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Taheri A. The partial upward migration of the laryngeal motor cortex: A window to the human brain evolution. Brain Res 2024; 1834:148892. [PMID: 38554798 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The pioneer cortical electrical stimulation studies of the last century did not explicitly mark the location of the human laryngeal motor cortex (LMC), but only the "vocalization area" in the lower half of the lateral motor cortex. In the final years of 2010́s, neuroimaging studies did demonstrate two human cortical laryngeal representations, located at the opposing ends of the orofacial motor zone, therefore termed dorsal (LMCd) and ventral laryngeal motor cortex (LMCv). Since then, there has been a continuing debate regarding the origin, function and evolutionary significance of these areas. The "local duplication model" posits that the LMCd evolved by a duplication of an adjacent region of the motor cortex. The "duplication and migration model" assumes that the dorsal LMCd arose by a duplication of motor regions related to vocalization, such as the ancestry LMC, followed by a migration into the orofacial region of the motor cortex. This paper reviews the basic arguments of these viewpoints and suggests a new explanation, declaring that the LMCd in man is rather induced through the division of the unitary LMC in nonhuman primates, upward shift and relocation of its motor part due to the disproportional growth of the head, face, mouth, lips, and tongue motor areas in the ventral part of the human motor homunculus. This explanation may be called "expansion-division and relocation model".
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Taheri
- Neuroscience Razi, Berlin, Germany; Former Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Dedry M, Maryn Y, Szmalec A, Lith-Bijl JV, Dricot L, Desuter G. Neural Correlates of Healthy Sustained Vowel Phonation Tasks: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies. J Voice 2024; 38:969.e5-969.e19. [PMID: 35305893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review of the methodology and results of studies involving a sustained vowel phonation task during functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) aims to contribute to the identification of brain regions involved in phonation for healthy subjects. DATA SOURCES This review was performed using the PubMed electronic database. REVIEW METHODS A review was conducted, according to PRISMA guidelines, between September and November 2020, using the following search term pairs: "fMRI and Phonation" and "fMRI and Voice." Activation likelihood estimation analysis was performed. A qualitative analysis was also performed to specify the frequency of activation of each region, as well as the various activation clusters within a single region. RESULTS Seven studies were included and analyzed. Five of the seven studies were selected for the activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis which revealed significant convergent activation for only one cluster located in the left precentral gyrus (BA4). A qualitative review provides an overview of brain activation. Primary motor and premotor areas were the only activated areas in all studies included. Other regions previously considered to be implicated in phonation were often activated in sustained vowel phonation tasks. Additionally, areas generally associated with articulation or language also showed activation. CONCLUSION Methodological recommendations are suggested to isolate the phonatory component and reduce variability between future studies. Based on the qualitative analysis, this review does not support a distinction between regions more related to phonation and regions more related to articulation. Further research is required seeking to isolate the vocal component and to improve insight into human brain network involved in phonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Dedry
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Youri Maryn
- European Institute for ORL-HNS, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Faculty of Education, Health and Social Work, University College Ghent, Gent, Belgium; Phonanium, Lokeren, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Szmalec
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Ghent, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Laurence Dricot
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gauthier Desuter
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Department, Voice and Swallowing Clinic, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Bruxelles, Belgium
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3
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Miyagawa S, Yaguchi H, Kunieda K, Ohno T, Fujishima I. Speech-Swallow Dissociation of Velopharyngeal Incompetence with Pseudobulbar Palsy: Evaluation by High-Resolution Manometry. Dysphagia 2024:10.1007/s00455-024-10687-1. [PMID: 38492048 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-024-10687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Patients with pseudobulbar palsy often present with velopharyngeal incompetence. Velopharyngeal incompetence is usually observed during expiratory activities such as speech and/or blowing during laryngoscopy. These patients typically exhibit good velopharyngeal closure during swallowing, which is dissociated from expiratory activities. We named this phenomenon "speech-swallow dissociation" (SSD). SSD on endoscopic findings can help in diagnosing the underlying disease causing dysphagia. This endoscopic finding is qualitative, and the quantitative characteristics of SSD are still unclear. Accordingly, the current study aimed to quantitatively evaluate SSD in patients with pseudobulbar palsy. We evaluated velopharyngeal pressure during swallowing and expiratory activity in 10 healthy subjects and 10 patients with pseudobulbar palsy using high-resolution manometry, and compared the results between the two groups. No significant differences in maximal velopharyngeal contraction pressure (V-Pmax) were observed during dry swallowing between the pseudobulbar palsy group and healthy subjects (190.5 mmHg vs. 173.6 mmHg; P = 0.583). V-Pmax during speech was significantly decreased in the pseudobulbar palsy group (85.4 mmHg vs. 34.5 mmHg; P < 0.001). The degree of dissociation of speech to swallowing in V-Pmax, when compared across groups, exhibited a larger difference in the pseudobulbar palsy group, at 52% versus 80% (P = 0.001). Velopharyngeal pressure during blowing was similar to that during speech. Velopharyngeal closure in patients with pseudobulbar palsy exhibited weaker pressure during speech and blowing compared with swallowing, quantitatively confirming the presence of SSD. Pseudobulbar palsy often presents with SSD, and this finding may be helpful in differentiating the etiology of dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyagawa
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, 163-1 Kashiwashita, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8567, Japan.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yaguchi
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, 163-1 Kashiwashita, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8567, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kunieda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Ohno
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Fujishima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
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González-García M, Carrillo-Franco L, Morales-Luque C, Dawid-Milner MS, López-González MV. Central Autonomic Mechanisms Involved in the Control of Laryngeal Activity and Vocalization. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:118. [PMID: 38392336 PMCID: PMC10886357 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In humans, speech is a complex process that requires the coordinated involvement of various components of the phonatory system, which are monitored by the central nervous system. The larynx in particular plays a crucial role, as it enables the vocal folds to meet and converts the exhaled air from our lungs into audible sounds. Voice production requires precise and sustained exhalation, which generates an air pressure/flow that creates the pressure in the glottis required for voice production. Voluntary vocal production begins in the laryngeal motor cortex (LMC), a structure found in all mammals, although the specific location in the cortex varies in humans. The LMC interfaces with various structures of the central autonomic network associated with cardiorespiratory regulation to allow the perfect coordination between breathing and vocalization. The main subcortical structure involved in this relationship is the mesencephalic periaqueductal grey matter (PAG). The PAG is the perfect link to the autonomic pontomedullary structures such as the parabrachial complex (PBc), the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and the nucleus retroambiguus (nRA), which modulate cardiovascular autonomic function activity in the vasomotor centers and respiratory activity at the level of the generators of the laryngeal-respiratory motor patterns that are essential for vocalization. These cores of autonomic structures are not only involved in the generation and modulation of cardiorespiratory responses to various stressors but also help to shape the cardiorespiratory motor patterns that are important for vocal production. Clinical studies show increased activity in the central circuits responsible for vocalization in certain speech disorders, such as spasmodic dysphonia because of laryngeal dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta González-García
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Carrillo-Franco
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmen Morales-Luque
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Víctor López-González
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
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Helou LB, Dum RP. Volitional inspiration is mediated by two independent output channels in the primary motor cortex. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:1796-1811. [PMID: 37723869 PMCID: PMC10591979 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The diaphragm is a multifunctional muscle that mediates both autonomic and volitional inspiration. It is critically involved in vocalization, postural stability, and expulsive core-trunk functions, such as coughing, hiccups, and vomiting. In macaque monkeys, we used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus injected into the left hemidiaphragm to identify cortical neurons that have multisynaptic connections with phrenic motoneurons. Our research demonstrates that representation of the diaphragm in the primary motor cortex (M1) is split into two spatially separate and independent sites. No cortico-cortical connections are known to exist between these two sites. One site is located dorsal to the arm representation within the central sulcus and the second site is lateral to the arm. The dual representation of the diaphragm warrants a revision to the somatotopic map of M1. The dorsal diaphragm representation overlaps with trunk and axial musculature. It is ideally situated to coordinate with these muscles during volitional inspiration and in producing intra-abdominal pressure gradients. The lateral site overlaps the origin of M1 projections to a laryngeal muscle, the cricothyroid. This observation suggests that the coordinated control of laryngeal muscles and the diaphragm during vocalization may be achieved, in part, by co-localization of their representations in M1. The neural organization of the two diaphragm sites underlies a new perspective for interpreting functional imaging studies of respiration and/or vocalization. Furthermore, our results provide novel evidence supporting the concept that overlapping output channels within M1 are a prerequisite for the formation of muscle synergies underlying fine motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah B. Helou
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Communication Science and Disorders, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Richard P. Dum
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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Lu J, Li Y, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Mao Y, Wu J, Chang EF. Neural control of lexical tone production in human laryngeal motor cortex. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6917. [PMID: 37903780 PMCID: PMC10616086 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In tonal languages, which are spoken by nearly one-third of the world's population, speakers precisely control the tension of vocal folds in the larynx to modulate pitch in order to distinguish words with completely different meanings. The specific pitch trajectories for a given tonal language are called lexical tones. Here, we used high-density direct cortical recordings to determine the neural basis of lexical tone production in native Mandarin-speaking participants. We found that instead of a tone category-selective coding, local populations in the bilateral laryngeal motor cortex (LMC) encode articulatory kinematic information to generate the pitch dynamics of lexical tones. Using a computational model of tone production, we discovered two distinct patterns of population activity in LMC commanding pitch rising and lowering. Finally, we showed that direct electrocortical stimulation of different local populations in LMC evoked pitch rising and lowering during tone production, respectively. Together, these results reveal the neural basis of vocal pitch control of lexical tones in tonal languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yuanning Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zehao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yanming Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Speech and Hearing Bioscience & Technology Program, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Edward F Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Manes JL, Kurani AS, Herschel E, Roberts AC, Tjaden K, Parrish T, Corcos DM. Premotor cortex is hypoactive during sustained vowel production in individuals with Parkinson's disease and hypophonia. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1250114. [PMID: 37941570 PMCID: PMC10629592 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1250114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypophonia is a common feature of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the contribution of motor cortical activity to reduced phonatory scaling in PD is still not clear. Methods In this study, we employed a sustained vowel production task during functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare brain activity between individuals with PD and hypophonia and an older healthy control (OHC) group. Results When comparing vowel production versus rest, the PD group showed fewer regions with significant BOLD activity compared to OHCs. Within the motor cortices, both OHC and PD groups showed bilateral activation of the laryngeal/phonatory area (LPA) of the primary motor cortex as well as activation of the supplementary motor area. The OHC group also recruited additional activity in the bilateral trunk motor area and right dorsal premotor cortex (PMd). A voxel-wise comparison of PD and HC groups showed that activity in right PMd was significantly lower in the PD group compared to OHC (p < 0.001, uncorrected). Right PMd activity was positively correlated with maximum phonation time in the PD group and negatively correlated with perceptual severity ratings of loudness and pitch. Discussion Our findings suggest that hypoactivation of PMd may be associated with abnormal phonatory control in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L. Manes
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ajay S. Kurani
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ellen Herschel
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Angela C. Roberts
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Kris Tjaden
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Todd Parrish
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Daniel M. Corcos
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Zamorano AM, Zatorre RJ, Vuust P, Friberg A, Birbaumer N, Kleber B. Singing training predicts increased insula connectivity with speech and respiratory sensorimotor areas at rest. Brain Res 2023:148418. [PMID: 37217111 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The insula contributes to the detection of salient events during goal-directed behavior and participates in the coordination of motor, multisensory, and cognitive systems. Recent task-fMRI studies with trained singers suggest that singing experience can enhance the access to these resources. However, the long-term effects of vocal training on insula-based networks are still unknown. In this study, we employed resting-state fMRI to assess experience-dependent differences in insula co-activation patterns between conservatory-trained singers and non-singers. Results indicate enhanced bilateral anterior insula connectivity in singers relative to non-singers with constituents of the speech sensorimotor network. Specifically, with the cerebellum (lobule V-VI) and the superior parietal lobes. The reversed comparison showed no effects. The amount of accumulated singing training predicted enhanced bilateral insula co-activation with primary sensorimotor areas representing the diaphragm and the larynx/phonation area-crucial regions for cortico-motor control of complex vocalizations-as well as the bilateral thalamus and the left putamen. Together, these findings highlight the neuroplastic effect of expert singing training on insula-based networks, as evidenced by the association between enhanced insula co-activation profiles in singers and the brain's speech motor system components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Zamorano
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - R J Zatorre
- McGill University-Montreal Neurological Institute, Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Montreal, Canada; International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound research (BRAMS), Montreal, Canada
| | - P Vuust
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, & The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Denmark
| | - A Friberg
- Speech, Music and Hearing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Birbaumer
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - B Kleber
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, & The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Denmark.
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Dai G, Chen M, Chen X, Guo Z, Li T, Jones JA, Wu X, Li J, Liu P, Liu H, Liu D. A causal link between left supplementary motor area and auditory-motor control of vocal production: Evidence by continuous theta burst stimulation. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119767. [PMID: 36435342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The supplementary motor area (SMA) has been implicated in the feedforward control of speech production. Whether this region is involved in speech motor control through auditory feedback, however, remains uncertain. The present event-related potential (ERP) study examined the role of the left SMA in vocal pitch regulation in a causal manner by combining auditory feedback manipulations and neuronavigated continuous theta bust stimulation (c-TBS). After receiving c-TBS over the left SMA or the control site (vertex), twenty young adults vocalized the vowel sound /u/ while hearing their voice unexpectedly pitch-shifted -50 or -200 cents. Compared to the control stimulation, c-TBS over the left SMA led to decreased vocal compensations for pitch perturbations of -50 and -200 cents. A significant decrease of N1 and P2 responses to -200 cents perturbations was also found when comparing active and control stimulation. Major neural generators of decreased P2 responses included the right-lateralized superior and middle temporal gyrus and angular gyrus. Notably, a significant correlation was found between active-control differences in the vocal compensation and P2 responses for the -200 cents perturbations. These findings provide neurobehavioral evidence for a causal link between the left SMA and auditory-motor integration for vocal pitch regulation, suggesting that the left SMA receives auditory feedback information and mediates vocal compensations for feedback errors in a bottom-up manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Dai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mingyun Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhiqiang Guo
- School of Computer, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
| | - Tingni Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jeffery A Jones
- Psychology Department and Laurier Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiuqin Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jingting Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Hanjun Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dongxu Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Zhang Z, Peng Y, Chen T. Om chanting modulates the processing of negative stimuli: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Front Psychol 2022; 13:943243. [PMID: 36312168 PMCID: PMC9606574 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.943243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that Om chanting, a type of meditation, can relieve individuals' negative emotions. However, the dynamic aspects of neural processes in the processing of the negative stimuli while Om chanting are still unclear. In this study, we recruited 33 healthy undergraduate students without meditation experience and recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) to unpleasant and neutral images when they performed Om chanting and viewing task. The behavioral results showed that the unpleasant images were rated as less unpleasant and arousing in the condition of Om chanting than while passive viewing, and the rates were not different between the two conditions for the neutral images. Analyses of the ERP responses to the emotional stimuli revealed that Om chanting decreased P1 and late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes for the neutral images but not for the unpleasant images. We speculated that Om chanting might reduce vigilance to the neutral stimuli, whereas for the negative stimuli, they automatically captured all available attentional resources and led to a failure in observing the regulating effect of Om chanting. These observations suggest that Om chanting modulates individuals' affective evaluations to the negative stimuli and alters early visual and late neural processing of the stimuli.
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Swann Z, Daliri A, Honeycutt CF. Impact of Startling Acoustic Stimuli on Word Repetition in Individuals With Aphasia and Apraxia of Speech Following Stroke. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2022; 65:1671-1685. [PMID: 35377739 DOI: 10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The StartReact effect, whereby movements are elicited by loud, startling acoustic stimuli (SAS), allows the evaluation of movements when initiated through involuntary circuitry, before auditory feedback. When StartReact is applied during poststroke upper extremity movements, individuals exhibit increased muscle recruitment, reaction times, and reaching distances. StartReact releases unimpaired speech with similar increases in muscle recruitment and reaction time. However, as poststroke communication disorders have divergent neural circuitry from upper extremity tasks, it is unclear if StartReact will enhance speech poststroke. Our objective is to determine if (a) StartReact is present in individuals with poststroke aphasia and apraxia and (b) SAS exposure enhances speech intelligibility. METHOD We remotely delivered startling, 105-dB white noise bursts (SAS) and quiet, non-SAS cues to 15 individuals with poststroke aphasia and apraxia during repetition of six words. We evaluated average word intensity, pitch, pitch trajectories, vowel formants F1 and F2 (first and second formants), phonemic error rate, and percent incidence of each SAS versus non-SAS-elicited phoneme produced under each cue type. RESULTS For SAS trials compared to non-SAS, speech intensity increased (∆ + 0.6 dB), speech pitch increased (∆ + 22.7 Hz), and formants (F1 and F2) changed, resulting in a smaller vowel space after SAS. SAS affected pitch trajectories for some, but not all, words. Non-SAS trials had more stops (∆ + 4.7 utterances) while SAS trials had more sustained phonemes (fricatives, glides, affricates, liquids; ∆ + 5.4 utterances). SAS trials had fewer distortion errors but no change in substitution errors or overall error rate compared to non-SAS trials. CONCLUSIONS We show that stroke-impaired speech is susceptible to StartReact, evidenced by decreased intelligibility due to altered formants, pitch trajectories, and articulation, including increased incidence of sounds that could not be produced without SAS. Future studies should examine the impact of SAS on voluntary speech intelligibility and clinical measures of aphasia and apraxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Swann
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe
| | - Ayoub Daliri
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe
| | - Claire F Honeycutt
- School of Biological and Health Science Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe
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12
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Gracioso Martins AM, Biehl A, Sze D, Freytes DO. Bioreactors for Vocal Fold Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:182-205. [PMID: 33446061 PMCID: PMC8892964 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that almost one-third of the United States population will be affected by a vocal fold (VF) disorder during their lifespan. Promising therapies to treat VF injury and scarring are mostly centered on VF tissue engineering strategies such as the injection of engineered biomaterials and cell therapy. VF tissue engineering, however, is a challenging field as the biomechanical properties, structure, and composition of the VF tissue change upon exposure to mechanical stimulation. As a result, the development of long-term VF treatment strategies relies on the characterization of engineered tissues under a controlled mechanical environment. In this review, we highlight the importance of bioreactors as a powerful tool for VF tissue engineering with a focus on the current state of the art of bioreactors designed to mimic phonation in vitro. We discuss the influence of the phonatory environment on the development, function, injury, and healing of the VF tissue and its importance for the development of efficient therapeutic strategies. A concise and comprehensive overview of bioreactor designs, principles, operating parameters, and scalability are presented. An in-depth analysis of VF bioreactor data to date reveals that mechanical stimulation significantly influences cell viability and the expression of proinflammatory and profibrotic genes in vitro. Although the precision and accuracy of bioreactors contribute to generating reliable results, diverse gene expression profiles across the literature suggest that future efforts should focus on the standardization of bioreactor parameters to enable direct comparisons between studies. Impact statement We present a comprehensive review of bioreactors for vocal fold (VF) tissue engineering with a focus on the influence of the phonatory environment on the development, function, injury, and healing of the VFs and the importance of mimicking phonation on engineered VF tissues in vitro. Furthermore, we put forward a strong argument for the continued development of bioreactors in this area with an emphasis on the standardization of bioreactor designs, principles, operating parameters, and oscillatory regimes to enable comparisons between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Gracioso Martins
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University/University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andreea Biehl
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University/University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daphne Sze
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University/University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Donald O Freytes
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University/University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Iwasaki SI, Yoshimura K, Asami T, Erdoğan S. Comparative morphology and physiology of the vocal production apparatus and the brain in the extant primates. Ann Anat 2022; 240:151887. [PMID: 35032565 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.151887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective data mainly from the comparative anatomy of various organs related to human speech and language is considered to unearth clues about the mechanisms behind language development. The two organs of the larynx and hyoid bone are considered to have evolved towards suitable positions and forms in preparation for the occurrence of the large repertoire of vocalization necessary for human speech. However, some researchers have asserted that there is no significant difference of these organs between humans and non-human primates. Speech production is dependent on the voluntary control of the respiratory, laryngeal, and vocal tract musculature. Such control is fully present in humans but only partially so in non-human primates, which appear to be able to voluntarily control only supralaryngeal articulators. Both humans and non-human primates have direct cortical innervation of motor neurons controlling the supralaryngeal vocal tract but only human appear to have direct cortical innervation of motor neurons controlling the larynx. In this review, we investigate the comparative morphology and function of the wide range of components involved in vocal production, including the larynx, the hyoid bone, the tongue, and the vocal brain. We would like to emphasize the importance of the tongue in the primary development of human speech and language. It is now time to reconsider the possibility of the tongue playing a definitive role in the emergence of human speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Iwasaki
- Faculty of Health Science, Gunma PAZ University, Takasaki, Japan; The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo and Niigata, Japan
| | - Ken Yoshimura
- Department of Anatomy, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Asami
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Serkan Erdoğan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
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Waters S, Kanber E, Lavan N, Belyk M, Carey D, Cartei V, Lally C, Miquel M, McGettigan C. Singers show enhanced performance and neural representation of vocal imitation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200399. [PMID: 34719245 PMCID: PMC8558773 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have a remarkable capacity to finely control the muscles of the larynx, via distinct patterns of cortical topography and innervation that may underpin our sophisticated vocal capabilities compared with non-human primates. Here, we investigated the behavioural and neural correlates of laryngeal control, and their relationship to vocal expertise, using an imitation task that required adjustments of larynx musculature during speech. Highly trained human singers and non-singer control participants modulated voice pitch and vocal tract length (VTL) to mimic auditory speech targets, while undergoing real-time anatomical scans of the vocal tract and functional scans of brain activity. Multivariate analyses of speech acoustics, larynx movements and brain activation data were used to quantify vocal modulation behaviour and to search for neural representations of the two modulated vocal parameters during the preparation and execution of speech. We found that singers showed more accurate task-relevant modulations of speech pitch and VTL (i.e. larynx height, as measured with vocal tract MRI) during speech imitation; this was accompanied by stronger representation of VTL within a region of the right somatosensory cortex. Our findings suggest a common neural basis for enhanced vocal control in speech and song. This article is part of the theme issue 'Voice modulation: from origin and mechanism to social impact (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Waters
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Elise Kanber
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
- Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, 2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PF, UK
| | - Nadine Lavan
- Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, 2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PF, UK
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, Bethnal Green, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Michel Belyk
- Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, 2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PF, UK
| | - Daniel Carey
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
- Data & AI, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Novartis Global Service Center, 203 Merrion Road, Dublin 4 D04 NN12, Ireland
| | - Valentina Cartei
- Equipe de Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle (ENES), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université de Lyon/Saint-Etienne, 21 rue du Docteur Paul Michelon, 42100 Saint-Etienne, France
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Education, Health and Social Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, UK
| | - Clare Lally
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
- Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, 2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PF, UK
| | - Marc Miquel
- Department of Clinical Physics, Barts Health NHS Trust, London EC1A 7BE, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Carolyn McGettigan
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
- Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, 2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PF, UK
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15
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Human larynx motor cortices coordinate respiration for vocal-motor control. Neuroimage 2021; 239:118326. [PMID: 34216772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal flexibility is a hallmark of the human species, most particularly the capacity to speak and sing. This ability is supported in part by the evolution of a direct neural pathway linking the motor cortex to the brainstem nucleus that controls the larynx the primary sound source for communication. Early brain imaging studies demonstrated that larynx motor cortex at the dorsal end of the orofacial division of motor cortex (dLMC) integrated laryngeal and respiratory control, thereby coordinating two major muscular systems that are necessary for vocalization. Neurosurgical studies have since demonstrated the existence of a second larynx motor area at the ventral extent of the orofacial motor division (vLMC) of motor cortex. The vLMC has been presumed to be less relevant to speech motor control, but its functional role remains unknown. We employed a novel ultra-high field (7T) magnetic resonance imaging paradigm that combined singing and whistling simple melodies to localise the larynx motor cortices and test their involvement in respiratory motor control. Surprisingly, whistling activated both 'larynx areas' more strongly than singing despite the reduced involvement of the larynx during whistling. We provide further evidence for the existence of two larynx motor areas in the human brain, and the first evidence that laryngeal-respiratory integration is a shared property of both larynx motor areas. We outline explicit predictions about the descending motor pathways that give these cortical areas access to both the laryngeal and respiratory systems and discuss the implications for the evolution of speech.
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16
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Mohammadi R, Javanmard GH, Alipour A, Zare H. Effects of mindful breath awareness and muscle relaxation and transcranial electrical stimulation techniques on improving blood pressure status in patients with type 2 diabetes. Explore (NY) 2021; 18:200-204. [PMID: 34052121 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to determine the effects of mindful breath awareness & muscle relaxation (MBMR) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tCES) techniques on improving the systolic and diastolic blood pressure status in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS The research method was randomized controlled trial (RCT) using split-plot ANOVA (SPANOVA). Thirty patients were selected through purposive sampling from Bonab County Diabetes Association (Iran) and were randomly divided into three 10-member groups, namely MBMR, tCES, and MBMR+tCES groups. Participants received their group interventions in 10 individual sessions. All patients were evaluated for systolic and diastolic blood pressure at two stages, before and immediately after each session. SPANOVA and Bonferroni pairwise comparison tests were used for data analysis. RESULTS The results indicated that the MBMR and tCES techniques, alone and in combination, had significant and equal effects on reducing diastolic blood pressure, but the MBMR treatment was more effective in the systolic blood pressure than the tCES. CONCLUSIONS The MBMR and tCES techniques were effective and safe in treating hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Mohammadi
- Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Ahmad Alipour
- Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Zare
- Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Belkhir JR, Fitch WT, Garcea FE, Chernoff BL, Sims MH, Navarrete E, Haber S, Paul DA, Smith SO, Pilcher WH, Mahon BZ. Direct electrical stimulation evidence for a dorsal motor area with control of the larynx. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:110-112. [PMID: 33217608 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Raouf Belkhir
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - W Tecumseh Fitch
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank E Garcea
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Benjamin L Chernoff
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Max H Sims
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Eduardo Navarrete
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dello Sviluppo e Della Socializzazione, Università di Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Sam Haber
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - David A Paul
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Susan O Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Webster H Pilcher
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Bradford Z Mahon
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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18
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Eichert N, Papp D, Mars RB, Watkins KE. Mapping Human Laryngeal Motor Cortex during Vocalization. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:6254-6269. [PMID: 32728706 PMCID: PMC7610685 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The representations of the articulators involved in human speech production are organized somatotopically in primary motor cortex. The neural representation of the larynx, however, remains debated. Both a dorsal and a ventral larynx representation have been previously described. It is unknown, however, whether both representations are located in primary motor cortex. Here, we mapped the motor representations of the human larynx using functional magnetic resonance imaging and characterized the cortical microstructure underlying the activated regions. We isolated brain activity related to laryngeal activity during vocalization while controlling for breathing. We also mapped the articulators (the lips and tongue) and the hand area. We found two separate activations during vocalization-a dorsal and a ventral larynx representation. Structural and quantitative neuroimaging revealed that myelin content and cortical thickness underlying the dorsal, but not the ventral larynx representation, are similar to those of other primary motor representations. This finding confirms that the dorsal larynx representation is located in primary motor cortex and that the ventral one is not. We further speculate that the location of the ventral larynx representation is in premotor cortex, as seen in other primates. It remains unclear, however, whether and how these two representations differentially contribute to laryngeal motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Eichert
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Papp
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rogier B. Mars
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kate E. Watkins
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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19
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Dietrich M, Andreatta RD, Jiang Y, Stemple JC. Limbic and cortical control of phonation for speech in response to a public speech preparation stressor. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 14:1696-1713. [PMID: 31049806 PMCID: PMC7572327 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on brain networks subserving vocalization in vocally healthy individuals under various task conditions is scarce but paramount to understand voice disorders. The aims of our study were to determine (1) the effect of social-evaluative stress on the central neural control of phonation underlying speech production; and (2) the neural signature, personality profile, and aerodynamic vocal function in relation to salivary cortisol responses. Thirteen vocally healthy females underwent an event-related sparse-sampling fMRI protocol consisting of voiced and whispered sentence productions with and without exposure to the social-evaluative stressor public speaking anticipation. Participants completed a personality questionnaire, rating scales of negative emotional state, and provided salivary cortisol samples. In the total sample, the task contrast of voiced productions revealed that stressor exposure resulted in a peak activation in the right caudate with concomitant deactivations in the bilateral pgACC and aMCC, and right IFG, BA 9, BA 10, insula, putamen, and thalamus. There were individual differences in stressor-induced brain activations as a function of stress reactivity with greater cortisol reactivity linked with lower laryngeal motor cortex activity and lower scores on aspects of extraversion. Our data confirm that stress alters the phonatory control for speech production through limbic-motor interactions. The findings support the Trait Theory of Voice Disorders (Roy and Bless 2000) and help provide critical insights to the study of voice disorders such as primary muscle tension dysphonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dietrich
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, University of Missouri, 308 Lewis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Richard D. Andreatta
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Kentucky, 120 Wethington Bldg, 900 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, 113 Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Joseph C. Stemple
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Kentucky, 120 Wethington Bldg, 900 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
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20
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Brown S, Yuan Y, Belyk M. Evolution of the speech-ready brain: The voice/jaw connection in the human motor cortex. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:1018-1028. [PMID: 32720701 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A prominent model of the origins of speech, known as the "frame/content" theory, posits that oscillatory lowering and raising of the jaw provided an evolutionary scaffold for the development of syllable structure in speech. Because such oscillations are nonvocal in most nonhuman primates, the evolution of speech required the addition of vocalization onto this scaffold in order to turn such jaw oscillations into vocalized syllables. In the present functional MRI study, we demonstrate overlapping somatotopic representations between the larynx and the jaw muscles in the human primary motor cortex. This proximity between the larynx and jaw in the brain might support the coupling between vocalization and jaw oscillations to generate syllable structure. This model suggests that humans inherited voluntary control of jaw oscillations from ancestral species, but added voluntary control of vocalization onto this via the evolution of a new brain area that came to be situated near the jaw region in the human motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Brown
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michel Belyk
- Department of Speech Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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21
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Kiyuna A, Kise N, Hiratsuka M, Maeda H, Hirakawa H, Ganaha A, Suzuki M. Brain Activity in Patients With Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis Detected by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Voice 2020; 36:738.e1-738.e9. [PMID: 32873428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding brain activity in response to unilateral vocal fold paralysis is essential to determine the neural compensatory mechanism underlying adaptation to voice disorders and to develop novel and improved rehabilitation programs for these disorders. We aimed to clarify brain activity during phonation (prolonged vowel, |i:|) in patients with chronic left vocal fold paralysis (LVFP) and compare with that in normal controls. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of an event-related task comprised 12 individuals with LVFP of more than 6 months duration and 12 healthy controls. The experimental task alternated phonation (prolonged vowel, |i:|) and no phonation (rest) conditions. The functional images obtained were single-shot gradient-echo echo-planar imaging. The volumes were acquired parallel to the anterior-posterior commissure plane and were sensitive to BOLD contrast. Data sets were processed and statistically analyzed using Statistical Parametric Mapping 8 software. Within-group analyses were conducted by applying the one-sample t test (P < 0.001, uncorrected). A random-effects analysis was used for group comparison. RESULTS The LVFP group showed significantly higher brain activity in the right premotor areas, left parietal lobule, right primary somatosensory areas, and bilateral supplementary motor area and lower brain activity in the auditory-related areas of the superior temporal gyrus. There were no significant correlations of the percent signal change on fMRI with disease duration, maximum phonation time, or age. CONCLUSION Patients with chronic unilateral vocal fold paralysis have stronger activity during voluntary phonation in various central networks. More detailed information on the central nervous system regions related to voluntary phonation from early to chronic phase is needed to understand the compensatory mechanisms in vocal fold paralysis and to establish an effective rehabilitation program. This is the first report to investigate brain activity in chronic unilateral vocal fold paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asanori Kiyuna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Norimoto Kise
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Munehisa Hiratsuka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Maeda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hirakawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Akira Ganaha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mikio Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
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22
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Guidotti L, Negroni D, Sironi L, Stecco A. Neural Correlates of Esophageal Speech: An fMRI Pilot Study. J Voice 2020; 36:288.e1-288.e14. [PMID: 32768157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The esophageal speech is one of the possible alaryngeal voices resulting after total laryngectomy. Its production is made by the regurgitation of the air coming from the esophagus, sonorized through the passage from the walls of the upper esophageal sphincter. The neural correlates of this voice have never been investigated, while the neural control of laryngeal voice has been already documented by different studies. METHODS Four patients using esophageal speech after total laryngectomy and four healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. The fMRI experiment was carried out using a "Block Design Paradigm." RESULTS Comparison of the phonation task in the two groups revealed higher brain activities in the cingulate gyrus, the cerebellum and the medulla as well as lower brain activities in the precentral gyrus, the inferior and middle frontal gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus in the laryngectomized group. CONCLUSIONS The findings in this pilot study provide insight into neural phonation control in laryngectomized patients with esophageal speech. The imaging results demonstrated that in patients with esophageal speech, altered brain activities can be observed. The adaptive changes in the brain following laryngectomy reflect the changes in the body and in the voice modality. In addition, this pilot study establishes that a blocked design fMRI is sensitive enough to define a neural network associated with esophageal voice and lays the foundation for further studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Guidotti
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Eastern Piedmont Amedeo Avogadro, Novara, Italy.
| | - Davide Negroni
- Department of Radiology, University of Eastern Piedmont Amedeo Avogadro, Novara, Italy
| | - Luigi Sironi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Stecco
- Department of Radiology, University of Eastern Piedmont Amedeo Avogadro, Novara, Italy
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23
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Hanekamp S, Simonyan K. The large-scale structural connectome of task-specific focal dystonia. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3253-3265. [PMID: 32311207 PMCID: PMC7375103 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging view of dystonia is that of a large‐scale functional network disorder, in which the communication is disrupted between sensorimotor cortical areas, basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum. The structural underpinnings of functional alterations in dystonia are, however, poorly understood. Notably, it is unclear whether structural changes form a larger‐scale dystonic network or rather remain focal to isolated brain regions, merely underlying their functional abnormalities. Using diffusion‐weighted imaging and graph theoretical analysis, we examined inter‐regional white matter connectivity of the whole‐brain structural network in two different forms of task‐specific focal dystonia, writer's cramp and laryngeal dystonia, compared to healthy individuals. We show that, in addition to profoundly altered functional network in focal dystonia, its structural connectome is characterized by large‐scale aberrations due to abnormal transfer of prefrontal and parietal nodes between neural communities and the reorganization of normal hub architecture, commonly involving the insula and superior frontal gyrus in patients compared to controls. Other prominent common changes involved the basal ganglia, parietal and cingulate cortical regions, whereas premotor and occipital abnormalities distinctly characterized the two forms of dystonia. We propose a revised pathophysiological model of focal dystonia as a disorder of both functional and structural connectomes, where dystonia form‐specific abnormalities underlie the divergent mechanisms in the development of distinct clinical symptomatology. These findings may guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies directed at targeted neuromodulation of pathophysiological brain regions for the restoration of their structural and functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hanekamp
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristina Simonyan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Correia JM, Caballero-Gaudes C, Guediche S, Carreiras M. Phonatory and articulatory representations of speech production in cortical and subcortical fMRI responses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4529. [PMID: 32161310 PMCID: PMC7066132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Speaking involves coordination of multiple neuromotor systems, including respiration, phonation and articulation. Developing non-invasive imaging methods to study how the brain controls these systems is critical for understanding the neurobiology of speech production. Recent models and animal research suggest that regions beyond the primary motor cortex (M1) help orchestrate the neuromotor control needed for speaking, including cortical and sub-cortical regions. Using contrasts between speech conditions with controlled respiratory behavior, this fMRI study investigates articulatory gestures involving the tongue, lips and velum (i.e., alveolars versus bilabials, and nasals versus orals), and phonatory gestures (i.e., voiced versus whispered speech). Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) was used to decode articulatory gestures in M1, cerebellum and basal ganglia. Furthermore, apart from confirming the role of a mid-M1 region for phonation, we found that a dorsal M1 region, linked to respiratory control, showed significant differences for voiced compared to whispered speech despite matched lung volume observations. This region was also functionally connected to tongue and lip M1 seed regions, underlying its importance in the coordination of speech. Our study confirms and extends current knowledge regarding the neural mechanisms underlying neuromotor speech control, which hold promise to study neural dysfunctions involved in motor-speech disorders non-invasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao M Correia
- BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR)/Department of Psychology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
| | | | - Sara Guediche
- BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Manuel Carreiras
- BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain.,Ikerbasque. Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,University of the Basque Country. UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
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25
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Basilakos A, Smith KG, Fillmore P, Fridriksson J, Fedorenko E. Functional Characterization of the Human Speech Articulation Network. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:1816-1830. [PMID: 28453613 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of brain regions have been implicated in articulation, but their precise computations remain debated. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examine the degree of functional specificity of articulation-responsive brain regions to constrain hypotheses about their contributions to speech production. We find that articulation-responsive regions (1) are sensitive to articulatory complexity, but (2) are largely nonoverlapping with nearby domain-general regions that support diverse goal-directed behaviors. Furthermore, premotor articulation regions show selectivity for speech production over some related tasks (respiration control), but not others (nonspeech oral-motor [NSO] movements). This overlap between speech and nonspeech movements concords with electrocorticographic evidence that these regions encode articulators and their states, and with patient evidence whereby articulatory deficits are often accompanied by oral-motor deficits. In contrast, the superior temporal regions show strong selectivity for articulation relative to nonspeech movements, suggesting that these regions play a specific role in speech planning/production. Finally, articulation-responsive portions of posterior inferior frontal gyrus show some selectivity for articulation, in line with the hypothesis that this region prepares an articulatory code that is passed to the premotor cortex. Taken together, these results inform the architecture of the human articulation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Basilakos
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kimberly G Smith
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.,Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Paul Fillmore
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Julius Fridriksson
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Evelina Fedorenko
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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26
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Roy N, Dietrich M, Blomgren M, Heller A, Houtz DR, Lee J. Exploring the Neural Bases of Primary Muscle Tension Dysphonia: A Case Study Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Voice 2019; 33:183-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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27
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Lewis JW, Silberman MJ, Donai JJ, Frum CA, Brefczynski-Lewis JA. Hearing and orally mimicking different acoustic-semantic categories of natural sound engage distinct left hemisphere cortical regions. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2018; 183:64-78. [PMID: 29966815 PMCID: PMC6461214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Oral mimicry is thought to represent an essential process for the neurodevelopment of spoken language systems in infants, the evolution of language in hominins, and a process that could possibly aid recovery in stroke patients. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we previously reported a divergence of auditory cortical pathways mediating perception of specific categories of natural sounds. However, it remained unclear if or how this fundamental sensory organization by the brain might relate to motor output, such as sound mimicry. Here, using fMRI, we revealed a dissociation of activated brain regions preferential for hearing with the intent to imitate and the oral mimicry of animal action sounds versus animal vocalizations as distinct acoustic-semantic categories. This functional dissociation may reflect components of a rudimentary cortical architecture that links systems for processing acoustic-semantic universals of natural sound with motor-related systems mediating oral mimicry at a category level. The observation of different brain regions involved in different aspects of oral mimicry may inform targeted therapies for rehabilitation of functional abilities after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Lewis
- Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Magenta J Silberman
- Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jeremy J Donai
- Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Chris A Frum
- Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Julie A Brefczynski-Lewis
- Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Department of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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28
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Belyk M, Lee YS, Brown S. How does human motor cortex regulate vocal pitch in singers? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172208. [PMID: 30224990 PMCID: PMC6124115 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vocal pitch is used as an important communicative device by humans, as found in the melodic dimension of both speech and song. Vocal pitch is determined by the degree of tension in the vocal folds of the larynx, which itself is influenced by complex and nonlinear interactions among the laryngeal muscles. The relationship between these muscles and vocal pitch has been described by a mathematical model in the form of a set of 'control rules'. We searched for the biological implementation of these control rules in the larynx motor cortex of the human brain. We scanned choral singers with functional magnetic resonance imaging as they produced discrete pitches at four different levels across their vocal range. While the locations of the larynx motor activations varied across singers, the activation peaks for the four pitch levels were highly consistent within each individual singer. This result was corroborated using multi-voxel pattern analysis, which demonstrated an absence of patterned activations differentiating any pairing of pitch levels. The complex and nonlinear relationships between the multiple laryngeal muscles that control vocal pitch may obscure the neural encoding of vocal pitch in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Belyk
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yune S. Lee
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences and Center for Brain Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven Brown
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Dichter BK, Breshears JD, Leonard MK, Chang EF. The Control of Vocal Pitch in Human Laryngeal Motor Cortex. Cell 2018; 174:21-31.e9. [PMID: 29958109 PMCID: PMC6084806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In speech, the highly flexible modulation of vocal pitch creates intonation patterns that speakers use to convey linguistic meaning. This human ability is unique among primates. Here, we used high-density cortical recordings directly from the human brain to determine the encoding of vocal pitch during natural speech. We found neural populations in bilateral dorsal laryngeal motor cortex (dLMC) that selectively encoded produced pitch but not non-laryngeal articulatory movements. This neural population controlled short pitch accents to express prosodic emphasis on a word in a sentence. Other larynx cortical representations controlling voicing and longer pitch phrase contours were found at separate sites. dLMC sites also encoded vocal pitch during a non-speech singing task. Finally, direct focal stimulation of dLMC evoked laryngeal movements and involuntary vocalization, confirming its causal role in feedforward control. Together, these results reveal the neural basis for the voluntary control of vocal pitch in human speech. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Dichter
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UC Berkeley and UCSF Joint Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan D Breshears
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew K Leonard
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Edward F Chang
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UC Berkeley and UCSF Joint Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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30
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Belyk M, Johnson JF, Kotz SA. Poor neuro-motor tuning of the human larynx: a comparison of sung and whistled pitch imitation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171544. [PMID: 29765635 PMCID: PMC5936900 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vocal imitation is a hallmark of human communication that underlies the capacity to learn to speak and sing. Even so, poor vocal imitation abilities are surprisingly common in the general population and even expert vocalists cannot match the precision of a musical instrument. Although humans have evolved a greater degree of control over the laryngeal muscles that govern voice production, this ability may be underdeveloped compared with control over the articulatory muscles, such as the tongue and lips, volitional control of which emerged earlier in primate evolution. Human participants imitated simple melodies by either singing (i.e. producing pitch with the larynx) or whistling (i.e. producing pitch with the lips and tongue). Sung notes were systematically biased towards each individual's habitual pitch, which we hypothesize may act to conserve muscular effort. Furthermore, while participants who sung more precisely also whistled more precisely, sung imitations were less precise than whistled imitations. The laryngeal muscles that control voice production are under less precise control than the oral muscles that are involved in whistling. This imprecision may be due to the relatively recent evolution of volitional laryngeal-motor control in humans, which may be tuned just well enough for the coarse modulation of vocal-pitch in speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Belyk
- Bloorview Research Institute, 150 Kilgour Road, Toronto, CanadaM4G 1R8
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph F. Johnson
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja A. Kotz
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human and Cognitive Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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31
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Carey D, Krishnan S, Callaghan MF, Sereno MI, Dick F. Functional and Quantitative MRI Mapping of Somatomotor Representations of Human Supralaryngeal Vocal Tract. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:265-278. [PMID: 28069761 PMCID: PMC5808730 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech articulation requires precise control of and coordination between the effectors of the vocal tract (e.g., lips, tongue, soft palate, and larynx). However, it is unclear how the cortex represents movements of and contact between these effectors during speech, or how these cortical responses relate to inter-regional anatomical borders. Here, we used phase-encoded fMRI to map somatomotor representations of speech articulations. Phonetically trained participants produced speech phones, progressing from front (bilabial) to back (glottal) place of articulation. Maps of cortical myelin proxies (R1 = 1/T1) further allowed us to situate functional maps with respect to anatomical borders of motor and somatosensory regions. Across participants, we found a consistent topological map of place of articulation, spanning the central sulcus and primary motor and somatosensory areas, that moved from lateral to inferior as place of articulation progressed from front to back. Phones produced at velar and glottal places of articulation activated the inferior aspect of the central sulcus, but with considerable across-subject variability. R1 maps for a subset of participants revealed that articulator maps extended posteriorly into secondary somatosensory regions. These results show consistent topological organization of cortical representations of the vocal apparatus in the context of speech behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Carey
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, TW20 0EX, UK.,The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet St, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Saloni Krishnan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet St, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Tinbergen Building, 9 South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Martina F Callaghan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Martin I Sereno
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet St, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.,Birkbeck/UCL Centre for Neuroimaging, 26 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, UCL Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, 26 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, UK.,Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-4611, USA
| | - Frederic Dick
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet St, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.,Birkbeck/UCL Centre for Neuroimaging, 26 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, UK
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32
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Kryshtopava M, Van Lierde K, Defrancq C, De Moor M, Thijs Z, D'Haeseleer E, Meerschman I, Vandemaele P, Vingerhoets G, Claeys S. Brain activity during phonation in healthy female singers with supraglottic compression: an fMRI pilot study. LOGOP PHONIATR VOCO 2017; 44:95-104. [PMID: 29219633 DOI: 10.1080/14015439.2017.1408853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study evaluated the usability of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to detect brain activation during phonation in healthy female singers with supraglottic compression. Four healthy female classical singers (mean age: 26 years) participated in the study. All subjects had normal vocal folds and vocal characteristics and showed supraglottic compression. The fMRI experiment was carried out using a block design paradigm. Brain activation during phonation and exhalation was analyzed using Brain Voyager software (Brain Innovation B.V., Maastricht, The Netherlands). An fMRI data analysis showed a significant effect of phonation control in the bilateral pre/postcentral gyrus, and in the frontal, cingulate, superior and middle temporal gyrus, as well as in the parietal lobe, insula, lingual gyrus, cerebellum, thalamus and brainstem. These activation areas are consistent with previous reports using other fMRI protocols. In addition, a significant effect of phonation compared to exhalation control was found in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus, and the pre/postcentral gyrus. This fMRI pilot study allowed to detect a normal pattern of brain activity during phonation in healthy female singers with supraglottic compression using the proposed protocol. However, the pilot study detected problems with the experimental material/procedures that would necessitate refining the fMRI protocol. The phonation tasks were not capable to show brain activation difference between high-pitched and comfortable phonation. Further fMRI studies manipulating vocal parameters during phonation of the vowels /a/ and /i/ may elicit more distinctive hemodynamic response (HDR) activity patterns relative to voice modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna Kryshtopava
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology , University Hospital Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Kristiane Van Lierde
- b Department of Speech , Language and Hearing Sciences, University Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Charlotte Defrancq
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology , University Hospital Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Michiel De Moor
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology , University Hospital Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Zoë Thijs
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology , University Hospital Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Evelien D'Haeseleer
- b Department of Speech , Language and Hearing Sciences, University Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Iris Meerschman
- b Department of Speech , Language and Hearing Sciences, University Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Pieter Vandemaele
- c Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , University Hospital Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Guy Vingerhoets
- d Department of Experimental Psychology , Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.,e Ghent Institute for functional and Metabolic Imaging (GIfMI) , University Hospital Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Sofie Claeys
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology , University Hospital Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
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33
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Kryshtopava M, Van Lierde K, Meerschman I, D'Haeseleer E, Vandemaele P, Vingerhoets G, Claeys S. Brain Activity During Phonation in Women With Muscle Tension Dysphonia: An fMRI Study. J Voice 2017; 31:675-690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Herrero JL, Khuvis S, Yeagle E, Cerf M, Mehta AD. Breathing above the brain stem: volitional control and attentional modulation in humans. J Neurophysiol 2017; 119:145-159. [PMID: 28954895 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00551.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas the neurophysiology of respiration has traditionally focused on automatic brain stem processes, higher brain mechanisms underlying the cognitive aspects of breathing are gaining increasing interest. Therapeutic techniques have used conscious control and awareness of breathing for millennia with little understanding of the mechanisms underlying their efficacy. Using direct intracranial recordings in humans, we correlated cortical and limbic neuronal activity as measured by the intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG) with the breathing cycle. We show this to be the direct result of neuronal activity, as demonstrated by both the specificity of the finding to the cortical gray matter and the tracking of breath by the gamma-band (40-150 Hz) envelope in these structures. We extend prior observations by showing the iEEG signal to track the breathing cycle across a widespread network of cortical and limbic structures. We further demonstrate a sensitivity of this tracking to cognitive factors by using tasks adapted from cognitive behavioral therapy and meditative practice. Specifically, volitional control and awareness of breathing engage distinct but overlapping brain circuits. During volitionally paced breathing, iEEG-breath coherence increases in a frontotemporal-insular network, and during attention to breathing, we demonstrate increased coherence in the anterior cingulate, premotor, insular, and hippocampal cortices. Our findings suggest that breathing can act as an organizing hierarchical principle for neuronal oscillations throughout the brain and detail mechanisms of how cognitive factors impact otherwise automatic neuronal processes during interoceptive attention. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whereas the link between breathing and brain activity has a long history of application to therapy, its neurophysiology remains unexplored. Using intracranial recordings in humans, we show neuronal activity to track the breathing cycle throughout widespread cortical/limbic sites. Volitional pacing of the breath engages frontotemporal-insular cortices, whereas attention to automatic breathing modulates the cingulate cortex. Our findings imply a fundamental role of breathing-related oscillations in driving neuronal activity and provide insight into the neuronal mechanisms of interoceptive attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Herrero
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York
| | - Simon Khuvis
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York
| | - Erin Yeagle
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York
| | - Moran Cerf
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program and Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
| | - Ashesh D Mehta
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York
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35
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Relations Between Self-Regulation Behavior and Vocal Symptoms. J Voice 2017; 31:455-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The origins of the vocal brain in humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:177-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mor N, Simonyan K, Blitzer A. Central voice production and pathophysiology of spasmodic dysphonia. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:177-183. [PMID: 28543038 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our ability to speak is complex, and the role of the central nervous system in controlling speech production is often overlooked in the field of otolaryngology. In this brief review, we present an integrated overview of speech production with a focus on the role of central nervous system. The role of central control of voice production is then further discussed in relation to the potential pathophysiology of spasmodic dysphonia (SD). DATA SOURCES Peer-review articles on central laryngeal control and SD were identified from PUBMED search. Selected articles were augmented with designated relevant publications. REVIEW METHODS Publications that discussed central and peripheral nervous system control of voice production and the central pathophysiology of laryngeal dystonia were chosen. RESULTS Our ability to speak is regulated by specialized complex mechanisms coordinated by high-level cortical signaling, brainstem reflexes, peripheral nerves, muscles, and mucosal actions. Recent studies suggest that SD results from a primary central disturbance associated with dysfunction at our highest levels of central voice control. The efficacy of botulinum toxin in treating SD may not be limited solely to its local effect on laryngeal muscles and also may modulate the disorder at the level of the central nervous system. CONCLUSION Future therapeutic options that target the central nervous system may help modulate the underlying disorder in SD and allow clinicians to better understand the principal pathophysiology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA.Laryngoscope, 128:177-183, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niv Mor
- Maimonides Medical Center, Voice and Swallowing Disorders, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Brooklyn
| | - Kristina Simonyan
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, U.S.A.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Andrew Blitzer
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, U.S.A.,New York Center for Voice and Swallowing Disorders, New York, New York, U.S.A
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Lukic S, Barbieri E, Wang X, Caplan D, Kiran S, Rapp B, Parrish TB, Thompson CK. Right Hemisphere Grey Matter Volume and Language Functions in Stroke Aphasia. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5601509. [PMID: 28573050 PMCID: PMC5441122 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5601509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the right hemisphere (RH) in recovery from aphasia is incompletely understood. The present study quantified RH grey matter (GM) volume in individuals with chronic stroke-induced aphasia and cognitively healthy people using voxel-based morphometry. We compared group differences in GM volume in the entire RH and in RH regions-of-interest. Given that lesion site is a critical source of heterogeneity associated with poststroke language ability, we used voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) to examine the relation between lesion site and language performance in the aphasic participants. Finally, using results derived from the VLSM as a covariate, we evaluated the relation between GM volume in the RH and language ability across domains, including comprehension and production processes both at the word and sentence levels and across spoken and written modalities. Between-subject comparisons showed that GM volume in the RH SMA was reduced in the aphasic group compared to the healthy controls. We also found that, for the aphasic group, increased RH volume in the MTG and the SMA was associated with better language comprehension and production scores, respectively. These data suggest that the RH may support functions previously performed by LH regions and have important implications for understanding poststroke reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana Lukic
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Elena Barbieri
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Caplan
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Swathi Kiran
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing, College of Health & Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brenda Rapp
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Todd B. Parrish
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cynthia K. Thompson
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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LaCross A, Watson PJ, Bailey EF. Association between Laryngeal Airway Aperture and the Discharge Rates of Genioglossus Motor Units. Front Physiol 2017; 8:27. [PMID: 28179887 PMCID: PMC5263150 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We know very little about how muscles and motor units in one region of the upper airway are impacted by adjustments in an adjacent airway region. In this case, the focus is on regulation of the expiratory airstream by the larynx and how changes in laryngeal aperture impact muscle motor unit activities downstream in the pharynx. We selected sound production as a framework for study as it requires (i) sustained expiratory airflow, (ii) laryngeal airway regulation for production of whisper and voice, and (iii) pharyngeal airway regulation for production of different vowel sounds. We used these features as the means of manipulating expiratory airflow, pharyngeal, and laryngeal airway opening to compare the effect of each on the activation of genioglossus (GG) muscle motor units in the pharynx. We show that some GG muscle motor units (a) discharge stably on expiration associated with production of vowel sounds, (b) are exquisitely sensitive to subtle alterations in laryngeal airflow, and (c) discharge at higher firing rates in high flow vs. low flow conditions even when producing the same vowel sound. Our results reveal subtle changes in GG motor unit discharge rates that correlate with changes imposed at the larynx, and which may contribute to the regulation of the expiratory airstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy LaCross
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Peter J Watson
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Science, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - E Fiona Bailey
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Brain Activity Associated With Pitch Adaptation During Phonation in Healthy Women Without Voice Disorders. J Voice 2017; 31:118.e21-118.e28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kleber B, Friberg A, Zeitouni A, Zatorre R. Experience-dependent modulation of right anterior insula and sensorimotor regions as a function of noise-masked auditory feedback in singers and nonsingers. Neuroimage 2016; 147:97-110. [PMID: 27916664 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on vocal motor production in singing suggest that the right anterior insula (AI) plays a role in experience-dependent modulation of feedback integration. Specifically, when somatosensory input was reduced via anesthesia of the vocal fold mucosa, right AI activity was down regulated in trained singers. In the current fMRI study, we examined how masking of auditory feedback affects pitch-matching accuracy and corresponding brain activity in the same participants. We found that pitch-matching accuracy was unaffected by masking in trained singers yet declined in nonsingers. The corresponding brain region with the most differential and interesting activation pattern was the right AI, which was up regulated during masking in singers but down regulated in nonsingers. Likewise, its functional connectivity with inferior parietal, frontal, and voice-relevant sensorimotor areas was increased in singers yet decreased in nonsingers. These results indicate that singers relied more on somatosensory feedback, whereas nonsingers depended more critically on auditory feedback. When comparing auditory vs somatosensory feedback involvement, the right anterior insula emerged as the only region for correcting intended vocal output by modulating what is heard or felt as a function of singing experience. We propose the right anterior insula as a key node in the brain's singing network for the integration of signals of salience across multiple sensory and cognitive domains to guide vocal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Kleber
- McGill University - Montreal Neurological Institute, Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Montreal, QC, Canada; International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound research (BRAMS), Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Verhaltensneurobiologie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Anders Friberg
- Speech, Music and Hearing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anthony Zeitouni
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, MUHC-Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Zatorre
- McGill University - Montreal Neurological Institute, Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Montreal, QC, Canada; International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound research (BRAMS), Montreal, QC, Canada
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Guo Z, Huang X, Wang M, Jones JA, Dai Z, Li W, Liu P, Liu H. Regional homogeneity of intrinsic brain activity correlates with auditory-motor processing of vocal pitch errors. Neuroimage 2016; 142:565-575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Mawson AR, Radford NT, Jacob B. Toward a Theory of Stuttering. Eur Neurol 2016; 76:244-251. [PMID: 27750253 DOI: 10.1159/000452215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stuttering affects about 1% of the general population and from 8 to 11% of children. The onset of persistent developmental stuttering (PDS) typically occurs between 2 and 4 years of age. The etiology of stuttering is unknown and a unifying hypothesis is lacking. Clues to the pathogenesis of stuttering include the following observations: PDS is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes and birth-associated trauma; stuttering can recur or develop in adulthood following traumatic events such as brain injury and stroke; PDS is associated with structural and functional abnormalities in the brain associated with speech and language; and stuttering resolves spontaneously in a high percentage of affected children. Evidence marshaled from the literature on stuttering and from related sources suggests the hypothesis that stuttering is a neuro-motor disorder resulting from perinatal or later-onset hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII), and that chronic stuttering and its behavioral correlates are manifestations of recurrent transient ischemic episodes affecting speech-motor pathways. The hypothesis could be tested by comparing children who stutter and nonstutterers (controls) in terms of the occurrence of perinatal trauma, based on birth records, and by determining rates of stuttering in children exposed to HII during the perinatal period. Subject to testing, the hypothesis suggests that interventions to increase brain perfusion directly could be effective both in the treatment of stuttering and its prevention at the time of birth or later trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Mawson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (Initiative), Jackson State University, Jackson, Miss., USA
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Structural Organization of the Laryngeal Motor Cortical Network and Its Implication for Evolution of Speech Production. J Neurosci 2016; 36:4170-81. [PMID: 27076417 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3914-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The laryngeal motor cortex (LMC) is essential for the production of learned vocal behaviors because bilateral damage to this area renders humans unable to speak but has no apparent effect on innate vocalizations such as human laughing and crying or monkey calls. Several hypotheses have been put forward attempting to explain the evolutionary changes from monkeys to humans that potentially led to enhanced LMC functionality for finer motor control of speech production. These views, however, remain limited to the position of the larynx area within the motor cortex, as well as its connections with the phonatory brainstem regions responsible for the direct control of laryngeal muscles. Using probabilistic diffusion tractography in healthy humans and rhesus monkeys, we show that, whereas the LMC structural network is largely comparable in both species, the LMC establishes nearly 7-fold stronger connectivity with the somatosensory and inferior parietal cortices in humans than in macaques. These findings suggest that important "hard-wired" components of the human LMC network controlling the laryngeal component of speech motor output evolved from an already existing, similar network in nonhuman primates. However, the evolution of enhanced LMC-parietal connections likely allowed for more complex synchrony of higher-order sensorimotor coordination, proprioceptive and tactile feedback, and modulation of learned voice for speech production. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The role of the primary motor cortex in the formation of a comprehensive network controlling speech and language has been long underestimated and poorly studied. Here, we provide comparative and quantitative evidence for the significance of this region in the control of a highly learned and uniquely human behavior: speech production. From the viewpoint of structural network organization, we discuss potential evolutionary advances of enhanced temporoparietal cortical connections with the laryngeal motor cortex in humans compared with nonhuman primates that may have contributed to the development of finer vocal motor control necessary for speech production.
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Respiratory Changes in Response to Cognitive Load: A Systematic Review. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:8146809. [PMID: 27403347 PMCID: PMC4923594 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8146809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When people focus attention or carry out a demanding task, their breathing changes. But which parameters of respiration vary exactly and can respiration reliably be used as an index of cognitive load? These questions are addressed in the present systematic review of empirical studies investigating respiratory behavior in response to cognitive load. Most reviewed studies were restricted to time and volume parameters while less established, yet meaningful parameters such as respiratory variability have rarely been investigated. The available results show that respiratory behavior generally reflects cognitive processing and that distinct parameters differ in sensitivity: While mentally demanding episodes are clearly marked by faster breathing and higher minute ventilation, respiratory amplitude appears to remain rather stable. The present findings further indicate that total variability in respiratory rate is not systematically affected by cognitive load whereas the correlated fraction decreases. In addition, we found that cognitive load may lead to overbreathing as indicated by decreased end-tidal CO2 but is also accompanied by elevated oxygen consumption and CO2 release. However, additional research is needed to validate the findings on respiratory variability and gas exchange measures. We conclude by outlining recommendations for future research to increase the current understanding of respiration under cognitive load.
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46
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Abstract
This review of the central nervous control systems for voice and swallowing has suggested that the traditional concepts of a separation between cortical and limbic and brain stem control should be refined and be more integrative. For voice production, a separation of the nonhuman vocalization system from the human learned voice production system has been posited based primarily on studies of nonhuman primates. However, recent humans studies of emotionally based vocalizations and human volitional voice production have shown more integration between these two systems than previously proposed. Recent human studies have shown that reflexive vocalization as well as learned voice production not involving speech involve a common integrative system. However, recent studies of nonhuman primates have provided evidence that some cortical activity vocalization and cortical changes occur with training during vocal behavior. For swallowing, evidence from the macaque and functional brain imaging in humans indicates that the control for the pharyngeal phase of swallowing is not primarily under brain stem mechanisms as previously proposed. Studies suggest that the initiation and patterning of swallowing for the pharyngeal phase is also under active cortical control for both spontaneous as well as volitional swallowing in awake humans and nonhuman primates.
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47
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Hudson AL, Navarro-Sune X, Martinerie J, Pouget P, Raux M, Chavez M, Similowski T. Electroencephalographic detection of respiratory-related cortical activity in humans: from event-related approaches to continuous connectivity evaluation. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:2214-23. [PMID: 26864771 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01058.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a respiratory-related cortical activity during tidal breathing is abnormal and a hallmark of respiratory difficulties, but its detection requires superior discrimination and temporal resolution. The aim of this study was to validate a computational method using EEG covariance (or connectivity) matrices to detect a change in brain activity related to breathing. In 17 healthy subjects, EEG was recorded during resting unloaded breathing (RB), voluntary sniffs, and breathing against an inspiratory threshold load (ITL). EEG were analyzed by the specially developed covariance-based classifier, event-related potentials, and time-frequency (T-F) distributions. Nine subjects repeated the protocol. The classifier could accurately detect ITL and sniffs compared with the reference period of RB. For ITL, EEG-based detection was superior to airflow-based detection (P < 0.05). A coincident improvement in EEG-airflow correlation in ITL compared with RB (P < 0.05) confirmed that EEG detection relates to breathing. Premotor potential incidence was significantly higher before inspiration in sniffs and ITL compared with RB (P < 0.05), but T-F distributions revealed a significant difference between sniffs and RB only (P < 0.05). Intraclass correlation values ranged from poor (-0.2) to excellent (1.0). Thus, as for conventional event-related potential analysis, the covariance-based classifier can accurately predict a change in brain state related to a change in respiratory state, and given its capacity for near "real-time" detection, it is suitable to monitor the respiratory state in respiratory and critically ill patients in the development of a brain-ventilator interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Hudson
- Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia;
| | - Xavier Navarro-Sune
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, University of Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Martinerie
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7225 at the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Pouget
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7225 at the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Raux
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, University of Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Paris, France; and
| | - Mario Chavez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7225 at the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Similowski
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, University of Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Medicale, Paris, France
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48
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Pisanski K, Cartei V, McGettigan C, Raine J, Reby D. Voice Modulation: A Window into the Origins of Human Vocal Control? Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 20:304-318. [PMID: 26857619 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An unresolved issue in comparative approaches to speech evolution is the apparent absence of an intermediate vocal communication system between human speech and the less flexible vocal repertoires of other primates. We argue that humans' ability to modulate nonverbal vocal features evolutionarily linked to expression of body size and sex (fundamental and formant frequencies) provides a largely overlooked window into the nature of this intermediate system. Recent behavioral and neural evidence indicates that humans' vocal control abilities, commonly assumed to subserve speech, extend to these nonverbal dimensions. This capacity appears in continuity with context-dependent frequency modulations recently identified in other mammals, including primates, and may represent a living relic of early vocal control abilities that led to articulated human speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pisanski
- Mammal Vocal Communication and Cognition Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK; Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Valentina Cartei
- Mammal Vocal Communication and Cognition Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Carolyn McGettigan
- Royal Holloway Vocal Communication Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Jordan Raine
- Mammal Vocal Communication and Cognition Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - David Reby
- Mammal Vocal Communication and Cognition Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
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Belyk M, Pfordresher PQ, Liotti M, Brown S. The Neural Basis of Vocal Pitch Imitation in Humans. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 28:621-35. [PMID: 26696298 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Vocal imitation is a phenotype that is unique to humans among all primate species, and so an understanding of its neural basis is critical in explaining the emergence of both speech and song in human evolution. Two principal neural models of vocal imitation have emerged from a consideration of nonhuman animals. One hypothesis suggests that putative mirror neurons in the inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis of Broca's area may be important for imitation. An alternative hypothesis derived from the study of songbirds suggests that the corticostriate motor pathway performs sensorimotor processes that are specific to vocal imitation. Using fMRI with a sparse event-related sampling design, we investigated the neural basis of vocal imitation in humans by comparing imitative vocal production of pitch sequences with both nonimitative vocal production and pitch discrimination. The strongest difference between these tasks was found in the putamen bilaterally, providing a striking parallel to the role of the analogous region in songbirds. Other areas preferentially activated during imitation included the orofacial motor cortex, Rolandic operculum, and SMA, which together outline the corticostriate motor loop. No differences were seen in the inferior frontal gyrus. The corticostriate system thus appears to be the central pathway for vocal imitation in humans, as predicted from an analogy with songbirds.
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50
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Neumann N, Lotze M, Eickhoff SB. Cognitive Expertise: An ALE Meta-Analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 37:262-72. [PMID: 26467981 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expert performance constitutes the endpoint of skill acquisition and is accompanied by widespread neuroplastic changes. To reveal common mechanisms of reorganization associated with long-term expertise in a cognitive domain (mental calculation, chess, language, memory, music without motor involvement), we used activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis and compared brain activation of experts to nonexperts. Twenty-six studies matched inclusion criteria, most of which reported an increase and not a decrease of activation foci in experts. Increased activation occurred in the left rolandic operculum (OP 4) and left primary auditory cortex and in bilateral premotor cortex in studies that used auditory stimulation. In studies with visual stimulation, experts showed enhanced activation in the right inferior parietal cortex (area PGp) and the right lingual gyrus. Experts' brain activation patterns seem to be characterized by enhanced or additional activity in domain-specific primary, association, and motor structures, confirming that learning is localized and very specialized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Neumann
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Functional Imaging Unit, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Lotze
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Functional Imaging Unit, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Cognitive Neuroscience Group, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Brain Network Modeling Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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