1
|
Beltrán J, Jacob Y, Mehta M, Hossain T, Adams A, Fontaine S, Torous J, McDonough C, Johnson M, Delgado A, Murrough JW, Morris LS. Relationships between depression, anxiety, and motivation in the real-world: Effects of physical activity and screentime. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.08.06.24311477. [PMID: 39148830 PMCID: PMC11326346 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.06.24311477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Background Mood and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and comorbid worldwide, with variability in symptom severity that fluctuates over time. Digital phenotyping, a growing field that aims to characterize clinical, cognitive and behavioral features via personal digital devices, enables continuous quantification of symptom severity in the real world, and in real-time. Methods In this study, N=114 individuals with a mood or anxiety disorder (MA) or healthy controls (HC) were enrolled and completed 30-days of ecological momentary assessments (EMA) of symptom severity. Novel real-world measures of anxiety, distress and depression were developed based on the established Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ). The full MASQ was also completed in the laboratory (in-lab). Additional EMA measures related to extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, and passive activity data were also collected over the same 30-days. Mixed-effects models adjusting for time and individual tested the association between real-world symptom severity EMA and the corresponding full MASQ sub-scores. A graph theory neural network model (DEPNA) was applied to all data to estimate symptom interactions. Results There was overall good adherence over 30-days (MA=69.5%, HC=71.2% completion), with no group difference (t(58)=0.874, p=0.386). Real-world measures of anxiety/distress/depression were associated with their corresponding MASQ measure within the MA group (t's > 2.33, p's < 0.024). Physical activity (steps) was negatively associated with real-world distress and depression (IRRs > 0.93, p's ≤ 0.05). Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation were negatively associated with real-world distress/depression (IRR's > 0.82, p's < 0.001). DEPNA revealed that both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation significantly influenced other symptom severity measures to a greater extent in the MA group compared to the HC group (extrinsic/intrinsic motivation: t(46) = 2.62, p < 0.02, q FDR < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.76; t(46) = 2.69, p < 0.01, q FDR < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.78 respectively), and that intrinsic motivation significantly influenced steps (t(46) = 3.24, p < 0.003, q FDR < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.94). Conclusions Novel real-world measures of anxiety, distress and depression significantly related to their corresponding established in-lab measures of these symptom domains in individuals with mood and anxiety disorders. Novel, exploratory measures of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation also significantly related to real-world mood and anxiety symptoms and had the greatest influencing degree on patients' overall symptom profile. This suggests that measures of cognitive constructs related to drive and activity may be useful in characterizing phenotypes in the real-world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Beltrán
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Y. Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - M. Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- The Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK
| | - T. Hossain
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - A. Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - S. Fontaine
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - J. Torous
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - C. McDonough
- Department of Population Health Science & Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - M. Johnson
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - A. Delgado
- Department of Population Health Science & Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - J. W. Murrough
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - L. S. Morris
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ota M, Noda T, Sato N, Okabe K, Nakazawa K, Oshio Y, Nakagome K. Common Relationship Between Causality Orientation and the Prefrontal Region in Psychiatric Disorders as Revealed by Diffusional Kurtosis Imaging. Cureus 2024; 16:e61138. [PMID: 38933632 PMCID: PMC11199088 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Motivation dysregulation is common in several psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about the relationships between motivation and the regional brain areas involved. We evaluated the relationships between brain microstructural features and causality orientation in patients with schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BD) using diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) techniques. Methods Forty patients with MDD, 36 with BD, and 30 with schizophrenia underwent DKI and assessment using the General Causality Orientation Scale (GCOS). We analyzed the DKI index and the GCOS subscales. Results The psychiatric patients showed significant positive correlations between the GCOS-autonomy orientation score and the mean kurtosis (MK) values in the prefrontal regions, orbitofrontal regions, and posterior cingulate cortex. When the analyses were performed separately by disease and gender, a positive correlation was found between the GCOS-autonomy orientation score and the MK values in the left prefrontal regions transdiagnostically, especially among female patients with MDD, BD, and schizophrenia. Conclusions A similar association between intrinsic motivation and MK value in the left prefrontal cortex was suggested in patients with schizophrenia, MDD, and BD. The commonality of this association among these disorders might lead to the discovery of a new biomarker for psychiatric clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Ota
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, JPN
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, JPN
| | - Takamasa Noda
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, JPN
| | - Noriko Sato
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, JPN
| | - Kaori Okabe
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, JPN
| | - Kanako Nakazawa
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, JPN
| | - Yoshiko Oshio
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, JPN
| | - Kazuyuki Nakagome
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, JPN
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Phukhachee T, Maneewongvatana S, Chaiyanan C, Iramina K, Kaewkamnerdpong B. Identifying the Effect of Cognitive Motivation with the Method Based on Temporal Association Rule Mining Concept. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2857. [PMID: 38732962 PMCID: PMC11086084 DOI: 10.3390/s24092857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Being motivated has positive influences on task performance. However, motivation could result from various motives that affect different parts of the brain. Analyzing the motivation effect from all affected areas requires a high number of EEG electrodes, resulting in high cost, inflexibility, and burden to users. In various real-world applications, only the motivation effect is required for performance evaluation regardless of the motive. Analyzing the relationships between the motivation-affected brain areas associated with the task's performance could limit the required electrodes. This study introduced a method to identify the cognitive motivation effect with a reduced number of EEG electrodes. The temporal association rule mining (TARM) concept was used to analyze the relationships between attention and memorization brain areas under the effect of motivation from the cognitive motivation task. For accuracy improvement, the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm was applied with the central limit theorem (CLT) concept to optimize the TARM parameters. From the results, our method can identify the motivation effect with only FCz and P3 electrodes, with 74.5% classification accuracy on average with individual tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tustanah Phukhachee
- Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Suthathip Maneewongvatana
- Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Chayapol Chaiyanan
- Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Keiji Iramina
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
| | - Boonserm Kaewkamnerdpong
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Starr GG. Aesthetic experience models human learning. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1146083. [PMID: 37200953 PMCID: PMC10185790 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1146083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aesthetic experiences have the potential to promote learning and creativity by enhancing the ability to understand complexity and to integrate novel or disparate information. Offering a theoretical framework for understanding the cognitive benefits of aesthetic experiences, this paper argues they are the necessary outcome of human learning, in which natural objects or artworks are evaluated in a multi-dimensional preference space shaped by Bayesian prediction. In addition, it contends that the brain-states underlying aesthetic experiences harness configurations of the apex three transmodal neural systems-the default mode network, the central executive network, and the salience network-that may offer information-processing advantages by recruiting the brain's high-power communication hubs, thus enhancing potential for learning gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. Gabrielle Starr
- Department of Neuroscience and English, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aebissa B, Dhillon G, Meshesha M. The Direct and Indirect effect of Organizational Justice on Employee Intention to Comply with Information Security Policy: The Case of Ethiopian banks. Comput Secur 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cose.2023.103248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
|
6
|
Hintze S, Yee JR. Animals in flow - towards the scientific study of intrinsic reward in animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 98:792-806. [PMID: 36579815 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The concept of flow, a state of complete absorption in an intrinsically rewarding activity, has played a pivotal role in advancing notions of human well-being beyond minimising suffering towards promoting flourishing and thriving. While flow has played a fundamental role in human positive psychology, it has not yet been explored in non-human animals, leaving an enormous void in our understanding of intrinsic motivation in animals. As ethology and related fields keep progressing in uncovering complex cognitive and affective capacities of non-human animals, we propose the time is ripe to translate the concept of flow to animals. We start by embedding flow in the topic of intrinsic motivation and describe its impact on positive human psychology and potentially positive animal welfare. We then disambiguate flow from related concepts discussed in the animal literature. Next, we derive experimental approaches in animals from the canonical characteristics of flow in humans and provide guidelines for both inducing and assessing flow by focusing on two characteristics that do not necessarily depend on self-report, namely resistance to distraction and time distortion. Not all aspects of the human flow experience are (yet) translatable, but those that are may improve quality of life in captive non-human animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hintze
- Institute of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 38, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jason R Yee
- Institute of Animal Welfare Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rodríguez-Méndez DA, San-Juan D, Hallett M, Antonopoulos CG, López-Reynoso E, Lara-Ramírez R. A new model for freedom of movement using connectomic analysis. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13602. [PMID: 35975236 PMCID: PMC9375968 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The problem of whether we can execute free acts or not is central in philosophical thought, and it has been studied by numerous scholars throughout the centuries. Recently, neurosciences have entered this topic contributing new data and insights into the neuroanatomical basis of cognitive processes. With the advent of connectomics, a more refined landscape of brain connectivity can be analysed at an unprecedented level of detail. Here, we identify the connectivity network involved in the movement process from a connectomics point of view, from its motivation through its execution until the sense of agency develops. We constructed a "volitional network" using data derived from the Brainnetome Atlas database considering areas involved in volitional processes as known in the literature. We divided this process into eight processes and used Graph Theory to measure several structural properties of the network. Our results show that the volitional network is small-world and that it contains four communities. Nodes of the right hemisphere are contained in three of these communities whereas nodes of the left hemisphere only in two. Centrality measures indicate the nucleus accumbens is one of the most connected nodes in the network. Extensive connectivity is observed in all processes except in Decision (to move) and modulation of Agency, which might correlate with a mismatch mechanism for perception of Agency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel San-Juan
- Epilepsy Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Chris G. Antonopoulos
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, United Kingdom
| | - Erick López-Reynoso
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Ricardo Lara-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Belošević M, Ferić M. Contribution of frequency and structured leisure activities features to the alcohol use: perception of adolescents from the northwest county of Croatia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2022.2081088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matea Belošević
- Laboratory for Prevention Research (Prevlab), Department of Behavioural Disorders, Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Ferić
- Laboratory for Prevention Research (Prevlab), Department of Behavioural Disorders, Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tocchetti A, Corti L, Brambilla M, Celino I. EXP-Crowd: A Gamified Crowdsourcing Framework for Explainability. Front Artif Intell 2022; 5:826499. [PMID: 35527794 PMCID: PMC9075103 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2022.826499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of AI and black-box machine learning models made it necessary to explain their behavior. Consequently, the research field of Explainable AI was born. The main objective of an Explainable AI system is to be understood by a human as the final beneficiary of the model. In our research, we frame the explainability problem from the crowds point of view and engage both users and AI researchers through a gamified crowdsourcing framework. We research whether it's possible to improve the crowds understanding of black-box models and the quality of the crowdsourced content by engaging users in a set of gamified activities through a gamified crowdsourcing framework named EXP-Crowd. While users engage in such activities, AI researchers organize and share AI- and explainability-related knowledge to educate users. We present the preliminary design of a game with a purpose (G.W.A.P.) to collect features describing real-world entities which can be used for explainability purposes. Future works will concretise and improve the current design of the framework to cover specific explainability-related needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tocchetti
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Andrea Tocchetti
| | - Lorenzo Corti
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bruya B, Tang YY. Fluid Attention in Education: Conceptual and Neurobiological Framework. Front Psychol 2021; 12:704443. [PMID: 34650472 PMCID: PMC8506156 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.704443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention is indispensable to our learning, performance, relationships, health, and daily life, and yet laboratory studies of attention have only scratched the surface of these lived varieties of attention. In this article, we begin with William James' theory of derived involuntary attention, which has largely been ignored in laboratory research. We then show that there is a gap in our attention vocabulary and the theory that underpins it, which depend on an incomplete voluntary/involuntary dichotomy. The negative effects of this dichotomy stretch beyond laboratory research to clinical diagnosis, influencing how we understand so-called attention deficits. To fill the gap between voluntary and involuntary, we introduce a third kind of attention—fluid attention (also called postvoluntary attention), which is goal-directed and selective, like voluntary attention, but also effortless and drawn to its source, like involuntary attention. Fluid attention is a rediscovery of James' derived involuntary attention. A distinguishing feature of fluid attention is its motivational component, which, we show, neurophysiologically also reveals a gap in the neurocognitive literature on attention. Recognizing fluid attention as fundamentally motivational allows ADHD to be redefined as a motivational rather than an attentional deficit, which we go on to show has significant implications for both special and regular education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bruya
- Department of History and Philosophy, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, United States
| | - Yi-Yuan Tang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Flanagan RM, Symonds JE. Self‐talk in middle childhood: A mechanism for motivational resilience during learning. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
12
|
Cervone D. Five paths to personality coherence: Integrative implications of the Knowledge-and-Appraisal Personality Architecture. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211015599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The study of personality coherence can be grounded in an analysis of personality architecture, that is, the overall structure and dynamics of intra-individual personality systems. A personality architecture can identify, and organize the study of, interrelated phenomena that each are instances of personality coherence. It thereby can provide an integrative framework for understanding relations among distinct lines of research. This thesis is advanced by drawing on the Knowledge-and-Appraisal Personality Architecture, or KAPA model. KAPA model principles distinguish among three classes of social-cognitive knowledge structures: beliefs, goals, and evaluative standards. These distinctions, in turn, provide a foundation for understanding five aspects of personality coherence: 1) Belief-Based Coherence, 2) Goal-Based Coherence, 3) Evaluative Standards-Based Coherence, 4) Intra-Psychic Coherence (that is, coherent functional interrelations among personality systems), and 5) Phenomenological Coherence. Research documenting each of these five paths to personality coherence is reviewed. The paper also reviews the strengths and limitations of 20th-century social-cognitive formulations that provide key foundations for the KAPA model.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mayer K, Lukács A. Motivation and mental well-being of long-distance hikers: A quantitative and qualitative approach. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06960. [PMID: 34007934 PMCID: PMC8111588 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hikers performing long distances (1000–5500 kms a year) were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods to evaluate their mental well-being and to find their motivation as well as to analyze the excessive physical activity. 112 hikers completed a questionnaire (M(age) = 40.28, SD = 8.77, 57.1% male) and 25 individuals were interviewed. Distance had association only with perceived health status. There were no differences between males and females, as well as between age groups and educational attainments regarding distance. 33.3% of hikers indicated symptoms of loneliness and 4.5% were involved excessively in hiking that was significantly regressed by distress. Hikers had mainly intrinsic motivations to complete long distances including overcoming new challenges, finding the physical boundaries, experiencing a state outside the comfort zone, belonging to a special group with similar interest and attracted by the beauty of nature. Overcoming all these embodied in a flow experience that took them further to perform the new long-distance trails.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Mayer
- Faculty of Healthcare, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Andrea Lukács
- Faculty of Healthcare, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Racine E, Sattler S, Boehlen W. Cognitive Enhancement: Unanswered Questions About Human Psychology and Social Behavior. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2021; 27:19. [PMID: 33759032 PMCID: PMC7987623 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-021-00294-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stimulant drugs, transcranial magnetic stimulation, brain-computer interfaces, and even genetic modifications are all discussed as forms of potential cognitive enhancement. Cognitive enhancement can be conceived as a benefit-seeking strategy used by healthy individuals to enhance cognitive abilities such as learning, memory, attention, or vigilance. This phenomenon is hotly debated in the public, professional, and scientific literature. Many of the statements favoring cognitive enhancement (e.g., related to greater productivity and autonomy) or opposing it (e.g., related to health-risks and social expectations) rely on claims about human welfare and human flourishing. But with real-world evidence from the social and psychological sciences often missing to support (or invalidate) these claims, the debate about cognitive enhancement is stalled. In this paper, we describe a set of crucial debated questions about psychological and social aspects of cognitive enhancement (e.g., intrinsic motivation, well-being) and explain why they are of fundamental importance to address in the cognitive enhancement debate and in future research. We propose studies targeting social and psychological outcomes associated with cognitive enhancers (e.g., stigmatization, burnout, mental well-being, work motivation). We also voice a call for scientific evidence, inclusive of but not limited to biological health outcomes, to thoroughly assess the impact of enhancement. This evidence is needed to engage in empirically informed policymaking, as well as to promote the mental and physical health of users and non-users of enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Racine
- Pragmatic Health Ethics Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110, avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Department of Medicine and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, 7101, Av du Parc, Montréal, QC, H3N 1X9, Canada.
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Experimental Medicine, and Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, 3801, University Street, Montréal, QC, H3A 1X1, Canada.
| | - Sebastian Sattler
- Pragmatic Health Ethics Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110, avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Department of Sociology, University of Cologne, Universitätsstrasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Wren Boehlen
- Pragmatic Health Ethics Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110, avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ono K, Hashimoto J, Hiramoto R, Sasaoka T, Yamawaki S. Modulatory Effects of Prediction Accuracy on Electroencephalographic Brain Activity During Prediction. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:630288. [PMID: 33716697 PMCID: PMC7947806 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.630288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction is essential for the efficiency of many cognitive processes; however, this process is not always perfect. Predictive coding theory suggests that the brain generates and updates a prediction to respond to an upcoming event. Although an electrophysiological index of prediction, the stimulus preceding negativity (SPN), has been reported, it remains unknown whether the SPN reflects the prediction accuracy, or whether it is associated with the prediction error, which corresponds to a mismatch between a prediction and an actual input. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate this question using electroencephalography (EEG). Participants were asked to predict the original pictures from pictures that had undergone different levels of pixelation. The SPN amplitude was affected by the level of pixelation and correlated with the subjective evaluation of the prediction accuracy. Furthermore, late positive components (LPC) were negatively correlated with SPN. These results suggest that the amplitude of SPN reflects the prediction accuracy; more accurate prediction increases the SPN and reduces the prediction error, resulting in reduced LPC amplitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ono
- Center for Brain, Mind, and KANSEI Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junya Hashimoto
- Center of Kansei Innovation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Hiramoto
- Center of Kansei Innovation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sasaoka
- Center for Brain, Mind, and KANSEI Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Center for Brain, Mind, and KANSEI Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Remembering pleasure and personal meaning from episodes of intrinsic motivation: an fMRI study. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-020-09855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
17
|
Chang CM, Chou YH, Hsieh HH, Huange CK. The Effect of Participation Motivations on Interpersonal Relationships and Learning Achievement of Female College Students in Sports Club: Moderating Role of Club Involvement. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186514. [PMID: 32906781 PMCID: PMC7559080 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore the moderating effect of club involvement on the relationships of female college students’ sport club participation motivations for interpersonal relationships and learning achievement. Using cluster sampling, a structured questionnaire was distributed to 450 female college students located in northern, central, and southern Taiwan with a valid return rate of 96.2%. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis, the study found that the female college students’ participation motivations both affected interpersonal relationships and learning achievement positively. In addition, the moderating effects of club involvement on interpersonal relationships and learning achievement were both significant. Club involvement enhanced the effects of the female college students’ sport club participation motivations for interpersonal relationships and learning achievement. According to the results and discussion, practical application and future research suggestions were provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ming Chang
- Department of Physical Education, Health & Recreation, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 62103, Taiwan; (C.-M.C.); (C.-K.H.)
| | - Yu-Hui Chou
- Department of Recreation and Leisure Industry Management, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Huey-Hong Hsieh
- Department of Leisure Management, Taiwan Shoufu University, Tainan 72153, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Cheng-Kai Huange
- Department of Physical Education, Health & Recreation, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 62103, Taiwan; (C.-M.C.); (C.-K.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Paoletti P, Ben-Soussan TD. Reflections on Inner and Outer Silence and Consciousness Without Contents According to the Sphere Model of Consciousness. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1807. [PMID: 32903475 PMCID: PMC7435012 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current hypothesis paper, we propose that focusing attention on silence can be used as a paradigm conceptually similar to sensory deprivation, to study consciousness without content. We briefly overview recent influential models of consciousness and consider how they assess the relationship between consciousness and contents. After discussing the strengths and weaknesses of current models, we suggest an extension based on the Sphere Model of Consciousness (SMC) and introduce new definitions for identification and self-awareness as states of consciousness. We further compare Paoletti's theoretical model for the development of self with other influential models, highlighting similarities and differences. We conclude with a discussion of how attentional focus on silence can be empirically tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan
- Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation, Assisi, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Baur K, Speth F, Nagle A, Riener R, Klamroth-Marganska V. Music meets robotics: a prospective randomized study on motivation during robot aided therapy. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2018; 15:79. [PMID: 30115082 PMCID: PMC6097420 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-018-0413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robots have been successfully applied in motor training during neurorehabilitation. As music is known to improve motor function and motivation in neurorehabilitation training, we aimed at integrating music creation into robotic-assisted motor therapy. We developed a virtual game-like environment with music for the arm therapy robot ARMin, containing four different motion training conditions: a condition promoting creativity (C+) and one not promoting creativity (C-), each in a condition with (V+) and without (V-) a visual display (i.e., a monitor). The visual display was presenting the game workspace but not contributing to the creative process itself. In all four conditions the therapy robot haptically displayed the game workspace. Our aim was to asses the effects of creativity and visual display on motivation. METHODS In a prospective randomized single-center study, healthy participants were randomly assigned to play two of the four training conditions, either with (V+) or without visual display (V-). In the third round, the participants played a repetition of the preferred condition of the two first rounds, this time with a new V condition (i.e., with or without visual display). For each of the three rounds, motivation was measured with the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) in the subscales interest/enjoyment, perceived choice, value/usefulness, and man-machine-relation. We recorded the actual training time, the time of free movement, and the velocity profile and administered a questionnaire to measure perceived training time and perceived effort. All measures were analysed using linear mixed models. Furthermore, we asked if the participants would like to receive the created music piece. RESULTS Sixteen healthy subjects (ten males, six females, mean age: 27.2 years, standard deviation: 4.1 years) with no known motor or cognitive deficit participated. Promotion of creativity (i.e., C+ instead of C-) significantly increased the IMI-item interest/enjoyment (p=0.001) and the IMI-item perceived choice (p=0.010). We found no significant effects in the IMI-items man-machine relation and value/usefulness. Conditions promoting creativity (with or without visual display) were preferred compared to the ones not promoting creativity. An interaction effect of promotion of creativity and omission of visual display was present for training time (p=0.013) and training intensity (p<0.001). No differences in relative perceived training time, perceived effort, and perceived value among the four training conditions were found. CONCLUSIONS Promoting creativity in a visuo-audio-haptic or audio-haptic environment increases motivation in robot-assisted therapy. We demonstrated the feasibility of performing an audio-haptic music creation task and recommend to try the system on patients with neuromuscular disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02720341. Registered 25 March 2016, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02720341.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Baur
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Tannenstrasse 1, Zurich, 8092 Switzerland
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, Zurich, 8008 Switzerland
| | - Florina Speth
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Tannenstrasse 1, Zurich, 8092 Switzerland
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, Zurich, 8008 Switzerland
- Institute for Rehabilitation Science, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, 10099 Germany
| | - Aniket Nagle
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Tannenstrasse 1, Zurich, 8092 Switzerland
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, Zurich, 8008 Switzerland
| | - Robert Riener
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Tannenstrasse 1, Zurich, 8092 Switzerland
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, Zurich, 8008 Switzerland
| | - Verena Klamroth-Marganska
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Tannenstrasse 1, Zurich, 8092 Switzerland
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, Zurich, 8008 Switzerland
- Institute of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Professions, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Technikumstrasse 81, Winterthur, 8401 Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Identifying the neural substrates of intrinsic motivation during task performance. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [PMID: 28639132 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-017-0524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic motivation is the inherent tendency to seek out novelty and challenge, to explore and investigate, and to stretch and extend one's capacities. When people imagine performing intrinsically motivating tasks, they show heightened anterior insular cortex (AIC) activity. To fully explain the neural system of intrinsic motivation, however, requires assessing neural activity while people actually perform intrinsically motivating tasks (i.e., while answering curiosity-inducing questions or solving competence-enabling anagrams). Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that the neural system of intrinsic motivation involves not only AIC activity, but also striatum activity and, further, AIC-striatum functional interactions. These findings suggest that subjective feelings of intrinsic satisfaction (associated with AIC activations), reward processing (associated with striatum activations), and their interactions underlie the actual experience of intrinsic motivation. These neural findings are consistent with the conceptualization of intrinsic motivation as the pursuit and satisfaction of subjective feelings (interest and enjoyment) as intrinsic rewards.
Collapse
|
21
|
Reeve J, Lee W. A neuroscientific perspective on basic psychological needs. J Pers 2018; 87:102-114. [PMID: 29626342 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-determination theory's (SDT) most basic propositions are, first, that all people possess an inherent set of psychological needs and, second, that autonomy, competence, and relatedness are the three critical psychological satisfactions needed to maintain and promote personal growth and well-being. In this article, we identify the neural basis of the psychological needs and, in doing so, seek to advance the integration of SDT and neuroscience. METHOD We examine the neural underpinnings of SDT-based motivational states and traits for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. To study motivational states, participants are exposed to situational conditions known to affect their psychological needs, and neuroscience methods (e.g., fMRI) are used to examine changes in their brain activity. To study motivational traits, participants complete self-report trait measures that are then correlated with their brain activity observed during need-satisfying activities. RESULTS For both motivational states and traits and across all three needs, intrinsic satisfaction is associated with striatum-based reward processing, anterior insula-based subjective feelings, and the integration of these subjective feelings with reward-based processing. CONCLUSIONS Psychological need satisfaction is associated with striatum activity, anterior insula activity, and the functional coactivation between these two brain areas. Given these findings, it is now clear that several opportunities exist to integrate SDT motivational constructs with neuroscientific study, so we suggest eight new questions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnmarshall Reeve
- Department of Education, Brain and Motivation Research Institute, Korea University
| | - Woogul Lee
- Department of Education, Korea National University of Education
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Takeda K, Sumiyoshi T, Matsumoto M, Murayama K, Ikezawa S, Matsumoto K, Nakagome K. Neural Correlates for Intrinsic Motivational Deficits of Schizophrenia; Implications for Therapeutics of Cognitive Impairment. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:178. [PMID: 29922185 PMCID: PMC5996091 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultimate goal of the treatment of schizophrenia is recovery, a notion related to improvement of cognitive and social functioning. Cognitive remediation therapies (CRT), one of the most effective cognition enhancing methods, have been shown to moderately improve social functioning. For this purpose, intrinsic motivation, related to internal values such as interest and enjoyment, has been shown to play a key role. Although the impairment of intrinsic motivation is one of the characteristics of schizophrenia, its neural mechanisms remain unclear. This is related to the lack of feasible measures of intrinsic motivation, and its response to treatment. According to the self-determination theory (SDT), not only intrinsic motivation, but extrinsic motivation has been reported to enhance learning and memory in healthy subjects to some extent. This finding suggests the contribution of different types of motivation to potentiate the ability of the CRT to treat cognitive impairment of schizophrenia. In this paper, we provide a review of psychological characteristics, assessment methods, and neural correlates of intrinsic motivation in healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Particularly, we focus on neuroimaging studies of intrinsic motivation, including our own. These considerations are relevant to enhancement of functional outcomes of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kou Murayama
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom.,Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan
| | - Satoru Ikezawa
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyuki Nakagome
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Correlation of reduced social communicational and interactional skills with regional grey matter volumes in schizophrenia patients. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2017; 29:374-381. [PMID: 28393745 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have detected similarities between autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. We investigated structural abnormalities associated with autistic-like traits in patients with schizophrenia by voxel-based morphometry. METHODS Patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects were evaluated by the adult version of the social responsiveness scale (SRS-A), which is sensitive to autistic traits and symptoms even under subthreshold conditions, and magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS There were significant decreases in the anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral hippocampi, cerebellums, and right insula of patients with schizophrenia, compared with healthy subjects. We found significant negative correlations of the social communication and interaction (SCI) score, a subscale of SRS-A, with grey matter volume in the left posterior superior temporal region of schizophrenia patients. When subscales of SCI were examined separately in schizophrenic patients, negative correlations were observed between the social cognition score and the volumes of the left posterior superior temporal region, and between social motivation and the posterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSION We found significant negative correlation between the SCI score and the grey matter volume in the left posterior superior temporal region of schizophrenia patients. This area was the region affected in previous studies of autistic spectrum disorders. Further, this area was associated with the theory of mind. Schizophrenia patients not necessarily show the impairment of SCI, nor this correlated region was not always the point with schizophrenia-specific change. However, we reveal the relationship between the left posterior superior temporal gyrus and the severity of the SCI in schizophrenia by using with SRS-A.
Collapse
|
24
|
Phillips LA, Johnson MA. Interdependent Effects of Autonomous and Controlled Regulation on Exercise Behavior. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 44:49-62. [PMID: 28954591 DOI: 10.1177/0146167217733068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-determination theory (SDT) is used to predict individual differences in goal-directed behavior. A fundamental tenet of SDT is that autonomously regulated behavior is more likely to be engaged in and sustained than externally controlled behavior. Unidimensional treatment of regulation is suboptimal. The current study utilizes a multidimensional approach-polynomial regression-to evaluate the interdependent effects of autonomous and controlled regulation on physical activity. Results from three samples of healthy, younger adults demonstrate a mostly positive influence of autonomous regulation but a curvilinear effect of controlled regulation on behavior such that greater activity was associated with moderate levels of controlled regulation-an effect that cannot be identified with "unidimensional" methods. Results from Sample 3 showed that autonomous regulation was associated with greater exercise levels only when controlled regulation was moderate or high. Results suggest that controlled regulation is not wholly detrimental to behavioral promotion.
Collapse
|
25
|
Samerphob N, Cheaha D, Chatpun S, Kumarnsit E. Hippocampal CA1 local field potential oscillations induced by olfactory cue of liked food. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:173-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
26
|
Di Domenico SI, Ryan RM. The Emerging Neuroscience of Intrinsic Motivation: A New Frontier in Self-Determination Research. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:145. [PMID: 28392765 PMCID: PMC5364176 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic motivation refers to people’s spontaneous tendencies to be curious and interested, to seek out challenges and to exercise and develop their skills and knowledge, even in the absence of operationally separable rewards. Over the past four decades, experimental and field research guided by self-determination theory (SDT; Ryan and Deci, 2017) has found intrinsic motivation to predict enhanced learning, performance, creativity, optimal development and psychological wellness. Only recently, however, have studies begun to examine the neurobiological substrates of intrinsic motivation. In the present article, we trace the history of intrinsic motivation research, compare and contrast intrinsic motivation to closely related topics (flow, curiosity, trait plasticity), link intrinsic motivation to key findings in the comparative affective neurosciences, and review burgeoning neuroscience research on intrinsic motivation. We review converging evidence suggesting that intrinsically motivated exploratory and mastery behaviors are phylogenetically ancient tendencies that are subserved by dopaminergic systems. Studies also suggest that intrinsic motivation is associated with patterns of activity across large-scale neural networks, namely, those that support salience detection, attentional control and self-referential cognition. We suggest novel research directions and offer recommendations for the application of neuroscience methods in the study of intrinsic motivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano I Di Domenico
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University Strathfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard M Ryan
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic UniversityStrathfield, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of RochesterRochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Insular Cortex Activity as the Neural Base of Intrinsic Motivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1108/s0749-742320160000019016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
|
28
|
MacInnes JJ, Dickerson KC, Chen NK, Adcock RA. Cognitive Neurostimulation: Learning to Volitionally Sustain Ventral Tegmental Area Activation. Neuron 2016; 89:1331-1342. [PMID: 26948894 PMCID: PMC5074682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and mesolimbic networks is essential to motivation, performance, and learning. Humans routinely attempt to motivate themselves, with unclear efficacy or impact on VTA networks. Using fMRI, we found untrained participants' motivational strategies failed to consistently activate VTA. After real-time VTA neurofeedback training, however, participants volitionally induced VTA activation without external aids, relative to baseline, Pre-test, and control groups. VTA self-activation was accompanied by increased mesolimbic network connectivity. Among two comparison groups (no neurofeedback, false neurofeedback) and an alternate neurofeedback group (nucleus accumbens), none sustained activation in target regions of interest nor increased VTA functional connectivity. The results comprise two novel demonstrations: learning and generalization after VTA neurofeedback training and the ability to sustain VTA activation without external reward or reward cues. These findings suggest theoretical alignment of ideas about motivation and midbrain physiology and the potential for generalizable interventions to improve performance and learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff J MacInnes
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kathryn C Dickerson
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nan-Kuei Chen
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - R Alison Adcock
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Crutzen R, van 't Riet J, Short CE. Enjoyment: A Conceptual Exploration and Overview of Experimental Evidence in the Context of Games for Health. Games Health J 2015; 5:15-20. [PMID: 26699455 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2015.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enjoyment is consistently noted as important for engaging audiences in games for health. However, as a term, enjoyment is often used interchangeably with a host of other terms, some of which overlap conceptually. This obscures what does and what does not constitute enjoyment, and in turn slows scientific progress by making the study of enjoyment and the synthesis of enjoyment-related research difficult. This article is aimed at improving our understanding of enjoyment by distinguishing enjoyment from other important constructs, such as fun and engagement, and by providing an overview of the experimental evidence on the determinants of enjoyment in videogames. Competence, narrative transportation, and relevance are identified as key factors related to enjoyment, and future studies examining these factors using games for health are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rik Crutzen
- 1 Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University/CAPHRI , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Camille E Short
- 3 Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ming D, Chen Q, Yang W, Chen R, Wei D, Li W, Qiu J, Xu Z, Zhang Q. Examining brain structures associated with the motive to achieve success and the motive to avoid failure: A voxel-based morphometry study. Soc Neurosci 2015; 11:38-48. [PMID: 25895120 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2015.1034377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The motive to achieve success (MAS) and motive to avoid failure (MAF) are two different but classical kinds of achievement motivation. Though many functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have explored functional activation in motivation-related conditions, research has been silent as to the brain structures associated with individual differences in achievement motivation, especially with respect to MAS and MAF. In this study, the voxel-based morphometry method was used to uncover focal differences in brain structures related to MAS and MAF measured by the Mehrabian Achieving Tendency Scale in 353 healthy young Chinese adults. The results showed that the brain structures associated with individual differences in MAS and MAF were distinct. MAS was negatively correlated with regional gray matter volume (rGMV) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)/orbitofrontal cortex while MAF was negatively correlated with rGMV in the mPFC/subgenual cingulate gyrus. After controlling for mutual influences of MAS and MAF scores, MAS scores were found to be related to rGMV in the mPFC/orbitofrontal cortex and another cluster containing the parahippocampal gyrus and precuneus. These results may predict that compared with MAF, the generation process of MAS may be more complex and rational, thus in the real world, perhaps MAS is more beneficial to personal growth and guaranteeing the quality of task performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ming
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) , Ministry of Education , Chongqing , China.,b Faculty of Psychology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Qunlin Chen
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) , Ministry of Education , Chongqing , China.,b Faculty of Psychology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) , Ministry of Education , Chongqing , China.,b Faculty of Psychology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Rui Chen
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) , Ministry of Education , Chongqing , China.,b Faculty of Psychology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Dongtao Wei
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) , Ministry of Education , Chongqing , China.,b Faculty of Psychology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Wenfu Li
- c School of Mental Health , Jining Medical University , Jining , China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) , Ministry of Education , Chongqing , China.,b Faculty of Psychology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Zhan Xu
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) , Ministry of Education , Chongqing , China.,b Faculty of Psychology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) , Ministry of Education , Chongqing , China.,b Faculty of Psychology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang B, Li YM, Li J, Li Y, Zhang H. The Revision and Validation of the Academic Motivation Scale in China. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0734282915575909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-determination theory (SDT) has contributed greatly to our understanding of human motivation. Based on SDT, the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) was developed to assess students’ motivation to learn. AMS has been successfully applied to the educational context in Western cultures. However, no psychometrically validated version is available in China. The present study aimed to revise and validate AMS in China. The AMS was administered to 882 traditional high school students and 419 vocational high students. A retest was administered to 67 traditional high school students 2 months later. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) demonstrated that the seven-factor model fitted the data well in both samples. Further analysis revealed that each subscale showed satisfactory Cronbach’s alpha and test–retest reliability. The AMS also showed significant correlations with criteria such as basic psychological needs, school satisfaction, perceived autonomy in the classroom, and other motivational counterparts, demonstrating good criterion-related validity. Group comparison showed that traditional high school students were more intrinsically motivated, less extrinsically motivated, and less amotivated than vocational high school students, providing support for its discriminant validity. In conclusion, the Chinese version of AMS was psychometrically sound and could be applied in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Beijing Normal University, China
| | | | - Jian Li
- Beijing Normal University, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, China
| | - Ye Li
- Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Houcan Zhang
- Beijing Normal University, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Baranes AF, Oudeyer PY, Gottlieb J. The effects of task difficulty, novelty and the size of the search space on intrinsically motivated exploration. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:317. [PMID: 25352771 PMCID: PMC4196545 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Devising efficient strategies for exploration in large open-ended spaces is one of the most difficult computational problems of intelligent organisms. Because the available rewards are ambiguous or unknown during the exploratory phase, subjects must act in intrinsically motivated fashion. However, a vast majority of behavioral and neural studies to date have focused on decision making in reward-based tasks, and the rules guiding intrinsically motivated exploration remain largely unknown. To examine this question we developed a paradigm for systematically testing the choices of human observers in a free play context. Adult subjects played a series of short computer games of variable difficulty, and freely choose which game they wished to sample without external guidance or physical rewards. Subjects performed the task in three distinct conditions where they sampled from a small or a large choice set (7 vs. 64 possible levels of difficulty), and where they did or did not have the possibility to sample new games at a constant level of difficulty. We show that despite the absence of external constraints, the subjects spontaneously adopted a structured exploration strategy whereby they (1) started with easier games and progressed to more difficult games, (2) sampled the entire choice set including extremely difficult games that could not be learnt, (3) repeated moderately and high difficulty games much more frequently than was predicted by chance, and (4) had higher repetition rates and chose higher speeds if they could generate new sequences at a constant level of difficulty. The results suggest that intrinsically motivated exploration is shaped by several factors including task difficulty, novelty and the size of the choice set, and these come into play to serve two internal goals-maximize the subjects' knowledge of the available tasks (exploring the limits of the task set), and maximize their competence (performance and skills) across the task set.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien F Baranes
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline Gottlieb
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center New York, NY, USA ; Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Majerus S, Cowan N, Péters F, Van Calster L, Phillips C, Schrouff J. Cross-Modal Decoding of Neural Patterns Associated with Working Memory: Evidence for Attention-Based Accounts of Working Memory. Cereb Cortex 2014; 26:166-79. [PMID: 25146374 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest common neural substrates involved in verbal and visual working memory (WM), interpreted as reflecting shared attention-based, short-term retention mechanisms. We used a machine-learning approach to determine more directly the extent to which common neural patterns characterize retention in verbal WM and visual WM. Verbal WM was assessed via a standard delayed probe recognition task for letter sequences of variable length. Visual WM was assessed via a visual array WM task involving the maintenance of variable amounts of visual information in the focus of attention. We trained a classifier to distinguish neural activation patterns associated with high- and low-visual WM load and tested the ability of this classifier to predict verbal WM load (high-low) from their associated neural activation patterns, and vice versa. We observed significant between-task prediction of load effects during WM maintenance, in posterior parietal and superior frontal regions of the dorsal attention network; in contrast, between-task prediction in sensory processing cortices was restricted to the encoding stage. Furthermore, between-task prediction of load effects was strongest in those participants presenting the highest capacity for the visual WM task. This study provides novel evidence for common, attention-based neural patterns supporting verbal and visual WM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Majerus
- Department of Psychology - Cognition and Behavior, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium Cyclotron Research Centre, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium Fund for Scientific Research FNRS, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nelson Cowan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-2500, USA
| | - Frédéric Péters
- Department of Psychology - Cognition and Behavior, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurens Van Calster
- Department of Psychology - Cognition and Behavior, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Phillips
- Department of Psychology - Cognition and Behavior, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium Fund for Scientific Research FNRS, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jessica Schrouff
- Cyclotron Research Centre, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sheldon KM. Becoming oneself: the central role of self-concordant goal selection. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2014; 18:349-65. [PMID: 24981515 DOI: 10.1177/1088868314538549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pursuing personal goals is an important way that people organize their behavior and mature as individuals. However, because people are typically unaware of their own implicit motivations and potentials, they may pick goals that do not serve them well. This article suggests that "self-concordant" goal selection is a difficult self-perceptual skill, with important ramifications for thriving. Various means of conceptualizing and measuring goal self-concordance are considered. Then, relevant literature is reviewed to show that goal self-concordance, as assessed by a self-determination theory methodology, is predicted by goal/motive fit; that goal self-concordance in turn predicts more persistent goal effort and, thus, better goal attainment over time; and that self-concordant goal selection is enhanced by personality variables and interpersonal contexts that promote accurate self-insight and personal autonomy. Implications for the nature of the self, the causes of personality thriving and growth, and the free will question are considered.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Purpose
– The purpose of this case study is to measure the impact of authenticity – the operation of one’s true self in one’s daily activities – on student engagement and learning in the context of information literacy instruction.
Design/methodology/approach
– The study was conducted during information literacy instruction for English 105 classes at the House Undergraduate Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. A classroom modeling exercise was developed to help students choose authentic topics of interest. Students then filled out a questionnaire to assess whether choosing authentic topics led to increased engagement and increased learning according to Association of College & Research Libraries (ACRL) Information Literacy Competency Standards compared to students in the control group. Results were analyzed using an independent samples t-test.
Findings
– The data illustrate that the exercise successfully helped students choose authentic topics and that these students’ motivation to learn was higher than students in the control group. Students in the experimental group also, on average, rated their learning of ACRL Information Literacy Competency Standards significantly higher than students in the control group.
Originality/value
– The study provides the first empirical data confirming the positive impact of authenticity on student motivation and learning in the context of information literacy instruction. An implication of the study is that it is possible not only to provide students with resources – as the traditional role of librarians might have it – but also that librarians can have a positive and substantial impact on the content students choose to work on, and the degree to which they care about it. The impact of this particular result could radically change the way instruction librarians view the nature and scope of their pedagogical role in academic libraries.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit substance in the United States. Use, particularly when it occurs early, has been associated with cognitive impairments in executive functioning, learning, and memory. METHOD This study comprehensively measured cognitive ability as well as comorbid psychopathology and substance use history to determine the neurocognitive profile associated with young adult marijuana use. College-aged marijuana users who initiated use prior to age 17 (n = 35) were compared to demographically matched controls (n = 35). RESULTS Marijuana users were high functioning, demonstrating comparable IQs to controls and relatively better processing speed. Marijuana users demonstrated relative cognitive impairments in verbal memory, spatial working memory, spatial planning, and motivated decision making. Comorbid use of alcohol, which was heavier in marijuana users, was unexpectedly found to be associated with better performance in some of these areas. CONCLUSIONS This study provides additional evidence of neurocognitive impairment in the context of adolescent and young adult marijuana use. Findings are discussed in relation to marijuana's effects on intrinsic motivation and discrete aspects of cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Becker
- a Department of Psychology, Center for Neurobehavioral Development , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Recent research has provided new insights into the integrative process, which allows for unified self-functioning. In this article, we review recent work that has used a variety of behavioral, physiological, dual-process, and survey techniques to examine personality integration. On the basis of theoretical considerations and the growing body of findings, we highlight three subprocesses—namely, awareness, ownership/autonomy, and nondefensiveness—and summarize evidence linking these facets of integration to energy, wellness, and relational benefits. Finally, we review contextual factors, such as autonomy support and unconditional regard, that have been shown to be conducive to integration, and we suggest tools that may be used in future research on integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard M. Ryan
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester
| |
Collapse
|