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Frau L, Jonaitis E, Langhough RE, Zuelsdorff M, Okonkwo O, Bruno D. The role of cognitive reserve and depression on executive function in older adults: A 10-year study from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. Clin Neuropsychol 2024:1-23. [PMID: 39180168 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2024.2388904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Objective: The current study examined the longitudinal relationship between cognitive reserve (CR), depression, and executive function (EF) in a cohort of older adults. Methods: 416 participants were selected from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. They were native English speakers, aged ≥50+, and cognitively unimpaired at baseline, with no history of neurological or other psychiatric disorders aside from depression. Depression was assessed with the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). A composite score, based on the premorbid IQ (WRAT-3 Reading subtest) and years of education was used to estimate CR. Another composite score from four cognitive tests was used to estimate EF. A moderation analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of CR and Depression on EF at follow-up after controlling for age, gender, and APOE risk score. Moreover, a multinomial logistic regression was used to predict conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) from the healthy baseline. Results: The negative relationship between depression and EF was stronger in individuals with higher CR levels, suggesting a possible floor effect at lower CR levels. In the multinomial regression, the interaction between CR and depression predicted conversion to MCI status, indicating that lower CR paired with more severe depression at baseline was associated with a higher risk of subsequent impairment. Conclusions: This study sheds light on the intricate relationship between depression and EF over time, suggesting that the association may be influenced by varying levels of CR. Further studies may replicate these findings in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Frau
- School of Psychology, Liverpool, John Moores University, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Jonaitis
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca E Langhough
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Megan Zuelsdorff
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Nursing (MZ), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ozioma Okonkwo
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Davide Bruno
- School of Psychology, Liverpool, John Moores University, United Kingdom
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Yang HJ, Song JM, Lee S, Lee HK, Kim BS, Kim KW, Park JH. The Different Associations of White Matter Hyperintensities With Severity of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment According to the Distance From the Lateral Ventricular Surface in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease. Psychiatry Investig 2024; 21:850-859. [PMID: 39111744 PMCID: PMC11321875 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2024.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are common among the elderly. Although WMH play a key role in lowering the threshold for the clinical expression of dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathology, the clinical significance of their location is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between WMH and cognitive function according to the location of WMH in AD. METHODS Subjects underwent clinical evaluations including volumetric brain magnetic resonance imaging study and neuropsychological tests using the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Packet. WMH were calculated using automated quantification method. According to the distance from the lateral ventricular surface, WMH within 3 mm, WMH within 3-13 mm, and WMH over 13 mm were classified as juxtaventricular WMH (JVWMH), periventricular WMH (PVWMH), and deep WMH (DWMH), respectively. RESULTS Total WMH volume was associated with poor performance in categorical verbal fluency test (β=-0.197, p=0.035). JVWMH volume was associated with poor performances on categorical verbal fluency test (β=-0.201, p=0.032) and forward digit span test (β= -0.250, p=0.012). PVWMH volume was associated with poor performances on categorical verbal fluency test (β=-0.185, p=0.042) and word list memory test (β=-0.165, p=0.042), whereas DWMH volume showed no association with cognitive tests. PVWMH volume were also related to Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes score (β=0.180, p=0.026). CONCLUSION WMH appear to exhibit different associations with the severity of dementia and cognitive impairment according to the distance from ventricle surface in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Song
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeju Medical Center, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Lee
- Laboratory for Imaging Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyu Lee
- Department of Radiology, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Soo Kim
- Department of Radiology, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Woong Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hyuk Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Jeju Dementia Center, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Gaynor AM, Gazes Y, Haynes CR, Babukutty RS, Habeck C, Stern Y, Gu Y. Childhood engagement in cognitively stimulating activities moderates relationships between brain structure and cognitive function in adulthood. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 138:36-44. [PMID: 38522385 PMCID: PMC11363693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Greater engagement in cognitively stimulating activities (CSA) during adulthood has been shown to protect against neurocognitive decline, but no studies have investigated whether CSA during childhood protects against effects of brain changes on cognition later in life. The current study tested the moderating role of childhood CSA in the relationships between brain structure and cognitive performance during adulthood. At baseline (N=250) and 5-year follow-up (N=204) healthy adults aged 20-80 underwent MRI to assess four structural brain measures and completed neuropsychological tests to measure three cognitive domains. Participants were categorized into low and high childhood CSA based on self-report questionnaires. Results of multivariable linear regressions analyzing interactions between CSA, brain structure, and cognition showed that higher childhood CSA was associated with a weaker relationship between cortical thickness and memory at baseline, and attenuated the effects of change in cortical thickness and brain volume on decline in processing speed over time. These findings suggest higher CSA during childhood may mitigate the effects of brain structure changes on cognitive function later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Gaynor
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Montclair State University, Department of Psychology, Montclair, NJ, United States
| | - Yunglin Gazes
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Caleb R Haynes
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Reshma S Babukutty
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christian Habeck
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yian Gu
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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4
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Carvallo C, Ramos-Henderson M. Trail making test - black & white (TMT B&W): Normative study for the Chilean population. J Neuropsychol 2024. [PMID: 38676338 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The trailmaking test (TMT) has an educational bias that makes it inapplicable to people with low levels of education due to its dependence on the alphabet. The TMT standardization is the only one available in Chile, and there is a need for alternative ways of using the TMT that do not depend on the level of education for its applicability. To determine the normative scores of the TMT - black & white (TMT B&W), considering sociodemographic factors in adult and elderly Chilean population. A total sample of 227 participants (133 healthy, 94 cognitively impaired) from the Ageing Mets cohort were recruited from three areas in Chile (Antofagasta, Santiago, and Puerto Montt). The TMT B&W was administered to all participants. A multiple regression model was used to generate normative data only in the cognitively healthy group, considering the effect of age, education and sex. A significant effect of age was found in the score of the TMT B&W Parts A and B. The level of education influenced the part B of the test; however, the completion rate of the TMT B&W parts A and B was over 90% in cognitively healthy people. Norms for the number of errors were obtained, and differences between groups were found after controlling for the effect of age and education. This study is the first to provide normative data for the Chilean version of the TMT B&W and will benefit clinical neuropsychologists by improving the procedures for more accurately assessing executive functions and its impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carvallo
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Gerontología Aplicada CIGAP, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Miguel Ramos-Henderson
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Gerontología Aplicada CIGAP, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Antofagasta, Chile
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
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Dotov D, Motsenyat A, Trainor LJ. Concurrent Supra-Postural Auditory-Hand Coordination Task Affects Postural Control: Using Sonification to Explore Environmental Unpredictability in Factors Affecting Fall Risk. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1994. [PMID: 38544259 PMCID: PMC10974305 DOI: 10.3390/s24061994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Clinical screening tests for balance and mobility often fall short of predicting fall risk. Cognitive distractors and unpredictable external stimuli, common in busy natural environments, contribute to this risk, especially in older adults. Less is known about the effects of upper sensory-motor coordination, such as coordinating one's hand with an external stimulus. We combined movement sonification and affordable inertial motion sensors to develop a task for the precise measurement and manipulation of full-body interaction with stimuli in the environment. In a double-task design, we studied how a supra-postural activity affected quiet stance. The supra-postural task consisted of rhythmic synchronization with a repetitive auditory stimulus. The stimulus was attentionally demanding because it was being modulated continuously. The participant's hand movement was sonified in real time, and their goal was to synchronize their hand movement with the stimulus. In the unpredictable condition, the tempo changed at random points in the trial. A separate sensor recorded postural fluctuations. Young healthy adults were compared to older adult (OA) participants without known risk of falling. The results supported the hypothesis that supra-postural coordination would entrain postural control. The effect was stronger in OAs, supporting the idea that diminished reserve capacities reduce the ability to isolate postural control from sensory-motor and cognitive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobromir Dotov
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
- Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Ariel Motsenyat
- Integrated Biomedical Engineering and Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Laurel J. Trainor
- Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
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Chun MY, Chung SJ, Kim SH, Park CW, Jeong SH, Lee HS, Lee PH, Sohn YH, Jeong Y, Kim YJ. Hippocampal Perfusion Affects Motor and Cognitive Functions in Parkinson Disease: An Early Phase 18 F-FP-CIT Positron Emission Tomography Study. Ann Neurol 2024; 95:388-399. [PMID: 37962393 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether hippocampal perfusion changes are associated with cognitive decline, motor deficits, and the risk of dementia conversion in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS We recruited patients with newly diagnosed and nonmedicated PD and healthy participants who underwent dual phase 18 F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β-carboxymethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane positron emission tomography scans. Patients were classified into 3 groups according to hippocampal perfusion measured by standard uptake value ratios (SUVRs): (1) PD hippocampal hypoperfusion group (1 standard deviation [SD] below the mean hippocampal SUVR of healthy controls; PD-hippo-hypo), (2) PD hippocampal hyperperfusion group (1 SD above the mean; PD-hippo-hyper), and (3) the remaining patients (PD-hippo-normal). We compared the baseline cognitive performance, severity of motor deficits, hippocampal volume, striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability, and risk of dementia conversion among the groups. RESULTS We included 235 patients (PD-hippo-hypo, n = 21; PD-hippo-normal, n = 157; PD-hippo-hyper, n = 57) and 48 healthy participants. Patients in the PD-hippo-hypo group were older and had smaller hippocampal volumes than those in the other PD groups. The PD-hippo-hypo group showed less severely decreased DAT availability in the putamen than the other groups despite similar severities of motor deficit. The PD-hippo-hypo group had a higher risk of dementia conversion compared to the PD-hippo-normal (hazard ratio = 2.59, p = 0.013) and PD-hippo-hyper (hazard ratio = 3.73, p = 0.006) groups, despite similar cognitive performance at initial assessment between groups. INTERPRETATION Hippocampal hypoperfusion may indicate a reduced capacity to cope with neurodegenerative processes in terms of the development of motor deficits and cognitive decline in patients with PD. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:388-399.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Chun
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, South Korea
- Yonsei Beyond Lab, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Seok Jong Chung
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, South Korea
- Yonsei Beyond Lab, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Su Hong Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Institute for Health Science Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Radiology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chan Wook Park
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Ho Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young H Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Jeong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Institute for Health Science Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, South Korea
- Yonsei Beyond Lab, Yongin, South Korea
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7
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Liu X, Tyler LK, Cam-Can, Davis SW, Rowe JB, Tsvetanov KA. Cognition's dependence on functional network integrity with age is conditional on structural network integrity. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 129:195-208. [PMID: 37392579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining good cognitive function is crucial for well-being across the lifespan. We proposed that the degree of cognitive maintenance is determined by the functional interactions within and between large-scale brain networks. Such connectivity can be represented by the white matter architecture of structural brain networks that shape intrinsic neuronal activity into integrated and distributed functional networks. We explored how the function-structure connectivity convergence, and the divergence of functional connectivity from structural connectivity, contribute to the maintenance of cognitive function across the adult lifespan. Multivariate analyses were used to investigate the relationship between function-structure connectivity convergence and divergence with multivariate cognitive profiles, respectively. Cognitive function was increasingly dependent on function-structure connectivity convergence as age increased. The dependency of cognitive function on connectivity was particularly strong for high-order cortical networks and subcortical networks. The results suggest that brain functional network integrity sustains cognitive functions in old age, as a function of the integrity of the brain's structural connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulin Liu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Lorraine K Tyler
- The Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cam-Can
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN), MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon W Davis
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kamen A Tsvetanov
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; The Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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VandeBunte AM, Fonseca C, Paolillo EW, Gontrum E, Lee SY, Kramer JH, Casaletto KB. Regional Vulnerability of the Corpus Callosum in the Context of Cardiovascular Risk. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2023; 36:397-406. [PMID: 36710073 PMCID: PMC10441555 DOI: 10.1177/08919887231154931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Many factors outside of cardiovascular health can impact the structure of white matter. Identification of reliable and clinically meaningful biomarkers of the neural effects of systemic and cardiovascular health are needed to refine etiologic predictions. We examined whether the corpus callosum demonstrates regional vulnerability to systemic cardiovascular risk factors. Three hundred and ninety-four older adults without dementia completed brain MRI, neurobehavioral evaluations, and blood draws. A subset (n = 126, n = 128) of individuals had blood plasma analyzed for inflammatory markers of interest (IL-6 and TNF-alpha). Considering diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a particularly reliable measure of white matter integrity, we utilized DTI to examine fractional anisotropy (FA) of anterior and posterior regions of the corpus callosum. Using multiple linear regression models, we simultaneously examined FA of the genu and the splenium to compare their associations with systemic and cardiovascular risk factors. Lower FA of the genu but not splenium was associated with greater systemic and cardiovascular risk, including higher systolic blood pressure (β = -0.17, p = .020), hemoglobin A1C (β = -0.21, p = .016) and IL-6 (β = -0.34, p = .005). FA of the genu was uniquely associated with cognitive processing speed (β = 0.20, p = .0015) and executive functioning (β = 0.15, p = .012), but not memory performances (β = 0.05, p = .357). Our results demonstrated differential vulnerability of the corpus callosum, such that frontal regions showed stronger, independent associations with biomarkers of systemic and cardiovascular health in comparison to posterior regions. Posterior white matter integrity may not reflect cardiovascular health. Clinically, these findings support the utility of examining the anterior corpus callosum as an indicator of cerebrovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. VandeBunte
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Palo Alto University, CA, USA
| | - Corrina Fonseca
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily W. Paolillo
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eva Gontrum
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shannon Y. Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joel H. Kramer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlin B. Casaletto
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Chen H, Xu J, Lv W, Hu Z, Ke Z, Qin R, Xu Y. Altered static and dynamic functional network connectivity related to cognitive decline in individuals with white matter hyperintensities. Behav Brain Res 2023; 451:114506. [PMID: 37230298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
White matter hyperintensities (WMH) of assumed vascular origin are common in elderly individuals and are closely associated with cognitive decline. However, the underlying neural mechanisms of WMH-related cognitive impairment remain unclear. After strict screening, 59 healthy controls (HC, n = 59), 51 patients with WMH and normal cognition (WMH-NC, n = 51) and 68 patients with WMH and mild cognitive impairment (WMH-MCI, n = 68) were included in the final analyses. All individuals underwent multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cognitive evaluations. We investigated the neural mechanism underlying WMH-related cognitive impairment based on static and dynamic functional network connectivity (sFNC and dFNC) approaches. Finally, the support vector machine (SVM) method was performed to identify WMH-MCI individuals. The sFNC analysis indicated that functional connectivity within the visual network (VN) could mediate the impairment of information processing speed related to WMH (indirect effect: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.88 and indirect effect: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.14). WMH may regulate the dFNC between the higher-order cognitive network and other networks and enhance the dynamic variability between the left frontoparietal network (lFPN) and the VN to compensate for the decline in high-level cognitive functions. The SVM model achieved good prediction ability for WMH-MCI patients based on the above characteristic connectivity patterns. Our findings shed light on the dynamic regulation of brain network resources to maintain cognitive processing in individuals with WMH. Crucially, dynamic reorganization of brain networks could be regarded as a potential neuroimaging biomarker for identifying WMH-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China; Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingxian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiping Lv
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheqi Hu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihong Ke
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruomeng Qin
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China; Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, China; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China; Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China.
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10
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Raber J, Silbert LC. Role of white matter hyperintensity in effects of apolipoprotein E on cognitive injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1176690. [PMID: 37275347 PMCID: PMC10237322 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1176690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) T2-weighted white matter hyperintensity (WMH) is a marker of small vessel cerebrovascular pathology and is of ischemic origin. The prevalence and severity of WMH is associated with cardiovascular risk factors, aging, and cognitive injury in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). WMH especially affects executive function, with additional effects on memory and global cognition. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays a role in cholesterol metabolism and neuronal repair after injury. Human and animal studies support a role for apoE in maintaining white matter integrity. In humans, there are three major human apoE isoforms, E2, E3, and E4. Human apoE isoforms differ in risk to develop AD and in association with WMH. In this Mini Review, we propose an increased focus on the role of WMH in cognitive health and cognitive injury and the likely role of apoE and apoE isoform in modulating these effects. We hypothesize that apoE and apoE isoforms play a role in modulating WMH via apoE isoform-dependent effects on oxylipins and 7-ketocholesterol, as well as amyloid related vascular injury, as seen in cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience, Neurology, and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lisa C. Silbert
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
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11
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Brenner EK, Thomas KR, Weigand AJ, Edwards L, Edmonds EC, Bondi MW, Bangen KJ. Cognitive reserve moderates the association between cerebral blood flow and language performance in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 125:83-89. [PMID: 36868071 PMCID: PMC10824498 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Higher cognitive reserve (CR) may offer protection from cognitive changes associated with reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF). We investigated CR as a moderator of the effect of CBF on cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; N = 46) and those who are cognitively unimpaired (CU; N = 101). Participants underwent arterial spin labeling MRI, which was used to quantify CBF in 4 a priori regions. Estimated verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) served as a proxy for CR. Multiple linear regressions examined whether VIQ moderated associations between CBF and cognition and whether this differed by cognitive status. Outcomes included memory and language performance. There were 3-way interactions (CBF*VIQ*cognitive status) on category fluency when examining hippocampal, superior frontal, and inferior frontal CBF. Follow-up analyses revealed that, within the MCI but not CU group, there were CBF*VIQ interactions on fluency in all a priori regions examined, where there were stronger, positive associations between CBF and fluency at higher VIQ. Conclusion: In MCI, higher CR plays a role in strengthening CBF-fluency associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat K Brenner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Kelsey R Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra J Weigand
- UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Edwards
- UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emily C Edmonds
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA; Departments of Neurology and Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mark W Bondi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Katherine J Bangen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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12
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Vadinova V, Sihvonen AJ, Garden KL, Ziraldo L, Roxbury T, O'Brien K, Copland DA, McMahon KL, Brownsett SLE. Early Subacute White Matter Hyperintensities and Recovery of Language After Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2023; 37:218-227. [PMID: 37083133 PMCID: PMC10152219 DOI: 10.1177/15459683231168384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are considered to contribute to diminished brain reserve, negatively impacting on stroke recovery. While WMH identified in the chronic phase after stroke have been associated with post-stroke aphasia, the contribution of premorbid WMH to the early recovery of language across production and comprehension has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between premorbid WMH severity and longitudinal comprehension and production outcomes in aphasia, after controlling for stroke lesion variables. METHODS Longitudinal behavioral data from individuals with a left-hemisphere stroke were included at the early subacute (n = 37) and chronic (n = 28) stage. Spoken language comprehension and production abilities were assessed at both timepoints using word and sentence-level tasks. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at the early subacute stage to derive stroke lesion variables (volume and proportion damage to critical regions) and WMH severity rating. RESULTS The presence of severe WMH explained an additional 18% and 25% variance in early subacute (t = -3.00, p = .004) and chronic (t = -3.60, P = .001) language comprehension abilities respectively, after controlling for stroke lesion variables. WMH did not predict additional variance of language production scores. CONCLUSIONS Subacute clinical MRI can be used to improve prognoses of recovery of aphasia after stroke. We demonstrate that severe early subacute WMH add to the prediction of impaired longitudinal language recovery in comprehension, but not production. This emphasizes the need to consider different domains of language when investigating novel neurobiological predictors of aphasia recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vadinova
- Queensland Aphasia Research Centre, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
- Surgical Treatment and Rehabilitation Service (STARS) Education and Research Alliance, The University of Queensland and Metro North Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aleksi J Sihvonen
- Queensland Aphasia Research Centre, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
- Surgical Treatment and Rehabilitation Service (STARS) Education and Research Alliance, The University of Queensland and Metro North Health, Queensland, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Aphasia Recovery and Rehabilitation, La Trobe University, Australia
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit (CBRU), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimberley L Garden
- Queensland Aphasia Research Centre, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
- Surgical Treatment and Rehabilitation Service (STARS) Education and Research Alliance, The University of Queensland and Metro North Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laura Ziraldo
- Queensland Aphasia Research Centre, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
| | - Tracy Roxbury
- Queensland Aphasia Research Centre, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
| | - Kate O'Brien
- Queensland Aphasia Research Centre, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
| | - David A Copland
- Surgical Treatment and Rehabilitation Service (STARS) Education and Research Alliance, The University of Queensland and Metro North Health, Queensland, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Aphasia Recovery and Rehabilitation, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Katie L McMahon
- School of Clinical Sciences, Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sonia L E Brownsett
- Queensland Aphasia Research Centre, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
- Surgical Treatment and Rehabilitation Service (STARS) Education and Research Alliance, The University of Queensland and Metro North Health, Queensland, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Aphasia Recovery and Rehabilitation, La Trobe University, Australia
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13
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Bah TM, Siler DA, Ibrahim AH, Cetas JS, Alkayed NJ. Fluid dynamics in aging-related dementias. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:105986. [PMID: 36603747 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent human and animal model experimental studies revealed novel pathways for fluid movement, immune cell trafficking and metabolic waste clearance in CNS. These studies raise the intriguing possibility that the newly discovered pathways, including the glymphatic system, lymphatic meningeal vessels and skull-brain communication channels, are impaired in aging and neurovascular and neurodegenerative diseases associated with dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD-related dementia. We provide an overview of the glymphatic and dural meningeal lymphatic systems, review current methods and approaches used to study glymphatic flow in humans and animals, and discuss current evidence and controversies related to its role in CNS flow homeostasis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Non-invasive imaging approaches are needed to fully understand the mechanisms and pathways driving fluid movement in CNS and their roles across lifespan including healthy aging and aging-related dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierno M Bah
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dominic A Siler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aseel H Ibrahim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Justin S Cetas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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14
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Amofa-Ho PA, Stickel AM, Chen R, Kobayashi LC, Glymour MM, Eng CW. The Mediating Roles of Neurobiomarkers in the Relationship Between Education and Late-Life Cognition. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:1405-1416. [PMID: 37694365 PMCID: PMC10578223 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mediating roles of neuropathologies and neurovascular damage in the relationship between early-life education and later-life cognitive function are unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine whether Alzheimer's and neurovascular biomarkers mediate the relationships between education and cognitive functions. METHODS Data were from 537 adults aged 55-94 in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 3. We tested whether the relationships between education (continuous, years) and cognitive function (memory, executive functioning, and language composites) were mediated by neuroimaging biomarkers (hippocampal volumes, cortical gray matter volumes, meta-temporal tau PET standard uptake value ratio, and white matter hyperintensity volumes). Models were adjusted for age, race, sex/gender, cardiovascular history, body mass index, depression, and Apolipoprotein E-ɛ4 status. RESULTS Hippocampal volumes and white matter hyperintensities partially mediated the relationships between education and cognitive function across all domains (6.43% to 15.72% mediated). The direct effects of education on each cognitive domain were strong and statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Commonly measured neurobiomarkers only partially mediate the relationships between education and multi-domain cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla A. Amofa-Ho
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ariana M. Stickel
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ruijia Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay C. Kobayashi
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M. Maria Glymour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chloe W. Eng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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15
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Murphy SA, Chen L, Doherty JM, Acharyya P, Riley N, Johnson AM, Walker A, Domash H, Jorgensen M, Bayat S, Carr DB, Ances BM, Babulal GM. Cognitive and brain reserve predict decline in adverse driving behaviors among cognitively normal older adults. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1076735. [PMID: 36619039 PMCID: PMC9817101 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1076735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily driving is a multi-faceted, real-world, behavioral measure of cognitive functioning requiring multiple cognitive domains working synergistically to complete this instrumental activity of daily living. As the global population of older adult continues to grow, motor vehicle crashes become more frequent among this demographic. Cognitive reserve (CR) is the brain's adaptability or functional robustness despite damage, while brain reserve (BR) refers the structural, neuroanatomical resources. This study examined whether CR and BR predicted changes in adverse driving behaviors in cognitively normal older adults. Cognitively normal older adults (Clinical Dementia Rating 0) were enrolled from longitudinal studies at the Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center at Washington University. Participants (n = 186) were ≥65 years of age, required to have Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data, neuropsychological testing data, and at least one full year of naturalistic driving data prior to the beginning of COVID-19 lockdown in the United States (March 2020) as measured by Driving Real World In-vehicle Evaluation System (DRIVES). Findings suggest numerous changes in driving behaviors over time were predicted by increased hippocampal and whole brain atrophy, as well as lower CR scores as proxied by the Wide Range Achievement Test 4. These changes indicate that those with lower BR and CR are more likely to reduce their driving exposure and limit trips as they age and may be more likely to avoid highways where speeding and aggressive maneuvers frequently occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Murphy
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ling Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jason M. Doherty
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Prerana Acharyya
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Noah Riley
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ann M. Johnson
- Center for Clinical Studies, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Alexis Walker
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hailee Domash
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Maren Jorgensen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sayeh Bayat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David B. Carr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Beau M. Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ganesh M. Babulal
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Washington University School of Medicine, Institute for Public Health, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa,Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Ganesh Babulal,
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16
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Song S, Gaynor AM, Gazes Y, Lee S, Xu Q, Habeck C, Stern Y, Gu Y. Physical activity moderates the association between white matter hyperintensity burden and cognitive change. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:945645. [PMID: 36313016 PMCID: PMC9610117 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.945645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Greater physical activity (PA) could delay cognitive decline, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. White matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden is one of the key brain pathologies that have been shown to predict faster cognitive decline at a late age. One possible pathway is that PA may help maintain cognition by mitigating the detrimental effects of brain pathologies, like WMH, on cognitive change. This study aims to examine whether PA moderates the association between WMH burden and cognitive change. Materials and methods This population-based longitudinal study included 198 dementia-free adults aged 20-80 years. Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) was assessed by a self-reported questionnaire. Occupational physical activity (OPA) was a factor score measuring the physical demands of each job. Total physical activity (TPA) was operationalized as the average of z-scores of LTPA and OPA. Outcome variables included 5-year changes in global cognition and in four reference abilities (fluid reasoning, processing speed, memory, and vocabulary). Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the moderation effect of PA on the association between white matter hyperintensities and cognitive change, adjusting for age, sex, education, and baseline cognition. Results Over approximately 5 years, global cognition (p < 0.001), reasoning (p < 0.001), speed (p < 0.001), and memory (p < 0.05) scores declined, and vocabulary (p < 0.001) increased. Higher WMH burden was correlated with more decline in global cognition (Spearman's rho = -0.229, p = 0.001), reasoning (rho = -0.402, p < 0.001), and speed (rho = -0.319, p < 0.001), and less increase in vocabulary (rho = -0.316, p < 0.001). Greater TPA attenuated the association between WMH burden and changes in reasoning (βTPA^*WMH = 0.029, 95% CI = 0.006-0.052, p = 0.013), speed (βTPA^*WMH = 0.035, 95% CI = -0.004-0.065, p = 0.028), and vocabulary (βTPA^*WMH = 0.034, 95% CI = 0.004-0.065, p = 0.029). OPA seemed to be the factor that exerted a stronger moderation on the relationship between WMH burden and cognitive change. Conclusion Physical activity may help maintain reasoning, speed, and vocabulary abilities in face of WMH burden. The cognitive reserve potential of PA warrants further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhang Song
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Alexandra M. Gaynor
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yunglin Gazes
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Seonjoo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Mental Health Data Science, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qianhui Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christian Habeck
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yian Gu
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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17
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Kim JW, Byun MS, Lee JH, Yi D, Kim MJ, Jung G, Lee JY, Lee YS, Kim YK, Kang KM, Sohn CH, Lee DY. Spouse bereavement and brain pathologies: A propensity score matching study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 76:490-504. [PMID: 35751876 PMCID: PMC9796777 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Spouse bereavement is one of life's greatest stresses and has been suggested to trigger or accelerate cognitive decline and dementia. However, little information is available about the potential brain pathologies underlying the association between spouse bereavement and cognitive decline. We aimed to investigate that lifetime spouse bereavement is associated with in vivo human brain pathologies underlying cognitive decline. METHODS A total of 319 ever-married older adults between the ages of 61 and 90 years underwent comprehensive clinical assessments and multimodal brain imaging including [11 C] Pittsburgh compound B-positron emission tomography (PET), AV-1451 PET, [18 F] fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, and magnetic resonance imaging. Participants were classified as experiencing no spouse bereavement or spouse bereavement, and comparisons using propensity score matching (59 cases and 59 controls) were performed. RESULTS Spouse bereavement was significantly associated with higher cerebral white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume compared with no spouse bereavement. Interaction and subsequent subgroup analyses showed that spouse bereavement was significantly associated with higher WMH in the older (>75 years) subgroup and among those with no- or low-skill occupations. In addition, spouse bereavement at 60 years or older affects WMH volume compared with no spouse bereavement, whereas spouse bereavement at younger than 60 years did not. No group differences were observed in other brain pathologies between spouse bereavement categories. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the spouse bereavement may contribute to dementia or cognitive decline by increasing cerebrovascular injury, particularly in older individuals and those with no- or low-skill occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Wook Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gijung Jung
- Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Koung Mi Kang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Sohn
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Szcześniak D, Lenart-Bugla M, Misiak B, Zimny A, Sąsiadek M, Połtyn-Zaradna K, Zatońska K, Zatoński T, Szuba A, Smith EE, Yusuf S, Rymaszewska J. Unraveling the Protective Effects of Cognitive Reserve on Cognition and Brain: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12228. [PMID: 36231530 PMCID: PMC9566249 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that brain maintenance expressed in white matter hyperintensities and brain reserves, defined as gray and white matter volumes, mediate the association between cognitive reserve (CR) and cognitive performance. A cross-sectional population-based observational study was conducted, and the final study sample consisted of 763 participants (282 men and 481 women) with a mean age of 61.11 years (±9.0). Data from different categories were collected from study participants, such as demographic, lifestyle, medical, and psycho-social characteristics. All participants underwent a detailed psychometric evaluation (MoCA and DSST) followed by a brain MRI. Volumetric measurements of the total gray matter (GMvol), total white matter (WMvol), and white matter hyperintensities (WMHvol) were performed using the Computational Anatomy Toolbox 12 (CAT12) and Statistical Parametric Maps 12 (SPM12) based on 3D T1-weighted sequence. Significant direct and indirect effects of cognitive reserve on cognitive functioning were measured with both scales-the MoCA and DSST. In each mediation model, the volumes of WMH and GM were significant mediators for the association between cognitive reserve and cognitive performance. This study confirms the importance of strengthening the cognitive reserve in the course of life through potentially modifiable effects on both cognition and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Szcześniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Lenart-Bugla
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zimny
- Department of General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Sąsiadek
- Department of General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Zatońska
- Department of Social Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Zatoński
- Department and Clinic of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Szuba
- Department of Angiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Eric E. Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Joanna Rymaszewska
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
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Durrani R, Badhwar A, Bhangu J, Ganesh A, Black SE, Barber PA, Frayne R, Field TS, Hachinski V, Sahlas D, Mai LM, Sharma M, Swartz RH, Smith EE. Vascular Brain Lesions, Cognitive Reserve, and Their Association with Cognitive Profile in Persons with Early-Stage Cognitive Decline. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:607-616. [DOI: 10.3233/adr-220054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cognitive reserve may protect against the effects of brain pathology, but few studies have looked at whether cognitive reserve modifies the adverse effects of vascular brain pathology. Objective: We determined if cognitive reserve attenuates the associations of vascular brain lesions with worse cognition in persons with subjective concerns or mild impairment. Methods: We analyzed 200 participants aged 50–90 years from the Comprehensive Assessment of Neurodegeneration and Dementia (COMPASS-ND) study. Cognition was measured using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and a neuropsychological test battery. High vascular lesion burden was defined as two or more supratentorial infarcts or beginning confluent or confluent white matter hyperintensity. Cognitive reserve proxies included education, occupational attainment, marital status, social activities, physical activity, household income, and multilingualism. Results: Mean age was 72.8 years and 48% were female; 73.5% had mild cognitive impairment and 26.5% had subjective concerns. Professional/managerial occupations, annual household income≥$60,000 per year, not being married/common law, and high physical activity were independently associated with higher cognition. Higher vascular lesion burden was associated with lower executive function, but the association was not modified by cognitive reserve. Conclusion: Markers of cognitive reserve are associated with higher cognition. Vascular lesion burden is associated with lower executive function. However, cognitive reserve does not mitigate the effects of vascular lesion burden on executive function. Public health efforts should focus on preventing vascular brain injury as well as promoting lifestyle factors related to cognitive reserve, as cognitive reserve alone may not mitigate the effects of vascular brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romella Durrani
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amanpreet Badhwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, and Centre de recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de de Gériatrie, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jaspreet Bhangu
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aravind Ganesh
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sandra E. Black
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip A. Barber
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Frayne
- Seaman Family MR Research Centre, Foothills Medical Centre and Department of Radiology and Clinical Neuro sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thalia S. Field
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Stroke Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vladimir Hachinski
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Demetrios Sahlas
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Population Health Research Institute, Mc Master University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren M. Mai
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mukul Sharma
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Population Health Research Institute, Mc Master University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard H. Swartz
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric E. Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Brichko R, Soldan A, Zhu Y, Wang MC, Faria A, Albert M, Pettigrew C. Age-Dependent Association Between Cognitive Reserve Proxy and Longitudinal White Matter Microstructure in Older Adults. Front Psychol 2022; 13:859826. [PMID: 35756247 PMCID: PMC9226781 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.859826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study examined the association of lifetime experiences, measured by a cognitive reserve (CR) composite score composed of years of education, literacy, and vocabulary measures, to level and rate of change in white matter microstructure, as assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures. We also examined whether the relationship between the proxy CR composite score and white matter microstructure was modified by participant age, APOE-ε4 genetic status, and level of vascular risk. Methods A sample of 192 non-demented (n = 166 cognitively normal, n = 26 mild cognitive impairment) older adults [mean age = 70.17 (SD = 8.5) years] from the BIOCARD study underwent longitudinal DTI (mean follow-up = 2.5 years, max = 4.7 years). White matter microstructure was quantified by fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD) values in global white matter tracts and medial temporal lobe (MTL) white matter tracts. Results Using longitudinal linear mixed effect models, we found that FA decreased over time and RD increased over time in both the global and MTL DTI composites, but the rate of change in these DTI measures was not related to level of CR. However, there were significant interactions between the CR composite score and age for global RD in the full sample, and for global FA, global RD, and MTL RD among those with normal cognition. These interactions indicated that among participants with a lower baseline age, higher CR composite scores were associated with higher FA and lower RD values, while among participants with higher age at baseline, higher CR composite scores were associated with lower FA and higher RD values. Furthermore, these relationships were not modified by APOE-ε4 genotype or level of vascular risk. Conclusion The association between level of CR and DTI measures differs by age, suggesting a possible neuroprotective effect of CR among late middle-aged adults that shifts to a compensatory effect among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostislav Brichko
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anja Soldan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yuxin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mei-Cheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Andreia Faria
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marilyn Albert
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Corinne Pettigrew
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Corinne Pettigrew,
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Boutzoukas EM, O'Shea A, Kraft JN, Hardcastle C, Evangelista ND, Hausman HK, Albizu A, Van Etten EJ, Bharadwaj PK, Smith SG, Song H, Porges EC, Hishaw A, DeKosky ST, Wu SS, Marsiske M, Alexander GE, Cohen R, Woods AJ. Higher white matter hyperintensity load adversely affects pre-post proximal cognitive training performance in healthy older adults. GeroScience 2022; 44:1441-1455. [PMID: 35278154 PMCID: PMC9213634 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive training has shown promise for improving cognition in older adults. Age-related neuroanatomical changes may affect cognitive training outcomes. White matter hyperintensities are one common brain change in aging reflecting decreased white matter integrity. The current study assessed (1) proximal cognitive training performance following a 3-month randomized control trial and (2) the contribution of baseline whole-brain white matter hyperintensity load, or total lesion volume (TLV), on pre-post proximal training change. Sixty-two healthy older adults were randomized to either adaptive cognitive training or educational training control interventions. Repeated-measures analysis of covariance revealed two-way group × time interactions such that those assigned cognitive training demonstrated greater improvement on proximal composite (total training composite) and sub-composite (processing speed training composite, working memory training composite) measures compared to education training counterparts. Multiple linear regression showed higher baseline TLV associated with lower pre-post change on processing speed training sub-composite (β = -0.19, p = 0.04), but not other composite measures. These findings demonstrate the utility of cognitive training for improving post-intervention proximal performance in older adults. Additionally, pre-post proximal processing speed training change appears to be particularly sensitive to white matter hyperintensity load versus working memory training change. These data suggest that TLV may serve as an important factor for consideration when planning processing speed-based cognitive training interventions for remediation of cognitive decline in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel M Boutzoukas
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrew O'Shea
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica N Kraft
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cheshire Hardcastle
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicole D Evangelista
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hanna K Hausman
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alejandro Albizu
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emily J Van Etten
- Department of Psychology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Pradyumna K Bharadwaj
- Department of Psychology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Samantha G Smith
- Department of Psychology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hyun Song
- Department of Psychology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eric C Porges
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alex Hishaw
- Department Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Steven T DeKosky
- Department of Neurology and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Samuel S Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael Marsiske
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gene E Alexander
- Department of Psychology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Programs, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona and Arizona Alzheimer's Disease Consortium, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ronald Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adam J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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22
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Ye Q, Zhu H, Chen H, Liu R, Huang L, Chen H, Cheng Y, Qin R, Shao P, Xu H, Ma J, Xu Y. Effects of cognitive reserve proxies on cognitive function and frontoparietal control network in subjects with white matter hyperintensities: A cross-sectional functional magnetic resonance imaging study. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:932-941. [PMID: 35274485 PMCID: PMC9062549 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to analyze the potential association between cognition reserve (CR) components, including education, working activity, and leisure time activity, and cognitive function in subjects with white matter hyperintensities (WMH). The study also explored the role of the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) in such association. METHODS White matter hyperintensities subjects with and without cognitive impairment (CI) were evaluated with multimodal magnetic resonance imaging, neuropsychological testing, and CR survey. FPCN patterns were assessed with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex seed-based functional connectivity analysis. RESULTS Education was positively associated with cognitive function in WMH subjects with or without CI, whereas working activity and leisure time activity were positively associated with cognitive function only in those without CI. Similarly, education was associated with bilateral FPCN in both WMH groups, whereas working activity and leisure time activity were associated with bilateral FPCN mainly in the group without CI. Furthermore, FPCN partially mediated the association between education and cognitive function in both WMH groups. CONCLUSION Education showed a positive impact on cognitive function in WMH subjects regardless of their cognitive status, whereas working activity and leisure time activity exhibited beneficial effects only in those without CI. The FPCN mediated the beneficial effect of education on cognitive function.
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23
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Vonk JMJ, Ghaznawi R, Zwartbol MHT, Stern Y, Geerlings MI. The role of cognitive and brain reserve in memory decline and atrophy rate in mid and late-life: The SMART-MR study. Cortex 2022; 148:204-214. [PMID: 35189525 PMCID: PMC11018269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigate associations of cognitive and brain reserve with trajectories of memory decline in mid-life and late-life, and whether the relationship of memory decline with atrophy differs as a function of reserve. METHODS Participants were 989 Dutch middle-aged to older adults from the SMART-MR prospective cohort, followed up to 12 years with up to 3 measurements of memory and brain MRI. Education and Dutch National Adult Reading Test (DART) were used as proxies of cognitive reserve, and intracranial volume (ICV) and baseline brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) for brain reserve. Univariate growth curve models analyzed associations of reserve with memory decline, and multiple-group bivariate growth curve models tested the longitudinal brain-memory relationship as a function of reserve. Models were additionally stratified by mid-life and late-life. RESULTS Higher DART, education, and BPF were related to a slower rate of memory decline, particularly in late-life, but ICV was not. A positive covariance indicated that an individual who undergoes atrophy also undergoes memory decline-this relationship did not differ across cognitive or brain reserve, but was not present in mid-life. Memory declined slower than brain volume, yet rates were more similar in the low DART, education, and BPF groups. DISCUSSION Higher cognitive (DART, education) and brain reserve (BPF) work protectively in longitudinal memory change. ICV is an inappropriate proxy of brain reserve, failing to show any association with memory performance at baseline or over time. Deconstructing relationships of reserve capacities with longitudinal cognitive and brain outcomes may identify focus areas with potential for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet M J Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rashid Ghaznawi
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten H T Zwartbol
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mirjam I Geerlings
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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The Flexibility of Cognitive Reserve in Regulating the Frontoparietal Control Network and Cognitive Function in Subjects with White Matter Hyperintensities. Behav Brain Res 2022; 425:113831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Liu M, Wang Y, Zhang H, Yang Q, Shi F, Zhou Y, Shen D. OUP accepted manuscript. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:4641-4656. [PMID: 35136966 PMCID: PMC9627024 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcortical ischemic vascular disease could induce subcortical vascular cognitive impairments (SVCIs), such as amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and non-amnestic MCI (naMCI), or sometimes no cognitive impairment (NCI). Previous SVCI studies focused on focal structural lesions such as lacunes and microbleeds, while the functional connectivity networks (FCNs) from functional magnetic resonance imaging are drawing increasing attentions. Considering remarkable variations in structural lesion sizes, we expect that seeking abnormalities in the multiscale hierarchy of brain FCNs could be more informative to differentiate SVCI patients with varied outcomes (NCI, aMCI, and naMCI). Driven by this hypothesis, we first build FCNs based on the atlases at multiple spatial scales for group comparisons and found distributed FCN differences across different spatial scales. We then verify that combining multiscale features in a prediction model could improve differentiation accuracy among NCI, aMCI, and naMCI. Furthermore, we propose a graph convolutional network to integrate the naturally emerged multiscale features based on the brain network hierarchy, which significantly outperforms all other competing methods. In addition, the predictive features derived from our method consistently emphasize the limbic network in identifying aMCI across the different scales. The proposed analysis provides a better understanding of SVCI and may benefit its clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Han Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai United Imaging Intelligence Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Address correspondence to Dinggang Shen, School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China. . Yan Zhou, Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Address correspondence to Dinggang Shen, School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China. . Yan Zhou, Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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Schilter M, Epstein A, Vynckier J, Mujanovic A, Belachew NF, Beyeler M, Siepen B, Goeldlin M, Scutelnic A, Seiffge DJ, Jung S, Gralla J, Dobrocky T, Arnold M, Kaesmacher J, Fischer U, Meinel TR. Chronic cerebral infarctions and white matter lesions link to long-term survival after a first ischemic event: A cohort study. J Neuroimaging 2022; 32:1134-1141. [PMID: 35922890 PMCID: PMC9804158 DOI: 10.1111/jon.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To investigate the association of different phenotypes, count, and locations of chronic covert brain infarctions (CBI) with long-term mortality in patients with first-ever manifest acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Additionally, to analyze their potential interaction with white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and predictive value in addition to established mortality scores. METHODS Single-center cohort study including consecutive patients with first-ever AIS or TIA with available MRI imaging from January 2015 to December 2017. Blinded raters adjudicated CBI phenotypes and WMH (age-related white matter changes score) according to established definitions. We compared Cox regression models including prespecified established predictors of mortality using Harrell's C and likelihood ratio tests. RESULTS A total of 2236 patients (median [interquartile range] age: 71 [59-80] years, 43% female, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale: 2 [1-6], median follow-up: 1436 days, 21% death during follow-up) were included. Increasing WMH (per point adjusted Hazard Ratio [aHR] = 1.29 [1.14-1.45]), but not CBI (aHR = 1.21 [0.99-1.49]), were independently associated with mortality. Neither CBI phenotype, count, nor location was associated with mortality and there was no multiplicative interaction between CBI and WMH (p > .1). As compared to patients without CBI or WMH, patients with moderate or severe WMH and additional CBI had the highest hazards of death (aHR = 1.62 [1.23-2.13]). The Cox regression model including CBI and WMH had a small but significant increment in Harrell's C when compared to the model including 14 clinical variables (0.831 vs. 0.827, p < .001). DISCUSSION WMH represent a strong surrogate biomarker of long-term mortality in first-ever manifest AIS or TIA patients. CBI phenotypes, count, and location seem less relevant. Incorporation of CBI and WMH slightly improves predictive capacity of established risk scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Schilter
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Alessandra Epstein
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Jan Vynckier
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Adnan Mujanovic
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Nebiyat Filate Belachew
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Morin Beyeler
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Bernhard Siepen
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Martina Goeldlin
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Adrian Scutelnic
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - David Julian Seiffge
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Simon Jung
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Jan Gralla
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Tomas Dobrocky
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Marcel Arnold
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Johannes Kaesmacher
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Urs Fischer
- Department of NeurologyBasel University Hospital, University of BaselBernSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Raphael Meinel
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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Cruz T, García L, Álvarez MA, Manzanero AL. Sleep quality and memory function in healthy ageing. Neurologia 2022; 37:31-37. [PMID: 30982545 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between sleep quality and memory in healthy ageing. METHODS The study included 99 people older than 50 years (69 women and 30 men; mean age, 68.74±7.18 years) with no associated diseases. Patients completed digital versions of the Word Learning and Visual Paired Associates tests and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire to assess the quality of sleep. RESULTS Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score was negatively correlated with Visual Paired Associates and Word Learning test performance. Performance in these 2 memory tests decreased in line with sleep quality. In addition, performance in Visual Paired Associates test was negatively correlated with subjective sleep quality, duration, and sleep disturbances. Performance on the Word Learning test was negatively correlated with subjective sleep quality and efficiency. Participants' sex showed a weak effect on Visual Paired Associates performance and sleep latency. CONCLUSIONS Medical professionals working with elderly patients should take into consideration the effect of poor sleep quality on memory. Cognitive impairment in these patients may be a manifestation of a neuroendocrine imbalance due to a disrupted circadian rhythm. More research is needed to prove this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cruz
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - L García
- Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía, La Habana, Cuba
| | - M A Álvarez
- Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía, La Habana, Cuba; Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba
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28
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Statsenko Y, Habuza T, Gorkom KNV, Zaki N, Almansoori TM, Al Zahmi F, Ljubisavljevic MR, Belghali M. Proportional Changes in Cognitive Subdomains During Normal Brain Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:673469. [PMID: 34867263 PMCID: PMC8634589 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.673469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuroscience lacks a reliable method of screening the early stages of dementia. Objective: To improve the diagnostics of age-related cognitive functions by developing insight into the proportionality of age-related changes in cognitive subdomains. Materials and Methods: We composed a battery of psychophysiological tests and collected an open-access psychophysiological outcomes of brain atrophy (POBA) dataset by testing individuals without dementia. To extend the utility of machine learning (ML) classification in cognitive studies, we proposed estimates of the disproportional changes in cognitive functions: an index of simple reaction time to decision-making time (ISD), ISD with the accuracy performance (ISDA), and an index of performance in simple and complex visual-motor reaction with account for accuracy (ISCA). Studying the distribution of the values of the indices over age allowed us to verify whether diverse cognitive functions decline equally throughout life or there is a divergence in age-related cognitive changes. Results: Unsupervised ML clustering shows that the optimal number of homogeneous age groups is four. The sample is segregated into the following age-groups: Adolescents ∈ [0, 20), Young adults ∈ [20, 40), Midlife adults ∈ [40, 60) and Older adults ≥60 year of age. For ISD, ISDA, and ISCA values, only the median of the Adolescents group is different from that of the other three age-groups sharing a similar distribution pattern (p > 0.01). After neurodevelopment and maturation, the indices preserve almost constant values with a slight trend toward functional decline. The reaction to a moving object (RMO) test results (RMO_mean) follow another tendency. The Midlife adults group's median significantly differs from the remaining three age subsamples (p < 0.01). No general trend in age-related changes of this dependent variable is observed. For all the data (ISD, ISDA, ISCA, and RMO_mean), Levene's test reveals no significant changes of the variances in age-groups (p > 0.05). Homoscedasticity also supports our assumption about a linear dependency between the observed features and age. Conclusion: In healthy brain aging, there are proportional age-related changes in the time estimates of information processing speed and inhibitory control in task switching. Future studies should test patients with dementia to determine whether the changes of the aforementioned indicators follow different patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauhen Statsenko
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tetiana Habuza
- Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Klaus Neidl-Van Gorkom
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazar Zaki
- Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb M Almansoori
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatmah Al Zahmi
- Department of Neurology, Mediclinic Middle East Parkview Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Clinical Science, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Milos R Ljubisavljevic
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maroua Belghali
- College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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29
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Hotz I, Deschwanden PF, Mérillat S, Liem F, Kollias S, Jäncke L. Associations of subclinical cerebral small vessel disease and processing speed in non-demented subjects: A 7-year study. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 32:102884. [PMID: 34911190 PMCID: PMC8633374 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Markers of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) have previously been associated with age-related cognitive decline. Using longitudinal data of cognitively healthy, older adults (N = 216, mean age at baseline = 70.9 years), we investigated baseline status and change in white matter hyperintensities (WMH) (total, periventricular, deep), normal appearing white matter (NAWM), brain parenchyma volume (BPV) and processing speed over seven years as well as the impact of different covariates by applying latent growth curve (LGC) models. Generally, we revealed a complex pattern of associations between the different CSVD markers. More specifically, we observed that changes of deep WMH (dWMH), as compared to periventricular WMH (pWMH), were more strongly related to the changes of other CSVD markers and also to baseline processing speed performance. Further, the number of lacunes rather than their volume reflected the severity of CSVD. With respect to the studied covariates, we revealed that higher education had a protective effect on subsequent total WMH, pWMH, lacunar number, NAWM volume, and processing speed performance. The indication of antihypertensive drugs was associated with lower lacunar number and volume at baseline and the indication of antihypercholesterolemic drugs came along with higher processing speed performance at baseline. In summary, our results confirm previous findings, and extend them by providing information on true within-person changes, relationships between the different CSVD markers and brain-behavior associations. The moderate to strong associations between changes of the different CSVD markers indicate a common pathological relationship and, thus, support multidimensional treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hotz
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program (URPP), Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Pascal Frédéric Deschwanden
- University Research Priority Program (URPP), Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susan Mérillat
- University Research Priority Program (URPP), Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franziskus Liem
- University Research Priority Program (URPP), Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Spyridon Kollias
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lutz Jäncke
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program (URPP), Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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30
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Zhu W, Li X, Li X, Wang H, Li M, Gao Z, Wu X, Tian Y, Zhou S, Wang K, Yu Y. The protective impact of education on brain structure and function in Alzheimer's disease. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:423. [PMID: 34717581 PMCID: PMC8557004 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cognitive Reserve (CR) theory posits that brains with higher reserve can cope with more cerebral damage to minimize clinical manifestations. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of education (CR proxy) on brain structure and function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients and in cognitively healthy elderly (HC) individuals. METHODS Fifty-seven AD patients, 57 aMCI patients and 48 HCs were included to investigate the relationships between education years and gray matter volume (GMV), regional homogeneity (ReHo) and functional connectivity (FC) in brain regions to show associations with both structure and function. Taking the severity of the disease into account, we further assessed the relationships in AD stratified analyses. RESULTS In AD group, the GMV of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and ReHo in the left inferior temporal cortex (ITC) were inversely associated with education years, after adjustment for age, sex, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and total intracranial volume or head motion parameters. Seed-based FC analyses revealed that education years were negatively correlated with the FC between the left anterior ITC and left mid frontal cortex as well as right superior frontal cortex and right angular gyrus. Stratified analyses results indicated that this negative relation between education and GMV, ReHo, FC was mainly present in mild AD, which was attenuated in moderate AD and aMCI groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the CR theory, and suggest that CR may be protective against AD related brain pathology at the early stage of clinical dementia. These findings could provide the locus of CR-related functional brain mechanisms and a specific time-window for therapeutic interventions to help AD patients to cope better with the brain pathological damage by increasing CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiu Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xiaoshu Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xiaohu Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Haibao Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Meiqin Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Ziwen Gao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xingqi Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yanghua Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, China.
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31
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Durrani R, Friedrich MG, Schulze KM, Awadalla P, Balasubramanian K, Black SE, Broet P, Busseuil D, Desai D, Dummer T, Dick A, Hicks J, Iype T, Kelton D, Kirpalani A, Lear SA, Leipsic J, Li W, McCreary CR, Moody AR, Noseworthy MD, Parraga G, Poirier P, Rangarajan S, Szczesniak D, Szuba A, Tardif JC, Teo K, Vena JE, Zatonska K, Zimny A, Lee DS, Yusuf S, Anand SS, Smith EE. Effect of Cognitive Reserve on the Association of Vascular Brain Injury With Cognition: Analysis of the PURE and CAHHM Studies. Neurology 2021; 97:e1707-e1716. [PMID: 34504021 PMCID: PMC8605614 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To determine whether cognitive reserve attenuates the association of vascular brain injury with cognition. METHODS Cross-sectional data were analyzed from 2 harmonized studies: the Canadian Alliance for Healthy Hearts and Healthy Minds (CAHHM) and the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Markers of cognitive reserve were education, involvement in social activities, marital status, height, and leisure physical activity, which were combined into a composite score. Vascular brain injury was defined as nonlacunar brain infarcts or high white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden on MRI. Cognition was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Tool (MoCA) and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). RESULTS There were 10,916 participants age 35-81. Mean age was 58.8 years (range 35-81) and 55.8% were female. Education, moderate leisure physical activity, being in a marital partnership, being taller, and participating in social groups were each independently associated with higher cognition, as was the composite cognitive reserve score. Vascular brain injury was associated with lower cognition (β -0.35 [95% confidence interval [CI] -0.53 to -0.17] for MoCA and β -2.19 [95% CI -3.22 to -1.15] for DSST) but the association was not modified by the composite cognitive reserve variable (interaction p = 0.59 for MoCA and p = 0.72 for DSST). CONCLUSIONS Both vascular brain injury and markers of cognitive reserve are associated with cognition. However, the effects were independent such that the adverse effects of covert vascular brain injury were not attenuated by higher cognitive reserve. To improve cognitive brain health, interventions to both prevent cerebrovascular disease and promote positive lifestyles are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romella Durrani
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Matthias G Friedrich
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Karleen M Schulze
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Philip Awadalla
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Philippe Broet
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - David Busseuil
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Dipika Desai
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Trevor Dummer
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Alexander Dick
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jason Hicks
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Thomas Iype
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - David Kelton
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anish Kirpalani
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Scott A Lear
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jonathon Leipsic
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Wei Li
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Cheryl R McCreary
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Alan R Moody
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Michael D Noseworthy
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Grace Parraga
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sumathy Rangarajan
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Dorota Szczesniak
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Andrzej Szuba
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Koon Teo
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Vena
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Katarzyna Zatonska
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anna Zimny
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Douglas S Lee
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sonia S Anand
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Eric E Smith
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
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García-Moreno JA, Cañadas-Pérez F, García-García J, Roldan-Tapia MD. Cognitive Reserve and Anxiety Interactions Play a Fundamental Role in the Response to the Stress. Front Psychol 2021; 12:673596. [PMID: 34539485 PMCID: PMC8446200 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to assess the possible interaction between Cognitive Reserve (CR) and State Anxiety (SA) on adrenocortical and physiological responses in coping situations. Forty healthy, middle-aged men completed the Cognitive Reserve Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. We used an Observational Fear Conditioning (OFC) paradigm in order to assess emotional learning and to induce stress. Electrodermal activity (EDA) and salivary cortisol concentrations were measured throughout the conditions. Our results indicate that those who indicated having higher state anxiety showed a lower capacity for learning the contingency, along with presenting higher salivary cortisol peak response following the observational fear-conditioning paradigm. The most prominent finding was the interaction between cognitive reserve and state anxiety on cortisol response to the post observational fear-conditioning paradigm. Thus, those who showed a high anxiety-state and, at the same time, a high cognitive reserve did not present an increased salivary cortisol response following the observational fear-conditioning paradigm. Given these results, we postulate that the state anxiety reported by participants, reflects emotional activation that hinders the attention needed to process and associate emotional stimuli. However, cognitive reserve has an indirect relation with conditioning, enabling better emotional learning. In this context, cognitive reserve demonstrated a protective effect on hormonal response in coping situations, when reported anxiety or emotional activation were high. These findings suggest that cognitive reserve could be used as a tool to deal with the effects of stressors in life situations, limiting development of the allostatic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A García-Moreno
- CERNEP Research Center, University of Almeria, Almería, Spain.,CEINSAUAL Research Center, University of Almeria, Almería, Spain
| | - Fernando Cañadas-Pérez
- CERNEP Research Center, University of Almeria, Almería, Spain.,CEINSAUAL Research Center, University of Almeria, Almería, Spain
| | | | - María D Roldan-Tapia
- CERNEP Research Center, University of Almeria, Almería, Spain.,CEINSAUAL Research Center, University of Almeria, Almería, Spain
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Jenkins LM, Kogan A, Malinab M, Ingo C, Sedaghat S, Bryan NR, Yaffe K, Parrish TB, Nemeth AJ, Lloyd-Jones DM, Launer LJ, Wang L, Sorond F. Blood pressure, executive function, and network connectivity in middle-aged adults at risk of dementia in late life. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024265118. [PMID: 34493658 PMCID: PMC8449402 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024265118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Midlife blood pressure is associated with structural brain changes, cognitive decline, and dementia in late life. However, the relationship between early adulthood blood pressure exposure, brain structure and function, and cognitive performance in midlife is not known. A better understanding of these relationships in the preclinical stage may advance our mechanistic understanding of vascular contributions to late-life cognitive decline and dementia and may provide early therapeutic targets. To identify resting-state functional connectivity of executive control networks (ECNs), a group independent components analysis was performed of functional MRI scans of 600 individuals from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults longitudinal cohort study, with cumulative systolic blood pressure (cSBP) measured at nine visits over the preceding 30 y. Dual regression analysis investigated performance-related connectivity of ECNs in 578 individuals (mean age 55.5 ± 3.6 y, 323 female, 243 Black) with data from the Stroop color-word task of executive function. Greater connectivity of a left ECN to the bilateral anterior gyrus rectus, right posterior orbitofrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens was associated with better executive control performance on the Stroop. Mediation analyses showed that while the relationship between cSBP and Stroop performance was mediated by white matter hyperintensities (WMH), resting-state connectivity of the ECN mediated the relationship between WMH and executive function. Increased connectivity of the left ECN to regions involved in reward processing appears to compensate for the deleterious effects of WMH on executive function in individuals across the burden of cumulative systolic blood pressure exposure in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M Jenkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;
| | - Alexandr Kogan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Matthew Malinab
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Carson Ingo
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Sanaz Sedaghat
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Nick R Bryan
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121
| | - Todd B Parrish
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
| | - Alexander J Nemeth
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Donald M Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 20814
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Farzaneh Sorond
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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Sleep quality and memory function in healthy ageing. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2021; 37:31-37. [PMID: 34518120 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between sleep quality and memory in healthy ageing. METHODS The study included 99 people older than 50 years (69 women and 30 men; mean age, 68.74 ± 7.18 years) with no associated diseases. Patients completed digital versions of the Word Learning (WL) and Visual Paired Associates (VPA) tests and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire to assess the quality of sleep. RESULTS PSQI score was negatively correlated with VPA and WL test performance. Performance in these 2 memory tests decreased in line with sleep quality. In addition, performance in VPA test was negatively correlated with subjective sleep quality, duration, and sleep disturbances. Performance on the WL test was negatively correlated with subjective sleep quality and efficiency. Participants' sex showed a weak effect on VPA performance and sleep latency. CONCLUSIONS Medical professionals working with elderly patients should take into consideration the effect of poor sleep quality on memory. Cognitive impairment in these patients may be a manifestation of a neuroendocrine imbalance due to a disrupted circadian rhythm. More research is needed to prove this hypothesis.
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Du X, Gao Y, Liu S, Zhang J, Basnet D, Yang J, Liu J, Deng Y, Hu J, Wang P, Liu J. Early Warning Value of ASL-MRI to Estimate Premorbid Variations in Patients With Early Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunctions. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:670332. [PMID: 34483876 PMCID: PMC8416237 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.670332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a general complication following cardiac and major non-cardiac surgery amongst the elderly, yet its causes and mechanisms are still unknown. The present study aimed to detect whether regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) is altered in the brain before surgery in POCD patients compared with non-POCD (NPOCD) patients, thus, CBF variation may potentially predict the occurrence of early POCD. Methods: Fifty patients scheduled for spinal stenosis surgery were enrolled in the study. All study participants completed a battery of neuropsychological tests (NPTs) by a well-trained neuropsychologist before the surgery and 1 week after the surgery. POCD was defined when the preoperative to postoperative difference of at least two of the NPTs’ |Z|-scores with reference to a control group exceeded 1.96. Pulsed arterial spin-labeling (ASL) MRI was scanned at least 1 day before surgery. The ASLtbx toolkit and SPM12 were applied to preprocess and correct the images, which were then normalized to the MNI brain template space to obtain standardized cerebral perfusion images. Results: POCD was identified in 11 out of 50 patients (22%). The CBF of the right superior temporal lobe, right and left middle cingulate gyrus, and the right hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus in POCD group was lower than that in NPOCD group (P < 0.001). The CBF of the pars triangularis of inferior frontal gyrus in POCD group was higher than that in NPOCD group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that CBF premorbid alterations may happen in cognitively intact elderly patients that develop early POCD. Alterations of preoperative CBF might be a bio-marker for early POCD that can be detected by noninvasive MRI scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Su Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingya Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Diksha Basnet
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiehui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijie Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Vipin A, Wong BYX, Kumar D, Low A, Ng KP, Kandiah N. Association between white matter hyperintensity load and grey matter atrophy in mild cognitive impairment is not unidirectional. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:10973-10988. [PMID: 33861727 PMCID: PMC8109133 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging measures of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include grey matter volume (GMV) alterations in the Default Mode Network (DMN) and Executive Control Network (ECN). Small-vessel cerebrovascular disease, often visualised as white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on MRI, is often seen in AD. However, the relationship between WMH load and GMV needs further examination. We examined the load-dependent influence of WMH on GMV and cognition in 183 subjects. T1-MRI data from 93 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and 90 cognitively normal subjects were studied and WMH load was categorized into low, medium and high terciles. We examined how differing loads of WMH related to whole-brain voxel-wise and regional DMN and ECN GMV. We further investigated how regional GMV moderated the relationship between WMH and cognition. We found differential load-dependent effects of WMH burden on voxel-wise and regional atrophy in only MCI. At high load, as expected WMH negatively related to both ECN and DMN GMV, however at low load, WMH positively related to ECN GMV. Additionally, negative associations between WMH and memory and executive function were moderated by regional GMV. Our results demonstrate non-unidirectional relationships between WMH load, GMV and cognition in MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwati Vipin
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Dilip Kumar
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Audrey Low
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Pin Ng
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian-Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian-Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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O'Shea DM, Thomas KR, Asken B, Lee AK, Davis JD, Malloy PF, Salloway SP, Correia S. Adding cognition to AT(N) models improves prediction of cognitive and functional decline. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 13:e12174. [PMID: 33816757 PMCID: PMC8012408 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study sought to determine whether adding cognition to a model with Alzheimer's disease biomarkers based on the amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration/neuronal injury-AT(N)-biomarker framework predicts rates of cognitive and functional decline in older adults without dementia. METHODS The study included 465 participants who completed amyloid positron emission tomography, cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated tau, structural magnetic resonance imaging, and serial neuropsychological testing. Using the AT(N) framework and a newly validated cognitive metric as the independent variables, we used linear mixed effects models to examine a 4-year rate of change in cognitive and functional measures. RESULTS The inclusion of baseline cognitive status improved model fit in predicting rate of decline in outcomes above and beyond biomarker variables. Specifically, those with worse cognitive functioning at baseline had faster rates of memory and functional decline over a 4-year period, even when accounting for AT(N). DISCUSSION Including a newly validated measure of baseline cognition may improve clinical prognosis in non-demented older adults beyond the use of AT(N) biomarkers alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre M. O'Shea
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Kelsey R. Thomas
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San Diego, La JollaCAUSA
| | - Breton Asken
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Athene K.W. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Jennifer D. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Paul F. Malloy
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Stephen P. Salloway
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Stephen Correia
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
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Lin C, Huang CM, Karim HT, Liu HL, Lee TMC, Wu CW, Toh CH, Tsai YF, Yen TH, Lee SH. Greater white matter hyperintensities and the association with executive function in suicide attempters with late-life depression. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 103:60-67. [PMID: 33845397 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Late-life depression (LLD) is associated with greater risk of suicide and white matter hyperintensities (WMH), which are also found in suicide attempters regardless of age. Greater periventricular WMH are related to worse cognitive function. We investigated the spatial distribution of WMH in suicide attempters with LLD and its association with cognitive function. We recruited 114 participants with LLD (34 with history of suicide attempt and 80 without) and 47 older adult controls (individuals without LLD or history of suicide attempt). WMH were quantified by an automated segmentation algorithm and were classified into different regions. Suicide attempters with LLD had significantly higher global WMH (F3, 150 = 2.856, p = 0.039) and periventricular WMH (F3, 150 = 3.635, p = 0.014) compared to other groups. Suicide attempters with high WMH had significantly lower executive function, which could be an underlying mechanism for cognitive decline in older adults with suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chemin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan; Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Mao Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Helmet T Karim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ho-Ling Liu
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tatia Mei-Chun Lee
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Changwei W Wu
- Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Hong Toh
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fang Tsai
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan City, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan City, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Hai Yen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan; Department of Nephrology and Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Hua Lee
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan County, Taiwan.
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Sanderson-Cimino M, Panizzon MS, Elman JA, Tu X, Gustavson DE, Puckett O, Cross K, Notestine R, Hatton SN, Eyler LT, McEvoy LK, Hagler DJ, Neale MC, Gillespie NA, Lyons MJ, Franz CE, Fennema-Notestine C, Kremen WS. Periventricular and deep abnormal white matter differ in associations with cognitive performance at midlife. Neuropsychology 2021; 35:252-264. [PMID: 33970659 PMCID: PMC8500190 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Abnormal white matter (AWM) on magnetic resonance imaging is associated with cognitive performance in older adults. We explored cognitive associations with AWM during late-midlife. Method: Participants were community-dwelling men (n = 242; M = 61.90 years; range = 56-66). Linear-mixed effects regression models examined associations of total, periventricular, and deep AWM with cognitive performance, controlling for multiple comparisons. Models considering specific cognitive domains controlled for current general cognitive ability (GCA). We hypothesized that total AWM would be associated with worse processing speed, executive function, and current GCA; deep AWM would correlate with GCA and periventricular AWM would relate to specific cognitive abilities. We also assessed the potential influence of cognitive reserve by examining a moderation effect of early life (mean age of 20) cognition. Results: Greater total and deep AWM were associated with poorer current GCA. Periventricular AWM was associated with worse executive function, working memory, and episodic memory. When periventricular and deep AWM were modeled simultaneously, both retained their respective significant associations with cognitive performance. Cognitive reserve did not moderate associations. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that AWM contributes to poorer cognitive function in late-midlife. Examining only total AWM may obscure the potential differential impact of regional AWM. Separating total AWM into subtypes while controlling for current GCA revealed a dissociation in relationships with cognitive performance; deep AWM was associated with nonspecific cognitive ability whereas periventricular AWM was associated with specific frontal-related abilities and memory. Management of vascular or other risk factors that may increase the risk of AWM should begin during or before early late-midlife. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State/University of California
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
| | - Xin Tu
- Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Olivia Puckett
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
| | | | - Randy Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
- Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory (CASL) at the San Diego Supercomputer Center
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California
| | - Lisa T. Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
- Mental Illness Research, Education, And Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System
| | - Linda K. McEvoy
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego
| | | | - Michael C. Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Nathan A. Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego
| | - William S. Kremen
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System
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40
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Meeker KL, Wisch JK, Hudson D, Coble D, Xiong C, Babulal GM, Gordon BA, Schindler SE, Cruchaga C, Flores S, Dincer A, Benzinger TL, Morris JC, Ances BM. Socioeconomic Status Mediates Racial Differences Seen Using the AT(N) Framework. Ann Neurol 2021; 89:254-265. [PMID: 33111990 PMCID: PMC7903892 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES African Americans are at greater risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia than non-Hispanic whites. In addition to biological considerations (eg, genetic influences and comorbid disorders), social and environmental factors may increase the risk of AD dementia. This paper (1) assesses neuroimaging biomarkers of amyloid (A), tau (T), and neurodegeneration (N) for potential racial differences and (2) considers mediating effects of socioeconomic status (SES) and measures of small vessel and cardiovascular disease on observed race differences. METHODS Imaging measures of AT(N) (amyloid and tau positron emission tomography [PET]) structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and resting state functional connectivity (rs-fc) were collected from African American (n = 131) and white (n = 685) cognitively normal participants age 45 years and older. Measures of small vessel and cardiovascular disease (white matter hyperintensities [WMHs] on MRI, blood pressure, and body mass index [BMI]) and area-based SES were included in mediation analyses. RESULTS Compared to white participants, African American participants had greater neurodegeneration, as measured by decreased cortical volumes (Cohen's f2 = 0.05, p < 0.001). SES mediated the relationship between race and cortical volumes. There were no significant race effects for amyloid, tau, or rs-fc signature. INTERPRETATION Modifiable factors, such as differences in social contexts and resources, particularly area-level SES, may contribute to observed racial differences in AD. Future studies should emphasize collection of relevant psychosocial factors in addition to the development of intentional diversity and inclusion efforts to improve the racial/ethnic and socioeconomic representativeness of AD studies. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:254-265.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin L Meeker
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie K Wisch
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Darrell Hudson
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dean Coble
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ganesh M Babulal
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian A Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suzanne E Schindler
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shaney Flores
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aylin Dincer
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie L Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Beau M Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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41
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Huang L, Chen X, Sun W, Chen H, Ye Q, Yang D, Li M, Luo C, Ma J, Shao P, Xu H, Zhang B, Zhu X, Xu Y. Early Segmental White Matter Fascicle Microstructural Damage Predicts the Corresponding Cognitive Domain Impairment in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Patients by Automated Fiber Quantification. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:598242. [PMID: 33505302 PMCID: PMC7829360 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.598242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To characterize earlier damage pattern of white matter (WM) microstructure in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and its relationship with cognitive domain dysfunction. Methods: A total of 144 CSVD patients and 100 healthy controls who underwent neuropsychological measurements and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) examination were recruited. Cognitive function, emotion, and gait were assessed in each participant. The automated fiber quantification (AFQ) technique was used to extract different fiber properties between groups, and partial correlation and general linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between position-specific WM microstructure and cognitive function. Results: Specific segments in the association fibers, commissural WM regions of interest (ROIs), and projection fibers were damaged in the CSVD group [P < 0.05, family-wise error (FWE) correction], and these damaged segments showed interhemispheric symmetry. In addition, the damage to specific tract profiles [including the posteromedial component of the right cingulum cingulate (CC), the occipital lobe portion of the callosum forceps major, the posterior portion of the left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), and the bilateral anterior thalamic radiation (ATR)] was related to the dysfunction in specific cognitive domains. Among these tracts, we found the ATR to be the key set of tracts whose profiles were most associated with cognitive dysfunction. The left ATR was a specific fiber bundle associated with episode memory and language function, whereas the fractional anisotropy (FA) values of the intermediate component of the right ATR were negatively correlated with executive function and gait evaluation. It should be noted that the abovementioned relationships could not survive the Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05/27), so we chose more liberal uncorrected statistical thresholds. Conclusions: Damage to the WM fiber bundles showed extensive interhemispheric symmetry and was limited to particular segments in CSVD patients. Disruption of strategically located fibers was associated with different cognitive deficits, especially the bilateral ATR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neurological Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neurological Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenshan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neurological Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neurological Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neurological Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neurological Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengchun Li
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neurological Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Caimei Luo
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neurological Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyi Ma
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neurological Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Shao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neurological Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Hengheng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neurological Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neurological Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neurological Medical Center, Nanjing, China
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Boutzoukas EM, O'Shea A, Albizu A, Evangelista ND, Hausman HK, Kraft JN, Van Etten EJ, Bharadwaj PK, Smith SG, Song H, Porges EC, Hishaw A, DeKosky ST, Wu SS, Marsiske M, Alexander GE, Cohen R, Woods AJ. Frontal White Matter Hyperintensities and Executive Functioning Performance in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:672535. [PMID: 34262445 PMCID: PMC8273864 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.672535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontal lobe structures decline faster than most other brain regions in older adults. Age-related change in the frontal lobe is associated with poorer executive function (e.g., working memory, switching/set-shifting, and inhibitory control). The effects and presence of frontal lobe white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on executive function in normal aging is relatively unknown. The current study assessed relationships between region-specific frontal WMH load and cognitive performance in healthy older adults using three executive function tasks from the NIH Toolbox (NIHTB) Cognition Battery. A cohort of 279 healthy older adults ages 65-88 completed NIHTB and 3T T1-weighted and FLAIR MRI. Lesion Segmentation Toolbox quantified WMH volume and generated lesion probability maps. Individual lesion maps were registered to the Desikan-Killiany atlas in FreeSurfer 6.0 to define regions of interest (ROI). Independent linear regressions assessed relationships between executive function performance and region-specific WMH in frontal lobe ROIs. All models included age, sex, education, estimated total intracranial volume, multi-site scanner differences, and cardiovascular disease risk using Framingham criteria as covariates. Poorer set-shifting performance was associated with greater WMH load in three frontal ROIs including bilateral superior frontal (left β = -0.18, FDR-p = 0.02; right β = -0.20, FDR-p = 0.01) and right medial orbitofrontal (β = -0.17, FDR-p = 0.02). Poorer inhibitory performance associated with higher WMH load in one frontal ROI, the right superior frontal (right β = -0.21, FDR-p = 0.01). There were no significant associations between working memory and WMH in frontal ROIs. Our study demonstrates that location and pattern of frontal WMH may be important to assess when examining age-related differences in cognitive functions involving switching/set-shifting and inhibition. On the other hand, working memory performance was not related to presence of frontal WMH in this sample. These data suggest that WMH may contribute selectively to age-related declines in executive function. Findings emerged beyond predictors known to be associated with WMH presence, including age and cardiovascular disease risk. The spread of WMH within the frontal lobes may play a key role in the neuropsychological profile of cognitive aging. Further research should explore whether early intervention on modifiable vascular factors or cognitive interventions targeted for executive abilities may help mitigate the effect of frontal WMH on executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel M. Boutzoukas
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Andrew O'Shea
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alejandro Albizu
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nicole D. Evangelista
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Hanna K. Hausman
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jessica N. Kraft
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Emily J. Van Etten
- Department of Psychology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Pradyumna K. Bharadwaj
- Department of Psychology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Samantha G. Smith
- Department of Psychology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Hyun Song
- Department of Psychology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Eric C. Porges
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alex Hishaw
- Department Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Steven T. DeKosky
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Samuel S. Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michael Marsiske
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gene E. Alexander
- Department of Psychology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Programs, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona and Arizona Alzheimer's Disease Consortium, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ronald Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Adam J. Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Adam J. Woods
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Brain Reserve in a Case of Cognitive Resilience to Severe Leukoaraiosis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2021; 27:99-108. [PMID: 32539895 PMCID: PMC7738360 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617720000569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leukoaraiosis, or white matter rarefaction, is a common imaging finding in aging and is presumed to reflect vascular disease. When severe in presentation, potential congenital or acquired etiologies are investigated, prompting referral for neuropsychological evaluation in addition to neuroimaging. T2-weighted imaging is the most common magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach to identifying white matter disease. However, more advanced diffusion MRI techniques may provide additional insight into mechanisms that influence the abnormal T2 signal, especially when clinical presentations are discrepant with imaging findings. METHOD We present a case of a 74-year-old woman with severe leukoaraoisis. She was examined by a neurologist, neuropsychologist, and rheumatologist, and completed conventional (T1, T2-FLAIR) MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and advanced single-shell, high b-value diffusion MRI (i.e., fiber ball imaging [FBI]). RESULTS The patient was found to have few neurological signs, no significant cognitive impairment, a negative workup for leukoencephalopathy, and a positive antibody for Sjogren's disease for which her degree of leukoaraiosis would be highly atypical. Tractography results indicate intact axonal architecture that was better resolved using FBI rather than DTI. CONCLUSIONS This case illustrates exceptional cognitive resilience in the face of severe leukoaraiosis and the potential for advanced diffusion MRI to identify brain reserve.
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Duda BM, Keith CM, Sweet LH. CHA2DS2-VASc Stroke Risk Index and Executive Functioning in Older Adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2020; 35:155-164. [PMID: 31423534 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CHA2DS2-VASc is a stroke risk classification system developed to improve the precision of stroke risk classification. The current study examined the validity of CHA2DS2-VASc in a sample of healthy older adults using executive function measures of processing speed, working memory, and cognitive flexibility that are sensitive to cerebrovascular risk factors. METHODS Participants included 51 community-dwelling, healthy older adults (ages 53-86) recruited from both the community and cardiology clinics. CHA2DS2-VASc was utilized as a measure of stroke risk. Measures of executive functioning and processing speed included the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS) Number-Letter Switching, and Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) Coding. RESULTS CHA2DS2-VASc scores significantly predicted scores on the PASAT, DKEFS Number-Letter Switching, and RBANS Coding, such that greater stroke risk was associated with poorer performances on tests of executive functioning and processing speed. These relationships were observed over and above the potential influence of educational attainment and symptoms of depression. CONCLUSION Significant relations between stroke risk classification and performance on several measures of executive functioning provide support for a wider and more generalized use of CHA2DS2-VASc with healthy older adults. These findings further highlight the importance of early identification and treatment of stroke risk factors associated with cognitive decline. Findings suggest that CHA2DS2-VASc is a practical and useful tool for patients and their providers in the early detection of stroke risk and development of individualized treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant M Duda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Cierra M Keith
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Lawrence H Sweet
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Cognitive Reserve Proxies Do Not Differentially Account for Cognitive Performance in Patients with Focal Frontal and Non-Frontal Lesions. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2020; 26:739-748. [PMID: 32312348 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617720000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive reserve (CR) suggests that premorbid efficacy, aptitude, and flexibility of cognitive processing can aid the brain's ability to cope with change or damage. Our previous work has shown that age and literacy attainment predict the cognitive performance of frontal patients on frontal-executive tests. However, it remains unknown whether CR also predicts the cognitive performance of non-frontal patients. METHOD We investigated the independent effect of a CR proxy, National Adult Reading Test (NART) IQ, as well as age and lesion group (frontal vs. non-frontal) on measures of executive function, intelligence, processing speed, and naming in 166 patients with focal, unilateral frontal lesions; 91 patients with focal, unilateral non-frontal lesions; and 136 healthy controls. RESULTS Fitting multiple linear regression models for each cognitive measure revealed that NART IQ predicted executive, intelligence, and naming performance. Age also significantly predicted performance on the executive and processing speed tests. Finally, belonging to the frontal group predicted executive and naming performance, while membership of the non-frontal group predicted intelligence. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that age, lesion group, and literacy attainment play independent roles in predicting cognitive performance following stroke or brain tumour. However, the relationship between CR and focal brain damage does not differ in the context of frontal and non-frontal lesions.
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Soldan A, Pettigrew C, Zhu Y, Wang M, Gottesman RF, DeCarli C, Albert M. Cognitive reserve and midlife vascular risk: Cognitive and clinical outcomes. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:1307-1317. [PMID: 32856790 PMCID: PMC7448143 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine whether cognitive reserve moderates the association of 1) vascular risk factors and 2) white matter hyperintensity burden with risk of clinical progression and longitudinal cognitive decline. METHODS BIOCARD Study participants were cognitively normal and primarily middle-aged (M = 57 years) at baseline and have been followed with annual cognitive and clinical assessments (M = 13 years). Baseline cognitive reserve was indexed with a composite score combining education with reading and vocabulary scores. Baseline vascular risk (N = 229) was assessed with a composite risk score reflecting five vascular risk factors. Baseline white matter hyperintensity load (N = 271) was measured with FLAIR magnetic resonance imaging. Cox regression models assessed risk of progression from normal cognition to onset of clinical symptoms of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Longitudinal mixed effects models measured the relationship of these variables to cognitive decline, using a global composite score, and executive function and episodic memory sub-scores. RESULTS Both vascular risk and white matter hyperintensities were associated with cognitive decline, particularly in executive function. Higher vascular risk, but not white matter hyperintensity burden, was associated with an increased risk of progression to Mild Cognitive Impairment. Higher cognitive reserve was associated with a reduced risk of symptom onset and higher levels of baseline cognition but did not modify the associations between the vascular risk score and white matter hyperintensities with clinical progression or cognitive decline. INTERPRETATION Although cognitive reserve has protective effects on clinical and cognitive outcomes, it does not mitigate the negative impact of vascular risk and small vessel cerebrovascular disease on these same outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Soldan
- Department of NeurologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205
| | - Corinne Pettigrew
- Department of NeurologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205
| | - Yuxin Zhu
- Department of BiostatisticsJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMD21287
| | - Mei‐Cheng Wang
- Department of BiostatisticsJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMD21287
| | - Rebecca F. Gottesman
- Department of NeurologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, Davis, School of MedicineDavisCA95616
| | - Marilyn Albert
- Department of NeurologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205
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Schirmer MD, Donahue KL, Nardin MJ, Dalca AV, Giese AK, Etherton MR, Mocking SJT, McIntosh EC, Cole JW, Holmegaard L, Jood K, Jimenez-Conde J, Kittner SJ, Lemmens R, Meschia JF, Rosand J, Roquer J, Rundek T, Sacco RL, Schmidt R, Sharma P, Slowik A, Stanne TM, Vagal A, Wasselius J, Woo D, Bevan S, Heitsch L, Phuah CL, Strbian D, Tatlisumak T, Levi CR, Attia J, McArdle PF, Worrall BB, Wu O, Jern C, Lindgren A, Maguire J, Thijs V, Rost NS. Brain Volume: An Important Determinant of Functional Outcome After Acute Ischemic Stroke. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:955-965. [PMID: 32370856 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether brain volume is associated with functional outcome after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was conducted between July 1, 2014, and March 16, 2019. We analyzed cross-sectional data of the multisite, international hospital-based MRI-Genetics Interface Exploration study with clinical brain magnetic resonance imaging obtained on admission for index stroke and functional outcome assessment. Poststroke outcome was determined using the modified Rankin Scale score (0-6; 0 = asymptomatic; 6 = death) recorded between 60 and 190 days after stroke. Demographic characteristics and other clinical variables including acute stroke severity (measured as National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score), vascular risk factors, and etiologic stroke subtypes (Causative Classification of Stroke system) were recorded during index admission. RESULTS Utilizing the data from 912 patients with AIS (mean ± SD age, 65.3±14.5 years; male, 532 [58.3%]; history of smoking, 519 [56.9%]; hypertension, 595 [65.2%]) in a generalized linear model, brain volume (per 155.1 cm3) was associated with age (β -0.3 [per 14.4 years]), male sex (β 1.0), and prior stroke (β -0.2). In the multivariable outcome model, brain volume was an independent predictor of modified Rankin Scale score (β -0.233), with reduced odds of worse long-term functional outcomes (odds ratio, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.7-0.9) in those with larger brain volumes. CONCLUSION Larger brain volume quantified on clinical magnetic resonance imaging of patients with AIS at the time of stroke purports a protective mechanism. The role of brain volume as a prognostic, protective biomarker has the potential to forge new areas of research and advance current knowledge of the mechanisms of poststroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston; Department of Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Kathleen L Donahue
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Marco J Nardin
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Adrian V Dalca
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Anne-Katrin Giese
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Mark R Etherton
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Steven J T Mocking
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Elissa C McIntosh
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - John W Cole
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lukas Holmegaard
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katarina Jood
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jordi Jimenez-Conde
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steven J Kittner
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jonathan Rosand
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Jaume Roquer
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- Department of Neurology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Royal Holloway University of London (ICR2UL), Egham, UK, and St Peter's and Ashford Hospitals Foundation Trust, Chertsey, UK
| | - Agnieszka Slowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tara M Stanne
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Achala Vagal
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Johan Wasselius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Radiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Daniel Woo
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Stephen Bevan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Laura Heitsch
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Chia-Ling Phuah
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St Louis, MO
| | - Daniel Strbian
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher R Levi
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Attia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick F McArdle
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Bradford B Worrall
- Department of Neurology and Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Ona Wu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Christina Jern
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindgren
- Department of Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jane Maguire
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vincent Thijs
- Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Natalia S Rost
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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Chung SJ, Kim HR, Jung JH, Lee PH, Jeong Y, Sohn YH. Identifying the Functional Brain Network of Motor Reserve in Early Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 35:577-586. [PMID: 32096277 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severity of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) does not always correlate with the degree of nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss. Individuals with greater motor reserve may have milder motor signs than their striatal dopamine loss. In this study, we explored the functional brain network associated with motor reserve in early-stage PD. METHODS We analyzed 134 patients with de novo PD who underwent dopamine transporter scans and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. We estimated individual motor reserve based on initial motor deficits and striatal dopamine depletion using a residual model. We applied network-based statistic analysis to identify the functional brain network associated with the measure of motor reserve (ie, motor reserve network). We also assessed the effect of motor reserve network connectivity strength on the longitudinal increase in levodopa-equivalent dose during the 2-year follow-up period. RESULTS Network-based statistic analysis identified the motor reserve network composed of the basal ganglia, inferior frontal cortex, insula, and cerebellar vermis at a primary threshold of P value 0.001. Patients with an increased degree of functional connectivity within the motor reserve network had greater motor reserve. There was a significant interaction between the motor reserve network strength and time in the linear mixed model, indicating that higher motor reserve network strength was associated with slower longitudinal increase in levodopa-equivalent dose. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed the functional brain network associated with motor reserve in patients with early-stage PD. Functional connections within the motor reserve network are associated with the individual's capacity to cope with PD-related pathologies. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Jong Chung
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Hang-Rai Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,KI for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin Ho Jung
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Jeong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,KI for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young H Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Kong TS, Gratton C, Low KA, Tan CH, Chiarelli AM, Fletcher MA, Zimmerman B, Maclin EL, Sutton BP, Gratton G, Fabiani M. Age-related differences in functional brain network segregation are consistent with a cascade of cerebrovascular, structural, and cognitive effects. Netw Neurosci 2020; 4:89-114. [PMID: 32043045 PMCID: PMC7006874 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related declines in cognition are associated with widespread structural and functional brain changes, including changes in resting-state functional connectivity and gray and white matter status. Recently we have shown that the elasticity of cerebral arteries also explains some of the variance in cognitive and brain health in aging. Here, we investigated how network segregation, cerebral arterial elasticity (measured with pulse-DOT-the arterial pulse based on diffuse optical tomography) and gray and white matter status jointly account for age-related differences in cognitive performance. We hypothesized that at least some of the variance in brain and cognitive aging is linked to reduced cerebrovascular elasticity, leading to increased cortical atrophy and white matter abnormalities, which, in turn, are linked to reduced network segregation and decreases in cognitive performance. Pairwise comparisons between these variables are consistent with an exploratory hierarchical model linking them, especially when focusing on association network segregation (compared with segregation in sensorimotor networks). These findings suggest that preventing or slowing age-related changes in one or more of these factors may induce a neurophysiological cascade beneficial for preserving cognition in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania S. Kong
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Caterina Gratton
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, IL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, IL, USA
| | - Kathy A. Low
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Chin Hong Tan
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Division of Psychology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonio M. Chiarelli
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mark A. Fletcher
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Edward L. Maclin
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Bradley P. Sutton
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Gabriele Gratton
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Monica Fabiani
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
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50
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Gampawar P, Schmidt R, Schmidt H. Leukocyte Telomere Length Is Related to Brain Parenchymal Fraction and Attention/Speed in the Elderly: Results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:100. [PMID: 32180739 PMCID: PMC7059269 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There are controversial results if leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is related to structural brain changes and cognitive decline in aging. Here, we investigated the association between LTL and 1) global MRI correlates of brain aging such as brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) load and Fazekas score as well as 2) global (g-factor) and domain-specific cognition such as attention/speed, conceptualization, memory, and visuopractical skills. In total, 909 participants of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study with LTL, MRI, and cognitive tests were included. There were 388 (42.7%) men, and the mean age was 65.9 years. Longer LTL was significantly associated with larger BPF (β = 0.43, p < 0.001), larger WMH load (β = 0.03, p = 0.04), and score (β = 0.05, p = 0.04) after adjusting for age, sex, vascular risk factors, and ApoE4 carrier status. The effect on BPF was more significant in the subgroups of women (β = 0.51, p = 0.001), age >65 years (β = 0.58, p = 0.002), BMI ≥ 25 (β = 0.40, p = 0.004), education ≤10 years (β = 0.42, p = 0.002), hypertensives (β = 0.51, p = 0.001), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (β = 0.58, p = 0.005), non-diabetics (β = 0.42, p < 0.001), and Apoe4 non-carriers (β = 0.49, p < 0.001). The effect on WMH was significant within the hypertensives (load: β = 0.04, p = 0.02), non-diabetics (load:β = 0.03, p = 0.01; score: β = 0.06, p = 0.02), in those with education ≤10 years (load: β = 0.03, p = 0.04; score: β = 0.07, p = 0.02), in ApoE4 non-carriers (load: β = 0.03, p = 0.02; score: β = 0.07, p = 0.01) and in subjects without CVD (score: β = 0.06, p = 0.05). We only observed a significant association between LTL and the cognitive domain of attention/speed, which was confined to the subgroups of BMI ≥ 25 (β = 0.04, p = 0.05) and education ≤10 years (β = 0.04, p = 0.05). The effect of LTL on attention/speed was partly mediated in both subgroups by BPF (β = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.01:0.03) when tested by bootstrapping. Our results support a strong protective role of longer LTL on global brain volume which in turn may contribute to better cognitive functions, especially in the attention/speed domain in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Gampawar
- Research Unit-Genetic Epidemiology, Gottfried Schatz Research Centre for Cell Signalling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Research Unit-Genetic Epidemiology, Gottfried Schatz Research Centre for Cell Signalling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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