1
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Yang G, Jiang J. Cost-benefit Tradeoff Mediates the Rule- to Memory-based Processing Transition during Practice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.580214. [PMID: 38405946 PMCID: PMC10888779 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Practice not only improves task performance, but also changes task execution from rule- to memory-based processing by incorporating experiences from practice. However, how and when this change occurs is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that strategy transition in task learning results from cost-benefit analysis. Participants learned two task sequences and were then queried about the task type at a cued sequence and position. Behavioral improvement with practice can be accounted for by a computational model implementing cost-benefit analysis. Model-predicted strategy transition points are related to behavioral slowing and changes in fMRI activation patterns in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Strategy transition is also related to increased pattern separation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The cost-benefit analysis model outperforms alternative models (e.g., both strategies racing for being expressed in behavior) in accounting for empirical data. These findings support cost-benefit analysis as a mechanism of practice-induced strategy shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochun Yang
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jiefeng Jiang
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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2
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Patel T, Morales M, Pickering MJ, Hoffman P. A common neural code for meaning in discourse production and comprehension. Neuroimage 2023; 279:120295. [PMID: 37536526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
How does the brain code the meanings conveyed by language? Neuroimaging studies have investigated this by linking neural activity patterns during discourse comprehension to semantic models of language content. Here, we applied this approach to the production of discourse for the first time. Participants underwent fMRI while producing and listening to discourse on a range of topics. We used a distributional semantic model to quantify the similarity between different speech passages and identified where similarity in neural activity was predicted by semantic similarity. When people produced discourse, speech on similar topics elicited similar activation patterns in a widely distributed and bilateral brain network. This network was overlapping with, but more extensive than, the regions that showed similarity effects during comprehension. Critically, cross-task neural similarities between comprehension and production were also predicted by similarities in semantic content. This result suggests that discourse semantics engages a common neural code that is shared between comprehension and production. Effects of semantic similarity were bilateral in all three RSA analyses, even while univariate activation contrasts in the same data indicated left-lateralised BOLD responses. This indicates that right-hemisphere regions encode semantic properties even when they are not activated above baseline. We suggest that right-hemisphere regions play a supporting role in processing the meaning of discourse during both comprehension and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Patel
- School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Matías Morales
- School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Martin J Pickering
- School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Paul Hoffman
- School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
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3
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Pu M, Heleven E, Ma Q, Bylemans T, Baetens K, Haihambo NP, Baeken C, Deroost N, Van Overwalle F. The posterior cerebellum and social action sequences in a cooperative context. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022:10.1007/s12311-022-01420-5. [PMID: 35648333 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that the posterior cerebellum encodes predictions and sequences of social actions, and also supports detecting inconsistent trait-implying actions of individuals as discussed by Pu et al. (2020, 2021). However, little is known about the role of the posterior cerebellum in detecting sequencing and inconsistencies by a group of individuals during social interaction. Therefore, the present study investigates these cerebellar functions during inconsistent trait-implying actions in a cooperative context. We presented scenarios in which two fictitious protagonists work together to accomplish a common (positive or negative) goal, followed by six sentences describing actions that implied a personality trait of the protagonists. Participants had to memorize the sequence of these actions. Crucially, the implied trait of the actions of the first protagonist contributed to achieving the goal, whereas the implied trait of the second protagonist was either consistent or inconsistent with that goal. As comparison, we added control conditions where participants had to memorize sequences of nonsocial events (implying the same characteristic of two objects), or simply read the social actions without memorizing their order. We found that the posterior cerebellum was activated while memorizing the sequence of social actions compared to simply reading these actions. More importantly, the cerebellar Crus was more strongly activated when detecting inconsistent (as opposed to consistent) actions, especially when inconsistent negative actions impeded a positive goal, relative to consistent negative actions that supported a negative goal. In conclusion, these findings confirm the crucial role of the posterior cerebellum in memorizing social action sequences and extend the cerebellar function in identifying inconsistencies in an individual's actions in a social collaborative context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pu
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Elien Heleven
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Qianying Ma
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Bylemans
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Baetens
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Naem Patemoshela Haihambo
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chris Baeken
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital (UZBrussel), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Natacha Deroost
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Overwalle
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Wyrobnik M, van der Meer E, Klostermann F. Altered event processing in persons with Parkinson's disease. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14021. [PMID: 35141901 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Persons with Parkinson's disease (PD) often show particular problems in seemingly simple routines despite relatively preserved cognitive function. We therefore investigated the processing of everyday events on behavioral and neurophysiological levels in a PD and control group. The participants had to indicate via button press whether three sequentially presented sub-events described a previously defined event (e.g., going grocery shopping). Sub-event sequences were either correct or included an event that did not belong to the event (content violation), or events were chronologically wrong (temporal violation). During task execution event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Generally, the PD group showed less accurate performance independently from task conditions, and reaction times to temporal violations were particularly slow compared to the control group. Regarding ERP results, the control group showed a right lateralized N400 effect in response to content violations, which was absent in the PD group indicating altered content event processing. Concerning the reanalysis of content event violations, the expression of late positive components (LPCs) was similar between both groups. Upon temporal violations, both groups also showed a LPC with a tendentially earlier onset in the PD group, resembling positive components indicative of novelty processing. Together, these findings suggest poor event prediction in PD, which may originate from weak event representation or retrieval and possibly relate to prevalent behavioral dysfunctions in everyday life in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wyrobnik
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Motor and Cognition Group, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke van der Meer
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Klostermann
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Motor and Cognition Group, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Berlin, Germany
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5
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Cuevas P, He Y, Steines M, Straube B. The Processing of Semantic Complexity and Cospeech Gestures in Schizophrenia: A Naturalistic, Multimodal fMRI Study. SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN OPEN 2022; 3:sgac026. [PMID: 39144758 PMCID: PMC11205911 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is marked by aberrant processing of complex speech and gesture, which may contribute functionally to its impaired social communication. To date, extant neuroscientific studies of schizophrenia have largely investigated dysfunctional speech and gesture in isolation, and no prior research has examined how the two communicative channels may interact in more natural contexts. Here, we tested if patients with schizophrenia show aberrant neural processing of semantically complex story segments, and if speech-associated gestures (co-speech gestures) might modulate this effect. In a functional MRI study, we presented to 34 participants (16 patients and 18 matched-controls) an ecologically-valid retelling of a continuous story, performed via speech and spontaneous gestures. We split the entire story into ten-word segments, and measured the semantic complexity for each segment with idea density, a linguistic measure that is commonly used clinically to evaluate aberrant language dysfunction at the semantic level. Per segment, the presence of numbers of gestures varied (n = 0, 1, +2). Our results suggest that, in comparison to controls, patients showed reduced activation for more complex segments in the bilateral middle frontal and inferior parietal regions. Importantly, this neural aberrance was normalized in segments presented with gestures. Thus, for the first time with a naturalistic multimodal stimulation paradigm, we show that gestures reduced group differences when processing a natural story, probably by facilitating the processing of semantically complex segments of the story in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Cuevas
- Translational Neuroimaging Lab Marburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yifei He
- Translational Neuroimaging Lab Marburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Steines
- Translational Neuroimaging Lab Marburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Straube
- Translational Neuroimaging Lab Marburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Marburg, Germany
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6
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Deficient semantic knowledge of the life course-Examining the cultural life script in Alzheimer's disease. Mem Cognit 2021; 50:1-15. [PMID: 34191273 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-021-01202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cultural life scripts are culturally transmitted semantic knowledge of the expected order and timing of major transitional events in a prototypical life course. This cognitive schema has been shown to serve as an important mnemonic template that guides retrieval from autobiographical memory, especially for positive and important life events. Autobiographical memory deficits are one of the earliest and most prominent symptoms in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, no studies have examined cultural life scripts in patients with AD, despite semantic memory impairments being reported even in the early stages of the disease. The aim of the present work was to assess life-script knowledge in older adults diagnosed with AD, particularly in terms of knowledge for the content of life-script events and the timing and temporal order of these events. Twenty-one older adults diagnosed with AD and 22 healthy age-matched controls completed the standard life-script task (Berntsen & Rubin, 2004, Memory & Cognition, 32[3], 427-442). We found that while AD patients produced significantly fewer life-script events, the content of the generated events were quite consistent with those of the controls and the cultural norms. AD patients were particular impaired with regard to the normative timing and order of life-script events, suggesting that these components of the cultural life script are more vulnerable to cognitive decline. The findings are discussed in relation to impaired script knowledge and semantic memory deficits in AD.
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7
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Iralde L, Roy A, Detroy J, Allain P. A Representational Approach to Executive Function Impairments in Young Adults with Down Syndrome. Dev Neuropsychol 2020; 45:263-278. [PMID: 32723095 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2020.1797043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Based on a representational perspective, this paper examines executive functioning in Down syndrome. Sixteen young adults with Down syndrome, 16 mental age- and 16 age-matched controls were compared on script sequencing and sorting tasks. Participants were asked to reestablish the sequential structure of script actions given with or without irrelevant actions. Impairments in script information processing were observed only in young adults with Down syndrome, who performed more slowly than controls, making mistakes in ordering actions, but rejecting aberrant elements. These data are consistent with the view that Down syndrome impairs the syntactic but not semantic dimension of script representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Iralde
- Pays De La Loire Psychology Laboratory (LPPL EA 4638), University of Angers, University of Nantes , France
| | - Arnaud Roy
- Pays De La Loire Psychology Laboratory (LPPL EA 4638), University of Angers, University of Nantes , France.,Reference Centre for Learning Disabilities, Pediatric Department, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes, France
| | - Juliette Detroy
- Pays De La Loire Psychology Laboratory (LPPL EA 4638), University of Angers, University of Nantes , France
| | - Philippe Allain
- Pays De La Loire Psychology Laboratory (LPPL EA 4638), University of Angers, University of Nantes , France.,Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Neurology, Angers University Hospital , Angers, France
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8
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Abstract
The commentaries address our view of abstraction, our ontology of abstract entities, and our account of predictive cognition as relying on relatively concrete simulation or relatively abstract theory-based inference. These responses revisit classic questions concerning mental representation and abstraction in the context of current models of predictive cognition. The counter arguments to our article echo: constructivist theories of knowledge, "neat" approaches in artificial intelligence and decision theory, neo-empiricist models of concepts, and externalist views of cognition. We offer several empirical predictions that address points of contention and that highlight the generative potential of our model.
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9
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Nani A, Manuello J, Liloia D, Duca S, Costa T, Cauda F. The Neural Correlates of Time: A Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging Studies. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:1796-1826. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, our inner sense of time has been repeatedly studied with the help of neuroimaging techniques. These investigations have suggested the specific involvement of different brain areas in temporal processing. At least two distinct neural systems are likely to play a role in measuring time: One is mainly constituted of subcortical structures and is supposed to be more related to the estimation of time intervals below the 1-sec range (subsecond timing tasks), and the other is mainly constituted of cortical areas and is supposed to be more related to the estimation of time intervals above the 1-sec range (suprasecond timing tasks). Tasks can then be performed in motor or nonmotor (perceptual) conditions, thus providing four different categories of time processing. Our meta-analytical investigation partly confirms the findings of previous meta-analytical works. Both sub- and suprasecond tasks recruit cortical and subcortical areas, but subcortical areas are more intensely activated in subsecond tasks than in suprasecond tasks, which instead receive more contributions from cortical activations. All the conditions, however, show strong activations in the SMA, whose rostral and caudal parts have an important role not only in the discrimination of different time intervals but also in relation to the nature of the task conditions. This area, along with the striatum (especially the putamen) and the claustrum, is supposed to be an essential node in the different networks engaged when the brain creates our sense of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nani
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin
| | - Jordi Manuello
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin
| | - Donato Liloia
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin
| | - Sergio Duca
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin
| | - Tommaso Costa
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin
| | - Franco Cauda
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin
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10
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Seewald PM, De Jesus SY, Graves LV, Moreno CC, Mattson SN, Gilbert PE. Age-related differences on a new test of temporal order memory for everyday events. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2017; 25:319-332. [PMID: 28270013 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2017.1298716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We developed a new test to examine incidental temporal order memory for a self-generated sequence of tasks one might complete in everyday life. Young and older adults were given 10 cards, each listing a task one might accomplish in a typical day. Participants were asked to self-generate a "to do" list by placing the 10 cards in a sequence representing the order in which they would accomplish the tasks, but were not informed of a subsequent memory test. We assessed immediate free recall, delayed free recall, and delayed cued recall for the order of the tasks in the sequence. Older adults were significantly impaired relative to young adults on immediate free recall, delayed free recall, and delayed cued recall. Correlation analyses with standardized neuropsychological tests provide preliminary evidence for construct validity for our test, which is portable and can be rapidly administered in clinical or laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Michelle Seewald
- a Department of Psychology , San Diego State University , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Shannon Y De Jesus
- a Department of Psychology , San Diego State University , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Lisa V Graves
- b San Diego State University - University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Charles C Moreno
- a Department of Psychology , San Diego State University , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Sarah N Mattson
- a Department of Psychology , San Diego State University , San Diego , CA , USA.,b San Diego State University - University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Paul E Gilbert
- a Department of Psychology , San Diego State University , San Diego , CA , USA.,b San Diego State University - University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA
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11
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McAlister C, Schmitter-Edgecombe M. Content and Temporal Order Memory for Performed Activities in Parkinson's Disease. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 31:700-709. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Hemispheric involvement in the processing of Chinese idioms: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2016; 87:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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DeFord NE, Landy KM, Pirogovsky-Turk E, Van Etten EJ, Graves LV, Salmon DP, Filoteo JV, Gilbert PE. The effect of interference on temporal order memory in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Brain Cogn 2016; 107:30-6. [PMID: 27363007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Memory for the temporal order of items or events in a sequence has been shown to be impaired in older adults and individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study examined the effects of high and low interference on temporal order memory in individuals diagnosed with PD (n=20) and demographically similar healthy older adults (n=20) utilizing a computerized task used in previously published studies. During the sample phase of each trial, a series of eight circles were randomly presented one at a time in eight different spatial locations. Participants were instructed to remember the sequence in which the circles appeared in the locations. During the choice phase, participants were presented with two circles in two different locations and were asked to indicate which circle appeared earliest in the sample phase sequence. The two circles were separated by one of four possible temporal separation lags (0, 2, 4, and 6), defined as the number of circles occurring in the sample phase sequence between the two choice phase circles. Shorter temporal lags (e.g., 0 and 2 lags) were hypothesized to result in higher interference compared to longer temporal lags (e.g., 4 and 6 lags). The results demonstrated that on trials involving high interference, no differences were found between the two groups. However, healthy older adults significantly outperformed individuals with PD (p<0.05) on trials involving low interference. Although differences were found between the PD and healthy older adult groups, both groups significantly improved on low interference trials compared to high interference trials (p<0.001). The findings indicate that temporal order memory improves in healthy older adults and individuals with PD when interference is reduced. However, individuals with PD demonstrated poorer temporal order memory even with less interference. Therefore, temporal order memory is differentially affected by interference in healthy older adults and individuals with PD. Given that both groups did improve with lessened interference, behavioral interventions that minimize temporal interference potentially could improve memory function in older adults and to a lesser extent in individuals with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E DeFord
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kelly M Landy
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eva Pirogovsky-Turk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emily J Van Etten
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa V Graves
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David P Salmon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Vincent Filoteo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul E Gilbert
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA.
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14
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Event-related potentials in response to violations of content and temporal event knowledge. Neuropsychologia 2016; 80:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Rotblatt LJ, Sumida CA, Van Etten EJ, Turk EP, Tolentino JC, Gilbert PE. Differences in temporal order memory among young, middle-aged, and older adults may depend on the level of interference. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:28. [PMID: 25852544 PMCID: PMC4364285 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in temporal order memory have been well documented in older adults; however, little is known about this ability during middle age. We tested healthy young, middle-aged, and older adults on a previously published visuospatial temporal order memory test involving high and low interference conditions. When interference was low, young and middle-aged adults did not differ, but both groups significantly outperformed older adults. However, when interference was high, significant differences were found among all three age groups. The data provide evidence that temporal order memory may begin to decline in middle age, particularly when temporal interference is high.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily J Van Etten
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eva Pirogovsky Turk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA ; Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System, Research Service San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul E Gilbert
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University San Diego, CA, USA ; San Diego State University-University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology San Diego, CA, USA
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16
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Baetens K, Van der Cruyssen L, Vandekerckhove M, Van Overwalle F. ERP correlates of script chronology violations. Brain Cogn 2014; 91:113-22. [PMID: 25306561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates a distinction between the processing of script content (which events, behaviors, scenes… are part of it) and script chronology (what is their usual order of occurrence). Using sequences of two line drawings depicting everyday social script events, we examined the event related potential (ERP) correlates of script chronology violations (i.e., wrong order). An increased left anterior negativity (LAN) following chronology violations suggests similarities between the processing of script chronology in visually observed human behavior and verbal syntax. Consequently, this study extends previous findings suggesting that the LAN is sensitive to structure violation across domains (e.g., verbal syntax, abstract structure), including that of meaningful human actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Baetens
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Laurens Van der Cruyssen
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Vandekerckhove
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Overwalle
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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17
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Nicoll DR, Pirogovsky E, Collazo AE, Tierney SM, Corey-Bloom J, Gilbert PE. The effect of interference on temporal order memory in premanifest and manifest Huntington's disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2014; 2:297-304. [PMID: 25062677 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-130064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontal-striatal dysfunction has been linked to cognitive impairment in Huntington's disease (HD). The frontal lobes play a role in memory for the temporal order in which items occur in a sequence. However, little is known about temporal order memory in HD or how it may be affected by interference. OBJECTIVE The study assessed temporal order memory in patients with manifest HD (n = 20), premanifest gene carriers for HD (Pre-HD; n = 18), and controls (n = 25) using a computerized radial 8-arm maze. METHODS On the sample phase of each trial, participants viewed a random sequence of circles appearing one at a time at the end of each arm. On the choice phase, participants viewed two sample phase circles and chose the circle occurring earliest in the sequence. Manipulations of the temporal lag (defined as the number of circles occurring in the sample phase sequence between the two choice phase circles) were conducted to systematically vary interference. Temporally proximal lags were hypothesized to generate more interference relative to temporally distal lags. RESULTS The Pre-HD group was significantly impaired (p < 0.05) compared to controls on proximal temporal lags (high interference) but matched controls on distal lags (low interference). HD patients improved as a function of increased lag but demonstrated significant impairments (p < 0.05) across lags relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS Temporal order memory is differentially affected by interference during the premanifest and manifest stages of HD. The study identifies a fundamental, yet relatively unexamined, deficit associated with HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane R Nicoll
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eva Pirogovsky
- Veterans Affairs, San Diego Health Care System, San Diego, CA, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adrienne E Collazo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Savanna M Tierney
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jody Corey-Bloom
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul E Gilbert
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA San Diego State University/University of California - San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
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Grimault S, Nolden S, Lefebvre C, Vachon F, Hyde K, Peretz I, Zatorre R, Robitaille N, Jolicoeur P. Brain activity is related to individual differences in the number of items stored in auditory short-term memory for pitch: evidence from magnetoencephalography. Neuroimage 2014; 94:96-106. [PMID: 24642285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine brain activity related to the maintenance of non-verbal pitch information in auditory short-term memory (ASTM). We focused on brain activity that increased with the number of items effectively held in memory by the participants during the retention interval of an auditory memory task. We used very simple acoustic materials (i.e., pure tones that varied in pitch) that minimized activation from non-ASTM related systems. MEG revealed neural activity in frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices that increased with a greater number of items effectively held in memory by the participants during the maintenance of pitch representations in ASTM. The present results reinforce the functional role of frontal and temporal cortices in the retention of pitch information in ASTM. This is the first MEG study to provide both fine spatial localization and temporal resolution on the neural mechanisms of non-verbal ASTM for pitch in relation to individual differences in the capacity of ASTM. This research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms mediating the representation and maintenance of basic non-verbal auditory features in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Grimault
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France.
| | - Sophie Nolden
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine Lefebvre
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Québec, Canada
| | - François Vachon
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Krista Hyde
- BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Peretz
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Zatorre
- BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Robitaille
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Jolicoeur
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Québec, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare temporal order memory in older adults with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. BACKGROUND The frontal and temporal lobes play a key role in temporal order memory for items in a sequence. HIV-associated episodic memory deficits correlate with damage to neocortical interneurons in the fronto-striato-thalamo-cortical pathway and with atypical activation of the medial temporal lobes. Therefore, temporal order memory may be sensitive to neuropathological changes in individuals with HIV. METHODS In this study, 50 HIV-seropositive individuals aged ≥ 50 years and 50 seronegative controls performed a computerized visuospatial temporal order memory task. During the sample phase of each trial, participants were shown circles presented 1 at a time in a random sequence at the end of each of the 8 arms of a radial maze. During the choice phase, they were shown the maze with a circle at the ends of 2 of the arms and asked which circle had appeared earlier than the other in the original sequence. RESULTS Performance in both groups improved as a function of greater temporal separation between circle presentations. However, the HIV group had significantly worse memory impairment across all temporal separations, and the impairment was independently associated with clinical deficits in executive function and delayed retrospective memory. CONCLUSIONS Our results extend prior findings that HIV is associated with deficits in strategic aspects of memory encoding and retrieval. The neural mechanisms warrant further research, as do potential impacts on everyday function, eg, adherence to antiretroviral drug regimens.
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Hrkać M, Wurm MF, Schubotz RI. Action observers implicitly expect actors to act goal-coherently, even if they do not: an fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:2178-90. [PMID: 23983202 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Actions observed in everyday life normally consist of one person performing sequences of goal-directed actions. The present fMRI study tested the hypotheses that observers are influenced by the actor's identity, even when this information is task-irrelevant, and that this information shapes their expectation on subsequent actions of the same actor. Participants watched short video clips of action steps that either pertained to a common action with an overarching goal or not, and were performed by either one or by varying actors (2 × 2 design). Independent of goal coherence, actor coherence elicited activation in dorsolateral and ventromedial frontal cortex, together pointing to a spontaneous attempt to integrate all actions performed by one actor. Interestingly, watching an actor performing unrelated actions elicited additional activation in left inferior frontal gyrus, suggesting a search in semantic memory in an attempt to construct an overarching goal that can reconcile the disparate action steps with a coherent intention. Post-experimental surveys indicate that these processes occur mostly unconsciously. Findings strongly suggest a spontaneous expectation bias toward actor-related episodes in action observers, and hence to the immense impact of actor information on action observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hrkać
- University of Münster, Institute for Psychology, 48149, Münster, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Motor Cognition Group, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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David P, Xu L, Srivastava J, Kim JH. Media multitasking between two conversational tasks. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Srivastava J. Media multitasking performance: Role of message relevance and formatting cues in online environments. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Chan YC, Chou TL, Chen HC, Liang KC. Segregating the comprehension and elaboration processing of verbal jokes: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 2012; 61:899-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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The effect of interference on temporal order memory for random and fixed sequences in nondemented older adults. Learn Mem 2012; 19:251-5. [PMID: 22615480 DOI: 10.1101/lm.026062.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments tested the effect of temporal interference on order memory for fixed and random sequences in young adults and nondemented older adults. The results demonstrate that temporal order memory for fixed and random sequences is impaired in nondemented older adults, particularly when temporal interference is high. However, temporal order memory for fixed sequences is comparable between older adults and young adults when temporal interference is minimized. The results suggest that temporal order memory is less efficient and more susceptible to interference in older adults, possibly due to impaired temporal pattern separation.
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25
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Kwak Y, Müller ML, Bohnen NI, Dayalu P, Seidler RD. l-DOPA changes ventral striatum recruitment during motor sequence learning in Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2012; 230:116-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Nemmi F, Piras F, Péran P, Incoccia C, Sabatini U, Guariglia C. Landmark sequencing and route knowledge: an fMRI study. Cortex 2011; 49:507-19. [PMID: 22225882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ability to navigate in a familiar environment mainly relies on route knowledge, that is, a mental representation of relevant locations along a way, sequenced according to a navigational goal. Despite the clear ecological validity of this issue, route navigation and route knowledge have been scarcely investigated and little is known about the neural and cognitive bases of this navigational strategy. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we tested the validity of the predictions based on the main cognitive models of spatial knowledge acquisition about route-based navigation. METHODS An order judgment task was used with two conditions (route and activity). Subjects were required to detect potential mismatches between a current sensory input and expectations deriving from route and activity knowledge. RESULTS A medial occipto-temporal (e.g., lingual gyrus, calcarine cortex, fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal cortex) network was found activated during the route task, whereas a temporo-parietal (temporo-parietal junction) and frontal (e.g., Broca's area) network was related to the activity task. CONCLUSIONS Functional data are congruent with cognitive models of route-based navigation. The route task activated areas related to both landmark identity and landmark order. Data are discussed in view of route-based navigation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Nemmi
- Psychology Department, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Landgraf S, Steingen J, Eppert Y, Niedermeyer U, van der Meer E, Krueger F. Temporal information processing in short- and long-term memory of patients with schizophrenia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26140. [PMID: 22053182 PMCID: PMC3203868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits of patients with schizophrenia have been largely recognized as core symptoms of the disorder. One neglected factor that contributes to these deficits is the comprehension of time. In the present study, we assessed temporal information processing and manipulation from short- and long-term memory in 34 patients with chronic schizophrenia and 34 matched healthy controls. On the short-term memory temporal-order reconstruction task, an incidental or intentional learning strategy was deployed. Patients showed worse overall performance than healthy controls. The intentional learning strategy led to dissociable performance improvement in both groups. Whereas healthy controls improved on a performance measure (serial organization), patients improved on an error measure (inappropriate semantic clustering) when using the intentional instead of the incidental learning strategy. On the long-term memory script-generation task, routine and non-routine events of everyday activities (e.g., buying groceries) had to be generated in either chronological or inverted temporal order. Patients were slower than controls at generating events in the chronological routine condition only. They also committed more sequencing and boundary errors in the inverted conditions. The number of irrelevant events was higher in patients in the chronological, non-routine condition. These results suggest that patients with schizophrenia imprecisely access temporal information from short- and long-term memory. In short-term memory, processing of temporal information led to a reduction in errors rather than, as was the case in healthy controls, to an improvement in temporal-order recall. When accessing temporal information from long-term memory, patients were slower and committed more sequencing, boundary, and intrusion errors. Together, these results suggest that time information can be accessed and processed only imprecisely by patients who provide evidence for impaired time comprehension. This could contribute to symptomatic cognitive deficits and strategic inefficiency in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Landgraf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Inserm-Laboratory of Psychopathology and Mental Diseases, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, U984, Sainte Anne Hospital, Service-Hospitalo Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Joerg Steingen
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne Eppert
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Elke van der Meer
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Krueger
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Development of multidimensional representations of task phases in the lateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2011; 31:10648-65. [PMID: 21775608 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0988-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal structuring of multiple events is essential for the purposeful regulation of behavior. We investigated the role of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in transforming external signals of multiple sensory modalities into information suitable for monitoring successive events across behavioral phases until an intended action is prompted and then initiated. We trained monkeys to receive a succession of 1 s visual, auditory, or tactile sensory signals separated by variable intervals and to then release a key as soon as the fourth signal appeared. Thus, the animals had to monitor and update information about the progress of the task upon receiving each signal preceding the key release in response to the fourth signal. We found that the initial, short-latency responses of LPFC neurons reflected primarily the sensory modality, rather than the phase or progress of the task. However, a task phase-selective response developed within 500 ms of signal reception, and information about the task phase was maintained throughout the presentation of successive cues. The task phase-selective activity was updated with the appearance of each cue until the planned action was initiated. The phase-selective activity of individual neurons reflected not merely a particular phase of the task but also multiple successive phases. Furthermore, we found combined representations of task phase and sensory modality in the activity of individual LPFC neurons. These properties suggest how information representing multiple phases of behavioral events develops in the LPFC to provide a basis for the temporal regulation of behavior.
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29
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Melrose RJ, Ettenhofer ML, Harwood D, Achamallah N, Campa O, Mandelkern M, Sultzer DL. Cerebral metabolism, cognition, and functional abilities in Alzheimer disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2011; 24:127-34. [PMID: 21856969 DOI: 10.1177/0891988711405333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) exhibit profound difficulties in completing instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), such as managing finances, organizing medications, and food preparation. It is unclear which brain areas underlie IADL deficits in AD. To address this question, we used voxel-based analysis to correlate the performance of IADLs with resting cerebral metabolism as measured during [(18)F] fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging in 44 patients with AD. Poorer ability to complete IADLs was associated with hypometabolism in right-sided cortical regions, including the parietal lobe, posterior temporal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and frontal pole. Follow-up path analyses examining anatomically defined regions of interest (ROI) demonstrated that the association between metabolism and IADLs was mediated by global cognition in frontal ROIs, and partially mediated by global cognition in the parietal ROI. Findings suggest that hypometabolism of right sided brain regions involved in executive functioning, visuospatial processing, attention, and working memory underlie functional impairments in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Melrose
- Brain, Behavior, and Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA, USA.
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30
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Allain P, Gaura V, Fasotti L, Chauviré V, Prundean A, Sherer-Gagou C, Bonneau D, Bachoud-Levi AC, Dubas F, Remy P, Le Gall D, Verny C. The neural substrates of script knowledge deficits as revealed by a PET study in Huntington's disease. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:2673-84. [PMID: 21651921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous neuropsychological investigations have suggested that both the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia are involved in the management of script event knowledge required in planning behavior. METHODS This study was designated to map, the correlations between resting-state brain glucose utilization as measured by FDG-PET (positron emission tomography) and scores obtained by means of a series of script generation and script sorting tasks in 8 patients with early Huntington's disease. RESULTS These patients exhibited a selectively greater impairment for the organizational aspects of scripts compared to the semantic aspects of scripts. We showed significant negative correlations between the number of sequencing, boundary, perseverative and intrusion errors and the metabolism of several cortical regions, not only including frontal, but also posterior regions. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that, within the fronto-striatal system, the cortical frontal regions are more crucial in script retrieval and script sequencing than the basal ganglia.
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31
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Berdyyeva TK, Olson CR. Relation of ordinal position signals to the expectation of reward and passage of time in four areas of the macaque frontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 2011; 105:2547-59. [PMID: 21389312 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00903.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in several areas of the monkey frontal cortex exhibit rank selectivity, firing differentially as a function of the stage attained during the performance of a serial order task. The activity of these neurons is commonly thought to represent ordinal position within the trial. However, they might also be sensitive to factors correlated with ordinal position including time elapsed during the trial (which is greater for each successive stage) and the degree of anticipation of reward (which probably increases at each successive stage). To compare the influences of these factors, we monitored neuronal activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA), presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), supplementary eye field (SEF), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the performance of a serial order task (requiring a series of saccades in three specified directions), a variable reward task (in which a cue displayed early in the trial indicated whether the reward received at the end of the trial would be large or small), and a long delay task (in which the monkey had simply to maintain fixation during a period of time approximating the duration of an average trial in the serial order task). We found that rank signals were partially correlated with sensitivity to elapsed time and anticipated reward. The connection to elapsed time was strongest in the pre-SMA. The connection to anticipated reward was most pronounced in the SMA and SEF. However, critically, these factors could not fully explain rank selectivity in any of the areas tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara K Berdyyeva
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition and Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Ortuño F, Guillén-Grima F, López-García P, Gómez J, Pla J. Functional neural networks of time perception: challenge and opportunity for schizophrenia research. Schizophr Res 2011; 125:129-35. [PMID: 21041067 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
With the double objective of searching for a physiological brain circuit concerned with time estimation and establishing whether this circuit is dysfunctional in schizophrenia patients, we carried out an activation likelihood estimate (ALE) meta-analysis of published functional neuroimaging studies. Our results reproduce the previous finding of a neurophysiological cortico-cerebellar-thalamic circuit related with time estimation in healthy individuals. In schizophrenia patients, the analysis indicates significantly lower activation of most right hemisphere regions of the circuit, suggesting that it may be subject to a pattern of disconnectivity. The ALE-meta-analysis approach is useful and further studies could elucidate how the timing circuit is connected with other cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ortuño
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Navarra, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Farag C, Troiani V, Bonner M, Powers C, Avants B, Gee J, Grossman M. Hierarchical organization of scripts: converging evidence from FMRI and frontotemporal degeneration. Cereb Cortex 2010; 20:2453-63. [PMID: 20071459 PMCID: PMC2936800 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the organization of complex familiar activities, known as "scripts" (e.g., "going fishing"). We assessed whether events in a script are processed in a linear-sequential manner or clustered-hierarchical manner, and we evaluated the neural basis for this processing capacity. Converging evidence was obtained from functional neuroimaging in healthy young adults and from behavioral and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data in patients with focal neurodegenerative disease. In both studies, participants judged the order of consecutive event pairs taken from a script. Event pairs either were clustered together within a script or were from different clusters within the script. Controls judged events more accurately and quickly if taken from the same cluster within a script compared with different clusters, even though all event pairs were consecutive, consistent with the hierarchical organization of a script. Functional magnetic resonance imaging associated this with bilateral inferior frontal activation. Patients with progressive nonfluent aphasia or behavior-variant frontotemporal dementia did not distinguish between event pairs from the same cluster or from different clusters within a script. Structural MRI associated this deficit with significant frontal cortical atrophy. Our findings suggest that frontal cortex contributes to clustering events during script comprehension, underlining the role of frontal cortex in the hierarchical organization of a script.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Farag
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
| | - Vanessa Troiani
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
| | - Michael Bonner
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
| | - Chivon Powers
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
| | - Brian Avants
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
| | - James Gee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
| | - Murray Grossman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
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Abstract
Executive resources allow for flexible, adaptive, goal-directed responses to environmental circumstances in essentially all facets of daily living. Executive function is composed of related, but separable, components. This article will highlight three essential aspects of executive function: (1) working memory, (2) planning and organizing, and (3) inhibitory control. Working memory is the system by which information is maintained in an active mental state so that it can be used for other purposes. Planning and organizing of behavior involves the way in which individuals optimize the execution of multistep tasks to achieve a goal. Inhibitory control allows an individual to inhibit inappropriate responses and to shift responses when necessary. These aspects of executive function appear to depend in part on large-scale neural networks that are centered in distinct areas of prefrontal cortex, working in concert with other brain regions, such as parietal cortex and the basal ganglia. Executive function is a fundamental aspect of human cognition that is compromised in patients with a wide range of medical conditions.
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McCrea SM. Intuition, insight, and the right hemisphere: Emergence of higher sociocognitive functions. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2010; 3:1-39. [PMID: 22110327 PMCID: PMC3218761 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s7935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intuition is the ability to understand immediately without conscious reasoning and is sometimes explained as a 'gut feeling' about the rightness or wrongness of a person, place, situation, temporal episode or object. In contrast, insight is the capacity to gain accurate and a deep understanding of a problem and it is often associated with movement beyond existing paradigms. Examples include Darwin, Einstein and Freud's theories of natural selection, relativity, or the unconscious; respectively. Many cultures name these concepts and acknowledge their value, and insight is recognized as particularly characteristic of eminent achievements in the arts, sciences and politics. Considerable data suggests that these two concepts are more related than distinct, and that a more distributed intuitive network may feed into a predominately right hemispheric insight-based functional neuronal architecture. The preparation and incubation stages of insight may rely on the incorporation of domain-specific automatized expertise schema associated with intuition. In this manuscript the neural networks associated with intuition and insight are reviewed. Case studies of anomalous subjects with ability-achievement discrepancies are summarized. This theoretical review proposes the prospect that atypical localization of cognitive modules may enhance intuitive and insightful functions and thereby explain individual achievement beyond that expected by conventionally measured intelligence tests. A model and theory of intuition and insight's neuroanatomical basis is proposed which could be used as a starting point for future research and better understanding of the nature of these two distinctly human and highly complex poorly understood abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M McCrea
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Hauser E, Tolentino JC, Pirogovsky E, Weston E, Gilbert PE. The effects of aging on memory for sequentially presented objects in rats. Behav Neurosci 2009; 123:1339-45. [PMID: 20001117 PMCID: PMC2819214 DOI: 10.1037/a0017681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated memory for sequentially presented objects in young rats 6 months old (n = 12) and aged rats 24 months old (n = 12). Rats were tested on a task involving three exploratory trials and one probe test. During the exploratory trials, the rat explored a set of three sequentially presented object pairs (A-A, B-B, and C-C) for 5 min per pair with a 3-min delay between each pair. Following the exploratory trials, a probe test was conducted where the rat was presented simultaneously with one object from the first exploratory trial (A) and one object from the third exploratory trial (C). Results from the exploratory trials showed no significant age-related differences in exploration, indicating that 24-month-old rats explored the object pairs as much as 6-month-old rats. The probe test demonstrated that 6-month-old rats spent significantly more time exploring object A compared to object C, indicating that young rats show intact temporal order memory for the exploratory trial objects. However, 24-month-old rats showed no preference for object A and spent a relatively equal amount of time exploring objects A and C. The results suggest that temporal order memory declines as a result of age-related changes in the rodent brain. The findings also may reflect differences in attraction to objects with different memory strengths. Since age-related differences were not detected during the exploratory trials, age-related differences on the probe trial were not due solely to decreased exploration, motivation, or locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Hauser
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92120-4913, USA
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37
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The frontopolar cortex mediates event knowledge complexity: a parametric functional MRI study. Neuroreport 2009; 20:1093-7. [PMID: 19590392 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32832e7ea5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Event knowledge is organized on the basis of goals that enable the selection of specific event sequences to organize everyday life activities. Although the medial prefrontal cortex represents event knowledge, little is known about its role in mediating event knowledge complexity. We used functional MRI to investigate the patterns of brain activation while healthy volunteers were engaged in the task of evaluating the complexity (i.e. numbers of events) of daily life activities selected on the basis of normative data. Within a left frontoparietal network, we isolated the medial frontopolar cortex as the only region that showed a linear relationship between changes in the blood oxygen level-dependent signal and changes in event knowledge complexity. Our results specify the importance of the medial frontopolar cortex in subserving event knowledge that is required to build and execute complex behavior.
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Abstract
The current study examined temporal order memory in preclinical Huntington's disease (pre-HD). Participants were separated into less than 5 years (pre-HD near) and more than 5 years (pre-HD far) from estimated age of clinical diagnosis. Participants completed a temporal order memory task on a computerized radial eight-arm maze. On the study phase of each trial, participants viewed a random sequence of circles appearing one at a time at the end of each arm. On the choice phase, participants viewed two circles at the end of the study phase arms and chose the circle occurring earliest in the sequence. The task involved manipulations of the temporal lag, defined as the number of arms occurring in the sample phase sequence between the two choice phase arms. Research suggests that there is more interference for temporally proximal stimuli relative to temporally distal stimuli. There were no significant differences between the pre-HD far group and controls on the temporal order memory task. The pre-HD near group demonstrated significant impairments relative to the other groups on closer temporal lags, but were normal on the furthest temporal lag. Therefore, temporal order memory declines with increased temporal interference in pre-HD close to estimated diagnosis of HD.
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Abstract
There is a growing interest in how temporal order of episodic memories is represented within the medial temporal lobe (MTL). Animal studies suggest that the hippocampal formation (HF) is critical for retrieving the temporal order of past experiences. However, human imaging studies that have tested recency discrimination between pairs of previously encoded items have generally failed to report HF activation. We hypothesized that recalling a naturalistic sequence of past events would be particularly sensitive to HF function, attributable to greater involvement of associative processes. To test this prediction, we let subjects watch a novel movie and later, during functional magnetic resonance imaging, asked them to rearrange and "replay" scenes from the movie in correct order. To identify areas specifically involved in retrieval of temporal order, we used a control condition where subjects logically inferred the order of scenes from the same movie. Extensive MTL activation was observed during sequence recall. Activation within the right HF was specifically related to retrieval of temporal order and correlated positively with accuracy of sequence recall. Also, the bilateral parahippocampal cortex responded to retrieval of temporal order, but the activation here was not related to performance. Our study is the first to unequivocally demonstrate that correct sequence recall depends on HF.
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Kuchinke L, Meer EVD, Krueger F. Differences in processing of taxonomic and sequential relations in semantic memory: An fMRI investigation. Brain Cogn 2009; 69:245-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
We assessed political attitudes using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) in which participants were presented faces and names of well-known Democrat and Republican politicians along with positive and negative words while undergoing functional MRI. We found a significant behavioral IAT effect for the face, but not the name, condition. The fMRI face condition results indicated that ventromedial and anterior prefrontal cortices were activated during political attitude inducement. Amygdala and fusiform gyrus were activated during perceptual processing of familiar faces. Amygdala activation also was associated with measures of strength of emotion. Frontopolar activation was positively correlated with an implicit measure of bias and valence strength (how strongly the participants felt about the politicians), while strength of affiliation with political party was negatively correlated with lateral PFC, lending support to the idea that two distinct but interacting networks-one emphasizing rapid, stereotypic, and emotional associative knowledge and the other emphasizing more deliberative and factual knowledge-cooperate in the processing of politicians. Our findings of ventromedial PFC activation suggests that when processing the associative knowledge concerned with politicians, stereotypic knowledge is activated, but in addition, the anterior prefrontal activations indicate that more elaborative, reflective knowledge about the politician is activated.
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Habets B, Jansma BM, Münte TF. Neurophysiological correlates of linearization in language production. BMC Neurosci 2008; 9:77. [PMID: 18681961 PMCID: PMC2543022 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During speech production the planning of a description of several events requires, among other things, a verbal sequencing of these events. During this process, referred to as linearization during conceptualization, the speaker can choose between different types of temporal connectives such as 'Before' X did A, Y did B' or 'After' Y did B, X did A'. To capture the neural events of such linearization processes, event-related potentials (ERP) were measured in native speakers of German. Utterances were elicited by presenting a sequence of two pictures on a video screen. Each picture consists of an object that is associated with a particular action (e.g. book = reading). A coloured vocalization cue indicated to describe the sequence of two actions associated with the objects in chronological (e.g. red cue: 'After' I drove the car, I read a book) or reversed order (yellow cue). Results Brain potentials showed reliable differences between the two conditions from 180 ms after the onset of the vocalization prompt, with ERPs from the 'After' condition being more negative. This 'Before/After' difference showed a fronto-central distribution between 180 and 230 ms. From 300 ms onwards, a parietal distribution was observed. The latter effect is interpreted as an instance of the P300 response, which is known to be modulated by task difficulty. Conclusion ERPs preceding overt sentence production are sensitive to conceptual linearization. The observed early, more fronto-centrally distributed variation could be interpreted as involvement of working memory needed to order the events according to the instruction. The later parietal distributed variation relates to the complexity in linearization, with the non-chronological order being more demanding during the updating of the concepts in working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boukje Habets
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Hamidi M, Tononi G, Postle BR. Evaluating frontal and parietal contributions to spatial working memory with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Res 2008; 1230:202-10. [PMID: 18662678 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies have produced contradictory data about the extent to which specific regions of the frontal and the posterior parietal cortices contribute to the retention of information in spatial working memory. We used high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to assess the necessity for the short-term retention of spatial information of brain areas identified by previous functional imaging studies: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), frontal eye fields (FEF), superior parietal lobule (SPL) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS). 10 Hz rTMS spanned the 3-s delay period of a spatial delayed-recognition task. The postcentral gyrus (PCG) was included to control for any regionally non-specific effects of rTMS. The only regionally-specific effect was a significant decrease in reaction time when rTMS was applied to SPL. Additionally, rTMS lowered accuracy to a greater extent when applied to left than to right hemisphere, and was more disruptive when applied contralaterally vs. ipsilaterally to the visual field in which the memory probe was presented. Although seemingly paradoxical, the finding of rTMS-induced improvement in task performance has a precedent, and is consistent with the idea that regions associated with spatial sensory-motor processing make necessary contributions to the short-term retention of this information. Possible factors underlying rTMS-induced behavioral facilitation are considered.
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Davis C, Kleinman JT, Newhart M, Gingis L, Pawlak M, Hillis AE. Speech and language functions that require a functioning Broca's area. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2008; 105:50-58. [PMID: 18325581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A number of previous studies have indicated that Broca's area has an important role in understanding and producing syntactically complex sentences and other language functions. If Broca's area is critical for these functions, then either infarction of Broca's area or temporary hypoperfusion within this region should cause impairment of these functions, at least while the neural tissue is dysfunctional. The opportunity to identify the language functions that depend on Broca's area in a particular individual was provided by a patient with hyperacute stroke who showed selective hypoperfusion, with minimal infarct, in Broca's area, and acutely impaired production of grammatical sentences, comprehension of semantically reversible (but not non-reversible) sentences, spelling, and motor planning of speech articulation. When blood flow was restored to Broca's area, as demonstrated by repeat perfusion weighted imaging, he showed immediate recovery of these language functions. The identification of language functions that were impaired when Broca's area was dysfunctional (due to low blood flow) and recovered when Broca's area was functional again, provides evidence for the critical role of Broca's area in these language functions, at least in this individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Davis
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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45
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Zanini S. Generalised script sequencing deficits following frontal lobe lesions. Cortex 2007; 44:140-9. [PMID: 18387543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological investigations have consistently shown that frontal cortices are relevant in processing temporal and sequential features of actions. However, one of the main theoretical issues that has been discussed in the last 25 years is whether these brain areas store some abstract representations of actions or, conversely, act upon action representations stored within other posterior associative cortices. We administered to 19 patients with frontal lobe lesions and 19 normal controls, script sequencing and generating tasks concerning actions, natural events and "époques" (ordered events such as the days of the week). The main findings from frontal lobe patients were a generalised sequencing deficit concerning actions and natural phenomena (and not what we labelled "époques") with almost intact ability to verbally generate, from the long-term memory, scripts' sequences. These findings are discussed within two of the main theoretical frameworks on frontal lobes: the "processing" perspective of the Supervisory Attentional System, SAS (Norman and Shallice, 1986) and the "representational" one represented by the Structure Event Complex (SEC) theory (Grafman, 2002).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Zanini
- Department Interaziendale of Neurology, University of Udine, Italy.
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Knutson KM, Mah L, Manly CF, Grafman J. Neural correlates of automatic beliefs about gender and race. Hum Brain Mapp 2007; 28:915-30. [PMID: 17133388 PMCID: PMC6871386 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional MRI was used to identify the brain areas underlying automatic beliefs about gender and race, and suppression of those attitudes. Participants (n = 20; 7 females) were scanned at 3 tesla while performing the Implicit Association Test (IAT), an indirect measure of race and gender bias. We hypothesized that ventromedial prefrontal cortex areas (PFC) would mediate gender and racial stereotypic attitudes, and suppression of these beliefs would recruit dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Performance data on the IAT revealed gender and racial biases. Racial bias was correlated with an explicit measure of racism. Results showed activation of anteromedial PFC and rostral ACC while participants implicitly made associations consistent with gender and racial biases. In contrast, associations incongruent with stereotypes recruited DLPFC. Implicit gender bias was correlated with amygdala activation during stereotypic conditions. Results suggest there are dissociable roles for anteromedial and dorsolateral PFC circuits in the activation and inhibition of stereotypic attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M. Knutson
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Linda Mah
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Present address:
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892‐0135
| | - Charlotte F. Manly
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Melrose RJ, Poulin RM, Stern CE. An fMRI investigation of the role of the basal ganglia in reasoning. Brain Res 2007; 1142:146-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 12/31/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
People perceive and conceive of activity in terms of discrete events. Here the authors propose a theory according to which the perception of boundaries between events arises from ongoing perceptual processing and regulates attention and memory. Perceptual systems continuously make predictions about what will happen next. When transient errors in predictions arise, an event boundary is perceived. According to the theory, the perception of events depends on both sensory cues and knowledge structures that represent previously learned information about event parts and inferences about actors' goals and plans. Neurological and neurophysiological data suggest that representations of events may be implemented by structures in the lateral prefrontal cortex and that perceptual prediction error is calculated and evaluated by a processing pathway, including the anterior cingulate cortex and subcortical neuromodulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Zacks
- Department of Psychology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Krueger F, Moll J, Zahn R, Heinecke A, Grafman J. Event frequency modulates the processing of daily life activities in human medial prefrontal cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 17:2346-53. [PMID: 17190970 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhl143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Event sequence knowledge is necessary to learn, plan, and perform activities of daily life. Clinical observations suggest that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is crucial for goal-directed behavior such as carrying out plans, controlling a course of actions, or organizing everyday life routines. Functional neuroimaging studies provide further evidence that the PFC is involved in processing event sequence knowledge, with the medial PFC (Brodmann area 10) primarily engaged in mediating predictable event sequences. However, the exact role of the medial PFC in processing event sequence knowledge depending on the frequency of corresponding daily life activities remains obscure. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging while healthy volunteers judged whether event sequences from high- (HF), moderate- (MF), and low-frequency (LF) daily life activities were correctly ordered. The results demonstrated that different medial PFC subregions were activated depending on frequency. The anterior medial Area 10 was differentially activated for LF and the posterior medial Area 10 for HF activities. We conclude that subregions of the medial PFC are differentially engaged in processing event sequence knowledge depending on how often the activity was reportedly performed in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Krueger
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1440, USA
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Umeda S, Nagumo Y, Kato M. Dissociative contributions of medial temporal and frontal regions to prospective remembering. Rev Neurosci 2006; 17:267-78. [PMID: 16703957 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.2006.17.1-2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prospective memory is memory of future intentions or plans in everyday life. Although some previous neuropsychological studies have stated that the prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal lobe are essential for successful prospective remembering, how the two regions contribute to prospective remembering remains unclear. We therefore used prospective memory training in the present study to investigate the neural mechanism of two components of prospective remembering: remembering to remember and remembering content. Two brain-damaged patients participated in this study: patient Y.O., who had lesions in the medial temporal lobe bilaterally, and patient T.K., who had a lesion in the basal forebrain and right medial frontal lobe. Both participants exhibited a severe anterograde amnesic syndrome and had normal IQ scores. Before the prospective memory training the participants underwent several index memory tests to examine their general memory and prospective memory performance. The training consisted of requesting the participants to perform an original mini-day task, in which they were first asked to memorize five simple daily actions with their times for execution, and then to recall the content of the actions when shown a drawing of a clock showing the proper time for execution. A training session was carried out once a week for 3 months. After completing training, the participants were again requested to take the same index memory tests. The results of the training task showed that Y.O.'s memory performance had gradually improved across all sessions of training, but T.K.'s improvement was not as marked. A more detailed analysis revealed that Y.O.'s memory performance was better for recalling time than for recalling content, whereas T.K.'s memory performance was better for recalling content than for recalling time. Furthermore, the results of the final index memory tests showed that the only improvement in Y.O.'s prospective memory was in remembering to remember, and that the only improvement in T.K.'s prospective memory was in remembering content. These results provide strong evidence that these two remembering components of prospective memory have independent neural bases, with the basal forebrain and right medial frontal lobe being required for remembering to remember, and the medial temporal lobe being required for remembering content. The results also suggest that memory training is an effective, means of improving everyday memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Umeda
- Department of Psychology, Keio University, 2-15-45, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345 Japan.
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