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Angelini G, Malvaso A, Schirripa A, Campione F, D'Addario SL, Toschi N, Caligiore D. Unraveling sex differences in Parkinson's disease through explainable machine learning. J Neurol Sci 2024; 462:123091. [PMID: 38870732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.123091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Sex differences affect Parkinson's disease (PD) development and manifestation. Yet, current PD identification and treatments underuse these distinctions. Sex-focused PD literature often prioritizes prevalence rates over feature importance analysis. However, underlying aspects could make a feature significant for predicting PD, despite its score. Interactions between features require consideration, as do distinctions between scoring disparities and actual feature importance. For instance, a higher score in males for a certain feature doesn't necessarily mean it's less important for characterizing PD in females. This article proposes an explainable Machine Learning (ML) model to elucidate these underlying factors, emphasizing the importance of features. This insight could be critical for personalized medicine, suggesting the need to tailor data collection and analysis for males and females. The model identifies sex-specific differences in PD, aiding in predicting outcomes as "Healthy" or "Pathological". It adopts a system-level approach, integrating heterogeneous data - clinical, imaging, genetics, and demographics - to study new biomarkers for diagnosis. The explainable ML approach aids non-ML experts in understanding model decisions, fostering trust and facilitating interpretation of complex ML outcomes, thus enhancing usability and translational research. The ML model identifies muscle rigidity, autonomic and cognitive assessments, and family history as key contributors to PD diagnosis, with sex differences noted. The genetic variant SNCA-rs356181 may be more significant in characterizing PD in males. Interaction analysis reveals a greater occurrence of feature interplay among males compared to females. These disparities offer insights into PD pathophysiology and could guide the development of sex-specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfrancesco Angelini
- Medical Physics Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Malvaso
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, National Neurological Institute, University of Pavia, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Computational and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CTNLab-ISTC-CNR), Via Gian Domenico Romagnosi, 18A, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelia Schirripa
- Computational and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CTNLab-ISTC-CNR), Via Gian Domenico Romagnosi, 18A, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Campione
- Computational and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CTNLab-ISTC-CNR), Via Gian Domenico Romagnosi, 18A, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastian Luca D'Addario
- Computational and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CTNLab-ISTC-CNR), Via Gian Domenico Romagnosi, 18A, 00196 Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Medical Physics Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniele Caligiore
- Computational and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CTNLab-ISTC-CNR), Via Gian Domenico Romagnosi, 18A, 00196 Rome, Italy; AI2Life s.r.l., Innovative Start-Up, ISTC-CNR Spin-Off, Via Sebino 32, 00199 Rome, Italy.
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Cucinotta L, Mannino D, Filippone A, Romano A, Esposito E, Paterniti I. The role of autophagy in Parkinson's disease: a gender difference overview. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1408152. [PMID: 38933683 PMCID: PMC11199695 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1408152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated dysregulation of the autophagy pathway in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and in animal models of PD, highlighting its emerging role in disease. In particular, several studies indicate that autophagy, which is an essential degradative process for the damaged protein homeostasis and the management of cell balance, can manifest significant variations according to gender. While some evidence suggests increased autophagic activation in men with PD, women may have distinct regulatory patterns. In this review, we examined the existing literature on gender differences in PD-associated autophagic processes, focusing on the autophagy related proteins (ATGs) and leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) genes. Also, this review would suggest that an in-depth understanding of these gender differences in autophagic processes could open new perspectives for personalized therapeutic strategies, promoting more effective and targeted management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cucinotta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Deborah Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Elhadi A, Zhao D, Ali N, Sun F, Zhong S. Multi-method computational evaluation of the inhibitors against leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 G2019S mutant for Parkinson's disease. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10808-w. [PMID: 38396210 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10808-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 G2019S mutant (LRRK2 G2019S) is a potential target for Parkinson's disease therapy. In this work, the computational evaluation of the LRRK2 G2019S inhibitors was conducted via a combined approach which contains a preliminary screening of a large database of compounds via similarity and pharmacophore, a secondary selection via structure-based affinity prediction and molecular docking, and a rescoring treatment for the final selection. MD simulations and MM/GBSA calculations were performed to check the agreement between different prediction methods for these inhibitors. 331 experimental ligands were collected, and 170 were used to build the structure-activity relationship. Eight representative ligand structural models were employed in similarity searching and pharmacophore screening over 14 million compounds. The process for selecting proper molecular descriptors provides a successful sample which can be used as a general strategy in QSAR modelling. The rescoring used in this work presents an alternative useful treatment for ranking and selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elhadi
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Noman Ali
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Fusheng Sun
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Zhong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Ben-Shlomo Y, Darweesh S, Llibre-Guerra J, Marras C, San Luciano M, Tanner C. The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Lancet 2024; 403:283-292. [PMID: 38245248 PMCID: PMC11123577 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease shows marked variations in time, geography, ethnicity, age, and sex. Internationally, prevalence has increased over and above demographic changes. There are several potential reasons for this increase, including the decline in other competing causes of death. Whether incidence is increasing, especially in women or in many low-income and middle-income countries where there is a shortage of high-quality data, is less certain. Parkinson's disease is more common in older people and men, and a variety of environmental factors have been suggested to explain why, including exposure to neurotoxic agents. Within countries, there appear to be ethnic differences in disease risk, although these differences might reflect differential access to health care. The cause of Parkinson's disease is multifactorial, and involves genetic and environmental factors. Both risk factors (eg, pesticides) and protective factors (eg, physical activity and tendency to smoke) have been postulated to have a role in Parkinson's disease, although elucidating causality is complicated by the long prodromal period. Following the establishment of public health strategies to prevent cardiovascular diseases and some cancers, chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and dementia are gaining a deserved higher priority. Multipronged prevention strategies are required that tackle population-based primary prevention, high-risk targeted secondary prevention, and Parkinson's disease-modifying therapies for tertiary prevention. Future international collaborations will be required to triangulate evidence from basic, applied, and epidemiological research, thereby enhancing the understanding and prevention of Parkinson's disease at a global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Sirwan Darweesh
- Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Connie Marras
- The Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marta San Luciano
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Tanner
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Keavney JL, Mathur S, Schroeder K, Merrell R, Castillo-Torres SA, Gao V, Crotty GF, Schwarzschild MA, Poma JM. Perspectives of People At-Risk on Parkinson's Prevention Research. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 14:399-414. [PMID: 38489198 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The movement toward prevention trials in people at-risk for Parkinson's disease (PD) is rapidly becoming a reality. The authors of this article include a genetically at-risk advocate with the LRRK2 G2019 S variant and two patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), one of whom has now been diagnosed with PD. These authors participated as speakers, panelists, and moderators in the "Planning for Prevention of Parkinson's: A Trial Design Forum" hosted by Massachusetts General Hospital in 2021 and 2022. Other authors include a young onset person with Parkinson's (PwP) and retired family physician, an expert in patient engagement in Parkinson's, and early career and veteran movement disorders clinician researchers. Several themes emerged from the at-risk participant voice concerning the importance of early intervention, the legitimacy of their input in decision-making, and the desire for transparent communication and feedback throughout the entire research study process. Challenges and opportunities in the current environment include lack of awareness among primary care physicians and general neurologists about PD risk, legal and psychological implications of risk disclosure, limited return of individual research study results, and undefined engagement and integration of individuals at-risk into the broader Parkinson's community. Incorporating the perspectives of individuals at-risk as well as those living with PD at this early stage of prevention trial development is crucial to success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessi L Keavney
- Parkinson's Foundation, Parkinson's Advocates in Research Program, Pendergrass, GA, USA
| | | | - Karlin Schroeder
- Parkinson's Foundation, Associate Vice President of Community Engagement, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sergio A Castillo-Torres
- Edmond J. Safra Fellow in Movement Disorders, Servicio de Movimientos Anormales, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginia Gao
- Movement Disorders Fellow, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grace F Crotty
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Schwarzschild
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John M Poma
- Parkinson's Foundation, People with Parkinson's Advisory Council, Glen Allen, VA, USA
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Rao SC, Li Y, Lapin B, Pattipati S, Ghosh Galvelis K, Naito A, Gutierrez N, Leal TP, Salim A, Salles PA, De Leon M, Mata IF. Association of women-specific health factors in the severity of Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:86. [PMID: 37277346 PMCID: PMC10241917 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurological disorder known for the observational differences in its risk, progression, and severity between men and women. While estrogen has been considered to be a protective factor in the development of PD, there is little known about the role that fluctuations in hormones and immune responses from sex-specific health experiences have in the disease's development and severity. We sought to identify women-specific health experiences associated with PD severity, after adjusting for known PD factors, by developing and distributing a women-specific questionnaire across the United States and creating multivariable models for PD severity. We created a questionnaire that addresses women's specific experiences and their PD clinical history and deployed it through The Parkinson's Foundation: PD Generation. To determine the association between women-specific health factors and PD severity, we constructed multivariable logistic regression models based on the MDS-UPDRS scale and the participants' questionnaire responses, genetics, and clinical data. For our initial launch in November 2021, we had 304 complete responses from PD GENEration. Univariate and multivariate logistic modeling found significant associations between major depressive disorder, perinatal depression, natural childbirth, LRRK2 genotype, B12 deficiency, total hysterectomy, and increased PD severity. This study is a nationally available questionnaire for women's health and PD. It shifts the paradigm in understanding PD etiology and acknowledging how sex-specific experiences may contribute to PD severity. In addition, the work in this study sets the foundation for future research to investigate the factors behind sex differences in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa C Rao
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yadi Li
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brittany Lapin
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sreya Pattipati
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Amira Salim
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Philippe A Salles
- Center for Movement Disorders CETRAM, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria De Leon
- DefeatParkinsons, Houston, TX, USA
- De Leon Enterprises, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ignacio F Mata
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Siderowf A, Concha-Marambio L, Lafontant DE, Farris CM, Ma Y, Urenia PA, Nguyen H, Alcalay RN, Chahine LM, Foroud T, Galasko D, Kieburtz K, Merchant K, Mollenhauer B, Poston KL, Seibyl J, Simuni T, Tanner CM, Weintraub D, Videnovic A, Choi SH, Kurth R, Caspell-Garcia C, Coffey CS, Frasier M, Oliveira LMA, Hutten SJ, Sherer T, Marek K, Soto C. Assessment of heterogeneity among participants in the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative cohort using α-synuclein seed amplification: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:407-417. [PMID: 37059509 PMCID: PMC10627170 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 188.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence shows that α-synuclein seed amplification assays (SAAs) have the potential to differentiate people with Parkinson's disease from healthy controls. We used the well characterised, multicentre Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) cohort to further assess the diagnostic performance of the α-synuclein SAA and to examine whether the assay identifies heterogeneity among patients and enables the early identification of at-risk groups. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis is based on assessments done at enrolment for PPMI participants (including people with sporadic Parkinson's disease from LRRK2 and GBA variants, healthy controls, prodromal individuals with either rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) or hyposmia, and non-manifesting carriers of LRRK2 and GBA variants) from 33 participating academic neurology outpatient practices worldwide (in Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, the UK, and the USA). α-synuclein SAA analysis of CSF was performed using previously described methods. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the α-synuclein SAA in participants with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls, including subgroups based on genetic and clinical features. We established the frequency of positive α-synuclein SAA results in prodromal participants (RBD and hyposmia) and non-manifesting carriers of genetic variants associated with Parkinson's disease, and compared α-synuclein SAA to clinical measures and other biomarkers. We used odds ratio estimates with 95% CIs to measure the association between α-synuclein SAA status and categorical measures, and two-sample 95% CIs from the resampling method to assess differences in medians between α-synuclein SAA positive and negative participants for continuous measures. A linear regression model was used to control for potential confounders such as age and sex. FINDINGS This analysis included 1123 participants who were enrolled between July 7, 2010, and July 4, 2019. Of these, 545 had Parkinson's disease, 163 were healthy controls, 54 were participants with scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit, 51 were prodromal participants, and 310 were non-manifesting carriers. Sensitivity for Parkinson's disease was 87·7% (95% CI 84·9-90·5), and specificity for healthy controls was 96·3% (93·4-99·2). The sensitivity of the α-synuclein SAA in sporadic Parkinson's disease with the typical olfactory deficit was 98·6% (96·4-99·4). The proportion of positive α-synuclein SAA was lower than this figure in subgroups including LRRK2 Parkinson's disease (67·5% [59·2-75·8]) and participants with sporadic Parkinson's disease without olfactory deficit (78·3% [69·8-86·7]). Participants with LRRK2 variant and normal olfaction had an even lower α-synuclein SAA positivity rate (34·7% [21·4-48·0]). Among prodromal and at-risk groups, 44 (86%) of 51 of participants with RBD or hyposmia had positive α-synuclein SAA (16 of 18 with hyposmia, and 28 of 33 with RBD). 25 (8%) of 310 non-manifesting carriers (14 of 159 [9%] LRRK2 and 11 of 151 [7%] GBA) were positive. INTERPRETATION This study represents the largest analysis so far of the α-synuclein SAA for the biochemical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Our results show that the assay classifies people with Parkinson's disease with high sensitivity and specificity, provides information about molecular heterogeneity, and detects prodromal individuals before diagnosis. These findings suggest a crucial role for the α-synuclein SAA in therapeutic development, both to identify pathologically defined subgroups of people with Parkinson's disease and to establish biomarker-defined at-risk cohorts. FUNDING PPMI is funded by the Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research and funding partners, including: Abbvie, AcureX, Aligning Science Across Parkinson's, Amathus Therapeutics, Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Bial Biotech, Biohaven, Biogen, BioLegend, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Calico Labs, Celgene, Cerevel, Coave, DaCapo Brainscience, 4D Pharma, Denali, Edmond J Safra Foundation, Eli Lilly, GE Healthcare, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Golub Capital, Insitro, Janssen Neuroscience, Lundbeck, Merck, Meso Scale Discovery, Neurocrine Biosciences, Prevail Therapeutics, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Servier, Takeda, Teva, UCB, VanquaBio, Verily, Voyager Therapeutics, and Yumanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Siderowf
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | - David-Erick Lafontant
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Carly M Farris
- Research and Development Unit, Amprion, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yihua Ma
- Research and Development Unit, Amprion, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paula A Urenia
- Research and Development Unit, Amprion, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hieu Nguyen
- Research and Development Unit, Amprion, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lana M Chahine
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karl Kieburtz
- University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kalpana Merchant
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Kassel, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathleen L Poston
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John Seibyl
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tanya Simuni
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Caroline M Tanner
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aleksandar Videnovic
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seung Ho Choi
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ryan Kurth
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Chelsea Caspell-Garcia
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Christopher S Coffey
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mark Frasier
- The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luis M A Oliveira
- The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha J Hutten
- The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Todd Sherer
- The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Marek
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Claudio Soto
- Research and Development Unit, Amprion, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, TX, USA
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Nicoletti A, Baschi R, Cicero CE, Iacono S, Re VL, Luca A, Schirò G, Monastero R. Sex and gender differences in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: a narrative review. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 212:111821. [PMID: 37127082 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), exhibit high phenotypic variability and they are very common in the general population. These diseases are associated with poor prognosis and a significant burden on patients and their caregivers. Although increasing evidence suggests that biological sex is an important factor for the development and phenotypical expression of some NDs, the role of sex and gender in the diagnosis and prognosis of NDs has been poorly explored. Current knowledge relating to sex- and gender-related differences in the epidemiology, clinical features, biomarkers, and treatment of AD, PD, and ALS will be summarized in this narrative review. The cumulative evidence hitherto collected suggests that sex and gender are factors to be considered in explaining the heterogeneity of these NDs. Clarifying the role of sex and gender in AD, PD, and ALS is a key topic in precision medicine, which will facilitate sex-specific prevention and treatment strategies to be implemented in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Nicoletti
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Roberta Baschi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Via La Loggia 1, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Edoardo Cicero
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Iacono
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Via La Loggia 1, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzina Lo Re
- Neurology Service, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS-ISMETT), Via Ernesto Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy; Women's Brain Project, Guntershausen, Switzerland
| | - Antonina Luca
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Via La Loggia 1, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Monastero
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Via La Loggia 1, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
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9
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Alterations in the LRRK2-Rab pathway in urinary extracellular vesicles as Parkinson's disease and pharmacodynamic biomarkers. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:21. [PMID: 36750568 PMCID: PMC9905493 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression or phosphorylation levels of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and its Rab substrates have strong potential as disease or pharmacodynamic biomarkers. The main objective of this study is therefore to assess the LRRK2-Rab pathway for use as biomarkers in human, non-human primate (NHP) and rat urine. With urine collected from human subjects and animals, we applied an ultracentrifugation based fractionation protocol to isolate small urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs). We used western blot with antibodies directed against total and phosphorylated LRRK2, Rab8, and Rab10 to measure these LRRK2 and Rab epitopes in uEVs. We confirm the presence of LRRK2 and Rab8/10 in human and NHP uEVs, including total LRRK2 as well as phospho-LRRK2, phospho-Rab8 and phospho-Rab10. We also confirm LRRK2 and Rab expression in rodent uEVs. We quantified LRRK2 and Rab epitopes in human cohorts and found in a first cohort that pS1292-LRRK2 levels were elevated in individuals carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation, without significant differences between healthy and PD groups, whether for LRRK2 G2019S carriers or not. In a second cohort, we found that PD was associated to increased Rab8 levels and decreased pS910-LRRK2 and pS935-LRRK2. In animals, acute treatment with LRRK2 kinase inhibitors led to decreased pT73-Rab10. The identification of changes in Rab8 and LRRK2 phosphorylation at S910 and S935 heterologous phosphosites in uEVs of PD patients and pT73-Rab10 in inhibitor-dosed animals further reinforces the potential of the LRRK2-Rab pathway as a source of PD and pharmacodynamic biomarkers in uEVs.
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Ortega RA, Bressman SB, Raymond D, Ozelius LJ, Katsnelson V, Leaver K, Swan MC, Shanker V, Miravite J, Wang C, Bennett SAL, Saunders-Pullman R. Differences in Sex-Specific Frequency of Glucocerebrosidase Variant Carriers and Familial Parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2022; 37:2217-2225. [PMID: 36054306 PMCID: PMC9669136 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although men and women with the LRRK2 G2019S variant appear to be equally likely to have Parkinson's disease (PD), the sex-distribution among glucocerebrosidase (GBA) variant carriers with PD, including limited to specific variant severities of GBA, is not well understood. Further, the sex-specific genetic contribution to PD without a known genetic variant is controversial. OBJECTIVES To better understand sex differences in genetic contribution to PD, especially sex-specific frequencies among GBA variant carriers with PD (GBA PD) and LRRK2-G2019S variant carriers with PD (LRRK2 PD). METHODS We assess differences in the sex-specific frequency in GBA PD, including in subsets of GBA variant severity, LRRK2 PD, and idiopathic PD in an Ashkenazi Jewish cohort with PD. Further, we expand prior work evaluating differences in family history of parkinsonism. RESULTS Both idiopathic PD (267/420 men, 63.6%) (P < 0.001) and GBA PD overall (64/107, 59.8%) (P = 0.042) were more likely to be men, whereas no difference was seen in LRRK2 PD (50/99, 50.5%) and LRRK2/GBA PD (5/10, 50%). However, among GBA PD probands, severe variant carriers were more likely to be women (15/19 women, 79.0%) (P = 0.005), whereas mild variant carriers (44/70 men, 62.9%) (P = 0.039) and risk-variant carriers (15/17 men, 88.2%) (P = 0.001) were more likely to be men. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the male-sex predominance present in GBA PD overall was not consistent across GBA variant severities, and a female-sex predominance was present among severe GBA variant carriers. Therefore, research and trial designs for PD should consider sex-specific differences, including across GBA variant severities. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Ortega
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan B Bressman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deborah Raymond
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Viktoriya Katsnelson
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katherine Leaver
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew C Swan
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vicki Shanker
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joan Miravite
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cuiling Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Steffany A L Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Periñán MT, Brolin K, Bandres‐Ciga S, Blauwendraat C, Klein C, Gan‐Or Z, Singleton A, Gomez‐Garre P, Swanberg M, Mir P, Noyce A. Effect Modification between Genes and Environment and Parkinson's Disease Risk. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:715-724. [PMID: 35913124 PMCID: PMC9588606 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative condition in which genetic and environmental factors interact to contribute to its etiology. Remarkable progress has been made in deciphering disease etiology through genetic approaches, but there is limited data about how environmental and genetic factors interact to modify penetrance, risk, and disease severity. Here, we provide insights into environmental modifiers of PD, discussing precedents from other neurological and non-neurological conditions. Based on these examples, we outline genetic and environmental factors contributing to PD and review potential environmental modifiers of penetrance and clinical variability in monogenic and idiopathic PD. We also highlight the potential challenges and propose how future studies might tackle these important questions. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:715-724.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Periñán
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de SevillaHospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaMadridSpain
| | - Kajsa Brolin
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Sara Bandres‐Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics and Department of NeurologyUniversity of Lübeck and University Hospital Schleswig‐HolsteinLübeckGermany
| | - Ziv Gan‐Or
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute‐Hospital)McGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada,Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada,Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Pilar Gomez‐Garre
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de SevillaHospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaMadridSpain
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Pablo Mir
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de SevillaHospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaMadridSpain
| | - Alastair Noyce
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK,Preventive Neurology Unit, Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population HealthQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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12
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Skogar Ö, Nilsson M, Lökk J. Gender differences in diagnostic tools, medication, time to medication, and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinsonian patients. Brain Circ 2022; 8:192-199. [PMID: 37181842 PMCID: PMC10167852 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_33_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swedish National Quality Registers (NQRs) play an important role in collecting large amounts of diagnosis-specific data, symptoms, and treatments. The subset of data, Parkinson's Registry, has been in use for more than 20 years and represents all counties and hospitals in Sweden where neurological care is provided. OBJECTIVE To study the differences between genders regarding diagnostic tools, pharmacological interventions, and self-reported symptoms in patients with symptoms originating from basal ganglia disease, either idiopathic or secondary Parkinsonism (PD). METHODS PD-diagnosed patients from a mix of urban and rural locations were chosen from the NQR and sorted by gender. Self-reported, first-experienced PD-related symptoms defined the debut point of PD. RESULTS In all, data from 1,217 patients were analyzed: 502 (41%) females/715 (59%) males. A total of 493 imaging investigations were performed, where of 239 (48% females/52% males) had a CT scan performed, 120 (24% females/29% males) had a dopamine transporter scans, and 134 (23% females/26% males) had a magnetic resonance imaging performed (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.19). The average time in years from symptom onset to start of first treatment, and from first to second added treatment was 2;7/2;9 (females) and 5;1/5;2 (males). Nonmotor symptoms were more prominent among males, especially in memory and gastrointestinal domains, including drooling and obstipation. Significantly more sexual problems were reported from males; 26% versus 7% (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Differences between genders were identified in this study. Sexual problems and cognitive decline were more frequent among males. More advanced diagnostic imaging techniques were performed among males. The time point for a second added medication was earlier for males than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Örjan Skogar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
- Futurum, Academy of Health and Care, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Mats Nilsson
- Futurum, Academy of Health and Care, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden
- Departement of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Lökk
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Geriatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Pérez-Carrión MD, Posadas I, Solera J, Ceña V. LRRK2 and Proteostasis in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6808. [PMID: 35743250 PMCID: PMC9224256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative condition initially characterized by the presence of tremor, muscle stiffness and impaired balance, with the deposition of insoluble protein aggregates in Lewy's Bodies the histopathological hallmark of the disease. Although different gene variants are linked to Parkinson disease, mutations in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are one of the most frequent causes of Parkinson's disease related to genetic mutations. LRRK2 toxicity has been mainly explained by an increase in kinase activity, but alternative mechanisms have emerged as underlying causes for Parkinson's disease, such as the imbalance in LRRK2 homeostasis and the involvement of LRRK2 in aggregation and spreading of α-synuclein toxicity. In this review, we recapitulate the main LRRK2 pathological mutations that contribute to Parkinson's disease and the different cellular and therapeutic strategies devised to correct LRRK2 homeostasis. In this review, we describe the main cellular control mechanisms that regulate LRRK2 folding and aggregation, such as the chaperone network and the protein-clearing pathways such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagic-lysosomal pathway. We will also address the more relevant strategies to modulate neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease through the regulation of LRRK2, using small molecules or LRRK2 silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Pérez-Carrión
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (M.D.P.-C.); (I.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Consorcio CIBER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Posadas
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (M.D.P.-C.); (I.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Consorcio CIBER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Solera
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain;
- Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Valentín Ceña
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (M.D.P.-C.); (I.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Consorcio CIBER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Trinh J, Schymanski EL, Smajic S, Kasten M, Sammler E, Grünewald A. Molecular mechanisms defining penetrance of LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease. MED GENET-BERLIN 2022; 34:103-116. [PMID: 38835904 PMCID: PMC11006382 DOI: 10.1515/medgen-2022-2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most frequent cause of dominantly inherited Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 mutations, among which p.G2019S is the most frequent, are inherited with reduced penetrance. Interestingly, the disease risk associated with LRRK2 G2019S can vary dramatically depending on the ethnic background of the carrier. While this would suggest a genetic component in the definition of LRRK2-PD penetrance, only few variants have been shown to modify the age at onset of patients harbouring LRRK2 mutations, and the exact cellular pathways controlling the transition from a healthy to a diseased state currently remain elusive. In light of this knowledge gap, recent studies also explored environmental and lifestyle factors as potential modifiers of LRRK2-PD. In this article, we (i) describe the clinical characteristics of LRRK2 mutation carriers, (ii) review known genes linked to LRRK2-PD onset and (iii) summarize the cellular functions of LRRK2 with particular emphasis on potential penetrance-related molecular mechanisms. This section covers LRRK2's involvement in Rab GTPase and immune signalling as well as in the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and dynamics. Additionally, we explored the literature with regard to (iv) lifestyle and (v) environmental factors that may influence the penetrance of LRRK2 mutations, with a view towards further exposomics studies. Finally, based on this comprehensive overview, we propose potential future in vivo, in vitro and in silico studies that could provide a better understanding of the processes triggering PD in individuals with LRRK2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Trinh
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Emma L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Semra Smajic
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Esther Sammler
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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15
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Ingram TL, Shephard F, Sarmad S, Ortori CA, Barrett DA, Chakrabarti L. Sex specific inflammatory profiles of cerebellar mitochondria are attenuated in Parkinson's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:17713-17737. [PMID: 32855358 PMCID: PMC7521528 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Response to inflammation is a key determinant in many diseases and their outcomes. Diseases that commonly affect older people are frequently associated with altered inflammatory processes. Neuroinflammation has been described in Parkinson's disease (PD) brain. PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and at the sub-cellular level, mitochondrial dysfunction is a key feature. However, there is evidence that a different region of the brain, the cerebellum, is involved in the pathophysiology of PD. We report relative levels of 40 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines measured in PD and control cerebellar mitochondria. These data were obtained by screening cytokine antibody arrays. In parallel, we present concentrations of 29 oxylipins and 4 endocannabinoids measured in mitochondrial fractions isolated from post-mortem PD cerebellum with age and sex matched controls. Our oxylipin and endocannabinoid data were acquired via quantitation by LC-ESI-MS/MS. The separate sample sets both show there are clearly different inflammatory profiles between the sexes in control samples. Sex specific profiles were not maintained in cerebellar mitochondria isolated from PD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Ingram
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Freya Shephard
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Sarir Sarmad
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Catherine A. Ortori
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - David A. Barrett
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lisa Chakrabarti
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, UK
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