducing mechanical signals into changes in intracellular signaling pathways. Both specialized mechanosensing cells, such as certain enterochromaffin cells and enteric neurons, and non-specialized cells, such as smooth muscle cells, interstitial cells of Cajal, and resident macrophages, participate in physiological and pathological responses to mechanical signals in the gastrointestinal tract. We review the role of mechanosensors in the different cell types of the gastrointestinal tract. Then, we provide several examples of the role of mechanotransduction in normal physiology. These examples highlight the fact that, although these responses to mechanical signals have been known for decades, the mechanosensors involved in these responses to mechanical signals are largely unknown. Finally, we discuss several diseases involving the overstimulation or dysregulation of mechanotransductive pathways. Understanding these pathways and identifying the mechanosensors involved in these diseases may facilitate the identification of new drug targets to effectively treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Baffin Kola
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Center of Excellence, The Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Docsa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Center of Excellence, The Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Center of Excellence, The Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Yang H, Hou C, Xiao W, Qiu Y. The role of mechanosensitive ion channels in the gastrointestinal tract. Front Physiol 2022; 13:904203. [PMID: 36060694 PMCID: PMC9437298 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.904203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensation is essential for normal gastrointestinal (GI) function, and abnormalities in mechanosensation are associated with GI disorders. There are several mechanosensitive ion channels in the GI tract, namely transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, Piezo channels, two-pore domain potassium (K2p) channels, voltage-gated ion channels, large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels, and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). These channels are located in many mechanosensitive intestinal cell types, namely enterochromaffin (EC) cells, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and intrinsic and extrinsic enteric neurons. In these cells, mechanosensitive ion channels can alter transmembrane ion currents in response to mechanical forces, through a process known as mechanoelectrical coupling. Furthermore, mechanosensitive ion channels are often associated with a variety of GI tract disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and GI tumors. Mechanosensitive ion channels could therefore provide a new perspective for the treatment of GI diseases. This review aims to highlight recent research advances regarding the function of mechanosensitive ion channels in the GI tract. Moreover, it outlines the potential role of mechanosensitive ion channels in related diseases, while describing the current understanding of interactions between the GI tract and mechanosensitive ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Yang
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaofeng Hou
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Qiu,
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10
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Li X, Hu J, Zhao X, Li J, Chen Y. Piezo channels in the urinary system. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:697-710. [PMID: 35701561 PMCID: PMC9256749 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00777-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Piezo channel family, including Piezo1 and Piezo2, includes essential mechanosensitive transduction molecules in mammals. Functioning in the conversion of mechanical signals to biological signals to regulate a plethora of physiological processes, Piezo channels, which have a unique homotrimeric three-blade propeller-shaped structure, utilize a cap-motion and plug-and-latch mechanism to gate their ion-conducting pathways. Piezo channels have a wide range of biological roles in various human systems, both in vitro and in vivo. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of their antagonists and agonists, and therefore further investigation is needed. Remarkably, increasingly compelling evidence demonstrates that Piezo channel function in the urinary system is important. This review article systematically summarizes the existing evidence of the importance of Piezo channels, including protein structure, mechanogating mechanisms, and pharmacological characteristics, with a particular focus on their physiological and pathophysiological roles in the urinary system. Collectively, this review aims to provide a direction for future clinical applications in urinary system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Junwei Hu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuedan Zhao
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuelai Chen
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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11
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Tao E, Zhu Z, Hu C, Long G, Chen B, Guo R, Fang M, Jiang M. Potential Roles of Enterochromaffin Cells in Early Life Stress-Induced Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:837166. [PMID: 35370559 PMCID: PMC8964523 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.837166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders, also known as disorders of the gut–brain interaction; however, the pathophysiology of IBS remains unclear. Early life stress (ELS) is one of the most common risk factors for IBS development. However, the molecular mechanisms by which ELS induces IBS remain unclear. Enterochromaffin cells (ECs), as a prime source of peripheral serotonin (5-HT), play a pivotal role in intestinal motility, secretion, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, and visceral sensation. ECs can sense various stimuli and microbiota metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secondary bile acids. ECs can sense the luminal environment and transmit signals to the brain via exogenous vagal and spinal nerve afferents. Increasing evidence suggests that an ECs-5-HT signaling imbalance plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ELS-induced IBS. A recent study using a maternal separation (MS) animal model mimicking ELS showed that MS induced expansion of intestinal stem cells and their differentiation toward secretory lineages, including ECs, leading to ECs hyperplasia, increased 5-HT production, and visceral hyperalgesia. This suggests that ELS-induced IBS may be associated with increased ECs-5-HT signaling. Furthermore, ECs are closely related to corticotropin-releasing hormone, mast cells, neuron growth factor, bile acids, and SCFAs, all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of IBS. Collectively, ECs may play a role in the pathogenesis of ELS-induced IBS. Therefore, this review summarizes the physiological function of ECs and focuses on their potential role in the pathogenesis of IBS based on clinical and pre-clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfu Tao
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Wenling Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Wenling, China
| | - Zhenya Zhu
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenmin Hu
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Long
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mizu Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Mizu Jiang,
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12
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Tao E, Long G, Yang T, Chen B, Guo R, Ye D, Fang M, Jiang M. Maternal Separation Induced Visceral Hypersensitivity Evaluated via Novel and Small Size Distention Balloon in Post-weaning Mice. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:803957. [PMID: 35153662 PMCID: PMC8831756 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.803957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) disposes to functional gastrointestinal diseases in adult, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Maternal separation (MS) is a well-known animal model of IBS and has been shown to induce visceral hypersensitivity in adult rats and mice. However, to the best of our knowledge, it has not been reported whether MS induces visceral hypersensitivity in young mice, such as the post-weaning mice. Moreover, the method for evaluation of visceral sensitivity also has not been described. Accordingly, the present study aims to evaluate the visceral sensitivity caused by MS in post-weaning mice and develop a novel and small size distention balloon for assessment of visceral sensitivity of such mice. Male pups of C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two groups, MS (n = 12) and non-separation (NS) (n = 10). MS pups were separated from the dams through postnatal days (PND) 2 to 14, while NS pups were undisturbed. After, all pups stayed with respective dams and were weaned at PND 22. Visceral sensitivity was evaluated by colorectal distention (CRD) with a novel and small size distention balloon at PND 25. The threshold of abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scores were significantly lower in MS than NS. In addition, AWR scores at different pressures of CRD were significantly higher in MS than NS. The results demonstrate that MS induced visceral hypersensitivity in post-weaning mice. The designed small size distention balloon for evaluation of visceral sensitivity is of significance to further study the pathophysiology of IBS from early life to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfu Tao
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Wenling Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Wenling, China
| | - Gao Long
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Diya Ye
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mizu Jiang
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Mizu Jiang,
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13
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Guo J, Chen L, Wang YH, Song YF, Zhao ZH, Zhao TT, Lin ZY, Gu DM, Liu YQ, Peng YJ, Pei LX, Sun JH. Electroacupuncture Attenuates Post-Inflammatory IBS-Associated Visceral and Somatic Hypersensitivity and Correlates With the Regulatory Mechanism of Epac1-Piezo2 Axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:918652. [PMID: 35865309 PMCID: PMC9294163 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.918652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) is considered to have a therapeutic effect in the relief of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-associated visceral hypersensitivity via the reduction of the level of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-HT3 receptors (5-HT3R). However, whether Epac1/Piezo2, as the upstream of 5-HT, is involved in this process remains unclear. We investigated whether EA at the ST36 and ST37 acupoints alleviated visceral and somatic hypersensitivity in a post-inflammatory IBS (PI-IBS) model mice via the Epac1-Piezo2 axis. In this study, we used 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced PI-IBS as a mouse model. Visceral sensitivity was assessed by the abdominal withdrawal reflex test. Somatic sensitivity was evaluated by the hind paw withdrawal threshold. Quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescence staining, ELISA, and Western blotting were performed to examine the expressions of Epac1, Piezo2, 5-HT, and 5-HT3R from the mouse distal colon/L5-S2 dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Our results showed that EA improved the increased visceral sensation and peripheral mechanical hyperalgesia in PI-IBS model mice, and the effects of EA were superior to the sham EA. EA significantly decreased the protein and mRNA levels of Epac1 and Piezo2, and reduced 5-HT and 5-HT3R expressions in the distal colon. Knockdown of colonic Piezo2 eliminated the effect of EA on somatic hypersensitivity. Combined knockdown of colonic Epac1 and Piezo2 synergized with EA in relieving visceral hypersensitivity and blocked the effect of EA on somatic hypersensitivity. Additionally, protein levels of Epac1 and Piezo2 were also found to be decreased in the L5-S2 DRGs after EA treatment. Taken together, our study suggested that EA at ST36 and ST37 can alleviate visceral and somatic hypersensitivity in PI-IBS model mice, which is closely related to the regulation of the Epac1-Piezo2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Acupuncture and Massage College, Health and Rehabilitation College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-hang Wang
- Acupuncture and Massage College, Health and Rehabilitation College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-fang Song
- Acupuncture and Massage College, Health and Rehabilitation College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhan-hao Zhao
- Department of Massage, Danyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Danyang, China
| | - Ting-ting Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-ying Lin
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-mei Gu
- Department of Acupuncture, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Yun-qi Liu
- Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-jun Peng
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-jun Peng, ; Li-xia Pei, ; Jian-hua Sun,
| | - Li-xia Pei
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-jun Peng, ; Li-xia Pei, ; Jian-hua Sun,
| | - Jian-hua Sun
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-jun Peng, ; Li-xia Pei, ; Jian-hua Sun,
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14
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Nencini S, Morgan M, Thai J, Jobling AI, Mazzone SB, Ivanusic JJ. Piezo2 Knockdown Inhibits Noxious Mechanical Stimulation and NGF-Induced Sensitization in A-Delta Bone Afferent Neurons. Front Physiol 2021; 12:644929. [PMID: 34335288 PMCID: PMC8320394 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.644929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Piezo2 is a mechanically gated ion-channel that has a well-defined role in innocuous mechanical sensitivity, but recently has also been suggested to play a role in mechanically induced pain. Here we have explored a role for Piezo2 in mechanically evoked bone nociception in Sprague Dawley rats. We have used an in vivo electrophysiological bone-nerve preparation to record the activity of single Aδ bone afferent neurons in response to noxious mechanical stimulation, after Piezo2 knockdown in the dorsal root ganglia with intrathecal injections of Piezo2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, or in control animals that received mismatch oligodeoxynucleotides. There were no differences in the number of Aδ bone afferent neurons responding to the mechanical stimulus, or their threshold for mechanical activation, in Piezo2 knockdown animals compared to mismatch control animals. However, bone afferent neurons in Piezo2 knockdown animals had reduced discharge frequencies and took longer to recover from stimulus-evoked fatigue than those in mismatch control animals. Piezo2 knockdown also prevented nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced sensitization of bone afferent neurons, and retrograde labeled bone afferent neurons that expressed Piezo2 co-expressed TrkA, the high affinity receptor for NGF. Our findings demonstrate that Piezo2 contributes to the response of bone afferent neurons to noxious mechanical stimulation, and plays a role in processes that sensitize them to mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nencini
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Morgan
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jenny Thai
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew I Jobling
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart B Mazzone
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason J Ivanusic
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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15
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Iskander A, Bilgi C, Naftalovich R, Hacihaliloglu I, Berkman T, Naftalovich D, Pahlevan N. The Rheology of the Carotid Sinus: A Path Toward Bioinspired Intervention. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:678048. [PMID: 34178967 PMCID: PMC8222608 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.678048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between blood viscosity and pathological conditions involving a number of organ systems is well known. However, how the body measures and maintains appropriate blood viscosity is not well-described. The literature endorsing the function of the carotid sinus as a site of baroreception can be traced back to some of the earliest descriptions of digital pressure on the neck producing a drop in blood delivery to the brain. For the last 30 years, improved computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of blood flow within the carotid sinus have demonstrated a more nuanced understanding of the changes in the region as it relates to changes in conventional metrics of cardiovascular function, including blood pressure. We suggest that the unique flow patterns within the carotid sinus may make it an ideal site to transduce flow data that can, in turn, enable real-time measurement of blood viscosity. The recent characterization of the PIEZO receptor family in the sinus vessel wall may provide a biological basis for this characterization. When coupled with other biomarkers of cardiovascular performance and descriptions of the blood rheology unique to the sinus region, this represents a novel venue for bioinspired design that may enable end-users to manipulate and optimize blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Iskander
- Department of Anesthesiology, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Coskun Bilgi
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rotem Naftalovich
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, University Hospital, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States.,Medical Corps of the U.S. Army, U.S. Army Medical Department, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ilker Hacihaliloglu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers School of Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Tolga Berkman
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, University Hospital, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Daniel Naftalovich
- Department of Computational and Mathematical Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Niema Pahlevan
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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16
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Chen Z, Yuan M, Ma Z, Wen J, Wang X, Zhao M, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhao S, Guo L. Significance of piezo‐type mechanosensitive ion channel component 2 in premature ejaculation: An animal study. Andrology 2020; 8:1347-1359. [PMID: 32100938 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Chen
- Institution of Urology The Second Hospital of Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Mingzhen Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Zhen Ma
- School of Medicine Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Jiliang Wen
- School of Medicine Shandong University Jinan China
| | | | | | - Jiaxin Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Xiulin Zhang
- Institution of Urology The Second Hospital of Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Shengtian Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Liqiang Guo
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan China
- School of Medicine Shandong University Jinan China
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17
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Feng B, Guo T. Visceral pain from colon and rectum: the mechanotransduction and biomechanics. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 127:415-429. [PMID: 31598778 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Visceral pain is the cardinal symptom of functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and the leading cause of patients' visit to gastroenterologists. IBS-related visceral pain usually arises from the distal colon and rectum (colorectum), an intraluminal environment that differs greatly from environment outside the body in chemical, biological, thermal, and mechanical conditions. Accordingly, visceral pain is different from cutaneous pain in several key psychophysical characteristics, which likely underlies the unsatisfactory management of visceral pain by drugs developed for other types of pain. Colorectal visceral pain is usually elicited from mechanical distension/stretch, rather than from heating, cutting, pinching, or piercing that usually evoke pain from the skin. Thus, mechanotransduction, i.e., the encoding of colorectal mechanical stimuli by sensory afferents, is crucial to the underlying mechanisms of GI-related visceral pain. This review will focus on colorectal mechanotransduction, the process of converting colorectal mechanical stimuli into trains of action potentials by the sensory afferents to inform the central nervous system (CNS). We will summarize neurophysiological studies on afferent encoding of colorectal mechanical stimuli, highlight recent advances in our understanding of colorectal biomechanics that plays critical roles in mechanotransduction, and review studies on mechano-sensitive ion channels in colorectal afferents. This review calls for focused attention on targeting colorectal mechanotransduction as a new strategy for managing visceral pain, which can also have an added benefit of limited CNS side effects, because mechanotransduction arises from peripheral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, CT, 06269-3247, USA.
| | - Tiantian Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, CT, 06269-3247, USA
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18
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Botello-Smith WM, Jiang W, Zhang H, Ozkan AD, Lin YC, Pham CN, Lacroix JJ, Luo Y. A mechanism for the activation of the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel by the small molecule Yoda1. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4503. [PMID: 31582801 PMCID: PMC6776524 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensitive Piezo1 and Piezo2 channels transduce various forms of mechanical forces into cellular signals that play vital roles in many important biological processes in vertebrate organisms. Besides mechanical forces, Piezo1 is selectively activated by micromolar concentrations of the small molecule Yoda1 through an unknown mechanism. Here, using a combination of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, calcium imaging and electrophysiology, we identify an allosteric Yoda1 binding pocket located in the putative mechanosensory domain, approximately 40 Å away from the central pore. Our simulations further indicate that the presence of the agonist correlates with increased tension-induced motions of the Yoda1-bound subunit. Our results suggest a model wherein Yoda1 acts as a molecular wedge, facilitating force-induced conformational changes, effectively lowering the channel's mechanical threshold for activation. The identification of an allosteric agonist binding site in Piezo1 channels will pave the way for the rational design of future Piezo modulators with clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M Botello-Smith
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second St, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Wenjuan Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second St, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Han Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second St, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Alper D Ozkan
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second St, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Yi-Chun Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second St, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Christine N Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second St, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Jérôme J Lacroix
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second St, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
| | - Yun Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second St, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
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19
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Wang J, La JH, Hamill OP. PIEZO1 Is Selectively Expressed in Small Diameter Mouse DRG Neurons Distinct From Neurons Strongly Expressing TRPV1. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:178. [PMID: 31379500 PMCID: PMC6659173 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a high resolution in situ hybridization technique we have measured PIEZO1, PIEZO2, and TRPV1 transcripts in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Consistent with previous studies, PIEZO2 transcripts were highly expressed in DRG neurons of all sizes, including most notably the largest diameter neurons implicated in mediating touch and proprioception. In contrast, PIEZO1 transcripts were selectively expressed in smaller DRG neurons, which are implicated in mediating nociception. Moreover, the small neurons expressing PIEZO1 were mostly distinct from those neurons that strongly expressed TRPV1, one of the channels implicated in heat-nociception. Interestingly, while PIEZO1- and TRPV1- expressing neurons form essentially non-overlapping populations, PIEZO2 showed co-expression in both populations. Using an in vivo functional test for the selective expression, we found that Yoda1, a PIEZO1-specific agonist, induced a mechanical hyperalgesia that displayed a significantly prolonged time course compared with that induced by capsaicin, a TRPV1-specific agonist. Taken together, our results indicate that PIEZO1 should be considered a potential candidate in forming the long sought channel mediating mechano-nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigong Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jun-Ho La
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Owen P Hamill
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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20
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Piezo proteins: incidence and abundance in the enteric nervous system. Is there a link with mechanosensitivity? Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:605-618. [PMID: 30324494 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2926-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Piezo channels play fundamental roles in many physiological processes. Their presence and functional role in the enteric nervous system is still not known. We hypothesize that they play a role in mechanotransduction in enteric neurons. Our aims are to quantify the presence of both Piezo1 and 2 in enteric neurons throughout the gastrointestinal tract using immunohistochemistry and analyze their function(s) using neuroimaging techniques and pharmacological investigations. In order to perform a systematic and comparative study, we performed our experiments in gastrointestinal tissue from guinea pigs, mice and humans. Piezo1 (20-70%) is expressed by both enteric neuronal cell bodies and fibers in the myenteric and submucosal plexi of all the species investigated. Generally, Piezo1 expressing somata are more numerous in the submucosal plexus (50-80%) than in the myenteric plexus (15-35%) apart from the stomach where Piezo1 is expressed in up to 60% of cell bodies. Myenteric Piezo1 neurons mainly (60-100%) but not exclusively, also express nitric oxide synthase, a minority express choline acetyltransferase. In the submucosal plexus, Piezo1 neurons co-express vasoactive intestinal peptide (40-90%). Conversely, expression of Piezo2 is extremely rare in the somata of enteric neurons and is present in few neurites. In functional experiments, 38-76% of the mechanosensitive neurons expressed Piezo1 channels. Statistical analysis showed a positive significant correlation between mechanosensitive and Piezo1 positive neurons. However, pharmacological experiments using an activator and an inhibitor of Piezo channels did not demonstrate changes in mechanotransduction. A major role of Piezo1 in the mechanosensitivity of enteric neurons can be excluded.
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21
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Ivanusic JJ. Molecular Mechanisms That Contribute to Bone Marrow Pain. Front Neurol 2017; 8:458. [PMID: 28955292 PMCID: PMC5601959 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain associated a bony pathology puts a significant burden on individuals, society, and the health-care systems worldwide. Pathology that involves the bone marrow activates sensory nerve terminal endings of peripheral bone marrow nociceptors, and is the likely trigger for pain. This review presents our current understanding of how bone marrow nociceptors are influenced by noxious stimuli presented in pathology associated with bone marrow. A number of ion channels and receptors are emerging as important modulators of the activity of peripheral bone marrow nociceptors. Nerve growth factor (NGF) sequestration has been trialed for the management of inflammatory bone pain (osteoarthritis), and there is significant evidence for interaction of NGF with bone marrow nociceptors. Activation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 sensitizes bone marrow nociceptors and could contribute to increased sensitivity of patients to noxious stimuli in various bony pathologies. Acid-sensing ion channels sense changes to tissue pH in the bone marrow microenvironment and could be targeted to treat pathology that involves acidosis of the bone marrow. Piezo2 is a mechanically gated ion channel that has recently been reported to be expressed by most myelinated bone marrow nociceptors and might be a target for treatments directed against mechanically induced bone pain. These ion channels and receptors could be useful targets for the development of peripherally acting drugs to treat pain of bony origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Ivanusic
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Nencini S, Ivanusic J. Mechanically sensitive Aδ nociceptors that innervate bone marrow respond to changes in intra-osseous pressure. J Physiol 2017; 595:4399-4415. [PMID: 28295390 DOI: 10.1113/jp273877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Sensory neurons that innervate the bone marrow provide the CNS with information about pain associated with bone disease and pathology, but little is known of their function. Here we use a novel in vivo bone-nerve electrophysiological preparation to study how they respond to noxious mechanical stimulation delivered by increasing intra-osseous pressure. We provide evidence that sensory neurons that innervate the bone marrow respond to high threshold noxious mechanical stimulation, have response properties consistent with a role in nociception, provide information about different features of an intra-osseous pressure stimulus and express the Piezo2 mechano-transducer molecule. Our findings show how some bone marrow nociceptors signal pain in bony diseases and pathologies that involve a mechanical disturbance or increased intra-osseous pressure, and that the Piezo2 mechano-transducer may be involved. ABSTRACT Whilst the sensory neurons and nerve terminals that innervate bone marrow have a morphology and molecular phenotype consistent with a role in nociception, little is known about their physiology or the mechanisms that generate and maintain bone pain. In the present study, we provide evidence that Aδ nociceptors that innervate the bone marrow respond to high threshold noxious mechanical stimulation, exhibit fatigue in response to prior stimulation and in some cases can be sensitized by capsaicin. They can be classified on the basis of their response properties as either phasic-tonic units that appear to code for different intensities of intra-osseous pressure, or phasic units that code for the rate of change in intra-osseous pressure. Three different subclasses of mechanically sensitive Aδ units were observed: phasic units that were sensitized by capsaicin, phasic units that were not sensitized by capsaicin and phasic-tonic units (that were not sensitized by capsaicin). These could also, in part, be distinguished by differences in their thresholds for activation, mean discharge frequency, latency to peak activation and peak-to-peak action potential amplitude. The majority of small-diameter myelinated sensory neurons projecting to the bone marrow expressed Piezo2. Our findings indicate that Aδ mechano-nociceptors are likely to play an important role in generating and maintaining pain in response to bony pathologies that involve a mechanical disturbance or increased intra-osseous pressure, and imply that Piezo2 signalling may be involved in mechano-transduction in these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nencini
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jason Ivanusic
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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23
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Alcaino C, Knutson K, Gottlieb PA, Farrugia G, Beyder A. Mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo2 is inhibited by D-GsMTx4. Channels (Austin) 2017; 11:245-253. [PMID: 28085630 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2017.1279370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterochromaffin (EC) cells are the primary mechanosensors of the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium. In response to mechanical stimuliEC cells release serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). The molecular details ofEC cell mechanosensitivity are poorly understood. Recently, our group found that human and mouseEC cells express the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo2. The mechanosensitive currents in a humanEC cell model QGP-1 were blocked by the mechanosensitive channel blocker D-GsMTx4. In the present study we aimed to characterize the effects of the mechanosensitive ion channel inhibitor spider peptide D-GsMTx4 on the mechanically stimulated currents from both QGP-1 and human Piezo2 transfected HEK-293 cells. We found co-localization of 5-HT and Piezo2 in QGP-1 cells by immunohistochemistry. QGP-1 mechanosensitive currents had biophysical properties similar to dose-dependently Piezo2 and were inhibited by D-GsMTx4. In response to direct displacement of cell membranes, human Piezo2 transiently expressed in HEK-293 cells produced robust rapidly activating and inactivating inward currents. D-GsMTx4 reversibly and dose-dependently inhibited both the potency and efficacy of Piezo2 currents in response to mechanical force. Our data demonstrate an effective inhibition of Piezo2 mechanosensitive currents by the spider peptide D-GsMTx4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Alcaino
- a Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Kaitlyn Knutson
- a Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Philip A Gottlieb
- b Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Single Molecule Biophysics , State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- b Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Single Molecule Biophysics , State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Arthur Beyder
- a Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
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Alcaino C, Farrugia G, Beyder A. Mechanosensitive Piezo Channels in the Gastrointestinal Tract. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2017; 79:219-244. [PMID: 28728818 PMCID: PMC5606247 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sensation of mechanical forces is critical for normal function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and abnormalities in mechanosensation are linked to GI pathologies. In the GI tract there are several mechanosensitive cell types-epithelial enterochromaffin cells, intrinsic and extrinsic enteric neurons, smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells of Cajal. These cells use mechanosensitive ion channels that respond to mechanical forces by altering transmembrane ionic currents in a process called mechanoelectrical coupling. Several mechanosensitive ionic conductances have been identified in the mechanosensory GI cells, ranging from mechanosensitive voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels to the mechanogated ion channels, such as the two-pore domain potassium channels K2P (TREK-1) and nonselective cation channels from the transient receptor potential family. The recently discovered Piezo channels are increasingly recognized as significant contributors to cellular mechanosensitivity. Piezo1 and Piezo2 are nonselective cationic ion channels that are directly activated by mechanical forces and have well-defined biophysical and pharmacologic properties. The role of Piezo channels in the GI epithelium is currently under investigation and their role in the smooth muscle syncytium and enteric neurons is still not known. In this review, we outline the current state of knowledge on mechanosensitive ion channels in the GI tract, with a focus on the known and potential functions of the Piezo channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alcaino
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - G Farrugia
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - A Beyder
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
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